OF  THE 


U  N  I  VLRS  ITY 
Of  ILLINOIS 


PRESENTED  E>Y 


THE  ESTATE 
OF 

AND  MRS.  S.  M.  WYLIE 


'00.4 


FROM  STEREOGRAPH  CO  P  YR  IGHT  BY  UNDE  RWOOD  !£  UNOE  RWD  OD  N-V. 


THE  OLD  SPANISH  FORT 


Near  the  entrance  to  the  Panama  Canal 


T5I0H  HSIMA^g  QJO  HHT 


IbtibD  BrnEfiB*!  odl  oi  ^DriBiJns  arl}  ibsTi 


Official  €&(tton 


THE  NEW  COMPLETE 

HISTORY  OF 
THE  UNITED  STATES 
OF  AMERICA 

TB?  loljn  Clarft  IHiDpattj,  Hi. 

Author  of  Ridpath’s  History  of  the  World 

Volume  xv 


INCLUDING  the  traditions  and  speculations  of  the  pre-Columbian 
*  voyagers;  the  discovery  and  settlement  of  the  New  Continent;  its 
development  under  colonial  government  and  the  establishment  and 
progress  of  the  Republic. 

A  PPOSITELY  illustrated  with  original  drawings,  maps,  portraits 
and  notable  documents,  selected  for  their  contemporaneity  from 
the  Royal  Archives  at  Genoa,  Madrid,  Paris  and  London,  by  special 
permission  of  their  governments,  from  the  Department  of  State  and  the 
Library  of  Congress  at  Washington,  and  from  private  collections  of 
rare  Americana. 


The  R.  H.  Whitten  Company, 

NEW  YORK  CINCINNATI  LOS  ANGELES 

THE  JONES  BROTHERS  PUBLISHING  CO.,  CINCINNATI,  O. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress  in  the  3’-ear  A.  D.  1907,  by 
The  Jones  Brothers  Publishing  Company,  in  the  office  of 
the  librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington,  D.  C. 


3* 73 

|  3  0  + 

V,  15 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Chapter  CXYIII.  Roosevelt’s  Administration .  5S2] 

Chapter  CXIY.  National  Problems  and  Associa¬ 
tion  Movements .  5885 

Chapter  CXY.  The  United  States  of  Today — A 

Fifty  Years’  Retrospect.  .....  5933 


Vol.  xv.— d. 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

VOLUME  XV. 


The  Old  Spanish  Fort . Frontispiece. 

page 

Theodore  Roosevelt . 5821 

Jamestown  Exposition,  Norfolk,  Va . 5822 

Copper,  Silver  and  Woodworking  Shops,  Art  and  Craft  Village, 
Auditorium  and  Hall  of  Congresses. 

Ruins  of  the  Baltimore  Fire . 5826 

M.  Witte  . 5834 

Baron  Komura  . ' . 5834 

The  United  States  Supreme  Court . 5850 

View  of  the  Stock  Yards,  Chicago . 5856 

Effects  of  the  Earthquake  in  San  Francisco . 5876 

Carroll  D.  Wright . 5894 

Rev.  Francis  E.  Clark . 5922 

Bishop  John  R.  Vincent .  5922 

Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton . 5928 

Susan  B.  Anthony  .  .' . 5928 

Belva  A.  Lockwood .  5928 

Frances  Willard . 5928 

Scenes  in  the  Oil  Region  of  Pennsylvania .  5947 

Ship  Canal  at  Duluth  .  5950 

Washington  and  Lee  University .  5958 

Princeton  University  (Blair  Hall) . 5958 


vol.  xv — d 


( 


Copyright,  Pach  Bros.,  N.  Y..  1904. 


THEODORE 


ROOSEVELT 


CHAPTER  CXYIII. 
eooseyelt’s  administration 

At  the  beginning  of  his  second  administration, 
President  Roosevelt  sent  to  the  Senate  the  follow¬ 
ing  list  of  names  selected  by  him  for  his  Cabinet: 
For  Secretary  of  State,  John  Hay  of  the  District 
of  Columbia  ;  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Leslie  M. 
Shaw  of  Iowa;  Secretary  of  War,  William  H.  Taft 
of  Ohio;  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  Paul  Morton  of 
Illinois;  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  Ethan  Allen 
Hitchcock  of  Missouri;  Postmaster-General,  Rob¬ 
ert  J.  Wynne  of  Pennsylvania ;  Attorney-General, 
William  H.  Moody  of  Massachusetts;  Secretary  of 
the  Department  of  Agriculture,  James  Wilson  of 
Iowa;  Secretary  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  Victor 
H.  Metcalfe  of  California.  Later  changes  occurred 
through  resignation  or  death,  Secretary  Hay  being 
succeeded  by  Elihu  Rcrot  of  New  York;  Secretary 
Morton  by  Charles  A.  Bonaparte  of  Maryland; 
Secretary  Wynne  by  George  B.  Cortelyou,  and 
Secretary  Knox  by  William  H.  Moody  of  Massa¬ 
chusetts. 

The  closing  session  of  the  fifty-eighth  Congress 
was  not  prolific  in  legislation.  The  most  important 
acts  passed  were  those  relating  to  public  improve¬ 
ments  in  the  Philippines  and  modifications  of  the 

acts  relating  to  the  tariff  and  extradition  laws  of 

6821 


1905 


Cabinet 

changes 


5822  rooseyelt’s  administration 


1905 


The 

James¬ 

town 

ter-cen- 

tennial 


the  islands.  On  March  3,  an  act  was  passed  pro¬ 
viding  for  the  holding,  in  the  year  1907,  on  and 
near  the  waters  of  Hampton  Roads  in  the  State 
of  Virginia,  an  international  marine  and  military 
celebration,  beginning  May  13  and  ending  not 
later  than  November  1, 1907.  An  appropriation  of 
$200,000  was  made  to  be  expended  by  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  for  the  purposes  of  said  celebra¬ 
tion.  In  addition,  the  bill  called  for  an  appropri¬ 
ation  of  $50,000  for  a  permanent  monument  upon 
the  place  of  the  first  permanent  English  settlement 
at  Jamestown,  Virginia,  and  in  commemoration 
thereof.  The  President  was  authorized  to  make 
proclamation  of  the  celebration,  setting  forth  the 
event  to  be  commemorated,  inviting  foreign 
nations  to  participate  by  sending  their  naval 
vessels  and  such  representation  of  their  military 
organizations  as  might  be  practical,  and  to  have 
such  portions  of  the  United  States  Army  and 
Navy  assembled  there  during  the  celebration  as 
might  be  compatible  with  the  public  service.  The 
President  was  further  authorized  to  constitute  a 
commission  to  consist  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  the  Secretary  of  War,  and  the  Secretary 
of  the  Navy,  to  be  known  as  the  Ter-centennial 
Commission.  A  bill  was  passed  amending  the 
copyright  law,  and  also  one  regulating  the  regis¬ 
tration  of  trade-marks  used  in  commerce  with 
foreign  nations,  among  the  several  States,  or  with 
the  Indian  tribes. 

As  a  feature  of  modern  advertising,  the  trade¬ 
mark  has  become  an  extremely  valuable  asset.  In 


. 


— ^ 


.  . 


. 


THE  LAW  OF  TRADE-MARKS 


5823 


some  instances  its  value  is  held  as  high  as  half  a 
million  dollars.  A  bill  passed  at  the  last  session 
was  considered  incomplete,  as  one  of  its  sections 
providing  criminal  remedy  against  willful  in¬ 
fringers  was  stricken  out.  The  criminal  remedy  is 
a  part  of  the  trade-mark  law  of  every  country  in 
the  world  except  the  United  States.  The  purpose 
of  the  bill  was  to  treat  the  man  who  steals  a  trade¬ 
mark,  thus  defrauding  its  rightful  owner  and  per¬ 
petrating  a  fraud  on  the  purchasing  public,  as  a 
thief.  Under  the  former  act  it  was  possible  to  get 
out  an  injunction  against  him  and  collect  dam¬ 
ages  if  the  offender  was  financially  responsible, 
and  further  to  force  him  to  deliver  up  all  his 
printed  labels  and  circulars  for  destruction,  but 
so  far  as  he  was  personally  concerned  it  was  im¬ 
possible  to  go  further.  He  could  commit  his 
infringement  over  again  outside  of  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  court.  The  annual  registration  of  trade¬ 
marks  has  averaged  about  20,000,  the  fee  paid 
being  ten  dollars.  By  a  ruling  of  the  Patent  Office, 
the  use  of  the  trade-mark  upon  more  than  one  kind 
of  goods  requires  a  separate  registration,  as,  for 
instance,  in  the  single  matter  of  cutlery  ten  dif¬ 
ferent  applications  have  to  be  filed  in  order  to  cover 
goods  ordinarily  included  under  that  designation. 
This  multiplies  the  fees  not  only  of  the  Patent 
Office  in  this  country,  but  in  registrations  abroad 
which  are  based  on  the  American  practice.  It  is 
now  absolutely  necessary  for  any  trade-mark 
owner  selling  his  goods  abroad  to  register  his  de¬ 
vice  in  the  country  in  which  he  does  business. 


1906 


Why 
changes 
were  nec¬ 
essary 


5824 


ROOSEVELT’S  ADMINISTRATION 


1905 


Return 
of  the 
battle - 
flags 


Treaty 
with  San 
Domingo 


Without  that  he  lias  no  recourse  against  an  in¬ 
fringer.  This  foreign  registration,  while  not 
expensive  in  any  particular  country,  amounts  to 
a  considerable  sum  when  the  trade-mark  has  to  be 
widely  registered. 

A  joint  resolution,  approved  February  28, 
authorized  the  Secretary  of  War  to  deliver  to  the 
proper  authorities  of  the  respective  States  in  which 
regiments  which  bore  those  colors  were  organized, 
certain  Union  and  Confederate  battle-flags,  now  in 
the  custody  of  the  War  Department,  for  such  final 
disposition  as  the  State  authorities  might  deter¬ 
mine. 

During  the  same  session,  the  President  negoti¬ 
ated  a  treaty  with  the  Republic  of  San  Domingo 
which  was  bitterly  opposed  by  the  Democrats  in 
the  Senate.  The  section  which  seemed  to  offer 
most  objection  was  that  which  provided  that  the 
government  of  the  United  States  should  grant  the 
Dominican  Republic  such  assistance,  at  the  latter’s 
request,  as  the  United  States  might  deem  proper 
to  restore  credit,  preserve  order  in  connection  with 
efficiency  of  the  civil  administration,  and  advance 
the  material  progress  and  welfare  of  the  Domin¬ 
ican  Republic.  The  opposition  prevented  its  being 
passed  upon  at  that  session.  It  was  brought  up 
again,  however,  at  the  next  session,  and  February 
28,  was  favorably  reported  from  the  the  Foreign 
Relations  Committee  after  material  amendments 
had  been  adopted.  One  of  these  made  the  treaty 
apply  to  claims  already  agreed  upon  or  to  be  estab¬ 
lished  in  the  future.  Another  directed  that  any 


A  NEW  POLICY 


5825 


commissions  in  connection  with  claims  should  be 
appointed  by  the  President.  The  management  of 
the  custom-houses  and  the  custodies  of  the  moneys 
were  put  entirely  beyond  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
power  of  the  courts  of  Santo  Domingo.  A  section 
was  added  giving  the  United  States  authority  to 
take  such  steps  as  it  might  deem  proper  to  preserve 
order,  and  it  declared  that  the  United  States  should 
not  in  any  event  be  held  liable  to  the  government  or 
the  people  of  San  Domingo  for  any  mistake  or 
omission  of  any  of  its  agents  or  officials  in  ex¬ 
ecuting  the  power  and  authority  conferred  by  the 
treaty.  The  United  States  Government  was  also 
absolved  of  any  liability  in  favor  of  any  Domin¬ 
ican  creditor,  and  the  decision  of  this  government 
was  made  absolute  with  reference  to  the  payment 
of  awards. 

In  1904,  serious  charges  were  made  by  a  dis¬ 
charged  employe  against  high  officials  in  the  Post- 
office  Department,  who  w%ere  accused  of  having 
entered  into  conspiracies  with  outside  parties  to 
defraud  the  government.  These  accusations  were 
strenuously  denied,  but  so  much  was  developed  of 
a  suspicious  character  that  an  investigation  was 
ordered.  All  possible  means  were  employed  by  the 
accused  to  obstruct  or  stop  the  investigation. 
Many  Congressmen  interested  themselves  in  favor 
of  the  culprits,  and  a  tremendous  pressure  was 
brought  to  bear  upon  the  President.  It  was  of 
no  avail,  however ;  the  fiat  went  out  from  the  White 
House  to  “hew  to  the  line,”  and  to  let  no  man 
escape  on  whose  garments  the  smell  of  smoke 


1905 


To  pre¬ 
serve 
order  and 
protect 
the  Do¬ 
minican 
Republic 


Post- 

office 

scandal 


1905 


Offenders 

indicted 


The  Balti¬ 
more  fire 


5826  ROOSEVELT’S  ADMINISTRATION 

should  be  found.  The  probe  went  deep,  and  the 
charges  were  fully  proved.  Forty-three  indict¬ 
ments  were  secured,  and  in  1905  the  matter  was 
brought  before  the  courts.  The  principal  offenders 
were  the  superintendent  of  the  free  rural  delivery 
service,  and  the  Commissioner  of  Salaries  and  Al¬ 
lowances,  positions  of  the  highest  responsibility 
and  trust.  Both  were  convicted  and  sent  to  the 
penitentiary.  Others  who  were  implicated  in  the 
conspiracies  were  government  contractors  and  fur¬ 
nishers  of  supplies.  Several  of  these  were  found 
guilty  and  sentenced  to  longer  or  shorter  terms  of 
imprisonment. 

On  the  8th  day  of  February,  1904,  a  confla¬ 
gration  broke  out  in  Baltimore,  which  in  a  few 
hours  devastated  the  business  portion  of  the  city, 
sweeping  clean  140  acres  of  buildings,  among  them 
eighty-seven  business  blocks  and  over  1300  struc¬ 
tures  of  various  kinds.  The  heart  of  the  city  was 
destroyed.  Every  important  office  building,  every 
bank,  every  newspaper  office  but  one,  every  trust 
company,  the  principal  hotels,  a  multitude  of  small 
manufacturing  establishments,  with  the  most  im¬ 
portant  docks  and  wharves,  representing  values  of 
$80,000,000,  all  went  up  in  smoke.  Notwithstand¬ 
ing  this  enormous  loss,  it  was  in  reality  Baltimore’s 
gain— the  advance  payment  for  a  more  beautiful 
and  more  important  city.  Before  a  brick  was 
lifted  from  the  ruins,  a  committee  of  forty-five 
was  appointed  to  consider  plans  for  the  rearrange¬ 
ment  and  widening  of  streets  and  the  laying  out  of 
new  ones.  These  plans  made  a  remarkable  change 


RUINS  OF  THE  BALTIMORE  FIRE. 


CHICAGO  TEAMSTERS’  STRIKE 


5827 


in  the  topography  of  the  city.  To  effect  widening^ 
and  extensions,  more  than  700  lots,  before  occupied 
by  business  buildings,  were  wiped  from  the  map. 
In  two  years’  time  the  city  was  nearly  rebuilt;  its 
old,  narrow  docks  were  replaced  by  broad  piers 
with  a  water  frontage  of  more  than  two  miles; 
lofty  steel  buildings  as  nearly  fire-proof  as  human 
skill  could  make  them,  took  the  place  of  the  old 
stone  and  brick  structures,  the  whole  burned  dis¬ 
trict  presenting  an  appearance  of  dignity  and 
adequacy  lacking  before  the  fire.  In  1904,  prior 
to  the  conflagration,  the  assessed  value  of  the  dis¬ 
trict  was  $12,908,300;  in  1906,  before  it  was  fully 
rebuilt,  its  taxable  value  was  $19,000,000. 

In  March,  1905,  there  was  a  strike  of  the  team¬ 
sters  in  Chicago,  which,  in  bitterness  and  acts  of 
violence,  rivaled  that  of  the  same  body  three  years 
before,  when  the  strikers  held  up  funeral  proces¬ 
sions  and  interfered  with  the  burial  of  the  dead. 
It  had  its  origin  in  the  strike  of  the  garment- 
workers  employed  by  Montgomery  Ward  &  Co.,  in 
the  preceding  December,  in  which  the  garment- 
workers  were  defeated.  The  teamsters  employed 
by  the  company  struck  in  sympathy,  and  the 
National  Teamsters’  Union  backed  them.  A  gen¬ 
eral  strike  of  the  teamsters  in  the  city  followed. 
The  express  companies  were  drawn  into  it.  When 
the  men  threatened  to  go  out  they  were  warned 
that  if  they  broke  their  contracts  they  would  not 
be  reemployed.  In  the  third  week  in  May,  the 
strike  was  admitted  to  be  a  failure,  and  would  have 
been  called  off  if  the  express  companies  had  not. 


1905 


The  new 
Balti¬ 
more 


Begins  as 
a  sym¬ 
pathetic 
strike 


5828 


ROOSEVELT ’S  ADMINISTRATION 


1905 


Spreads 

to 

lumber 

dealers 


Corrup  - 
tion  of 
the 
leaders 


refused  to  take  back  the  men  who  had  broken  faith 
with  them.  While  things  were  in  this  condition,  on 
the  1st  day  of  June,  1100  lumber  drivers  went  out, 
tying  up  the  lumber  business  and  bringing  all 
building  operations  to  a  halt.  They  were  rough 
and  riotous  and  trouble  was  feared,  but,  fortu¬ 
nately,  compromises  were  made  and  the  men 
returned  to  work.  It  was  now  found  that 
some  of  the  members  of  the  Team  Owners’ 
Association  were  secretly  buying  favors  of  the 
strikers,  and  that  other  firms  were  having  their 
goods  delivered.  Many  union  men,  tired  of  their 
enforced  idleness,  for  which  they  declared  thev 
could  see  no  sufficient  reason,  threatened  to  return 
to  work,  and  accused  Cornelius  P.  Shea,  president 
of  the  Teamsters’  Union,  of  having  fomented  and 
prolonged  the  strike  for  his  own  personal  benefit. 
Investigation  proved  the  charges  to  be  true,  and  an 
attempt  was  made  to  depose  him.  The  strike  was 
broken,  and  most  of  the  men  returned  to  their  old 
places.  In  the  spring  of  1906,  a  general  strike  in 
the  anthracite  coal  regions  was  planned  and  the 
men  in  some  mines  went  out.  Its  hopelessness  was 
apparent  from  the  start,  and  after  the  loss  of  a 
month’s  wTages  the  men  were  glad  to  go  back  at  the 
old  rates. 

In  the  summer  of  1905,  a  board  of  consulting 
engineers  was  sent  to  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  to 
consider  which  type  of  canal  should  be  constructed 
there.  The  board  consisted  of  eight  American 
engineers,  selected  for  their  acknowledged  stand- 
•  ing,  among  them  William  Barclay  Parsons,  chief 


THE  ISTHMIAN  CANAL 


5829 


engineer  of  tlie  New  York  Subway;  William  Burr, 
consulting  engineer  of  the  Board  of  Water  Supply 
for  New  York  City;  Frederick  P.  Stearns,  the 
chief  engineer  of  the  Boston  Metropolitan  Sewer 
and  Water  Boards;  Joseph  Ripley,  general  super¬ 
intendent  of  St.  Mary’s  Falls  Canal,  and  Isham 
Randolph,  chief  engineer  of  the  Sanitary  District 
of  Chicago.  The  five  foreign  experts  included  one 
each  from  England,  Germany,  and  The  Nether¬ 
lands,  and  two  from  France. 

In  the  report  of  the  board,  which  was  laid 
before  the  Canal  Commission,  the  majority  of 
the  consulting  engineers,  including  the  five  for¬ 
eign  engineers,  were  in  favor  of  a  sea-level  canal, 
and  one  member  of  the  Canal  Commission,  Admiral 
Endicott,  took  the  same  position.  Five  of  the 
American  members  of  the  board  of  consulting- 
engineers  and  five  members  of  the  Isthmian 
Canal  Commission  favored  the  lock  canal,  as  did 
also  Chief  Engineer  Stevens.  The  Secretary  of 
War  recommended  a  lock  canal  pursuant  to  the 
recommendation  of  the  minority  of  the  board  of 
consulting  engineers  and  of  the  majority  of  the 
Canal  Commission.  It  could  not  be  denied  that  on 
its  face  the  sea-level  route  appeared  to  be  the  more 
attractive  of  the  two  plans,  other  factors  being  any¬ 
thing  like  equal.  A  canal  which  did  not  involve 
the  lifting  of  vessels  to  high  levels  by  locks  would 
be  greatly  preferable  to  one  so  constructed.  That 
much  the  commissioners  agreed  to,  but  they  claimed 
that  other  things  were  not  equal,  even  outside  of 
the  increased  cost  and  the  great  duration  of  time 


1905 


Commis- 
sion  of 
engi¬ 
neers 


Finding 
of  the 
board 


Lock  or 

sea-level 

canal 


5830 


roosevelt’s  administration 


1905 


The 
system  of 
locks 


Their 
size  and 
number 


m 


that  would  be  needed  to  dig  to  the  lower  level. 
According  to  the  plan  recommended  by  the  com¬ 
missioners,  there  would  be  a  channel  500  feet  wide 
at  sea-level  from  Limon  Bay  on  the  Atlantic  or 
from  the  Caribbean  Sea  to  Gatun,  where  a  dam 
would  be  located.  Vessels  would  be  lifted  over  this 
dam  by  a  double  flight  of  three  locks  into  an  arti¬ 
ficial  lake  which  provided  unrestricted  navigation 
for  a  large  part  of  its  length.  Passing  through 
the  Culebra  cut,  the  width  at  the  bottom  would 
be  reduced  to  200  feet,  which  would  be  fifty  feet 
wider  than  the  width  of  the  bottom  provided  for  in 
the  sea-level  proposition.  On  the  Pacific  side  of 
the  cut  would  be  a  lock  with  the  lift  of  thirty  feet, 
which  would  lower  vessels  from  the  level  at  which 
they  cross  the  Culebra  cut  into  another  artificial 
lake  created  by  a  dam  which  closes  the  valley  of 
the  Rio  Grande  River.  Then  would  come  another 
double  flight  of  two  locks,  which  would  bring  the 
vessel  back  to  sea-level  of  the  Pacific. 

All  the  locks  are  proposed  to  be  in  duplicate, 
and  would  provide  for  a  usable  length  of  900  feet, 
a  width  of  ninety-five  feet,  and  a  depth  of  forty 
feet.  By  having  the  locks  in  duplicate,  an  accident 
to  one  would  not  block  the  whole  canal.  The  900 
feet  of  length  would  take  any  vessel  in  existence, 
as  would  the  ninety-five  feet  in  width.  Under  this 
plan  there  would  be  a  considerable  proportion  of 
the  canal  through  lakes  with  a  depth  so  great  that 
a  fair  rate  of  speed  could  be  maintained  even  by 
large  vessels  from  deep  water  on  the  Atlantic  to 
deep  water  on  the  Pacific.  The  lock  canal  would 


REASONS  FOR  A  LOCK  CANAL 


5831 


be  little  short  of  fifty  miles.  Of  this  distance, 
nineteen  and  one-lialf  miles  would  be  in  a  channel 
over  1000  feet  wide,  twenty-three  miles  over  800 
feet  wide,  and  only  about  seven  and  one-half  miles 
less  than  300  feet  wide.  The  course  of  the  lock 
canal  would  be  straighter  than  that  of  a  sea-level 
route,  and  there  would  be  no  current  in  the  former 
to  hamper  navigation. 

Considering  the  diffevonce  in  time  required  to 
pass  through  the  sea-level  or  lock  canal,  the  com¬ 
missioners  admitted  that  with  small  ships  the  sea- 
level  route  would  make  the  better  showing,  but  for 
large  ships  the  lock  canal  would  render,  in  the  com¬ 
missioners’  opinion,  more  rapid  service.  Febru¬ 
ary  19,  the  President  sent  a  special  message  to  the 
House  and  to  the  Senate  endorsing  the  report  in 
favor  of  a  lock  canal  on  the  ground  that  a  lock 
canal  at  a  level  of  eighty  feet  or  thereabouts  would 
not  cost  much  more  than  half  as  much  to  build  and 
could  be  built  in  about  half  the  time,  while  there 
would  be  very  much  less  risk  connected  with  build- 
ing  it,  and  for  large  ships  the  transit  would  be 
quicker;  taking  into  acount  the  amount  saved  in 
building,  the  actual  cost  of  maintenance  would  be 
less. 

Secretary  Hay,  whose  health  had  been  suffering 
from  the  continuous  strain  of  his  official  duties, 

went  abroad  in  April,  accompanied  by  his  family, 

•  % 

for  rest  and  recuperation.  Gaining  strength,  he 
returned  early  in  July,  going  immediately  to  his 
summer  home  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Sunapee,  New 
Hampshire.  A  few  days  later  he  suffered  a  relapse, 


1905 


Time¬ 

saving 

and 

easier  to 
con¬ 
struct 


5832 


Roosevelt’s  administration 


1905 

July  6 

Death  of 
Secre¬ 
tary  Hay 


His 

splendid 

record 


and  died  July  6.  Messages  of  condolence  were 
received  from  nearly  every  European  government. 
At  the  meeting  of  the  American  Society  in  London, 
July  8,  Lord  Landsdowne,  the  British  Minister  of 
Foreign  Affairs,  spoke  of  him  as  “a  man  who  stood 
for  all  that  is  noblest  and  best  in  our  public  life ;  all 
that  is  most  sincere  and  attractive  in  our  social 
life.” 

'  \ 

Secretary  Hay  contributed  more  than  any  con¬ 
temporary  statesman  to  the  assurance  of  practical 
efficiency  to  The  Hague  Tribunal  by  referring  to 
it  the  dispute  with  Mexico  concerning  church  lands 
in  California,  and  by  prevailing  upon  the  creditors 
of  Venezuela  to  submit  their  demands  to  the  same 
tribunal.  In  pursuance  of  the  same  principle,  he 
sought  and  secured  an  amicable  adjustment  of  the 
Alaska  boundary  question  by  a  commission,  on 
which  each  of  the  parties  was  equally  represented. 
He  brought  about  the  Hay-Pauncefote  treaty, 
which  replaced  the  irritating  and  troublesome 
Clayton-Bulwer  treaty,  and  cleared  the  diplomatic 
sky  of  an  ever-threatening  cloud.  Had  he  not  been 
frustrated  by  the  Senate,  this  government  would 
have  been  pledged  to  settle  by  arbitration  all  con¬ 
troversies  not  involving  the  vital  interests  of  the 
nation,  or  its  honor,  between  this  country  and  the 
European  powers.  But  the  work  by  which  he  will 
be  longest  remembered  is  that  by  which  he  rescued, 
by  timely  suggestion  and  interference,  the  ancient 
empire  of  China,  when  it  was  on  the  verge  of  being 
broken  up  and  distributed  among  the  nations  of 
Europe.  He  declared  it  to  be  beneath  the  dignity 


ROOSEVELT  AS  A  PEACEMAKER 


5833 


of  the  United  (States  to  take  part  in  the  looting*  of 
the  Chinese  treasury,  and  declined  to  countenance 
the  preposterous  exactions  for  a  money  indemnity 
for  the  Boxer  outrages  put  forward  by  Russia, 
Germany,  France,  and  other  powers.  Nor  did  he 
stop  there.  With  the  overwhelming  opinion  of  his 
country  behind  him— an  opinion  which  to-day  car¬ 
ries  weight  abroad— he  issued  a  circular  letter  to 
the  powers  protesting,  in  due  diplomatic  form, 
against  the  partition  of  China,  and  proposed  a  joint 
agreement  to  that  effect.  To  this  all  the  powers 
concerned  assented,  with  the  exception  of  Russia. 
After  the  death  of  Secretary  Hay,  the  President 
appointed  as  his  successor  Elihu  Root  of  New 
York,  a  former  member  of  the  Cabinet. 

In  the  spring  of  1905,  war  broke  out  between 
Russia  and  Japan,  which  raged  with  such  fury  and 
was  attended  with  such  appalling  loss  of  life  that 
it  was  felt  bv  all  the  civilized  nations  of  the  world 
that  an  attempt  should  be  made  at  intervention. 
No  one  of  the  European  powers  showed  an  incli¬ 
nation  to  take  the  initiative,  and  the  delicate  task 
of  appealing  to  the  belligerents  fell  to  the  United 
States.  President  Roosevelt  addressed  a  note  to 
each  of  the  contending  governments,  suggesting  an 
armistice  and  the  appointment  of  a  joint  commis¬ 
sion  for  the  purpose,  if  possible,  of  bringing  about 
conditions  of  peace.  The  suggestion  met  with 
favor,  and  the  United  States  was  selected  for  the 
holding  of  what  was  popularly  known  as  the  Peace 
Conference.  It  was  at  first  intended  that  Washing¬ 
ton  should  be  the  meeting-place,  but  there  were 


1905 


Part  in 

Chinese 

affairs 


Roose¬ 

velt's 

note 


5834  ROOSEVELT ’s  ADMINISTRATION 


1905 


Heads  of 
the  com¬ 
missions 


The 

Ports¬ 

mouth 

confer¬ 

ence 


obvious  objections,  and  after  much  discussion  the 
city  of  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  was  fixed 
upon  as  the  seat  of  deliberations.  The  chief  of  the 
Russian  delegates  was  Count  Witte,  a  distinguished 
diplomat  and  statesman,  while  Japan  was  repre¬ 
sented  by  Baron  Komura,  a  graduate  of  Harvard, 
and  former  Japanese  minister  at  St.  Petersburg. 
Each  was  accompanied  by  a  special  staff  of  ad¬ 
visers,  secretaries,  and  reporters. 

The  conference  opened  in  August.  The  sessions 
were  conducted  with  the  utmost  courtes}^,  but  each 
side  held  steadfastly  to  its  own  position  during  the 
first  meetings.  Then  small  compromises  began  to 
be  made.  They  did  not  count,  however.  A  dead¬ 
lock  came  at  last.  A  day  was  set  for  the  final 
meeting.  Each  side  seemed  determined  not  to 
yield,  and  the  most  sanguine  had  come  to  the  con¬ 
clusion  the  conference  would  be  a  failure.  Pres¬ 
ident  Roosevelt,  who  was  at  his  summer  home  at 
Oyster  Ba}^  within  easy  reach,  had  kept  watch 
of  the  progress  of  affairs  with  eager  interest.  He 
now  entered  upon  the  scene  for  the  second  time. 
In  interviews  with  representatives  of  both  sides  he 
urged  further  compromises  and  suggested  their 
character.  His  plea  was  successful.  The  deadlock 
was  broken,  and  on  the  5th  day  of  September  the 
articles  of  peace  were  signed. 

The  first  session  of  the  fifty-ninth  Congress 
met  December  5,  1905.  Immediately  after  its 
organization  the  President’s  message,  which  had 
been  looked  for  with  unusual  interest,  was  read. 
It  touched  upon  several  topics  regarding  which 


\ 


, 


'  •  .  i 


THE  REGULATION  OF  CORPORATIONS 


6835 


there  was  a  strong  division  of  opinion  in  Congress, 
and  over  which  much  discussion  was  anticipated. 
On  all  these  the  President  expressed  himself  freely 
and  at  length.  In  referring  to  the  great  corporate 
organizations  of  the  country,  it  was  his  opinion 
that,  in  order  to  insure  a  healthy  social  and  indus¬ 
trial  life,  every  big  corporation  should  be  held 
responsible  by,  and  be  accountable  to,  some  sover¬ 
eign  strong  enough  to  control  its  conduct.  Any 
effort  to  prevent  all  combination  would  be  not  only 
useless,  but  in  the  end  vicious,  because  of  the  con¬ 
tempt  for  law  which  the  failure  to  enforce  law 
would  inevitably  produce.  The  corporation  had 
come  to  stay,  just  as  the  trade  union  had  come  to 
stay.  Each  could  do  and  had  done  great  good. 
Each  should  be  favored  so  long  as  it  did  good.  But 
each  should  be  sharply  checked  where  it  acted 
against  law  and  justice.  Regarding  the  regulation 
of  interstate  commerce  he  said  that  experience  had 
shown  conclusively  that  it  was  useless  to  try  to  get 
any  adequate  regulation  and  supervision  of  the 
great  corporations  by  State  action,  and  that  such 
regulation  and  supervision  could  only  be  effectively 
exercised  by  a  sovereign  whose  jurisdiction  was  co¬ 
extensive  with  the  field  of  work  of  the  corporations ; 
that  is,  by  the  national  government.  To  reform 
these  abuses,  he  regarded  rate  regulation  as  the 
first  step,  and  asked  Congress  to  give  power  to  fix 
maximum  and  minimum  figures  to  a  competent 
administrative  body.  Nearly  a  third  part  of  the 
message  was  devoted  to  the  subject,  a  plan  being 
suggested^  for  carrying  out  the  reforms  aimed  at. 


1905 


Presi¬ 

dent’s 

message 

outlines 

party 

action 


Inter¬ 

state 

com¬ 

merce 


5886 


ROOSEVELT ’S  ADMINISTRATION 


1905 


The 

three 

parties 

inter¬ 

ested 


Federal 

super¬ 

vision 

needed 


Shorter  hours  were  suggested  for  railroad  em¬ 
ployees  in  train  service  and  the  passage  of  an 
employer’s  liability  law  was  asked  for.  In  dealing 
with  questions  relating  to  labor  and  capital,  he 
expressed  himself  clearly  and  emphatically.  He 
referred  to  the  fact  that  in  any  great  labor  disturb¬ 
ance  not  only  are  employer  and  employee  inter¬ 
ested,  but  also  a  third  party— the  general  public. 
Their  rights  demanded  consideration,  and  should 
be  protected.  The  demand  of  the  labor  unions  that 
the  courts  should  be  deprived  of  the  power  to  issue 
injunctions  in  labor  disputes  was  declared  unwise. 
Even  if  some  judges  had  misused  this  power,  that 
fact  did  not  justify  a  denial  of  the  power  any  more 
than  an  improper  exercise  of  the  power  to  call  a 
strike  by  a  labor  leader  would  justify  the  denial  of 
the  right  to  strike.  The  remedy  was  to  regulate 
the  procedure. 

Drastic  but  practical  legislation  was  called  for 
to  prevent  the  flagrant  corruption  which  had  been 
shown  to  exist  in  the  great  insurance  companies, 
whose  business  had  extended  beyond  the  juris¬ 
diction  of  their  parent  States.  State  supervision 
had  proved  inadecpiate,  and  little  effective  check 
was  imposed  upon  any  able  and  unscrupulous  man 
who  desired  to  exploit  the  company  in  his  own 
interest  at  the  expense  of  the  policy-holders  and 
of  the  public.  As  the  insurance  business  had  out¬ 
grown  in  magnitude  the  possibility  of  adequate 
State  supervision,  the  President  asked  that  Con¬ 
gress  should  carefully  consider  whether  further 
legislation  could  be  had,  not  only  for  the  great 


TARIFF  AND  PURE  POLITICS 


5837 


companies,  but  also  to  fraternal  and  benevolent 
organizations  which  contract  for  life  insurance. 

Touching  tariff  revision,  the  President  ex¬ 
pressed  himself  as  believing  that  the  time  was  not 
yet  ripe  for  any  change,  but  that  if  it  should  be 
otherwise  decided,  a  maximum  and  minimum  tariff 
should  be  adopted.  Economy  was  urged  in  the 
matter  of  appropriations  and  by  the  abolition  of 
unnecessary  offices,  and  also  in  curtailing  the  im¬ 
mense  amount  of  unimportant  government  print¬ 
ing.  Congressional  action  was  asked  for  in  the 
way  of  providing  a  more  elastic  currency.  More 
radical  land  laws  were  demanded,  and  legislation 
was  suggested  for  the  checking  of  undesirable 
immigration,  as  well  as  the  appointment  of  a  com¬ 
mission  for  international  conference  on  the  subject. 

Special  emphasis  was  laid  upon  the  matter  of 
campaign  contributions  and  the  use  of  money  for 
the  furtherance  of  legislation.  In  relation  to  this, 
the  President  said : 

“  There  is  no  enemy  of  free  government  more  dangerous 
and  none  so  insidious  as  the  corruption  of  the  electorate.  No 
one  defends  or  excuses  corruption,  and  it  would  seem  to  fol¬ 
low  that  none  would  oppose  vigorous  measures  to  eradicate 
it.  I  recommend  the  enactment  of  a  law  directed  against 
bribery  and  corruption  in  Federal  elections.  The  details  of 
such  a  law  may  be  safely  left  to  the  wise  discretion  of  the 
Congress,  but  it  should  go  as  far  as  under  the  Constitution 
it  is  possible  to  go,  and  should  include  severe  penalties  against 
him  who  gives  or  receives  a  bribe  intended  to  influence  his 
act  or  opinion  as  an  elector ;  and  provisions  for  the  publication 
not  only  of  the  expenditures  for  nominations  and  elections 
of  all  candidates,  but  also  of  all  contributions  received  and 
expenditures  made  by  political  committees. 


1905 


The 

tariff 


Elastic 

cur¬ 

rency 


Ques¬ 

tionable 

politics 


5888 


ROOSEVELT  \s  ADMINISTRATION 


1905 


Cam¬ 

paign 

contri¬ 

butions 


By  per¬ 
sons  and 
corpo¬ 
rations 


The 

Hagne 

Confer¬ 

ence 


“In  political  campaigns  in  a  country  as  large  and  pop¬ 
ulous  as  ours  it  is  inevitable  that  there  should  be  much  expense 
of  an  entirely  legitimate  kind.  This,  of  course,  means  that 
many  contributions,  and  some  of  them  of  large  size,  must  be 
made,  and,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  in  any  big  political  contest 
such  contributions  are  always  made  to  both  sides.  It  is 
entirely  proper  both  to  give  and  receive  them,  unless  there 
is  an  improper  motive  connected  with  either  gift  or  reception. 
If  they  are  extorted  by  any  kind  of  pressure  or  promise, 
express  or  implied,  direct  or  indirect,  in  the  way  of  favor  or 
immunity,  then  the  giving  or  receiving  becomes  not  only 
improper  but  criminal.  All  contributions  by  corporations  to 
any  political  committee  or  for  any  political  purpose  should 
be  forbidden  by  law;  directors  should  not  be  permitted  to  use 
stockholders’  money  for  such  purposes.  Not  only  should  both 
the  national  and  the  several  State  legislatures  forbid  any 
officer  of  a  corporation  from  using  the  money  of  the  corpo¬ 
ration  in  or  about  any  election,  but  they  should  also  forbid 
such  use  of  money  in  connection  with  any  legislation  save  by 
the  employment  of  counsel  in  public  manner  for  distinctly 
legal  services.” 

That  part  of  the  message  relative  to  the  coming 
conference  of  nations  at  The  Hagne  was  of  special 
importance,  as  outlining  the  stand  of  the  President 
and  his  party  on  matters  relative  to  the  national 
policy  in  times  of  both  war  and  peace.  “  There 
are,”  said  the  President,  “ persons  who  advocate 
peace  at  any  price ;  there  are  others  who,  following 
a  false  analogy,  think  that  because  it  is  no  longer 
necessary  in  civilized  countries  for  individuals  to 
protect  their  rights  with  a  strong  hand,  it  is  there¬ 
fore  unnecessary  for  nations  to  be  ready  to  defend 
their  rights.  These  persons  wTould  do  irreparable 
harm  to  any  nation  that  adopted  their  principles, 
and  even  as  it  is  they  seriously  hamper  the  cause 


THE  WORK  OF  CONGRESS 


5889 


whicli  they  advocate  by  tending  to  render  it  absurd 
in  the  eyes  of  sensible  and  patriotic  men.  There 
can  be  no  worse  foe  of  mankind  in  general,  and  of 
his  own  country  in  particular,  than  the  demagogue 
of  war,  the  man  who  in  mere  follv  or  to  serve  his 
own  selfish  ends  continually  rails  at  and  abuses 
other  nations,  who  seeks  to  excite  his  countrymen 
against  foreigners  on  insufficient  pretexts,  who 
excites  and  inflames  a  perverse  and  aggressive 
national  vanity,  and  who  may  on  occasions  wan¬ 
tonly  bring  on  conflict  between  his  nation  and  some 
other  nation.  But  there  are  demagogues  of  peace 
just  as  there  are  demagogues  of  war,  and  in  any 
such  movement  as  this  for  The  Hague  conference 
it  is  essential  not  to  be  misled  by  one  set  of  ex¬ 
tremists  any  more  than  by  the  other.  When¬ 
ever  it  is  possible  for  a  nation  or  an  individual  to 
work  for  real  peace,  assuredly  it  is  failure  of  duty 
not  so  to  strive ;  but  if  war  is  necessary  and  right¬ 
eous,  then  either  the  man  or  the  nation  shrinking 
from  it  forfeits  all  title  to  self-respect.  As  the 
world  is  now,  only  that  nation  is  equipped  for  peace 
that  knows  how  to  fight,  and  that  will  not  shrink 
from  fighting  if  ever  the  conditions  become  such 
that  war  is  demanded  in  the  name  of  the  highest 
morality.” 

In  regard  to  the  Monroe  Doctrine,  the  Presi¬ 
dent  declared  that  the  country  has  asserted  a  right 
and  must  assume  the  responsibility.  The  doctrine 
had  developed  to  meet  changing  conditions,  but  in 
no  manner  had  been  or  ever  would  be  used  as  a 
cloak  for  territorial  aggression.  The  present  state 


1905-6 


Dem¬ 
agogues 
of  peace 
and  war 


The 

Monroe 

doctrine 


5840 


ROOSEVELT’S  ADMINISTRATION 


1906 


General 

matters 


The 

consular 

service 


was  in  the  interest  of  peace  as  well  as  in  the  interest 
of  justice;  it  was  of  benefit  to  the  United  States, 
to  foreign  people,  and  most  of  all  to  the  people  of 
the  country  concerned. 

Other  matters  dealt  with  were  Chinese  immi¬ 
gration,  the  Philippine  tariff,  food  adulteration, 
the  needs  of  the  Indians,  and  the  Panama  Canal. 
With  regard  to  these,  and  other  affairs  of  lesser 
importance,  explanations  were  made  and  sugges¬ 
tions  offered  as  to  appropriate  legislation. 

One  of  the  first  and  most  important  bills  intro¬ 
duced  in  the  Senate  during  this  session  was  that 
looking  to  the  reorganization  of  the  consular  serv¬ 
ice  abroad.  The  present  consular  and  diplomatic 
service  was  organized  before  America  had  assumed 
the  position  in  the  world  which  she  now  holds. 
"While  we  as  a  nation  have  grown  and  are  now 
reaching  out  and  touching  the  entire  world,  our 
diplomatic  and  consular  service  remains  prac¬ 
tically  where  it  was  a  generation  ago.  European 
nations  in  the  selection  of  men  to  all  positions 
abroad  and  in  the  provision  made  for  their  head¬ 
quarters  in  foreign  countries  have  advanced  far 
beyond.  They  have  spent  large  sums  in  the  pro¬ 
curing  of  sites  and  the  erection  of  buildings  to 
house  their  embassies,  legations,  and  consulates, 
regarding  this  as  good  business  as  well  as  sound 
diplomacy. 

The  consular  service  is  supposed  to  devote  itself 
in  the  main  to  assisting  trade.  The  consul  is  sup¬ 
posed  to  be  alert  in  regard  to  openings  for  the 
investment  of  American  capital  and  for  the  sale  of 


REFORM  OF  THE  CONSULAR  SERVICE 


5841 


American  goods.  Facts  bearing  upon  these  points 
are  reported  by  the  consul  and  published  in  this 
country.  He  is  in  many  respects  the  representative 
of  American  commerce.  There  is  not  a  manufac¬ 
turer  in  this  country  who  would  send  an  agent  into 
a  foreign  country  to  represent  him  and  to  open 
avenues  of  trade,  and  not  provide  for  him  suitable 
surroundings.  He  would  not  allow  his  represent¬ 
ative  to  have  an  office  on  some  side  street,  up  a 
flight  of  stairs,  in  a  dark,  poorly  ventilated  room, 
and  expect  that  from  that  standpoint  he  would  be 
able  to  do  much  in  the  way  of  promoting  business. 
This,  however,  is  precisely  what  the  United  States 
government  is  doing  with  the  consuls  and  consular 
agents  in  most  countries,  and  expects  that  with  all 
this  handicap  these  men  will  foster  American  trade, 
Another  point  in  which  the  United  States  is 
weak  in  its  representation  abroad  is,  that,  apart 
from  the  principals  in  the  offices  of  its  legations 
and  consulates,  nearly  all  of  the  secretaries,  inter¬ 
preters,  and  employees  are  not  Americans.  The 
greater  part  of  the  business  of  the  consulate  is 
carried  on,  in  the  absence  of  the  principals,  by  these 
subordinates.  If  these  officials  are  not  Amer¬ 
icans,  have  never  been  in  America,  and  have  no 
interest  in  the  country  except  the  salary  from  the 
American  consulate,  enthusiastic  service  cannot  be 
expected.  Whatever  they  do  will  be  done  perfunc¬ 
torily,  and  their  influence  will  often  be  given  in 
favor  of  the  country  to  which  they  belong,  rather 
than  to  the  country  from  which  they  draw  their 
meagre  stipend. 


1906 


Duties  of 
consuls 


Weak¬ 
ness 
of  our 
system 


Employ¬ 
ment  of 
foreign¬ 
ers 


rooseyelt’s  administration 


1906 


.  The 
case  of 
Con¬ 
stan¬ 
tinople 


In  our  diplomatic  and  consular  service  at  Con¬ 
stantinople,  there  is  the  .minister,  a  first  secretary, 
and  the  consul-general,  who  are  Americans.  Be¬ 
yond  that  there  is  no  American  connected  with  the 
offices.  When  the  consul-general  is  absent,  the 
entire  business  of  the  consulate  is  carried  on  by 
a  young  Englishman.  The  consuls  in  the  interior 
of  Turke}^  render  their  reports  to  the  consul- 
general,  and,  in  cases  of  emergency,  which  not 
infrequently  occur,  ask  for  instruction.  In  the 
absence  of  the  consul,  the  one  to  give  the  instruc¬ 
tion  is  this  young  Englishman. 

In  the  legation,  while  ministers  come  and  go, 
the  dragoman  or  first  interpreter  remains  per¬ 
manently.  He  is  the  one  who  gives  the  minister  his 
instructions  as  to  the  method  of  procedure,  and, 
in  fact,  cannot  fail,  under  our  system  of  frequently 
changing  ministers,  to  shape  largely  the  policy  of 
the  legation.  In  Constantinople  the  first  inter¬ 
preter  is  a  Greek  who  has  never  been  in  the  United 
States,  and  so  far  as  is  evident,  has  no  interest  in 
America  apart  from  the  interest  purchased  by  his 
salary.  In  times  of  emergency  like  those  through 
which  Turkey  has  passed  in  the  last  few  years,  the 
interpreter  is  the  man  who  approaches  the  highest 
officers  of  the  Sultan,  and  lays  before  them  the  de¬ 
mands  of  the  United  States  as  transmitted  through 
the  legation.  Whether  or  not  these  demands  are 
complied  with  in  an  Oriental  country  like  Turkey, 
where  personal  influence  plays  a  great  part,  de¬ 
pends  in  no  small  measure  on  the  manner  in  which 
they  are  presented. 


% 


INADEQUATE  REPRESENTATION  ABROAD  5843 


Add  to  this  the  fact  that  our  legation  and  con¬ 
sulate  have  no  headquarters  except  such  as  a 
meagre  allowance  permits  them  to  rent,  and  as  the 
allowance  is  so  small  that  they  must  be  very 
economical  in  this  respect,  it  is  not  surprising  that 
American  interests  in  Turkey  are  not  better  pro¬ 
tected.  It  is  the  custom  of  European  nations  to 
have  not  only  the  officials,  secretaries,  interpreters, 
and  under-secretaries  who  represent  the  country 
abroad,  natives  of  the  country  which  they  repre¬ 
sent,  but  in  cases  not  a  few,  the  typewriters  and 
stenographers  are  exported  from  home,  so  that  the 
interests  of  the  country  will  be  thoroughly  safe¬ 
guarded  in  every  way.  These  countries  think  this 
is  good  business  and  good  diplomacy,  and  they  set 
an  example  which  should  long  ago  have  been  fol¬ 
lowed  by  this  country.  The  time  has  come  when 
Congress  should  make  an  appropriation  for  our 
service  abroad  which  will  be  sufficient  to  allow 
American  interests  to  be  looked  after  by  Amer¬ 
icans,  and  to  see  that  our  ambassadors,  ministers, 
and  consuls  are  provided  with  headquarters  ade¬ 
quate  to  the  demands  put  upon  the  offices,  and  to 
enable  them  to  perform  their  duties  with  the 
highest  dispatch  and  efficiency. 

As  to  the  more  important  positions,  the  min¬ 
isters  and  ambassadors,  it  is  a  lamentable  fact  that 

♦ 

under  our  present  system  no  man,  howrever  great 
may  be  his  learning,  experience,  or  ability,  can 
hope  to  represent  this  government  abroad  unless 
he  be  a  man  of  great  wealth.  The  United  States 
alone  among  the  great  powers  condemns  its  envoys 


1906 


Our 
system 
com¬ 
pared 
with  that 
of  other 
nations 


1906 


Self-sup¬ 

porting 

ambass¬ 

adors 


5844  ROOSEVELT^  ADMINISTRATION" 

to  live  as  becomes  the  dignity  of  a  leading  na¬ 
tion  at  their  own  expense.  Salaries  of  $10,000, 
$12,000,  and  $17,500  seem  to  the  average  citizen 
ample  for  the  labor  expected,  and  so  they  would 
be  if  they  really  represented  pay  for  service,  clear 
of  all  deductions.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  from  the 
salary  the  United  States  pays,  the  diplomat  must 
defray  all  his  household  expenses,  and  the  cost  of 
returning  the  social  courtesies  he  receives.  In 
many  of  the  foreign  capitals  these  expenditures, 
even  if  a  diplomatist  is  not  in  the  slightest  degree 
extravagant,  exceed  the  annual  salary  and  cut  deep 
into  any  private  means  he  may  have.  In  London 
the  rent  for  the  ambassador’s  residence  can  leave 
little  of  the  $17,500  salary,  and  there  is  no  higher 
compensation  paid  in  our  diplomatic  service.  If 
the  ambassador  were  a  free  agent,  he  might  econ¬ 
omize  by  living  elsewhere  than  in  the  official  part  of 
the  city,  but  he  has  to  select  his  residence  with 
reference  to  the  society  of  the  capital  in  which 
he  is  stationed,  and  to  the  opinion  of  his  fellow- 
citizens.  An  American  ambassador  who  should  re¬ 
side  in  an  unfashionable  quarter  of  London  would 
be  socially  a  ruined  man,  for  the  attitude  of  London 
society  towards  an  ambassador  goes  far  towards 
determining  the  usefulness  of  our  representative 
at  the  Court  of  St.  James.  The  diplomatic  service 
of  the  United  States  is  rapidly  becoming  pluto¬ 
cratic.  There  are  in  it  men  of  wealth  who  are  also 
men  of  ability;  but  there  are  very  few  of  its 
members  who  have  acquired  at  once  a  familiar¬ 
ity  with  the  machinery  of  our  own  government, 


i 


THE  LODGE  BILL 


5845 


international  law,  and  diplomacy.  ,  Publicists  ;  ^ 
whom  the  government  would  be  glad  to  have  as 
diplomats  as  a  rule  are  not  wealthy  enough  to  serve 
it  virtually  at  their  own  expense. 

The  consulate  bill,  which  was  introduced  by 
Senator  Lodge  of  Massachusetts,  provided  that  no 
person  not  an  American  citizen  shall  be  appointed 
hereafter  to  any  consulate-general  or  consulate  Actsfor 
clerical  position.  It  proposed  to  make  the  service  reform 
American  from  top  to  bottom.  It  provided  also 
that  all  fees  collected  in  the  service  shall  be  turned 
into  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States.  The  sole 
and  only  compensation  of  the  consuls-general  and 
the  consuls  was  to  be  the  salaries  fixed  by  law; 
this  provision,  however,  not  applying  to  consular 
agents,  who  are  to  receive  half  the  fees  collected 
up  to  a  maximum  of  $1000  in  any  year. 

Party  politics  has  in  the  past  been  the  great 
stumbling-block  in  the  way  of  every  effort  to  re¬ 
organize  the  service  and  put  it  on  a  plane  creditable 
to  the  government.  Since  the  spoils  system  came 
in  it  has  been  regarded  as  the  property  of  Senators.  Acuities 
President  McKinley  followed  this  system,  and  the  in  the 

way 

persons  recommended  by  Senators  were  accepted 
whenever  he  could  do  so.  President  Roosevelt’s 
ideas  were  in  direct  opposition  to  this  policy,  and 
Mr.  Lodge’s  bill  represented  his  views  upon  the 
subject.  The  bill  was  passed  later  in  the  session, 
shorn,  however,  of  its  most  important  provisions. 

On  the  20th  of  December,  Mr.  Longworth  of 
Ohio  introduced  a  supplementary  bill  in  the  House 
providing  for  the  purchase  at  a  cost  of  not  over 


5846 


ROOSEVELT ’s  ADMINISTRATION 


1906 


The 

Long- 

worth 

bill 


Party 

promises 

and 

railroad 

rates 


five  million  dollars  of  buildings  for  the  United 
States  commissions  at  all  of  the  foreign  capitals 
where  the  government  maintains  ambassadors  or 
ministers,  the  purpose  of  the  bill  being  “to  remove 
the  necessary  qualification  of  great  wealth  for  the 
holding  of  high  diplomatic  offices  under  the  United 
States.  If  a  suitable  and  dignified  residence  be 
given  to  each  of  our  diplomatic  envoys,  then,  at 
least  so  far  as  external  appearances  are  concerned, 
the  rich  man  and  the  poor  man  will  appear  alike/  ’ 
This  bill,  with  some  modification,  was  reported 
favorably  from  the  committee,  but  failed  to  pass 
both  Houses. 

When,  in  the  summer  of  1904,  the  two  great 
political  parties  held  their  national  conventions, 
in  the  platforms  of  principles  adopted,  nothing  was 
said  that  could  be  construed  as  an  endorsement  of 
the  idea  that  railroad  rates  were  to  be  made  or 
determined  by  a  board  of  commissioners  repre¬ 
senting  the  national  government.  The  People’s 
party  did  adopt,  at  its  national  convention  held  at 
Springfield,  Illinois,  on  July  4  of  that  year,  a  plat¬ 
form  plank  which  called  upon  the  government  to 
take  control,  of  the  railroads,  through  ownership, 
for  the  purpose  of  preventing  unjust  rate  discrim¬ 
inations.  But  the  Democrats  and  Republicans  did 
not  find  sufficient  popular  interest  in  this  subject  to 
make  it  a  topic  for  platform  assertion. 

At  that  time,  however,  and  for  some  time  pre¬ 
vious,  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission,  in¬ 
stead  of  endeavoring  vigorously  to  enforce  the 
laws  which  were  on  the  statute-books  of  the  United 


REGULATION  OF  INTERSTATE  COMMERCE  6847 


States,  was  employing  a  considerable  part  of  its 
time  in  sending  letters  and  petitions  throughout  the 
country  to  those  who  were  thought  to  be  influential, 
for  the  purpose  of  soliciting  support  in  an  effort 
to  enlarge  the  scope  of  power  which  the  commission 
possessed,  so  that  it  might  have  vested  in  it  the 
right  to  fix  rates  at  its  discretion. 

In  his  message  at  the  opening  of  the  fifty-ninth 
Congress,  the  President  expressed  his  belief  that,  if 
the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  was  accorded 
the  right  to  make  maximum  rates,  that  was  all  that 
could  be  properly  entrusted  to  its  jurisdiction.  At 
the  meeting  of  the  National  Board  of  Trade  at 
Washington  in  January,  1906,  a  plan  was  endorsed 
providing  that  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commis¬ 
sion  should  be  “an  active,  investigating,  and  inquir¬ 
ing  body  to  which  all  those  who  believe  they  have 
knowledge,  or  think  they  have  knowledge,  of  unfair 
railroad  rates  shall  make  their  appeal  for  relief. 
The  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  will  then 
present  the  case  as  to  whether  the  rates  complained 
of  are  unreasonable,  to  the  proper  tribunal.  If  the 
court  shall  decide  that  the  rates  in  question  are 
unreasonable,  then  the  Interstate  Commission 
shall  have  the  authority  to  make  a  rate  of  its 
own  as  a  substitute  for  the  unfair  rate;  this  to 
take  effect  immediately  upon  its  promulgation  by 
the  commission,  the  interested  railroad  company, 
however,  having  a  right  of  appeal  to  the  court  from 
this  last  rate.’’ 

The  burden  of  proof  would  then  be  thrown 
upon  the  transportation  corporation  to  show  that 


1906 


Func¬ 
tions 
of  the 
Inter¬ 
state 
Com¬ 
merce 
Commis¬ 
sion 


1887- 

1906 


Develop¬ 
ment  of 
roads  and 
abuses  in 
rates 


State 

commis¬ 

sions 


6848  ROOSEVELT’S  ADMINISTRATION 

the  rate  complained  of  was  unreasonable.  This 
plan  represented  a  compromise  between  the  various 
plans  suggested  by  those  holding  opposite  sides  on 
the  railroad  rate  question. 

In  order  to  understand  fully  conditions  in  the 
campaign  for  fair  railroad  rates,  it  is  necessary 
to  know  the  growth  of  the  interstate  legislation. 
Before  1887  the  national  government  exercised  no 
direct  control  over  railway  charges  or  management. 
A  radical  change  in  our  policy  took  place  that  year. 
The  industrial  development  of  the  central  West 
and  upper  Mississippi  Valley  was  so  rapid  in  the 
two  decades  following  the  war,  and  the  production 
of  grain  and  food  products  so  far  in  excess  of  local 
consumption,  that  the  people  in  those  sections  be¬ 
came  urgent  in  their  demands  for  cheaper  trans¬ 
portation  facilities  to  the  markets  of  the  Eastern 
seaboard  and  Europe.  This  demand,  however,  met 
with  little  encouragement  from  the  carriers.  Con¬ 
sequently  a  most  unfortunate  period  of  radical 
State  “ Granger”  railroad  legislation  followed. 
Railroad  building  was  arrested  and  industry  in 
those  sections  damaged.  Then  came  commissions 
in  many  of  the  States  to  exercise  control  over  rail¬ 
road  charges  and  services.  Shortly  after  the  estab¬ 
lishment  of  the  first  State  railroad  commission,  the 
agitation  was  started  for  the  Federal  control  of 
interstate  railway  rates,  which  was  aided  greatly 
by  a  Supreme  Court  decision  in  1886  that  a  State 
commission  could  give  no  relief  upon  interstate 
rates.  This  movement,  after  a  year  of  patient  in¬ 
vestigation  by  various  Congressional  committees, 


5849 


THE  INTERSTATE  COMMERCE  LAW 


resulted  in  the  law  which  with  slight  changes  is 
the  one  now  in  force. 

The  provisions  of  that  law  can  be  grouped  into 
three  heads : 

1.  A  prohibition  of  secret  rebates,  or  prefer¬ 
ential  rates. 

2.  A  prohibition  of  unreasonable  rates  per  se. 

3.  A  prohibition  of  relatively  unreasonable 
rates ;  that  is,  rates  between  localities. 

In  1902,  however,  there  came  a  change.  When, 
in  1897,  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  in  the 
maximum  rate  case  had  denied  to  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission  the  power  of  deciding  what 
was  a  reasonable  rate  and  compelling  the  carriers 
to  reduce  their  charges  to  that  figure,  the  movement 
to  clothe  the  Commission  with  this  power  by  act  of 
Congress  began.  The  railroad  interests  took  alarm. 
The  desired  legislation  was  side-tracked,  and  in 
its  place,  in  1903,  the  railroads  themselves  secured 
through  Senator  Elkins,  the  passage  of  a  bill  which 
looked  to  the  cessation  of  rebates  and  special  favors. 
In  the  previous  year  all  the  large  systems  had  been 
permanently  enjoined  by  the  United  States  courts 
from  paying  rebates.  The  chief  change  in  the 
interstate  law  as  amended  was  the  substitution  of 
fines  for  imprisonment  as  the  punishment  of  reba¬ 
ting,  and  it  now  includes  both  the  giver  and  receiver 
of  the  rebate. 

The  two  principal  railroad  abuses  charged  were 
the  private  car  mileage  and  refrigeration  scheme 
and  the  allowance  to  what  are  known  as  industrial 
railroads. 


1897 


Princi¬ 
ples  of 
the  law 


The 

deaision 
of  1897 


5850 


ROOSEVELT  ’ S  ADMINISTRATION 


1906 


Con¬ 
ditions 
m  detail 


Profits 
private 
car  lines 


The  so-called  private  cars  are  of  three  kinds: 
refrigerator,  stock,  and  tank  cars.  The  practice 
of  using  such  equipment  arose  from  the  need  of 
transporting  such  commodities  as  dressed  meats, 
fruits,  stock,  and  oil  for  long  distances,  with  the 
least  possible  delay  and  the  greatest  possible  care 
in  handling.  Testimony  given  before  the  Inter¬ 
state  Commission  investigation  held  in  1905  showed 
that  the  total  number  of  privately  owned  cars  in 
the  United  States  was  about  50,000.  The  largest 
and  predominating  line  was  that  operated  by  the 
Armour  Car  Line  Company,  which,  according  to 
its  own  witnesses,  operated  about  8000  cars  in  the 
fruit-carrying  business,  and  including  all  their 
equipment,  12,000  cars.  The  average  cost  of  a 
refrigerator  car  was  given  as  $1000.  According 
to  the  eighteenth  annual  report  of  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission,  an  average  return  for  each 
car  was  $25  a  month,  at  which  rate  the  car  would 
pay  for  itself  and  maintenance  in  three  years ;  the 
net  profit,  taking  into  consideration  the  icing,  the 
mileage,  and  everything  else,  was  not  less  than  $10 
or  $12  a  day.  This  would  mean  a  net  profit  upon 
the  entire  equipment  of  about  $120,000  a  day.  The 
necessity  of  a  reform  was  evident  when  it  was  seen 
that  there  had  been  a  general  advance  of  the  freight 
rate  upon  refrigerator  products  of  about  25  per 
cent.,  and  that  the  roads  discriminated  in  the  icing 
charges  between  individuals  and  localities,  espe¬ 
cially  when  the  owner  of  the  car  was  the  owner  of 
the  commodity  in  the  car,  and  was  a  dealer  in  the 
commodity  transported.  These  excessive  rentals 


Copyrighted,  1905,  by  Clinedinst,  Washington, 


CONTROL  OF  INDUSTRIES 


6851 


and  outrageous  icing  charges  amounted  to  enor¬ 
mous  rebates  against  shippers  who  did  not  operate 
their  own  cars. 

An  important  and  far-reaching  decision,  touch¬ 
ing  one  of  the  abuses  complained  of,  was  delivered 
by  the  Supreme  Court,  February  19,  when,  by  an 
undivided  bench,  it  laid  down  the  new  principle 
that  railroads  cannot  deal  in  the  commodities  which 
they  haul  over  their  lines.  This  decision  fell  prin¬ 
cipally  on  the  railroads  which  directly  or  indirectly 
owned  coal  mines  and  sold  their  products,  but  if 
the  claim  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission 
is  sustained  that  private  car  lines  are  common  car¬ 
riers,  the  principle  laid  down  may  also  include 
them,  so  that  owners  of  refrigerator  cars  would  be 
prohibited  from  using  their  own  cars  for  the  trans¬ 
portation  of  their  products.  The  decision  removed 
what  was  one  of  the  greatest  evils  in  the  matter  of 
railroad  rates.  It  also  enlarged  the  power  of  the 
Interstate  Commerce  Commission.  The  court 
pointed  out  that  there  was  no  prohibition  in  the 
Interstate  Commerce  Law  of  railway  ownership  in 
commodities,  but,  notwithstanding  its  absence,  it 
was  plain,  according  to  the  court,  that  to  hold  other¬ 
wise  would  be  contrary  to  the  spirit  of  the  act. 

The  scheme  of  “ industrial  railroads”  had  its 
origin  in  great  part  in  the  concentration  of  industry 
at  certain  points.  In  the  beginning  very  few  indus¬ 
tries  were  able  to  provide  their  own  sidetracks  and 
switches,  to  say  nothing  of  long  railroads  to  the 
points  of  their  raw  material  supply.  As  conditions 
changed,  many  great  manufacturing  corporations 


1906 


Decision 

against 

“indus¬ 

trial 

road”s 


5852 


Roosevelt’s  administRxItion 


1906 


An  in¬ 
cident  in 
indus¬ 
trial 
growth 


Become 

separate 

organ¬ 

izations 


brought  in  their  raw  materials  and  sent  out 
their  finished  products  over  their  own  rails. 
These  spurs  or  little  roads  varied  in  length 
from  several  hundred  feet  to  twenty  miles,  and 
were  so  constructed  as  to  connect  the  plant  with 
one  or  many  large  railroad  systems.  Sometimes 
a  large  industrial  plant  had  in  addition  to  the 
tracks  a  freight  locomotive,  or  probably  several, 
but  very  often  only  the  bare  tracks.  In  the  days 
gone  by  these  industries  were  only  too  glad  to  get 
such  connections,  and  when  a  flat  charge  for  the 
switching  of  the  car  from  the  plant  to  the  main 
line  was  allowed  them,  which  was  in  most  cases 
merely  intended  to  compensate  the  industry  for 
its  investment,  they  were  more  than  satisfied.  But 
as  the  unit  of  business  grew  larger,  the  greater 
became  the  power  of  the  industry  to  exact  a  higher 
and  higher  switching  charge.  It  was  a  matter  of 
only  a  few  years  when  they  approached  the  car¬ 
rier  with  the  proposition,  and  secured  its  adoption 
in  many  cases,  that  the  flat  switching  charge  be 
abolished  and  in  its  place  they  be  given  an  agreed 
proportion  of  the  “ through  rate”  to  the  point 
where  the  car  was  to  go.  These  roads,  which  for¬ 
merly  were  never  considered  anything  but  “  switch¬ 
ing  spurs,”  were  now  organized  as  regular  rail¬ 
roads,  with  all  the  graduation  of  officialdom  and 
railroad  paraphernalia,  and  with  their  stock  en¬ 
tirely  held  by  the  parent  industrial  organization. 

This  was  the  general  history  of  the  system  by 
which  terminal  or  switching  charges  rose  all  the 
way  from  one  dollar  to  three  dollars  and  fifty  cents 


THE  HEPBURN  BILL 


5853 


a  car  to  as  high  as  twelve,  eighteen,  and  even 
twenty-five  dollars  a  car.  The  only  remedy  for 
these  abuses,  apparently,  was  the  power  of  control 
and  regulation  over  the  rates.  If  a  railroad  could 
afford  to  pa}r  to  those  favored  shippers  extortionate 
allowances  for  elevation,  private  cars,  terminal 
switching,  etc.,  it  was  clear  that  either  the  rate  of 
itself  was  too  high,  or  the  shippers  or  roads  were 
getting  more  than  their  fair  proportion. 

After  acrimonious  debate  in  the  House  for 
several  weeks  over  the  various  bills  and  amend¬ 
ments  offered,  what  was  known  as  the  Hepburn 
bill  was  passed  March  8  by  a  vote  of  346  to  7,  the 
minority  being  all  Republicans.  It  authorized  the 
Interstate  Commerce  Commission  to  determine  a 
just,  and  reasonable,  and  fairly  remunerative  rate, 
whenever,  upon  complaint,  it  was  of  the  opinion 
that  any  rate  or  practices  affecting  rates  were  un¬ 
just,  or  unreasonable,  or  justly  discriminatory,  or 
unduly  preferential,  and  that  such  a  rate  should 
be  the  maximum  rate.  It  also  provided  that  the 
commission  might  go  into  court  for  the  enforce¬ 
ment  of  any  order,  and  if  this  order  was  regularly 
made  and  duly  served,  the  court  must  enforce  it. 
A  penalty  of  $5000  was  provided  for  each  offense, 
every  distinct  violation  to  be  a  separate  offense,  and 
in  case  of  a  continuing  violation,  each  day  to  be 
deemed  a  separate  offense.  The  bill  was  sent  to  the 
Senate,  where  for  two  months  it  was  bitterly  con¬ 
tested.  A  strong  opposition  to  the  President’s 
views  developed,  and  for  a  long  time  any  decisive 
action  was  despaired  of.  Both  sides  recognized  the 


1906 


Debates 

in 

Congress 


Oppo¬ 

sition 

develops 


5854 


Roosevelt’s  administration 


1906 


The 

Senate 

yields 


Pro¬ 
visions  of 
the  act 


necessity  of  a  bill,  but  differed  regarding  certain 
of  its  provisions.  Worn  out  with  wrangling,  the 
Senate,  May  18,  passed  a  bill  by  an  almost  unan¬ 
imous  vote,  71  in  favor  and  only  3  against.  It 
represented  a  series  of  compromises;  concessions 
having  been  made  by  both  sides,  and  as  sent  back 
to  the  House  probably  did  not  reflect  the  exact 
views  of  a  single  member  of  the  body.  Its  passage 
was  a  distinct  victory  for  the  President. 

As  returned  to  the  House,  it  differed  radically 
from  the  bill  that  passed  that  body.  In  its  original 
form  it  dealt  almost  wholly  with  rate-making.  As 
amended,  it  conferred  upon  the  Interstate  Com¬ 
merce  Commission,  as  recommended  by  the  Pres¬ 
ident,  the  power  “summarily  and  effectively”  to 
prescribe  a  maximum  rate  for  railroad  charges 
whenever  complaint  was  made  that  a  rate  fixed  by 
the  railroad  was  unjust  or  unwarranted,  without 
the  intervention  of  the  courts,  and  to  have  those 
rates  go  into  effect  within  thirty  days,  subject  to 
future  review  by  the  court,  in  cases  where  an  un¬ 
specified  court  should  hold  that  it  had  jurisdiction. 
This  power  the  President  held  to  be  the  essence 
of  the  bill,  and  told  Congress  that  unless  it  were 
granted  there  was  little  use  in  touching  the  subject 
at  all.  It  made  pipe  lines,  private  car  lines,  ex¬ 
press  companies,  and  palace  car  companies  common 
carriers;  it  forbade  railroads  and  other  carriers 
from  owning  or  having  any  interest  in  the  articles 
they  transport,  as  coal;  it  restored  the  penalty  of 
imprisonment  for  persons  found  guilty  of  giving 
rebates,  and  increased  the  fines ;  it  provided  that  a 


MISCELLANEOUS  BILLS 


6855 


person  soliciting  or  compelling  a  rebate  might  be 
fined  three  times  the  amount  of  the  same;  it  re¬ 
quired  railroads  to  keep  uniform  sets  of  books, 
accessible  at  all  times  to  the  Commission,  and  for¬ 
bade  giving  of  interstate  passes,  with  certain 
specified  exceptions. 

Next  to  the  rate  bill  the  most  important  legis¬ 
lation  of  the  session  was  the  passage  of  the  de¬ 
natured  or  free  alcohol  bill.  Up  to  that  time  the 
tax  upon  alcohol  w^as  almost  prohibitive,  it  having 
been  imposed  in  the  interests  of  the  manufacturers 
of  wood  alcohol,  an  inferior  and  dangerous  article. 
Its  removal  paved  the  way  for  the  establishment  of 
new  industries  which  before  had  been  impossible, 
and  made  a  large  reduction  in  the  cost  of  a  multi¬ 
tude  of  articles,  as  well  as  in  that  of  light,  heat,  and 
power. 

In  March,  the  pension  appropriation  bill,  carry¬ 
ing  $139,000,000  for  pensions  and  $1,245,000  for 
pension  administration,  was  passed  without  amend¬ 
ment.  The  feature  of  the  bill,  aside  from  -  the 
appropriation  made,  was  a  provision  making 
statute  law  of  the  famous  order  of  the  President, 
declaring  age  conclusive  evidence  of  disability.  A 
bill  was  also  passed  providing  a  penalty  of  $5000 
and  ten  years’  imprisonment  for  the  premature 
revelation  of  government  information,  which  might 
have  a  bearing  on  the  market  price  of  commodities. 
The  same  penalty  was  provided  against  govern¬ 
ment  employees  who  speculate  in  commodities 
regarding  which  the  government  furnishes  statis¬ 
tics.  A  supplementary  bill  went  through  without 


1906 


Free 

alcohol 

for 

mechan¬ 

ical 

process 


Pension 

bill 


5856 


Roosevelt’s  administration 


1906 


The 

packing¬ 

house 

investi¬ 

gation 


Inspec¬ 

tion 

provided 


opposition,  forbidding  officials  and  employees  of 
the  government  to  divulge  information  on  crop 
statistics  prematurely,  and  making  it  criminal  for 
persons  to  speculate  in  products;  the  penalty  for 
violation  of  its  provisions  was  fixed  at  $5000  and 
imprisonment  for  ten  years. 

In  June,  the  reports  of  government  inspectors 
of  the  meat-packing  industries  were  made  public 
and  created  intense  excitement  throughout  the 
country.  They  laid  bare  almost  incredible  con¬ 
ditions  in  the  packing  establishments  in  Chicago, 
and  led  to  the  indictment  of  the  heads  of  the  four 
largest  concerns  in  the  city.  Immediately  follow¬ 
ing  the  exposures  a  bill  was  reported  from  the 
Committee  on  Agriculture  providing  for  the  rigid 
inspection  of  all  animals  killed  for  food  before  and 
after  slaughter,  and  requiring  the  use  of  a  govern¬ 
ment  label  and  a  certificate  of  purity.  It  prohibited 
the  use  of  preservatives  or  chemicals  in  the  prep¬ 
aration  of  all  kinds  of  meat  foods  which  could  be 
considered  deleterious  to  health,  and  required  com¬ 
plete  sanitation  and  cleanliness  in  all  buildings, 
whether  slaughter-houses  or  canning  establish¬ 
ments.  Common  carriers  were  made  subject  to 
heavy  penalties  for  transporting  any  goods  not 
bearing  the  government  label  and  accompanied  by 
the  required  certificates.  False  labeling  b y  the 
packers  was  made  a  criminal  offense.  Violation  of 
any  of  the  provisions  of  the  bill  was  made  punish¬ 
able  by  fines  and  imprisonment.  Farmers  and 
small  butchers  were  exempted  from  the  operation 
of  the  regulations. 


THE  CHICAGO  STOCK  YARDS 


THE  PHILIPPINE  TARIFF 


5857 


One  of  the  perplexing  problems  attaching  to  the 
possession  of  the  Philippines  was  the  settlement 
of  matters  pertaining  to  the  tariff.  Commerce 
between  the  islands  and  the  United  States  in  1905 
aggregated  about  $20,000,000,  against  about  $15,- 
000,000  in  1904,  $10,000,000  in  1900,  $4,111,188  in 
1898,  and  a  little  over  $4,000,000  in  1897,  the  year 
prior  to  American  occupation,  nearly  four  times 
as  great  as  in  the  last  year  of  Spanish  control, 
and  approximately  four  times  as  great  as  the 
average  during  the  several  years  prior  to  Amer¬ 
ican  occupation.  Prior  to  the  year  1899,  ex¬ 
ports  from  the  United  States  to  the  Philippine 
Islands  had  never  exceeded  in  any  year  a  quarter 
of  a  million  dollars.  They  aggregated  nearly 
$6,000,000  in  1905,  or  twenty  times  as  much  as  in 
any  year  prior  to  American  occupation.  Imports 
from  the  islands,  which  ranged  between  four  and 
six  million  dollars  per  annum  prior  to  1899,  were, 
in  1902,  $10,000,000;  in  1903,  $12,000,000,  and  in 
1905  about  $14,000,000,  or  about  three  times  as 
much  as  the  average  prior  to  American  occupation. 
This  increase  in  trade  with  the  islands  is  distrib¬ 
uted  through  a  large  number  of  manufactured 
articles,  especially  in  the  case  of  exports,  which 
have  grown  from  $69,459  in  1897,  the  year  before 
American  occupation,  to  about  $6,000,000  in  the 
year  1905. 

On  some  of  the  Philippine  products  the  tariff 
is  almost  prohibitive,  especially  that  on  sugar. 
Consumers  in  the  United  States  are  compelled, 
to  satisfy  our  demands  for  sugar,  to  buy  immense 


1906 


Rapid 
growth  of 
Philip¬ 
pine 
trade 


1906 


Duties  on 
sugar 
and 
sugar  im¬ 
ported 


Philip¬ 

pine 

tariff 

opposed 


5858  ROOSEVELT  ?S  ADMINISTRATION 

quantities  of  that  article  from  foreign  countries. 
In  the  ten  months  ending  October,  1905,  we  im¬ 
ported  $92,000,000  worth  of  sugar  from  other  lands. 
We  received  from  Cuba  alone  sugar  of  a  custom¬ 
house  valuation  of  $67,730,202.  In  addition  to  all 
that  we  took  from  foreign  countries,  we  received 
in  the  period  mentioned  more  than  $50,000,000 
worth  of  sugar  from  the  “non-contiguous  Terri¬ 
tories’  ’  of  the  United  States,  the  contributions 
being,  from  Hawaii,  $35,816,442 ;  from  Porto  Rico, 
$13,317,992,  and  from  the  Philippines,  $2,216,249. 
The  sugar  of  Hawaii  and  Porto  Rico  comes  in  free 
of  duty,  whereas  that  from  the  Philippines  pays 
at  present  75  per  cent,  of  the  Dingley  rates.  A  bill 
was  introduced  by  Chairman  Payne,  of  the  Ways 
and  Means  Committee,  looking  to  a  reclassification 
of  duties  on  Philippine  products,  which  was 
strongly  opposed  by  the  members  representing  the 
sugar-beet-growing  States.  A  minority  report  was 
filed  by  the  Democratic  members  of  the  committee* 
declaring  for  absolute  free  trade  between  the  Phil¬ 
ippines  and  the  United  States,  including  Hawaii 
and  Porto  Rico.  The  report  said : 

The  members  of  the  minority  of  the  Committee  on  Ways 
and  Means  believe  that  the  anomalous  and  preposterous  status 
of  the  Philippine  Islands  by  which  they  are  treated  as  Ameri¬ 
can  territory  for  certain  purposes,  and  as  a  foreign  or  semi- 
foreign  territory  for  certain  other  purposes,  cannot  be  long 
maintained  and  should  be  immediately  terminated.  At  pres¬ 
ent,  according  to  the  whim  of  Congress  or  the  Executive, 
they  are  considered  as  American  or  foreign,  or  both  American 
and  foreign,  or  as  neither  American  nor  foreign.  In  justice 
to  both  the  Filipinos  and  ourselves,  they  should  be  considered 
as  altogether  American  or  altogether  foreign.” 


MODIFIED  TARIFF  PROPOSED 


5859 


On  the  16th  of  January,  the  bill  came  up  in  the 
House  and  was  passed  by  a  vote  of  258  to  71. 
Various  amendments  were  offered,  which  were  in 
turn  rejected.  Although  the  bill  originated  on  the 
Republican  side  of  the  House,  it  was  supported  by 
the  Democrats,  and  its  passage  was  due  to  their 
votes.  The  provisions  of  the  bill  were  as  follows : 
A  tariff  duty  of  25  per  cent,  of  the  Dingley  rates  to 
be  levied  upon  sugar,  tobacco,  and  rice  from  the 
Philippine  Islands ;  that  all  other  goods  the  growth 
or  product  of  the  Philippine  Islands  should  be  ad¬ 
mitted  into  the  United  States  free  of  duty;  that 
after  April  11,  1909,  there  should  be  absolute  free 
trade  each  way  between  the  United  States  and  the 
Philippines;  that  Philippine  goods  coming  to  the 
United  States  should  be  exempt  from  *the  export 
tax  of  the  islands;  that  merchandise  from  either 
country  should  be  subject  to  the  internal  revenue 
tax  of  the  country  in  which  such  merchandise 
should  be  withdrawn  for  consumption.  The  bill 
was  sent  to  the  Senate,  where  it  was  filled  in 
committee. 

A  bill  was  introduced  in  the  House  in  behalf  of 
the  Merchant  Marine  Commission,  recommending 
the  outlay  of  several  million  dollars  in  subsidies  to 
American  vessels.  The  arguments  urged  in  favor 
of  the  bill  were :  First,  that  a  force  would  be  created 
of  ten  thousand  naval  volunteers,  American  officers 
and  men  of  the  merchant  marine  trained  to  the 
naval  service  and  holding  the  same  relation  to  the 
regular  navy  that  was  held  toward  the  regular 
army  by  the  present  militia ;  second,  that  through 


1906 


Reduc¬ 
tion  of 
rates 
proposed 


Senate 
does  not 
agree 


A  naval 
militia 


1906 


To  be 
created 
by  sub¬ 
sidies 


Advan¬ 
tages 
claimed 
by  its 
sponsors 


5860  ROOSEVELT ’s  ADMINISTRATION 

its  passage  a  new  fleet  of  steel  mail  steamships 
would  be  created,  forming  a  naval  reserve  of  fast 
transports,  ammunition,  and  supply-ships,  dispatch 
vessels,  etc.,  all  essential  to  the  efficiency  of  our 
fighting  fleet  in  war ;  third,  it  would  increase  four¬ 
fold  the  actual  shipping  of  the  United  States  and 
would  give,  exclusive  of  lake  and  coastwise  vessels,  , 
a  merchant  marine  much  larger  than  the  entire 
merchant  fleet  of  France  or  Norway,  twice  that  of 
Italy,  and  twice  that  of  Japan.  Such  a  new  mer¬ 
chant  tonnage,  the  supporters  of  the  bill  argued, 
would  enable  the  United  States  to  carry  under  its 
own  flag  not  10  per  cent.,  as  now,  of  its  own  imports 
and  exports,  but  30  or  40  per  cent.,  earning  for  the 
country,  instead  of  twenty  million  dollars  as  now, 
eighty  million  dollars  a  year  in  freight  and  pas¬ 
senger  receipts. 

The  bill  recommended,  further,  the  creation  of 
ten  regular  new  or  strengthened  American  steam¬ 
ship  lines  to  South  America,  Central  America, 
Africa,  and  Asia,  supplemented  by  a  large  and 
active  fleet  of  tramp  or  cargo  vessels  which  would 
inevitably  open  new  markets  for  many  thousands 
of  additional  bales  of  American  cotton  and  thou¬ 
sands  of  tons  of  grain,  flour,  provisions,  and  man¬ 
ufactured  goods,  a  total  amount  of  increased  trade, 
and  increased  employment  for  the  whole  American 
people,  impossible  to  state  in  specific  figures.  With 
the  bill  was  a  report  made  by  Admiral  Dewey,  as 
president  of  the  General  Board,  in  which  he  en¬ 
dorsed  the  bill  and  showed  in  detail  the  advantages 
which  wTould  accrue  to  the  navy  by  its  passage. 


CONTROL  OF  FOOD  PRODUCTS 


5861 


For  many  years  there  were  various  attempts 
at  the  passage  of  Federal  laws  to  control  the  com¬ 
merce  between  States  in  adulterated,  imitated,  or 
misbranded  foods  and  drugs,  but  without  success. 
State  laws  existed,  but  they  clashed  with  each  other 
and  were  a  source  of  continual  trouble  and  liti¬ 
gation.  The  manufacturer  found  himself  con¬ 
stantly  between  two  fires.  His  products  would  be 
sometimes  allowed  in  one  State  and  prohibited  in 
another.  If  by  mistake  the  forbidden  article  en¬ 
tered  the  latter  State,  he  would  be  subject  to  heavy 
penalties.  Dissension  was  constantly  arising  be¬ 
cause  the  laws  of  one  State  say  that  preservatives 
in  food  are  poison,  while  the  laws  of  another 
require  preservatives.  Just  previous  to  the  meet¬ 
ing  of  Congress,  the  Interstate  Commission  pre- 
sented  a  memorial  to  the  President  stating  the 
conditions  and  asking  him  to  recommend  a  Federal 
law,  fair  to  all  interests  and  with  full  protection 
to  the  consumer,  to  supplement  the  State  laws  re¬ 
quiring  all  food  and  drug  products  intended  for 
interstate  commerce  to  be  truthfuly  labeled,  and 
to  be  labeled  to  show  whenever  any  adulteration 
has  been  added  or  practiced  in  the  preparation. 
Such  a  bill  the  President  recommended  in  his 
message. 

After  a  vast  amount  of  discussion,  the  bill  was 
passed  by  the  Senate,  February  21,  by  a  vote  of 
63  to  4,  the  minority  being  all  Southern  Democrats. 
It  provided  that  the  labels  on  “  mixtures,  com¬ 
pounds,  combinations,  or  blends  should  show  the 
amount  of  alcohol  or  opium,  if  any,  contained  in 


1906 


Practice 
of  adul¬ 
teration 


To  be 
pre¬ 
vented 


5862 


Roosevelt’s  administration 


1906 


Con¬ 
ditions 
in  Porto 
Rico 


them.”  It  made  it  a  misdemeanor  to  manufacture 
or  sell  adulterated  or  misbranded  foods,  drugs, 
medicines,  or  liquors  in  any  of  the  States,  in  the 
District  of  Columbia,  the  Territories,  and  the  in¬ 
sular  possessions  of  the  United  States,  and  pro¬ 
hibited  the  shipment  of  such  goods  from  one  State 
to  another  or  to  a  foreign  country.  It  also  pro¬ 
hibited  the  receipt  of  such  goods.  Punishment  by 
fine  of  $500,  *or  by  imprisonment  for  one  year,  or 
both,  was  prescribed  in  the  case  of  corporations. 
Officials  in  charge  were  made  responsible.  The  bill 
defined  foods,  drugs,  liquors,  medicines,  and  pro¬ 
prietary  preparations,  and  also  defined  a  standard 
for  them. 

The  Island  of  Porto  Rico,  which  came  into  our 
possession  as  a  result  of  the  war,  was  a  terra  incog¬ 
nita  to  the  people  of  the  United  States.  Its  con¬ 
ditions,  agriculturally,  socially,  and  industrially, 
showed  unmistakably  the  effects  of  Spanish  rule. 
The  people  differed  in  many  ways  from  the  people 
of  Cuba.  They  were  loyal  to  the  last  to  the  crown 
of  Spain,  and  were  obedient  under  circumstances 
which  provoked  revolt  after  revolt  in,  other  Span¬ 
ish  colonies.  They  had  a  great  respect  for  law, 
and  hardly  an  instance  in  history  shows  any  organ¬ 
ized  resistance  to  the  ruling  power.  As  a  whole, 
the  inhabitants  are  a  moral,  law-abiding  class ;  mild 
in  disposition,  easy  to  govern,  and  possess  the  pos¬ 
sibilities  of  developing  a  high  type  of  citizenship. 
As  a  rule,  they  are  industrious;  their  idleness 
is  usually  an  enforced  idleness.  In  the  matter 
of  schools  the  system  under  Spanish  rule  was 


PROGRESS  OF  PORTO  RICO 


5863 


imperfect.  Little  attention  was  paid  to  the  educa¬ 
tion  of  girls,  and  there  were  no  regulations  for 
enforced  attendance.  Out  of  a  school  population 
of  nearly  126,000,  only  28,000  were  in  regular  at¬ 
tendance  in  1898,  and  of  the  population  of  the 
island  of  583,000,  ninety  per  cent,  were  unable  to 
read.  There  were  no  railroads  in  the  island,  and 
very  few  roads  of  other  kinds  which  were  not  dan¬ 
gerous  to  travel.  Telegraph  and  postal  systems  are 
now  in  existence,  both  imder  government  direction. 
The  crops  are  mainly  sugar,  coffee,  and  tobacco. 
Cattle-raising  is  carried  on  to  some  extent,  but 
most  of  the  food  supply  is  imported.  Those  who 
depend  upon  daily  wages  for  support  constitute 
the  great  majority  of  the  people.  The  daily  wages 
of  the  common  field  laborer  range  from  thirty-five 
to  fifty  cents. 

The  change  from  Spanish  to  American  rule 
was  welcomed  by  all  classes.  Although  obedient 
under  Spanish  rule,  there  was  a  general  complaint 
that  the  government  discriminated  in  favor  of  the 
Spaniards,  who,  in  the  distribution  of  the  offices, 
were  preferred  to  the  natives,  and  who,  aided  by 
the  powerful  influence  of  the  authorities,  pros¬ 
pered  in  business  as  merchants,  manufacturers,  or 
farmers.  It  was  declared,  also,  that  the  internal 
improvement  of  the  island  v7as  neglected  by  the 
Spanish  officials;  that  agriculture  bore  more  than 
its  share  of  taxation;  that  the  assessments  were 
inequitable  and  unequal;  that  education  was  not 
fostered;  and  that,  in  general,  the  welfare  of  the 
people  was  not  the  first  concern  of  their  rulers. 


1906 


Schools 
for  both 
sexes 


Roads 
and  tele¬ 
graphs 


The 

official 

system 


5864 


ROOSEVELT’S  ADMINISTRATION 


1905-6 


Wishes 
and 
hopes  of 
the  Porto 
Ricans 


The  military  administration  of  Porto  Rico 
ceased  on  May  1,  1900,  when  Charles  H.  Allen  of 
Massachusetts  was  installed  as  governor,  and  the 
civil  government  was  instituted. 

During  the  year  1905,  reports  gained  currency 
of  a  had  condition  of  affairs  in  the  island.  It  was 
asserted  that  an  anti- American  feeling  was  ram¬ 
pant  everywhere,  and  that  disturbances  had  oc¬ 
curred  on  account  of  that  feeling.  In  November, 
the  Federal  grand  jury  of  Porto  Rico,  composed 
of  prominent  natives  and  Americans,  adopted  an 
address  which  was  forwarded  to  President  Roose¬ 
velt,  accompanied  by  an  invitation  to  visit  the 
island  and  investigate  matters  in  person.  In  clos¬ 
ing  the  address,  the  signers  declared : 

“The  people  of  Porto  Rico  are  not  disloyal  to  the  United 
States,  nor  is  there  any  such  feeling  of  hostility  towards  the 
government  of  the  United  States,  or  towards  American  insti¬ 
tutions,  as  might  be  readily  be  understood  from  many  expres¬ 
sions  used  by  prejudiced  or  partial  newspapers  and  magazines, 
correspondents  and  writers.  On  the  contrary,  our  experience, 
investigation,  and  knowledge  of  the  existing  situation  in  Porto 
Rico,  warrant  us  in  the  assertion  that  there  is  no  more  loyal, 
liberty-loving,  or  law-abiding  people  living  beneath  the  folds 
of  the  American  flag  than  the  citizens  of  Porto  Rico,  and  there 
is  no  doubt  that  the  greatest  hope  and  ambition  of  the  Porto 
Rican  people  to-day  is  to  be  more  closely  allied  with  and  to 
be  given  a  greater  measure  of  participation  in  the  administra¬ 
tion  of  the  governmental  affairs  in  their  island,  through  those 
forms,  methods,  and  policies  which  are  the  foundation  and 
controlling  feature  of  the  government  of  the  great  American 
commonwealth.  Our  observation  and  experience  also  teach 
us  that  what  the  people  of  Porto  Rico  most  desire  is  a  closer 
association  and  affiliation  with  the  American  people  and  the 
American  government,  and  not  a  separation  or  an  abandon¬ 
ment  of  that  bond  which  guarantees  to  them  a  safe,  stable, 


DISSATISFACTION  IN  PORTO  RICO 


5865 


and  enduring  government;  and  an  eventual  full  participation, 
not  only  in  the  benefit  to  be  derived  from  such  government, 
but  in  the  administration  thereof.'’ 


Notwithstanding,  it  was  later  made  evident 
that  a  considerable  amount  of  dissatisfaction  ex¬ 
isted  because  of  the  form  of  government.  On  Jan¬ 
uary  15, 1906,  a  protest  was  made  before  the  House 
Committee  on  Insular  Affairs  by  Mayor  R.  H. 
Todd  of  San  Juan,  representing  the  League  of 
Municipalities  of  the  island.  He  declared  une¬ 
quivocally  that  the  people  of  Porto  Rico  enjoyed  a 
greater  degree  of  representative  popular  govern¬ 
ment  under  the  Spanish  regime  than  under  the 
rule  of  the  United  States.  His  purpose  in  ap¬ 
pearing  before  the  committee  was  to  ask  for 
an  elective  council.  The  members  of  the  coun¬ 
cil  are  appointed,  not  elected;  under  the  law,  five 
at  least  must  be  natives  of  the  island.  No  more 
than  five,  he  stated,  had  ever  been  appointed,  the 
six  remaining  being  from  the  States,  who  not  only 
controlled  the  council,  but  absolutely  excluded  the 
native  members  from  participation  in  the  affairs 
of  the  government.  The  natives,  he  complained, 
were  regarded  as  mere  figure-heads,  and  had  noth¬ 
ing  whatever  to  do  with  the  affairs  of  the  offices  to 
which  they  were  appointed.  He  urged  that  a  bill 
be  passed  giving  the  Porto  Ricans  a  greater  degree 
of  self-government. 

Later  in  the  session  the  House  Committee  on 
Insular  Affairs  authorized  a  favorable  report  on 
the  bill  extending  United  States  citizenship  to  the 


1906 


Appeals 

for 

changes 


Council 

con¬ 

trolled 

by 

United 

States 


5866 


rooseyelt’s  administration 


1906 


Relief 
for  Porto 
Rico 


An  am¬ 
bassador 
from 
Japan 


Death  of 
General 
Wheeler 


inhabitants  of  Porto  Rico.  The  new  status  was 
extended  to  all  inhabitants  of  the  island  who  were 
Spanish  subjects  on  April  11,  1899,  and  who  had 
continued  to  reside  therein,  except  those  who 
elected  to  preserve  their  allegiance  to  the  crown  of 
Spain  prior  to  April  4, 1900,  according  to  the  terms 
of  the  treaty  of  peace.  The  bill  provided  that 
Porto  Ricans,  together  with  Americans  on  the 
island,  “were  to  be  known  as  the  people  of  Porto 
Rico  who  shall  be  deemed  and  held  to  be  citizens 
of  the  United  States.”  The  committee  also  author¬ 
ized  a  favorable  report  on  a  bill  exempting  from 
taxation  all  Porto  Rican  bonds  issued  to  pay  for 
public  improvements  in  the  island. 

On  the  same  day,  the  Senate  Committee  on; 
Territories  ordered  a  favorable  report  on  the  bill 
providing  for  a  delegate  in  Congress  from  Alaska. 

In  January,  1906,  the  government  of  Japan 
appointed  Viscount  Aoki  as  ambassador  to  the 
United  States,  the  first  representative  of  an  Ori¬ 
ental  country  who  ever  held  that  rank  at  Wash¬ 
ington.  His  recognition  by  that  title  was  a  formal 
acknowledgment  by  the  United  States  government 
of  the  fact  that  Japan  was  now  a  world  power. 

In  the  same  month,  the  body  of  General  Joseph 
Wheeler,  the  veteran  of  two  wars,  a  former  repre¬ 
sentative  in  Congress  and  a  retired  officer  of  the 
United  States  Army,  was  laid  at  rest  in  the 
National  Cemetery  at  Arlington.  Homage  was 
paid  by  the  Blue  and  by  the  Gray.  Veterans  of 
the  two  conflicts  in  which  General  Wheeler  dis¬ 
tinguished  himself  as  a  gallant  soldier  and  a  daring 


LIFE  INSURANCE  SCANDALS 


5867 


cavalry  leader,  personal  friends,  representatives 
of  the  two  branches  of  Congress,  and  citizens, 
joined  with  the  nation’s  military  in  paying  tribute 
to  the  dead  general.  The  funeral  services  were  held 
at  St.  Thomas’s  Episcopal  Church  in  Fifth  Ave¬ 
nue,  New  York  City,  which  was  thronged.  The 
body  was  wrapped  in  the  flags  under  which  he  had 
served  with  almost  equal  distinction— the  Stars 
and  Bars  and  the  Stars  and  Stripes.  The  altar 
was  almost  hidden  with  floral  offerings,  among 
them  a  wreath  sent  by  President  Roosevelt.  The 
brief  services  were  conducted  by  Rev.  Ernest 
Stires,  rector  of  the  church,  assisted  by  Rev.  Dr. 
Morgan  Dix. 

In  the  winter  of  1904,  a  quarrel  broke  out 
among  the  officials  of  the  New  York  Equitable 
Insurance  Company,  which  grew  to  such  propor¬ 
tions  that  the  State  Insurance  Commissioner, 
forced  by  the  press  and  public  opinion  and  by  the 
incriminating  report  of  the  directors,  at  last 
instituted  an  investigation.  Charges  had  been 
made  of  graft,  peculation,  conspiracy  to  defraud 
stockholders,  and  wanton  waste  of  the  company’s 
assets.  It  did  not  take  long  to  discover  that  these 
charges  were  based  on  fact.  The  first  few  days  of 
the  investigation  revealed  an  almost  incredible 
condition  of  crookedness  and  corruption.  It  was 
found  that  most  of  the  directors  were  dummies, 
who  voted  as  they  were  directed  to  by  the  two  or 
three  leading  officials,  and  whose  names  were  used 
as  decoys  to  attract  policy-holders.  The  revela¬ 
tions  made  led  to  the  theory  that  like  conditions 


1904-6 


Revela¬ 
tions  in 
life  in¬ 
surance 
manage¬ 
ment 


5868 


rooseyelt’s  administration 


1904-6 


Every 
kind  of 
cor¬ 
ruption 
shown 


might  prevail  in  other  large  companies,  and  the 
New  York  Life  and  Mutual  Life  were  brought 
under  the  searchlight.  The  result  was  as  was  ex¬ 
pected.  The  same  conditions,  and  even  worse,  were 
shown  to  exist  in  both.  In  all  three  there  had  been 
the  same  shameful  extravagance  and  criminality 
in  the  management  of  the  companies’  funds. 
Prodigal  expenditures  had  been  made  for  political 
purposes,  for  subsidizing  the  press,  and  the  bribery 
of  legislators.  Leading  officials  voted  themselves 
enormous  salaries,  the  presidents  of  each  of  the 
three  companies  receiving  $100,000  a  year.  The 
families  of  each  were  drawn  in  to  share  the 
plunder.  One  of  them  had  four  near  relatives 
under  large  salaries  whose  duties  were  merely 
nominal.  A  fund  of  half  a  million  was  set  apart 
by  one  company  for  purposes  the  officials  refused 
to  reveal,  but  which  indirect  evidence  showed  was 
for  influencing  legislation.  It  was  shown  during 
the  investigation  that  to  prevent  interference  with 
their  methods— which  was  occasionally  threatened 
by  irate  stockholders— these  companies  regularly 
maintained  in  their  employ,  under  pay,  members  of 
the  Insurance  Committee  from  both  branches  of 
the  Assembly,  and  to  secure  and  hold  the  power  in 
the  Legislature  they  kept  on  their  pay-rolls  prom¬ 
inent  members  of  both  political  parties.  At  one 
time  several  policy-holders  who  felt  they  were 
being  defrauded,  instituted  suits.  The  companies 
at  once  secured  an  amendment  to  the  insurance 
laws  which  prohibited  any  policy-holder  from 
bringing  suit  for  an  accounting  without  consent 


THE  PEOPLE  AROUSED 


5869 


of  the  attorney-general,  who,  being  in  power 
through  the  desire  and  sufferance  of  the  com¬ 
panies,  never  consented.  The  officials  of  the  State 
whose  duty  it  was  to  prevent  theft  and  protect  the 
policy-holders,  were  themselves  the  appointees  of 
the  system. 

The  testimonv  taken  showed  that  in  these  three 
companies,  assets  which  should  have  gone  upon  the 
ledger  to  the  credit  of  the  policy-holders,  were 
diverted  to  purposes  of  which  no  record  appeared 
in  their  published  statements  or  official  reports; 
that  the  custom  was  general  for  the  higher  officials 
to  speculate  with  the  trust  funds  in  their  keeping ; 
and  that  the  annual  reports  of  the  companies  were 
false,  and  the  certificate  of  their  correctness  by  the 
Superintendent  of  Insurance  was  a  falsehood. 

The  effect  of  these  exposures  was  to  arouse  a 
feeling  of  anger  and  indignation  throughout  the 
whole  country,  for,  though  the  source  of  the  cor¬ 
ruption  was  located  in  the  city  of  New  York,  there 
was  not  a  city  or  town  of  any  size  in  the  United 
States  that  was  not  affected  by  it.  The  crimes  com¬ 
mitted  were  not  against  the  citizens  of  a  single 
State;  they  were  crimes  that  affected  the  people 
of  the  whole  nation.  Some  of  the  guilty  officials 
fled  the  country;  the  president  of  one  company, 
crushed  by  the  exposure,  died  while  the  investi¬ 
gation  was  in  progress;  another  sought  refuge  in 
a  sanitarium  with  a  report  of  softening  of  the 
brain;  a  member  -of  Congress  from  New  York, 
who  had  been  paid  an  annual  salary  of  $10,000  for 
his  supposed  influence  over  the  legislation  in  his 


1905-6 


Assets 

dis- 

ippated 


Vast 
numbers 
of  people 
affected 


5870 


Roosevelt’s  administration 


1906 


Changes 

insti¬ 

tuted 


War¬ 
ships  on 
the 
Lakes 


State,  hurried,  after  the  exposure,  to  return  to  the 
Equitable  Company’s  funds  $293,900  borrowed 
from  it  years  before,  and  which  never  would  have 
been  paid  but  for  the  publicity  given  the  matter. 
All  the  companies  are  in  the  present  year— 1906— 
undergoing  reorganization,  and  suits  have  been 
instituted  with  the  hope  of  recovering  at  least  a 
portion  of  the  money  illegally  and  fraudulently 
obtained. 

For  years  there  had  been  occasional  reference 
in  Congress  to  the  international  agreement  restrict¬ 
ing  the  number  of  war  vessels  on  the  Lakes.  On 
December  17,  Representative  Smith  of  Michigan 
offered  a  resolution  asking  that  the  Secretary  of 
the  Navy  investigate  the  treaties  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States  that  prevent  the 
United  States  from  having  more  than  one  warship 
on  the  Great  Lakes  at  one  time. 

The  treaty  or  arrangement  covering  the  mat¬ 
ter  is  known  as  the  Bagot-Rush  agreement,  arrived 
at  in  April,  1817.  Mr.  Richard  Rush,  acting  Sec¬ 
retary  of  State  for  the  United  States,  made  a 
proposition  to  Mr.  Charles  Bagot,  then  British 
envoy  and  minister  plenipotentiary  at  Washing¬ 
ton,  that  the  naval  force  to  be  maintained  on  the 
American  Lakes  by  his  Majesty  and  the  govern¬ 
ment  of  the  United  States  should  be  confined  to 
the  following  vessels  for  each  of  the  contracting 
governments : 

On  Lake  Ontario,  to  one  vessel  not  exceeding 
100  tons’  burthen  and  armed  with  one  eighteen- 
pound  cannon. 


THE  STATEHOOD  BILL 


5871 


On  the  Upper  Lakes,  to  two  vessels  not  exceed¬ 
ing  like  burthen  each  and  armed  with  like  force. 

t 

On  the  waters  of  Lake  Champlain,  to  one  ves¬ 
sel  not  exceeding  like  force. 

The  British  minister,  on  behalf  of  the  Prince 
Regent,  acceded  to  this  proposition  from  the  United 
States  government  on  April  28,  1817.  It  was  also 
agreed  that  all  other  armed  vessels  on  these  lakes 
should  be  forthwith  dismantled,  and  that  no  other 
vessels  of  war  should  be  there  built  or  armed ;  and, 
further,  that  six-months’  notice  should  be  given 
by  either  party  wishing  to  annul  the  stipulation. 
This  treaty  has  been  kept  on  both  sides  in  good 
faith.  There  has  been  no  reason  in  the  martial 
exigencies  of  the  two  nations  for  any  breach  of 
that  pacific  understanding,  and  the  resolution  was 
probably  more  the  outcome  of  a  desire  on  the  part 
of  shipbuilders  along  the  lakeshore  to  extend  their 
business  than  any  real  fear  of  international  com¬ 
plications. 

The  Hamilton  Statehood  bill,  providing  for  two 
States  out  of  the  Territories  of  Oklahoma  and 
Indian  Territory,  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  was 
adopted  as  the  party  bill  at  a  caucus  of  the  Repub¬ 
lican  members  of  the  House,  December  14.  Con¬ 
siderable  opposition  was  manifested  in  this  ar¬ 
rangement,  but  all  were  held  in  line.  This  decision 
was  the  result  of  a  conference  between  Speaker 
Cannon  and  Senator  Beveridge,  chairman  of  the 
Senate  Committee  on  Territories. 

Few  more  serious  problems  have  been  presented 
to  Congress  than  that  involved  in  the  prolonged 


1906 


New 

States 

to 

be 

formed 


1906 


Unusual 

plan 


Many 

valid 

objec¬ 

tions 


5872  ROOSEVELT ’s  ADMINISTRATION 

Statehood  controversy.  Here  were  four  commu- 

aJ 

nities  which  it  was  proposed  to  merge  into  two 
States,  when  the  smaller  of  each  combination  ob¬ 
jected  violently  to  being  put  at  the  mercy  of  the 
larger,  and  in  order  to  avoid  letting  the  population 
of  these  offended  communities  pass  on  accepting 
the  State  Constitution,  as  other  Territories  had 
done  when  coming  into  the  Union,  the  plan  was  to 
make  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  vote  as  a  unit,  by 
which  it  was  assumed  that  the  more  populous  New 
Mexico  would  override  Arizona.  In  the  former 
Territory  the  Mexican  and  Spanish- American  pop¬ 
ulation  is  eight  times  all  other  races  combined,  and 
it  was  almost  a  unit  against  the  proposition.  The 
people  of  Arizona,,  who  are  almost  wholly  of  Amer¬ 
ican  stock,  -on  the  other  hand,  were  opposed  to  it 
on  the  ground  that  they  did  not  like  being  over¬ 
shadowed  and  outnumbered  by  Mexicans  of  an 
unprogressive  type.  They  asserted  that  Mexican 
rule  would  produce  such  stagnation  that  the  Amer¬ 
ican  element  would  gradually  pull  out,  or  at  least 
cease  to  grow,  because  the  State  would  be  unat¬ 
tractive  to  possessors  of  American  ideals,  and  that 
the  Mexican  element  would  thus  dominate  a  much 
wider  area  than  it  should.  There  was  no  animosity 
between  the  people  of  the  two  States,  but  the  oppo¬ 
sition  was  grounded  on  the  inherent  differences  in 
population,  in  legislation,  in  industries,  in  contour, 
in  ideals,  and  from  an  historical  and  ethnologic 
standpoint,  not  to  mention  that  the  consolidation 
of  two  commonwealths  like  New  Mexico  and  Ari¬ 
zona  into  one  was  unprecedented  in  American 


OPPOSITION  TO  STATEHOOD  BILL 


5878 


history.  Both  declared  that  the  new  State  would 
be  an  unnatural  and  an  unwilling  alliance.  It 
would  be  the  coercion  of  two  populations,  unlike 
in  character,  in  ambition,  and  largely  in  occu¬ 
pation.  The  union  would  be  abhorrent  to  both. 

The  advocates  of  joint  Statehood  on  their  part 
took  the  stand  that  the  two  States  entering  sep¬ 
arately  would  give  eight  more  Senators  from  the 
Southwest.  Everybody  would  recognize  a  certain 
validity  to  these  arguments,  and  yet  the  answer 
to  them  of  most  Eastern  men  was  this:  “Do  you 
want  eight  more  Senators  from  the  Southwest  ? 
That  would  be  the  number  which  the  first  Dem¬ 
ocratic  administration  to  come  into  power  would 
give  the  country.”  The  Rocky  Mountain  region 
is  already  over-represented  in  the  Senate,  accord¬ 
ing  to  population.  When  the  bitter  fight  for  the 
repeal  of  the  Sherman  silver  purchasing  act  was 
on,  and  results  hung  as  by  a  thread,  the  bare 
majority  of  Senators  necessary  for  repeal  repre¬ 
sented  a  good  two-thirds  of  the  country’s  popu¬ 
lation  and  much  larger  proportion  of  its  wealth 
and  resources. 

In  other  contests,  sectionally,  the  same  thing 
comes  out.  While  there  are  small  States  in  the 
East,  notably  in  New  England,  as  a  whole  the 
small  States  of  this  coast  are  mixed  in  with  larger 
ones  of  identical  business  interests,  so  that  no  real 
misrepresentation  occurs.  But  west  of  the  Mis¬ 
souri  lies  a  group  of  States  seemingly  destined  to 
have  a  small  population  always,  which  have  an 
influence  in  shaping  national  legislation  altogether 


1906 


Political 

effect 

of 

union 


Dangers 

in 

the 

plan 


Of  W-  LlB’ 


5874 


.  ROOSEVELT’S  ADMINISTRATION 


1906 


False 

repre¬ 

sentation 


out  of  proportion  to  their  importance.  Wyoming 
has  but  100,000  population,  and  yet  its  two  Sen¬ 
ators  count  just  as  heavily  in  the  combination  which 
makes  a  tariff  bill  as  the  two  Senators  from  Mas¬ 
sachusetts  standing  for  three  million  people.  If 
the  Senate  were  not  so  predominant  in  national 
affairs,  the  disparity  of  the  States  in  population 
would  be  adjusted  as  the  Constitution  intended, 
but  with  an  all-powerful  Senate,  the  size  of  the 
average  State  of  any  section  becomes  important. 

Another  question,  and  that  a  moral  one,  was 
involved,  which  the  legislators  seemed  to  have  lost 
sight  of.  In  1894,  the  Dawes  Commission  was 
created  to  induce  the  Indians  living  in  the  Indian 
Territory  to  give  up  their  tribal  system  and  become 
citizens  with  a  view  to  future  Statehood.  “The 
limit  creation,”  as  the  act  of  Congress  said,  “of  a 
State  of  the  Union  which  shall  embrace  the  lands 
within  said  Indian  Territory.”  At  no  time  was 
it  ever  suggested  to  the  Indians  before  the  negoti¬ 
ation  was  practically  accomplished  that  the  Indian 
Territory  would  be  submerged  in  another  more 
populous,  in  a  different  class  of  settlement,  and 
wholly  controlling  in  its  influence.  The  induce¬ 
ment  held  out  to  the  Indians  of  the  Territory,  the 
Territory  they  had  occupied  in  the  first  place 
under  pledge  that  it  should  be  theirs  exclusively 
and  forever,  in  order  to  induce  them  to  contemplate 
becoming  citizens  and  adopting  a  new  form  of 
government,  was  that  they  should  be  a  State  by 
themselves.  Oklahoma  had  already  been  set  off 
and  been  made  a  Territory  by  itself,  the  remainder 


DESTRUCTION  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO 


6875 


of  the  original  Indian  Territory  to  remain  dis¬ 
tinctly  an  Indian  possession.  This  understanding 
had  been  repeatedly  recognized  by  Congress. 

After  nearly  five  months  of  consideration  and 
discussion,  a  compromise  Statehood  bill  was  agreed 
to  by  Republican  leaders  of  both  Houses  on  June 
11,  which  cleared  the  way  for  the  admission  of 
Oklahoma  and  Indian  Territory  as  a  single  State, 
and  gave  opportunity  for  the  decision  at  the  polls 
by  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  as  to  whether  they 
would  desire  to  come  in  as  another  State. 

Early  on  the  morning  of  Wednesday,  April  18, 
the  city  of  San  Francisco  was  visited  by  a  violent 
earthquake,  which  in  a  few  seconds  wrecked  most 
of  the  principal  buildings,  made  huge  rents  in  the 
streets,  and  destroyed  the  connections  of  the  water 
system.  Fires  broke  out  in  a  hundred  different 
places,  and  spread  with  marvelous  rapidity. 
Within  an  hour  the  whole  business  section  was 
in  flames.  Only  in  places  where  the  water-pipes 
were  intact  could  any  attempt  be  made  to  stay  the 
conflagration.  With  a  brisk  wind  blowing,  the  fire 
spread  to  the  residential  portion  of  the  city.  The 
magnificent  residences  on  Nob  Hill,  the  homes  of 
the  Pacific  coast  millionaires,  burned  like  paper; 
treasures  untold  in  paintings,  sculpture,  tapestries, 
costly  decorations,  rugs,  and  furniture,  unique 
and  impossible  to  replace,  we're  licked  up  in  a 
moment.  Churches,  theatres,  hotels,  big  depart¬ 
ment  stores,  railway  stations,  huge  office  buildings 
—all  went,  one  after  another.  Every  bank  in  the 
city  was  swept  out  of  existence,  although  in  most 


1906 
April  18 


A 

compro¬ 

mise 

reached 


Earth¬ 

quake 

ruins 

San 

Fran¬ 

cisco 


5876 


ROOSEVELT’S  ADMINISTRATION 


1906 


Relief 
and  pro¬ 
tection 
for  the 
sufferers 


of  them  the  contents  were  protected  by  the  vaults. 
Miles  of  buildings  were  blown  up  by  dynamite  or 
destroyed  by  artillery  fire  in  the  vain  endeavor  to 
stay  the  flames.  Chinatown,  in  an  hour’s  time,  was 
reduced  to  a  heap  of  ashes.  Thousands  of  the 
panic-stricken  inhabitants  fled  by  the  ferries  across 
the  bay  to  Oakland,  where  the  hospitals,  churches, 
theatres,  and  scores  of  private  residences,  were 
filled  with  the  sick  and  injured;  others  sought 
refuge  in  the  parks,  cemeteries,  in  the  sand  hills, 
and  on  the  military  reservation.  More  than  300,000 
people  were  rendered  homeless,  and  slept  that  night 
under  the  open  sky  or  in  rude  improvised  tents  of 
sheets  and  blankets,  and  more  than  half  that  num¬ 
ber  were  without  water  or  food  for  twenty-four 
hours. 

General  Funston,  who  was  in  command  of  the 
regular  army  post  at  the  Presidio,  at  once  ordered 
his  soldiers  on  duty  to  keep  order  and  protect 
property.  A  committee  of  safety,  formed  of  fifty 
prominent  citizens,  with  Mayor  Schmitz  at  the 
head,  took  immediate  measures  for  the  relief  of  the 
people  by  establishing  many  stations  for  the  dis¬ 
tribution  of  food  and  supplies.  By  its  order,  all 
remaining  stores  and  warehouses  containing  pro¬ 
visions  were  entered  and  their  contents  confiscated, 
receipts  being  given  to  the  owners.  For  days  the 
hills  and  beaches  about  San  Francisco  looked  like 
an  immense  tented  city.  For  miles  through  the 
Park  and  along  the  beaches  from  Ingleside  to  the 
sea-wall  at  North  Beach,  the  homeless  were  en¬ 
camped  in  makeshift  tents  of  all  descriptions. 


.  LOOKING 
FRANCI.SCO 


RELIEF  OF  THE  STRICKEN  CITY 


5877 


Some  had  managed  to  drag  trunks  and  boxes  to 
places  of  safety,  with  mattresses  and  bed  clothing, 
but  nothing  in  the  way  of  furniture  could  be  saved. 
More  than  three  thousand  pianos  went  up  in  flames. 

The  loss  of  life  was  comparatively  small  when 
the  magnitude  of  the  disaster  is  considered.  Gen¬ 
eral  Funston  gave  orders  to  shoot  thieves  and 
plunderers  on  sight.  As  a  consequence,  a  score  or 
more  who  were  caught  robbing  the  dead  and  in¬ 
jured  were  killed  the  first  day  and  their  bodies  left 
to  be  consumed  by  the  flames.  The  bodies  of  those 
who  were  killed  by  accident  or  nervous  shock,  were 
taken  to  the  Presidio  to  be  buried. 

Of  the  great  public  buildings,  only  one— the 
United  States  Mint— escaped  destruction.  Thirty- 
nine  million  dollars  were  stored  in  its  vaults  in 
silver  coin  and  bullion,  not  a  dollar  of  which  was 
lost. 

When  the  Senate  at  Washington  convened  on 
the  morning  following  the  reception  of  the  news, 
its  first  business  was  the  appropriation  of  $500,000 
for  the  relief  of  the  sufferers.  The  resolution  was 
hurried  to  the  House,  which  promptly  amended  it 
by  making  the  amount  $1,000,000.  When  it  was 
sent  to  the  President,  it  was  returned  with  a  special 
message  asking  that  the  amount  be  increased  to 
$1,500,000,  which  was  done  without  a  dissenting 
voice.  Never  was  the  President  more  strenuous 
than  in  his  pushing  measures  for  the  relief  of  the 
stricken  city.  More  than  half  of  the  sum  appro¬ 
priated  was  spent  by  his  direction  in  the  purchase 
of  supplies  before  noon  of  the  following  day.  A 


1906 


Military 

in 

control 


Relief 

bill 

in 

Congress 


6878 


ROOSEVELT ’s  ADMINISTRATION 


1906 


The 
entire 
country 
unites 
to  aid 
the  city 


bill  was  at  once  introduced  in  the  House  for  the 
remission  of  duties  on  relief  supplies  and  on  build¬ 
ing  material  to  be  used  for  reconstruction  pur¬ 
poses.  A  million  army  rations,  each  representing 
three  good  meals  for  one  person,  with  every  avail¬ 
able  army  tent,  thousands  in  number,  were  hurried 
to  the  spot  on  special  trains  ordered  by  the  govern¬ 
ment,  given  the  right  of  way,  from  Portland,  Ore¬ 
gon,  St.  Louis,  Chicago,  Seattle,  and  other  large 
distributing  points.  With  these  went  carloads  of 
blankets,  bedding,  and  miscellaneous  supplies. 
Added  to  these  were  trains  of  supplies  sent  by 
private  parties  from  scores  of  cities  far  and  near. 
All  the  great  railroad  and  steamship  lines  an¬ 
nounced  their  readiness  to  carry,  free  of  charge, 
all  merchandise  and  supplies  for  the  relief  of  the 
sufferers.  On  the  day  following  the  disaster,  the 
people  of  Portland,  Oregon,  raised  $250,000,  and 
sent  a  special  train  of  twenty-nine  cars  filled  with 
supplies,  accompanied  by  ten  physicians  and 
twenty  nurses.  From  every  point  came  help  and 
offers  of  help.  New  York  raised  half  a  million  in 
a  single  morning;  Boston  subscribed  the  same 
amount,  which  in  three  weeks  grew  to  nearly 
$900,000;  Richmond,  Va.,  raised  $40,000  in  ten 
minutes;  Pittsburg  subscribed  $250,000;  Los  An¬ 
geles,  $300,000;  princely  donations  were  made  by 
Philadelphia,  Chicago,  St.  Louis,  Denver,  Kansas 
City,  and  all  the  great  cities  of  the  East,  West, 
and  South.  In  forty-eight  hours  the  relief  fund 
reached  the  enormous  total  of  $13,147,190,— that 
sum  not  including  the  collections  taken  up  in  the 


HELP  FROM  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES 


5879 


churches  of  all  creeds  throughout  the  country. 
Aside  from  these  donations  for  the  general  good, 
there  were  special  contributions  for  societies, 
church  organizations,  hospitals,  and  libraries.  The 
Young  Men’s  Christian  Association,  whose  magnif¬ 
icent  new  building  cost  a  quarter  of  a  million, 
received  donations  nearly  sufficient  to  cover  its 
losses. 

Nor  was  this  grand  outburst  of  sympathy  con¬ 
fined  to  the  United  States  alone.  From  far-off 
Australia  came  the  following  morning  a  cable  mes¬ 
sage  with  the  proffered  gift  of  $25,000;  Japan  sent 
$80,000  to  the  Red  Cross  Committee ;  China, 
through  her  minister,  promptly  tendered  her  aid. 
Canada  was  one  of  the  first  to  extend  the  hand  of 
practical  sympathy.  England  was  prompt  in 
action,  and  nearly  every  European  nation  came  at 
once  to  the  front  with  expressions  of  sympathy  and 
proffers  of  aid. 

The  ashes  of  the  conflagration  were  hardly  cold 
before  plans  were  made  for  a  new  San  Francisco, 
greater,  safer,  and  more  magnificent  than  before. 
On  May  23,  the  banks  reopened  their  doors  for 
business,  locating  in  temporary  structures,  on  their 
former  sites.  In  anticipation  of  heavy  drafts,  they 
had  in  their  vaults  $45,000,000  more  than  they  had 
on  the  morning  of  the  disaster.  On  the  opening 
day  there  were  more  deposits  than  withdrawals. 

Although  the  devastation  on  land  was  so  far- 
reaching  and  complete,  it  stopped  at  the  water’s 
edge.  All  the  shipping  of  San  Francisco,  including 
the  auxiliary  fleets  of  towboats,  all  transfer  barges, 


1906 


Australia 

Japan 

and 

China 

aid 


Plana 
for  a 
new 
city 


6880 


ROOSEVELT  ’s  ADMINISTRATION 


1906 


Shipping 

and 

docks 

spared 


Stanford 

Univer¬ 

sity’s 

serious 

losses 


dredges,  fireboats,  transports,  ocean  steamships, 
bay  and  river  steamboats,  ferry-boats,  coastwise 
steamships,— everything  in  the  way  of  floating 
property  that  was  in  the  bay  on  that  terrible  morn¬ 
ing,  together  with  all  the  wharves,  bunkers,  ele¬ 
vators,  approaches  to  wharves,  and  all  that  apper¬ 
tained  and  contributed  to  the.  movement  of  sea  or 
inland  commerce  or  the  transaction  of  business  by 
sea  or  land,— escaped  damage  to  that  extent  that 
there  could  be  no  interruption  to  the  vast  traffic 
that  centered  there.  In  the  plan  for  rebuilding  the 
city,  provision  was  made  for  a  sea-wall  6000  feet 
long,  with  projecting  wharves  800  feet  in  length, 
almost  doubling  the  commercial  facilities  of  the 
past. 

But  the  city  of  San  Francisco  was  not  the  only 
sufferer.  All  along  the  earthquake  belt  running 
parallel  with  the  coast  for  hundreds  of  miles,  there 
was  a  succession  of  shocks  more  or  less  severe.  The 
Leland  Stanford  University,  lying  at  the  foothills 
of  the  Sierra  Moreno,  in  the  beautiful  Santa  Clara 
valley,  the  finest  and  costliest  group  of  educational 
buildings  in  America,  was  in  three  minutes’  time 
converted  into  a  mass  of  shapeless  ruins.  The 
buildings  were  unique,  constructed,  with  one  or 
two  exceptions,  in  the  old  mission  style,  and  form¬ 
ing  an  inner  and  outer  quadrangle,  the  former 
known  as  the  Memorial  Court,  with  a  paved  area 
of  246  by  528  feet.  This  great  square  contained 
statues  of  Senator  Stanford,  Mrs.  Stanford,  and 
Leland  Stanford,  Jr.,  in  whose  memory  the  uni¬ 
versity  was  built  and  endowed.  Its  entrance  was 


DESTRUCTION  ELSEWHERE  IN  CALIFORNIA  5881 


through  a  magnificent  stone  arch,  the  largest  but 
one  in  the  world.  The  buildings  of  both  quad¬ 
rangles  were  connected  by  a  series  of  corridors, 
arches,  and  cloisters.  Opposite  the  arch  stood  the 
memorial  church,  considered  the  most  beautiful  in 
the  New  World,  built  in  the  Gothic  style,  with  a 
spire  190  feet  high.  Only  a  part  of  the  broken 
walls  was  left  standing.  The  great  library,  on 
which  nearly  a  million  dollars  had  been  expended, 
and  which  was  yet  unfinished,  was  totally  wrecked, 
as  was  also  the  gymnasium,  which  had  cost  even 
more.  The  museum,  which,  when  finished,  would 
have  been  the  largest  in  the  world,  was  only  par¬ 
tially  destroyed.  Of  the  two  large  dormitories, 
that  for  the  boys  was  completely  destroyed, 
while  that  for  the  girls  suffered  very  little  injury. 
The  damage  to  the  university  was  estimated  at  ten 
millions  of  dollars.  Repairs  began  the  day  fol¬ 
lowing  the  shock.  As  the  institution  has  an  endowr- 
ment  of  thirty  millions  of  dollars,  the  work  of 
restoration  was  not  hindered,  as  in  many  other 
instances,  from  a  lack  of  funds. 

At  San  Jose,  the  entire  business  quarter  was 
wrecked;  110  persons  were  killed  and  seventy  in¬ 
jured.  The  loss  of  life  was  largely  among  the 
patients  at  Agnew’s  Insane  Asylum,  the  walls  of 
which  collapsed.  Nearly  every  brick  and  stone 
structure  in  the  city  was  demolished  or  damaged, 
the  losses  amounting  to  OA^er  $5,000,000.  Santa 
Clara,  a  suburb  of  San  Jose,  suffered  to  the  extent 
of  half  a  million.  At  Santa  Rosa  the  public  and 
business  buildings  AATere  AATrecked  or  damaged,  but 


1906 


Build¬ 

ings 

wrecked 


Other 

losses 


6882 


ROOSEVELT ’S  ADMINISTRATION 


1906 


Storm 

on 

the 

great 

lakes 


First 

session 

of 

Congress 

ends 


the  residence  portion  escaped  with  little  injury. 
Forty  persons  were  killed  by  falling  walls  in  the 
business  section.  The  shock  was  felt  at  Sacra¬ 
mento.  Chimneys  were  shaken  down  and  some  few 
buildings  sustained  slight  damages,  but  there  was 
no  loss  of  life.  At  one  place  three  miles  of  railroad 
track  sank  out  of  sight,  carrying  the  wires  with 
it.  The  loss  by  earthquake  and  fire  at  San  Fran¬ 
cisco  and  other  places  in  the  earthquake  belt 
amounted  to  nearly  $300,000,000. 

Three  weeks  later  than  the  San  Francisco  dis¬ 
aster  (June  9),  a  terrific  cyclone  swept  the  shores 
of  the  three  Great  Lakes,  Erie,  Huron,  and  On¬ 
tario,  causing  great  loss  of  life  and  property.  The 
greatest  force  of  the  tempest  was  in  the  vicinity  of 
Detroit,  on  the  Canadian  side. 

The  first  session  of  the  Fifty-ninth  Congress 
came  to  an  end  at  ten  o’clock  p.  m.,  June  30,  having 
accomplished  more  important  legislation  in  the 
seven  months  of  its  existence  than  any  other  ses¬ 
sion  since  the  close  of  the  war.  During  the  closing 
week  a  number  of  measures  that  had  been  held  in 
abeyance  were  brought  up  and  disposed  of,  in  most 
instances,  satisfactorily  to  their  advocates.  Both 
branches  at  the  last  hour  compromised  on  bills 
whose  passage  had  come  to  be  regarded  as  impos¬ 
sible.  Nearly  21,000  bills  were  introduced  in  the 
House  during  the  session,  while  6000  were  offered 
in  the  Senate.  Of  these  over  4000  were  enacted, 
300  being  of  a  public  nature,  the  others  mostly 
pension  grants.  The  appropriation  aggregated 
$900,000,000. 


A  NOTABLE  CONGRESS 


5883 


On  the  evening  of  the  last  day  the  President’s 
plan  for  the  lock-type  of  the  Panama  Canal  was 
indorsed  by  both  Houses,  and  the  sum  of  $42,000,- 
000  was  appropriated  for  carrying  on  the  work. 
Other  late  legislation  was  the  reorganization  of  the 
consular  service,  the  passage  of  the  Railway  rate 
bill,  the  Pure  Food  bill  and  the  Meat  Inspection 
bill.  Great  care  was  given  to  a  bill  for  the  preser¬ 
vation  of  the  scenic  beauty  of  Niagara  Falls.  A 
measure  of  importance  to  railroad  and  other  em¬ 
ployees  engaged  in  hazardous  employments,  known 
as  the  Employees’  Liability  bill,  became  a  law.  A 
Naturalization  bill  was  passed  under  which  no  alien 
can  be  admitted  to  citizenship  unless  able  to  speak 
the  English  language.  The  law  also  forbids  the 
naturalization  of  any  person  who  is  an  anarchist,  or 
counsels  lawlessness  or  who  believes  in  polygamy. 
A  bureau  was  established  for  the  registration  of 
aliens  entering  the  United  States.  One  of  the  latest 
acts  of  the  session  was  the  appropriation  of  $1,325,- 
000  for  the  celebration  of  the  Jamestown  Ter-cen- 
tennial  Exhibition.  The  close  of  the  session  was 
marked  by  an  enthusiastic  outburst  of  satisfaction 

i 

over  the  work  done  and  the  liarmonv  which  had 
prevailed  at  the  end. 

In  summing  up  the  results  of  the  session  Presi¬ 
dent  Roosevelt  expressed  himself  as  follows : 

t 

11 1  certainly  have  no  disposition  to  blink  what  there  is 
of  evil  in  onr  social,  industrial,  or  political  life  of  to-day, 
but  it  seems  to  me  that  the  men  of  genuine  patriotism,  who 
genuinely  wish  well  to  their  country,  have  the  right  to 
feel  a  profound  satisfaction  in  the  entire  course  of  this 


1906 


Work 
of  the 
last 
days 


The 

Presi¬ 

dent’s 

opinion 


5884 


ROOSEVELT’S  ADMINISTRATION 


1906 


Congress.  I  would  not  be  afraid  to  compare  its  record  with 
that  of  any  previous  Congress  in  our  history,  not  alone  for  the 
wisdom,  but  for  the  disinterested  highmindedness  which  has 
controlled  its  action.  It  is  noteworthy  that  not  a  single 
measure  which  the  closest  scrutiny  could  warrant  us  in  call¬ 
ing  of  doubtful  propriety  has  been  enacted,  and,  on  the  other 
hand,  no  influence  of  any  kind  has  availed  to  prevent  the 
enactment  of  the  laws  most  vitally  necessary  to  the  nation  at 
this  time.” 


CHAPTER  CXIY. 

NATIONAL  PROBLEMS  AND  ASSOCIATION  MOVEMENTS 

The  United  States  at  this  period  of  its  existence 
is  confronted  by  certain  problems,  social  and  polit¬ 
ical,  of  a  more  or  less  serious  character.  The  one 
most  difficult  of  solution,  and  which  has  already 
cost  the  nation  much  blood  and  treasure,  is  the  so- 
called  race  question.  Its  discussion  is  out  of  place 
here,  but  it  may  be  said  that  those  who  have  given 
it  the  most  thought,  and  have  had  the  best  oppor¬ 
tunity  for  studying  its  perplexing  phases,  agree 
that  it  is  one  which  can  never  be  satisfactorily  set¬ 
tled  by  legislation.  Left  alone,  it  will  inevitably 
settle  itself,  though  it  may  take  generations. 

Of  all  the  problems  that  have  come  up  for  dis¬ 
cussion  and  settlement  since  the  establishment  of 
the  government,  next  to  the  race  question,  that 
which  is  known  as  the  labor  problem  is  the  most 
persistent,  the  most  complicated,  and  most  per¬ 
plexing.  It  has  innumerable  aspects,  and  the  wide 
differences  of  opinion  among  those  who  have  given 
their  attention  to  its  solution  seem  to  make  it 
almost  impossible  of  harmonious  settlement.  It 
has  been  discussed  in  Congress  and  State  Legisla¬ 
tures,  by  the  pulpit  and  press,  and  in  a  multitude 
of  volumes  written,  for  the  most  part,  by  those  who 
have  only  a  theoretical  knowledge  of  the  subject. 

5885 


Race 

problem 


Labor 

move¬ 

ments 


5886 


NATIONAL  PROBLEMS 


1825-60 


Early- 

labor 

organ¬ 

izations 


The  official  literature  on  labor  in  this  country  has 
swelled  to  gigantic  proportions.  Hundreds  of  re¬ 
ports  have  been  published  by  the  government,  by 
boards  of  trade,  by  trades  unions  and  political 
economists.  Labor  congresses  have  been  held,  and 
political  parties,  State  and  national,  have  been 
formed. 

The  first  traces  of  a  movement  towards  organ¬ 
ization  on  the  part  of  workingmen  appear  between 
1825  and  1830.  In  New  York,  at  the  election  of 
1829,  a  workingman’s  ticket  was  placed  in  nomi¬ 
nation  and  a  delegate  to  the  State  Assembly  was 
elected.  This  success  led  to  like  movements  in 
Pennsylvania  and  Massachusetts.  In  1832,  the 
New  England  Association  of  Farmers,  Mechanics, 
and  Workingmen  was  organized  at  Boston.  It  had 
little  resemblance  to  the  modern  union,  as  neither 
the  question  of  wages  nor  shorter  hours  was  dis¬ 
cussed.  In  the  following  year  the  Gene'ral  Trade 
Union  of  the  Citv  of  New  York  was  established, 

%J  7 

which  succeeded  in  having  its  president  elected  to 
Congress.  In  1845,  the  New  England  Working¬ 
men’s  Association  and  the  New  England  Protective 
Union  were  established,  both  based  on  the  theory 
of  cooperation.  In  the  few  years  before  the  Civil 
War,  many  independent  trades  unions  were  estab¬ 
lished,  but  they  lacked  coherence  and  their  leaders 
were  often  men  of  narrow  judgment,  whose  rash 
acts  imperiled  at  times  the  causes  for  which  they 
were  contending.  In  1866,  some  of  the  broader- 
minded  leaders  succeeded  in  forming  a  National 
Labor  Union.  It  started  with  a  large  membership, 


KNIGHTS  OF  LABOR 


6887 


but,  unfortunately,  fell  into  the  hands  of  politicians 
who  made  it  the  basis  of  what  was  called  a  Labor 
Reform  party,  which  was  killed  at  the  election  of 
1870.  In  that  same  year  a  national  organization 
under  the  title  of  the  Knights  of  Labor  was  formed 
in  Philadelphia.  At  first  it  was  a  secret  society. 
Admittance  to  the  order  was  granted  to  all  persons 
over  sixteen  years  of  age,  with  the  exception  of 
liquor  dealers,  gamblers,  bankers,  and  lawyers.  In 
1886,  it  claimed  a  membership  of  over  700,000.  In 
that  year  it  became  involved  in  the  Missouri  Pacific 
strike,  which  resulted  in  an  enormous  decrease  of 
numbers.  Later  it  became  divided  by  internal  dis¬ 
sensions  and  weakened  by  unsuccessful  strikes,  so 
that  in  1900  the  practical  membership  did  not, 
probably,  exceed  50,000.  The  fundamental  weak¬ 
ness  of  the  Knights  of  Labor  was  that  the  organ¬ 
ization  set  no  standard  of  admission,  and  included 
not  only  the  professional  classes,  but  many  em¬ 
ployers.  Farmers,  manufacturers,  doctors,  and 
merchants  were  admitted,  and  representation  was 
based  purely  upon  location  and  not  upon  trades  or 
industries.  The  theory  was  that  an  injury  to  one 
was  the  concern  of  all,  and  it  was  argued,  therefore, 
that  all  men  engaged  in  protective  labor,  irrespec¬ 
tive  of  the  nature  of  their  work,  should  be  admitted 
into  a  single  unified  organization.  As  may  easily 
be  seen,  it  was  impossible  to  organize  all  these 
various  occupations  into  a  single  compact  body. 

Another  reason  for  the  rapid  disintegration  of 
the  Knights  of  Labor  was  the  formation  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor,  whose  aims  were 


187080 


A 

secret 

society- 


Char- 

acter 

of 

the 

member¬ 

ship 


5888 


NATIONAL  PROBLEMS 


1880- 

1905 


American 
Federa¬ 
tion  of 
Labor 


Not 

in 

politics 


the  same,  but  whose  methods  were  entirely  dif¬ 
ferent.  It  was  the  result  of  a  combination  of  the 
Knights  of  Industry  and  the  Amalgamated  Labor 
Union,  which  latter  organization  was  composed  of 
members  who  had  seceded  from  the  Knights  of 
Labor.  The  organization  was  completed  in  Novem¬ 
ber,  1881,  with  an  estimated  membership  of  250,000. 
For  a  year  or  two  this  membership  rapidly  in¬ 
creased  and  then  suddenly  began  to  fall  oft,  and 
in  1886  combined  with  a  number  of  independent 
trade  unions  for  the  purpose  of  reorganization 
under  its  present  name,  and  from  that  time  has 
grown  in  strength  and  power.  In  1902,  its  member¬ 
ship  was  957,500.  In  1905,  the  membership,  as 
estimated  from  the  reports  of  the  various  branch 
organizations,  was  in  excess  of  two  millions.  The 
order  includes  112  national  unions  and  thousands 
of  local  organizations.  The  federation  is  debarred 
by  its  constitution  from  directly  affiliating  itself 
with  political  parties,  one  section  declaring  that 
“  party  politics,  whether  they  be  Democratic,  Re¬ 
publican,  Socialistic,  Populistic,  Prohibition,  or 
any  other,  shall  have  no  place  in  the  conventions  of 
the  American  Federation  of  Labor.”  Persistent 
attempts  have  been  made  by  Socialist  members  to 
secure  control  of  the  body  and  commit  it  to  the 
Socialist  platform,  but  so  far  these  efforts  have 
been  in  vain.  The  trade  unions  and  the  Federation 
of  Labor  itself  are  in  favor  of  certain  of  the  re¬ 
forms  contained  in  the  platform  of  the  Socialistic 
party,  but  refuse  to  permit  the  federation  to  be 
committed  to  any  political  party.  Only  in  rare 


AMERICAN  LABOR  UNION 


5889 


cases  are  local  unions  vested  with  power  to  order 
a  strike  without  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
national  organization.  The  national  officers  are 
not  empowered  to  call  a  local  strike,  but  have  the 
privilege  of  vetoing  the  application  for  a  strike, 
thus  often  preventing  hasty  action.  In  practically 
all  unions  the  national  officers  are  more  conserva¬ 
tive  and  more  desirous  of  maintaining  peace  than 
the  local  officials  or  members,  who,  not  feeling  the 
same  degree  of  responsibility,  frequently  overesti¬ 
mate  the  importance  of  a  petty  quarrel  and  rush 
into  strikes  which  may  involve  the  whole  organi¬ 
zation. 

A  new  phase  in  the  development  of  labor  organi¬ 
zations  is  represented  by  the  American  Labor 
Union,  a  Socialistic  labor  body,  organized  at 
Denver,  Colorado,  in  1902.  It  had  existed  for 
four  years  previous  as  the  Western  Labor  Union. 
It  declares  itself  opposed  to  the  old  trade  union 
methods  and  in  favor  of  political  action  and  inter¬ 
national  socialism.  It  has  a  present  membership 
of  about  200,000. 

The  largest  labor  union  in  the  world  is  the 
United  Mine  Workers  of  America,  which  has  260,- 
000  members  upon  its  rolls.  There  are  no  restric¬ 
tions  as  to  nationality  or  race.  The  membership 
is  open  even  to  boys  of  twelve  or  fourteen.  This 
organization  has  local  unions,  with  large  member¬ 
ships,  in  every  coal-producing  State  in  the  country, 
and  has  a  special  defense  fund  to  be  drawn  upon  in 
the  case  of  strikes,  but  has  no  insurance  or  benefit 
feature. 


1902 


General 

provis¬ 

ions 


Mine 

workers 


5890 


NATIONAL  PROBLEMS 


1900-06 


Many 

varieties 

of 

organi¬ 

zations 


Many  people,  says  John  Mitchell,  in  his  work 
on  “ Organized  Labor,”  speak  of  trade  unionism 
as  though  all  organizations  of  wage-workers 
were  identical  in  government,  purpose,  and  action. 
On  the  contrary,  he  goes  on  to  say,  there  are  almost 
as  many  kinds  and  varieties  of  unions  as  there  are 
kinds  and  varieties  of  industries.  Trade  unions 
differ  from  one  another  with  differences  in  the 
trades  or  industries  which  they  represent.  There 
is  no  more  similarity  between  a  union  of  glass- 
blowers  and  one  of  waiters,  or  a  union  of  type¬ 
setters  and  one  of  street  laborers,  than  there  is 
between  the  occupations  engaged  in  by  these  men. 
Some  organizations  are  formed  merely  on  local, 
some  on  national  or  international  lines ;  some 
organizations  have  but  a  weak  federal  government, 
others  a  strongly  centralized;  some  organizations 
are  composed  of  men  of  the  highest  skill  and  train¬ 
ing,  others  of  workmen  whose  training  has  been 
acquired  in  a  few  days.  There  are  unions  com¬ 
posed  chiefly  of  native  workmen,  others  almost  en¬ 
tirely  of  newly  landed  immigrants;  many  unions 
consist  chiefly,  or  exclusively,  of  men,  others  over¬ 
whelmingly  of  women;  some  unions  do  not  admit 
negroes,  and  make  other  discriminations,  while  the 
great  bulk  of  organizations  open  their  doors  to  men 
of  every  race,  creed,  and  nationality.  Some  unions 
are  exclusive  and  aristocratic,  others  are  all-inclu¬ 
sive  and  extremely  democratic.  There  are  orders 
with  benefit  features,  paying  members  or  their 
families  in  case  of  death,  sickness,  accident,  or  loss 
of  employment,  and  there  are  others  which  have 


* 


JUSTIFICATION  OF  TRADES  UNIONS 


5891 


no  benefit  features  whatever.  There  are  unions 
which  insist  upon  strict  apprentice  rules,  and 
others  which  admit  any  man  capable  of  earning 
the  standard  wage.  There  are  some  unions  which 
limit  the  number  of  their  members  and  the  amount 
of  work  which  they  may  do;  the  great  majority, 
however,  place  no  such  restriction. 

Mr.  Mitchell  claims  that  trade  unionism  has 
justified  its  existence  by  good  works  and  high  pur¬ 
poses.  ‘  ‘  It  has,  ’  ’  he  asserts,  ‘  ‘  elevated  the  standard 
of  living  of  the  American  workman  and  conferred 
upon  him  higher  wages  and  more  leisure.  It  has 
increased  efficiency,  diminished  accidents,  averted 
disease,  kept  the  children  at  school,  raised  the  moral 
tone  of  the  factories,  and  improved  the  relations 
between  employer  and  employed.  In  so  doing  it 
has  stood  upon  the  broad  ground  of  justice  and 
humanity;  it  has  defended  the  weak  against  the 
strong,  the  exploited  against  the  exploiter;  it  has 
stood  for  efficiency  rather  than  cheapness,  for  the 
producer  rather  than  the  production,  for  the  man 
rather  than  the  dollar ;  it  has  voiced  the  claims  of 
the  unborn  as  of  the  living,  and  has  stayed  the 
hand  of  that  ruthless,  near-sighted,  profit-seeking 
which  would  destroy  future  generations  as  men 
wantonly  cut  down  forests;  it  has  spoken  for  the 
negro  slave  on  the  plantation  and  the  white  slave 
in  the  factory ;  it  has  aided  and  educated  the  newly 
arrived  immigrant,  protected  the  toil  of  women  and 
children,  and  fought  the  battle  of  the  poor  in  attic 
and  sweat-shop ;  it  has  conferred  benefits,  made  sac¬ 
rifices,  and,  unfortunately,  errors.  Labor  leaders 


1900-06 


Some 
advan¬ 
tages 
due 
to  the 
unions 


5892 


NATIONAL  PROBLEMS 


have  erred,  but  the  underlying  impulse  has  been 

good,  and  the  unions  have  sought  the  welfare  of 

their  class  and  of  society.” 

•/ 

So  vital  lias  this  question  become,  and  so  little 
are  its  legal  aspects  understood  by  those  who  are 
most  interested,  that  a  glance  at  the  part  govern¬ 
ment  is  taking  in  its  settlement  and  a  present  status 
of  the  law  may  not  be  out  of  place.  The  United 
States  statutes  provide  for  a  Commissioner  of 
Labor  at  the  seat  of  government,  who  is  specially 
Bela’  charged  to  “  ascertain  at  as  early  a  date  as  pos- 

tions  ~  *7  1 

of  the  sible,  and  whenever  industrial  changes  shall  make 
govern-  p.  essential,  the  cost  of  producing  articles  at  the 
organized  time  dutiable  iu  the  United  States,  in  .leading 
labor  countries  where  such  articles  are  produced,  by 
fully  specified  units  of  production  and  under  the 
classification  showing  the  different  elements  of 
cost  or  approximate  cost  of  such  articles  of  produc¬ 
tion,  including  the  wages  paid  in  such  industries 
per  day,  week,  month,  or  year,  or  by  the  piece,  and 
hours  employed  per  day,  and  the  profits  of  the  man¬ 
ufacturers  and  producers  of  such  articles,  and  the 
comparative  cost  of  living  and  the  kind  of  living ; 
what  articles  are  controlled  by  trusts  or  other  com¬ 
binations  ;  the  capital  business  operations  or  labor, 
and  what  effect  said  trusts  or  other  combinations 
of  capital  business  operations  or  labor  have  on  pro¬ 
duction  and  prices. 

“The  Commissioner  of  Labor  is  also  specially 
charged  to  investigate  the  causes  of,  and  facts 
relating  to,  all  controversies  and  disputes  between 
employers  and  employees,  as  they  may  occur,  and 


\ 


THE  COMMISSIONER  OF  LABOR 


5893 


which  may  tend  to  interfere  with  the  welfare  of 
the  people  of  the  different  States,  and  report 
thereon  to  Congress.  The  Commissioner  of  Labor 
shall  also  obtain  such  information  on  various  sub¬ 
jects  committed  to  him'  as  he  may  deem  desirable 
from  different  foreign  nations,  and  what,  if  any, 
convict-made  goods  are  imported  into  this  country, 
and,  if  so,  from  where”  (Chap.  389,  Acts  of  Con¬ 
gress,  1887-88).  “The  Commissioner  of  Labor  is 
also  authorized  to  prepare  and  publish  a  bulletin 
containing  reports  on  the  condition  of  labor  in  this 
and  other  countries,  condensations  of  State  and 
foreign  labor  reports,  facts  as  to  conditions  of  em¬ 
ployment,  an  annual  abstract  of  the  main  features 
of  the  official  statistics  of  the  cities  of  the  United 
States  having  over  30,000  population,  and  such 
other  facts  as  may  be  deemed  of  value  to  the  indus- 
trial  interests  of  the  country.  There  shall  be 
printed  one  edition  of  not  exceeding  15,000  copies 
of  each  issue  of  said  bulletin  for  distribution.  ’  ’ 

The  common  law  on  the  subject  of  boycotting, 
as  laid  down  by  the  courts,  is  as  follows : 

‘  ‘  Every  one  has  the  right  to  work  or  to  refuse  to  work  for 
whom  and  on  what  terms  he  pleases,  or  to  refuse  to  deal  with 
whom  he  pleases;  and  a  number  of  persons,  if  they  have  no 
unlawful  object  in  view,  have  the  right  to  agree  that  they 
will  not  work  under  a  fixed  price,  or  without  certain  condi¬ 
tions.  The  right  of  employees  to  refuse  to  work,  either 
singly  or  in  combination,  except  upon  terms  and  conditions 
satisfactory  to  themselves,  is  balanced  by  the  right  of  the  em¬ 
ployers  to  refuse  to  engage  the  services  of  any  one  for  any 
reason  they  deem  proper.  The  master  may  fix  the  wages, 
and  othar  conditions  not  unlawful,  upon  which  he  will 


Duties 
of  the  . 
Commis¬ 
sioner 


The 

law 

of 

boycotts 


5894 


NATIONAL  PROBLEMS 


Rights 
of  both 
parties 


Provision 

for 

arbitra¬ 

tion 


employ  workmen,  and  has  the  right  to  refuse  to  employ  them 
upon  any  other  terms.  In  short,  both  employers  and  em¬ 
ployees  are  entitled  to  exercise  the  fullest  liberty  in  entering 
into  contracts  or  service,  and  neither  party  can  hold  the  other 
responsible  for  refusing  to  enter  into  such  contracts.  It  has 
been  held,  however,  that  employers  in  separate,  independent 
establishments  have  no  right  to  combine  for  the  purpose  of 
preventing  workmen  who  have  incurred  the  hostility  of  one 
of  them  from  securing  employment  upon  any  terms  and  by 
the  method  commonly  known  as  black-listing,  debarring  such 
workmen  from  exercising  their  vocation,  such  a  combination 
being  regarded  as  a  criminal  conspiracy.  On  the  other  hand, 
a  combination  of  employees  having  for  its  purpose  the  accom¬ 
plishment  of  an  illegal  object  is  unlawful;  for  instance,  a 
conspiracy  to  extort  money  from  an  employer  by  inducing  his 
workmen  to  leave  him  and  deterring  others  from  entering  his 
service  is  illegal;  and  an  association  which  undertakes  to 
coerce  workmen  to  become  members  thereof  or  to  dictate  to 
employers  as  to  the  methods  or  terms  upon  which  their  busi¬ 
ness  shall  be  conducted  by  means  of  force,  threats,  or  intimi¬ 
dation,  interfering  with  their  traffic  or  lawful  employment 
of  other  persons  is,  as  to  such  purposes,  an  illegal  combina¬ 
tion.  Unlawful  interference  by  employees  or  former  em¬ 
ployees,  or  persons  acting  in  sympathy  with  persons  inter¬ 
fering  with  them,  with  the  business  of  a  railroad  company  in 
the  hands  of  a  receiver  renders  the  persons  interfering  liable 
to  punishment  for  contempt  of  court.” 

In  regard  to  the  settlement  of  railroad  troubles, 
a  law  passed  by  Congress  provides  that  when  a  con¬ 
troversy  arises  between  a  common  carrier  engaged 
in  interstate  or  foreign  commerce  and  its  em¬ 
ployees  which  interrupts  or  threatens  to  interrupt 
its  business,  the  chairman  of  the  Interstate  Com¬ 
merce  Commission  and  the  Commissioner  of  Labor 
shall,  upon  the  request  of  either  party,  try  to  settle 
the  controversy  by  mediation  and  conciliation,  and 
if  their  efforts  are  unsuccessful,  they  shall  resort 


CARROLL  D.  WRIGHT 


- 


■ 


. 


• 

. 

. 

. 


. 


RULES  FOR  ARBITRATION 


5895 


to  arbitration  by  a  board  of  three  persons,  one  to 
be  named  by  the  employing  carrier  or  railway  cor- 
poration,  one  to  be  named  by  the  employees,  and  a 
third  to  be  chosen  by  these  two,  and  in  case  of  their 
disagreement,  by  the  chairman  of  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission  and  the  Commissioner  of 
Labor;  that  a  majority  of  these  arbitrators  may 
make  a  valid  and  binding  award ;  that  the  submis¬ 
sion  of  the  controversy  shall  be  in  writing  and 
signed  by  both  parties  and  must  be  filed  with  the 
award;  that  the  decision  of  the  court  before  which 
it  is  brought  shall  be  final;  that  employees,  dis¬ 
satisfied  with  the  reward,  must  not  quit  the  nn- 
ployer  before  the  expiration  of  three  months  from 
and  after  the  making  of  the  award  without  giving 
thirty  days’  notice  in  writing  of  their  intention, 
and  that  an  employer  so  dissatisfied  must  not,  on 
account  of  said  dissatisfaction,  dismiss  an  employee 
before  such  expiration  of  said  three  months  with¬ 
out  giving  the  same  notice;  that  during  the  pend¬ 
ency  of  such  arbitration  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for 
the  employer  party  to  such  arbitration  to  discharge 
employees  except  for  inefficiency,  violation  of  law 
or  neglect  of  duty,  nor  for  the  employees  to  unite 
in  aid  to  abet  strikes  against  said  employer;  and 
that  for  the  period  of  three  months  after  the  award 
it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  an  employer  to  discharge 
employees  except  for  causes  authorized  without 
giving  thirty  days’  notice  in  writing  of  his  inten¬ 
tions  so  to  do,  nor  for  any  employees  during  like 
period  to  quit  the  service  of  an  employer  without 
just  cause  without  giving  a  like  notice.  Two  States 


Choice 

of 

arbitra¬ 

tors 


Rules 

to 

govern 

both 

parties 


5890 


NATIONAL  PROBLEMS 


Local 

laws 


Abuse 

of 

injunc¬ 

tions 


Special 

cases 


of  the  Union,  Illinois  and  Wisconsin,  have  laws 
explicitly  prohibiting  boycotting.  In  seventeen 
other  States  there  are  laws  which  may  be  fairlv 
construed  as  prohibiting  boycotting ;  the  same 
States  also  have  legislation  prohibiting  black¬ 
listing. 

Many  sweeping  injunctions  have  been  issued 
by  courts  of  equity  against  labor  unions  during  the 
last  six  years.  Trade  unionists  have  been  enjoined 
not  only  against  committing  acts  of  violence, 
against  intimidation  and  against  picketing,  but 
against  peaceful  persuasion.  Some  of  these  in¬ 
junctions,  notably  those  issued  in  strikes  at  Derby 
and  Waterbury,  Connecticut,  have  plainly  inter¬ 
fered  with  the  right  of  free  speech.  In  January, 
1S06,  an  order  was  issued  by  Judge  Sears  of 
Omaha,  against  the  striking  employees  of  eleven 
printing  concerns,  directing  them  to  refrain  “from 
sending  any  circulars  or  written  matter  or  com¬ 
munication  of  any  character  to  patrons  of  plain¬ 
tiffs,  or  other  persons  who  might  engage  in  business 
transactions  with  plaintiffs,  for  the  purpose  of  pre¬ 
venting  or  dissuading  such  persons  from  con¬ 
tinuing  or  entering  into  business  relations  with 
plaintiffs.” 

This  order  restricts  the  right  of  free  use  of  the 
mails  in  a  way  never  before  attempted.  There  is 
certainly  something  fundamentally  wrong  with  the 
ordinary  machinery  of  the  law  when  such  far- 
reaching  restraint  of  personal  freedom  on  the  part 
of  a  court  of  equity  seems  needful.  Such  use  of 
injunctions  was  never  contemplated  in  the  original 


/ 


LAW  AND  CORPORATE  GREED 


5897 


purpose  of  equity  procedure.  It  has  come  about 
through  the  irresponsible  position  of  trade  unions, 
the  influence  of  corporations  and  vested  interests 
over  the  courts  and  the  consequent  inrpossibility  of 
dealing  with  either  effectively  through  the  regular 
processes  of  law.  Some  means  should  be  devised  to 
make  the  law  adequate  to  the  needs  of  industrial 
situations  by  making  trade  unions  definitely  re¬ 
sponsible  at  law,  thus  obviating  the  need  of  resort 
to  labor  injunctions  of  an  arbitrary  and  irritating 
character. 

The  present  tendency  among  the  industrial 
classes  toward  public  ownership  or  governmental 
control  of  agencies  of  production,  distribution,  and 
exchange  in  this  country,  is  to  be  accounted  for 
mainly  by  the  arrogance,  defiance  of  law  and 
authority,  and  greed  for  gain  and  power  that  have 
developed  in  corporate  management  and  in  capital 
combinations  striving  after  monopoly.  It  is  the 
comparative  failure  of  government,  local,  State, 
and  national,  each  in  its  own  jurisdiction,  to 
exercise  a  proper  regulation  and  keep  private  con¬ 
trol  and  direction  of  matters  which  affect  the  gen¬ 
eral  weal  under  wholesome  legal  restraint  that  has 
begotten  the  notion  that  government  and  legisla¬ 
tion  should  pass  beyond  their  proper  sphere  and 
place  control  and  direction  in  official  hands,  estab¬ 
lishing  a  powerful  bureaucracy  wholly  inconsistent 
with  the  theory  and  with  the  perpetuity  of  free 
institutions.  It  is  the  unwillingness  to  submit  to 
•  a  proper  regulation  and  judicious  restraints,  and 
the  display  of  arrogance  and  defiance  on  the  part 


Tend¬ 

encies 

corpora^ 

tions 


6898 


NATIONAL  PROBLEMS 


The 

American 

“trust** 


Methods 

and 

effects 


of  powerful  corporations,  that  have  produced  the 
tendency  to  go  too  far  in  laying  the  hand  of  gov¬ 
ernment  upon  the  business  of  transportation. 

A  still  more  offensive  spirit  has  been  developed 
in  the  effort  by  corporate  organization  on  a  large 
scale  and  by  combinations  of  capital  under  cen¬ 
tralized  control  to  establish  industrial  and  com¬ 
mercial  monopolies,  which  have  come  to  be  known 
as  ‘ <  trusts.  ’ 7  The  methods  of  the  American  ‘  ‘  trust  ’  ’ 
have  not  been  confined  to  any  one  organization  or 
combination,  but  have  vitiated  many  corporate 
enterprises.  The  spirit  of  disregard  for  rights  and 
defiance  of  law  has  spread  far  and  awakened  a 
popular  resentment  which  is  invoking  retributive 
justice  and  demanding  a  rigid  public  control. 

Back  of  these  abuses  has  been  the  spirit  of  per¬ 
sonal  greed  and  eagerness  to  use  the  great  oppor¬ 
tunities  of  a  growing  and  prosperous  country  for 
a  swift  accumulation  of  wealth  and  power  by  those 
intrusted  with  the  direction  of  enterprises  of  pro¬ 
duction  and  distribution.  This  has  blinded  men 
to  the  claims  of  the  commonwealth  and  of  the  mass 
of  producers,  and  led  them  to  forget  respect  for  law 
and  obedience  to  the  dictates  of  honor.  In  their 
effort  to  reach  their  ends  by  the  use  of  corporate 
franchises  and  privileges,  and  to  escape  that  regu¬ 
lation  of  law  that  is  necessary  for  the  protection 
of  the  general  welfare,  they  have  resorted  to  cor¬ 
rupt  methods  and  demoralizing  influences  which 
have  tainted  legislation  and  administration  and  poi¬ 
soned  the  sources  of  political  action.  The  tendency* 
to  socialism,  to  municipal  ownership  of  “  public 


DANGERS  OF  CENTRALIZATION 


6899 


utilities,’ ’  to  a  government  control  that  shall 
dictate  charges  for  transportation  and  the  terms 
on  which  business  shall  be  done,  and  to  the  central¬ 
ization  of  power  in  a  national  bureaucracy,  has 
been  incited  and  fostered  by  corporate  abuses  and 
monopolistic  schemes,  and  the  arrogant  and  defiant 
spirit  which  is  so  often  exhibited  by  the  magnates 
who  have  created  them  and  been  created  by  them. 
There  is  danger  in  its  growth,  and  it  may  betoken 
a  conflict  which  will  be  alike  menacing  to  corporate 
wealth  and  power  and  to  the  system  of  free  govern¬ 
ment  and  equal  rights.  The  efficacious  remedy  is 
to  be  found  only  in  the  amendment  of  the  methods 
and  practices  that  have  begotten  the  danger. 

Another  serious  problem  with  which  the  Amer¬ 
ican  people  have  to  deal,  and  one  peculiarly  difficult 
of  solution,  is  the  so-called  Chinese  question.  It 
is  now  more  than  fifty  years  since  the  first  Chinese 
laborers  entered  the  United  States  by  way  of  Cal¬ 
ifornia.  On  January  1, 1850,  having  been  attracted 
by  the  gold,  there  were  in  California,  of  Chinese, 
789  men  and  two  women.  In  January,  1851,  there 
were  4018  men  and  seven  women.  In  May,  1852, 
11,780  men  and  seven  women.  At  this  time  the 
State  tried  to  stay  the  current  of  immigration  by 
imposing  a  tax  as  a  license  to  mine.  In  1868,  when 
the  Burlingame  treaty  was  ratified,  there  had  ar¬ 
rived  in  California  about  80,000  Chinese.  How 
many  have  arrived  since  no  person  knows,  for  they 
come  in  so  many  and  such  devious  ways  that  a  cor¬ 
rect  accounting  is  beyond  human  ken.  In  1867,  the 
Chinese  immigration  at  San  Francisco  exceeded 


Central¬ 
ization 
the  fear 
of  the 
‘Tathers" 


The 

Chinese 

question 


5900 


NATION  AT.  PROBLEMS 


1870- 

1906 


Chinese 

laborers 

+ 

and  the 
Six  Com¬ 
panies 


White 

labor 

crowded 

out 


the  entire  increase  of  the  white  population  of  the 
State  of  California  for  the  same  year  from  births, 
interstate  migration,  and  European  immigration 
combined. 

The  tales  of  their  prosperity  soon  reached 
China,  and  the  Six  Companies  were  formed  for  the 
purpose  of  providing  means  and  transportation- 
hut  few  have  sufficient  to  come  on  their  own  ac¬ 
count-binding  their  victims  in  exchange  therefor 
by  contracts  which  virtually  enslaved  them  for  a 
term  of  years.  They  became  the  absolute  chattels 
of  the  tongs,  or  companies,  and  were  held,  and  to 
this  day  are  held,  just  as  ever,  in  strict  compliance 
with  the  terms  entered  into,  not  by  any  moral  obli¬ 
gation,  but  by  fear  of  death.  Each  tong  employs 
a  number  of  men  known  as  highbinders,  or  hatchet- 
men,  who  are  paid  to  enforce  compliance,  even  if 
it  must  be  by  death  of  the  culprit. 

Beginning  with  the  most  menial  vocations,  the 
Chinese  immigrants  gradually  invaded  one  in¬ 
dustry  after  another,  until  they  not  merely  took 
the  places  of  girls  as  domestics  and  cooks,  the 
laundry  from  the  poorer  of  white  women,  but  the 
places  of  the  men  and  boys.  Whatever  business  or 
trade  thev  enter  is  doomed  for  the  white  laborer, 

*/  7 

4 

as  competition  is  simply  impossible.  Not  that  the 
Chinese  would  not  rather  work  for  high  wages  than 
low,  but,  in  order  to  gain  control,  he  will  work  so 
cheaply  as  to  bar  all  efforts  of  his  competitor. 
The  Chinese  laborer  will  work  cheaper  for  a  Chi¬ 
nese  employer.  The  Chinese  merchant  or  manu- 
facturer  will  undersell  his  white  confrere,  and,  if 


CHINESE  EXCLUSION 


5901 


uninterrupted,  will  finally  gain  possession  of  tlie 
entire  field.  Such  is  the  history  of  the  race  wher¬ 
ever  it  has  come  in  contact  with  other  peoples. 
None  can  withstand  their  silent  and  irresistible 
flow,  and  their  millions  already  populate  and  com¬ 
mand  the  labor  and  the  trade  of  the  islands  and 
nations  of  the  Pacific. 

In  reviewing  without  prejudice  the  history  of 
the  treatment  of  the  Chinese  by  the  United  States 
authorities,  the  fact  can  not  be  evaded  that  the 
solemn  and  constitutional  guarantees  in  the  treaties 
with  China  have  been  disregarded.  In  spite  of 
these,  Congress  has  passed  laws  and  the  Immi¬ 
gration  Bureau  has  established  regulations  by 
which  the  Chinese  have  been  deprived  of  their 
stipulated  rights  for  the  protection  of  their  liberty 
and  property,  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  in  case  of 
complaint,  and  the  assistance  of  counsel.  When 
the  American  commissioners  visited  China  in  1880 
to  secure  the  treaty  between  the  two  countries,  they 
expressly  stated  that  it  was  only  the  coolie  class  of 
laborers  that  the  United  States  government  desired 
to  exclude,  and  the  treaty  signed  declared  that 
the  restriction  of  Chinese  immigration  “  should 
only  apply  to  Chinese  laborers,  other  classes  not 
being  included  in  the  limitation.  ’  ’ 

When  the  treaty  came  before  Congress  an  act 
was  passed  providing  that  only  five  classes  of  immi¬ 
grants  should  be  admitted— merchants,  teachers, 
students,  travelers,  and  officials.  Under  the  con¬ 
struction  based  upon  this  act  by  the  Immigration 
Bureau,  most  of  the  upper  classes  of  the  Chinese 


✓ 


1880- 

1906 


Treaty- 

rights 

vs. 

natural 

condi¬ 

tions 


5902 


NATIONAL  PROBLEMS 


1881- 

1906 

Condi¬ 

tions 

of 

admis¬ 

sion 


Com¬ 
plaints 
of  the 
Chinese 
govern¬ 
ment 


were  forbidden  entry  or  residence  in  the  United 
States.  The  treaty  provided  that  to  entitle  any 
member  of  this  exempt  class  to  admission  into  the 
country,  they  must  produce  a  certificate  from  their 
government  vised  by  the  diplomatic  or  consular 
representative  of  the  United  States  in  the  port 
whence  they  depart.  It  would  be  supposed  that, 
a  certificate  stating  that  its  holder  was  a  merchant, 
student,  or  whatever  else  he  might  be,  would  be  all 
that  was  required.  Instead,  the  requirement  is 
accompanied  by  the  most  humiliating  conditions. 
Not  only  the  name  and  title  is  necessary,  but  a  full 
description  of  the  person,  with  all  his  physical 
peculiarities,  his  former  and  present  occupation, 
place  of  residence,  nature,  character,  and  value  of 
business,  is  demanded.  In  addition,  the  applicant 
on  reaching  the  shores  of  the  United  States  is  sub¬ 
jected  to  a  searching  examination.  Naturally  all 
this  led  to  complaint  on  the  part  of  the  Chinese 
government.  The  Chinese  minister  at  Washington 
sent  a  communication  to  Congress  in  which  he  said : 

‘  ‘  Last  year  several  merchants  came  to  San  Francisco  with 
a  good  supply  of  money  and  credit  to  make  purchases.  They 
were  provided  with  the  legal  certificates  vised  by  the  Ameri¬ 
can  consul,  but  it  appeared  that  in  their  certificates  some  parts 
of  their  former  career  were  not  filled  up  in  Chinese.  The 
objection  was  raised  by  the  customs  authorities  that  the  cer¬ 
tificates  were  defective.  It  was  contended  on  their  behalf 
that  the  law  was  complied  with,  as  every  detail  was  mentioned 
in  the  certificate,  although  some  of  it  was  only  in  Chinese, 
and  it  was  offered  to  supply  the  omission  in  the  English  from 
the  Chinese  text,  but  the  authorities  would  not  allow  it.  The 
case  was  appealed  to  the  Treasury  Department,  and  the  de¬ 
cision  of  the  San  Francisco  authorities  was  confirmed.  It 


RIGID  RULES  FOR  IMMIGRANTS 


5903 


was  of  no  avail  that  these  merchants  had  come  ten  thousand 
miles,  that  their  certificates  were  quite  sufficient  as  far  as 
the  Chinese  text  was  concerned,  and  that  the  American  consul 
who  vised  the  document  was  at  fault  in  not  seeing  that  all 
the  parts  were  filled  up  in  the  English  text.  It  was  suggested 
that  the  merchants  be  released  under  bonds,  and  that  their 
certificates  be  sent  back  to  China  for  correction.  There  was 
no  suspicion  of  fraud,  yet  the  suggestion  was  not  heeded,  and 
these  merchants  were  compelled  to  return  to  China.” 


The  Bureau  seems  to  have  taken  all  possible 
means  to  neutralize  the  provisions  of  the  treaty. 
If  a  student  applies  for  admission,  he  must  show  in 
addition  to  his  certificate  that  he  intends  to  pursue 
some  of  the  higher  branches  of  study  or  seeks  to  be 
fitted  for  some  particular  profession  or  occupation 
for  which  facilities  of  study  are  not  offered  in  his 
own  country ;  that  provision  has  been  made  for  his 
support  and  maintenance  in  this  country,  and  that 
upon  the  completion  of  his  studies  he  shall  return 
to  China ;  in  addition  he  must  make  a  declaration 
that  during  his  attendance  at  any  college  or  uni¬ 
versity  he  will  not  engage  in  manual  labor,  although 
a  large  number  of  students  in  American  colleges 
support  themselves  in  that  manner. 

The  Immigration  Bureau  requires  Chinese  mer¬ 
chants,  travelers,  and  even  officials  who  wish  to 
pass  through  the  United  States  going  to  or  coming 
from  Europe,  on  arrival  at  a  port  of  the  United 
States  to  show  a  prepaid  through  ticket  across  the 
continent,  and  requires  of  him  besides  that  he  give 
a  bond  of  $500  that  he  will  make  a  continuous  tran¬ 
sit  and  actual  departure  from  the  United  States 
within  twenty  days;  that  he  must  furnish  three 


1881- 

1906 


Classes 

admitted 


1905 


Hard¬ 
ships 
made 
the 
subject 
of  com¬ 
plaints 


5904  NATIONAL  PROBLEMS 

photographs  of  himself  and  submit  to  a  carefully 
prepared  description  of  his  person,  and  when  he 
reaches  the  port  of  his  departure  he  must  submit 
to  another  examination  of  his  person  and  be  com¬ 
pared  with  his  photograph.  Until  all  these  pro¬ 
visions  have  been  fulfilled,  his  bond  is  not  sur¬ 
rendered.  These  examinations  are  conducted  by 
the  Immigation  official  alone,  the  person  seeking 
admission  not  being  permitted  to  communicate  with 
his  friends  or  consult  an  attorney. 

These  examinations,  instead  of  being  immediate 
and  occupying  only  a  few  hours,  sometimes  are 
delayed  for  weeks,  the  applicant  in  the  meantime 
being  confined  in  a  wooden  shed  without  the  ordi¬ 
nary  comforts  or  decent  conveniences  of  life. 
These  facts  have  been  repeatedly  brought  before 
Congress  and  before  the  Department  of  State  by 
the  Chinese  Legation  at  Washington,  but  in  no 
instance  has  any  attempt  been  made  at  reform.  It 
is  little  wonder,  therefore,  that  the  resentment  of 
the  Chinese  is  at  last  manifesting  itself  in  the  boy¬ 
cotting  of  American  goods.  The  holding  up  and 
humiliation  of  a  party  of  wealthy  Chinese  travelers 
by  the  Bureau  in  the  spring  of  1905,  and  its  un¬ 
called-for  raid  upon  the  Chinese  quarter  in  the  city 
of  Boston,  aroused  public  opinion  to  the  extent 
that  a  public  meeting  was  held  in  Faneuil  Hall  to 
denounce  the  action  of  the  Bureau  officials  and  the 
police.  The  meeting  declared  that  the  lawless  acts 
of  the  officials  were  dangerous  to  liberty  and  in 

defiance  of  constitutional  rights,  and  demanded 

\ 

action  on  the  part  of  the  national  government. 


♦ 


CHANGES  URGED 


5005 


In  June,  President  Roosevelt  issued  an  order 
calling  for  a  change  in  the  laws.  In  his  speech 
made  during  liis  Southern  tour  in  October,  he  said : 

“We  can  not  expect  China  to  do  us  justice  unless  we  do 
China  justice.  The  chief  cause  in  bringing  about  the  boy¬ 
cott  of  our  goods  in  China  was  undoubtedly  our  attitude 
towards  the  Chinese  who  come  to  this  country.  .  .  .  Our 

laws  and  treaties  should  be  so  framed  as  to  guarantee  to 
all  Chinamen,  save  of  the  excepted  coolie  class,  the  same 
right  of  entry  to  this  country,  and  the  same  treatment  while 
here,  as  is  guaranteed  to  citizens  of  any  other  nation.  By 
executive  action  I  am  as  rapidly  as  possible  putting  a  stop 
to  the  abuses  which  have  grown  up  during  many  years  in  the 
administration  of  this  [exclusion]  law.  I  can  do  a  great  deal, 
and  will  do  a  great  deal  even  without  the  action  of  Con¬ 
gress;  but  I  can  not  do  all  that  should  be  done  unless  some 
action  is  taken.  It  is  needed  in  our  own  interest,  and  espe¬ 
cially  in  the  interest  of  the  Pacific  Slope  and  of  the  South 
Atlantic  and  Gulf  States.  ...  The  action  I  ask  is  de¬ 
manded  by  considerations  that  are  higher  than  mere  interest. 
America  should  take  the  lead  in  establishing  international 
relations  on  the  same  basis  of  honest  and  upright  dealing 
which  we  regard  as  essential  between  man  and  man.” 

In  his  annual  message  to  Congress,  December 
5,  he  urged  the  same  view. 

A  recent  writer  suggests  that  if  Congress 
turns  a  different  ear  to  these  suggestions,  that 
the  Chinese  government  could  bring  matters 
to  a  crisis  by  applying  to  American  citizens 
in  China  the  same  laws  and  regulations  that 
are  now  applied  in  the  United  States  to  Chi¬ 
nese  subjects.  By  these  regulations  all  American 
bankers,  capitalists,  railroad  contractors,  builders, 
engineers,  mining  experts  and  operatives,  manufac¬ 
turers  and  machinists,  missionaries  and  physicians 


1905 


The 

Presi¬ 

dent’s 

opinion 


Retalia¬ 

tion 

possible 


5906 


NATIONAL  PROBLEMS 


1905 


Reasons 

against 

general 

immi¬ 

gration 


would  be  barred  out  of  China,  because  such  classes 

i 

of  Chinese  are  now,  by  the  laws  of  Congress,  ex¬ 
cluded  from  the  United  States.  Consequently,  no 
American  merchant,  student,  or  traveler  could 
enter  China  without  being  submitted  to  conditions 
of  the  most  humiliating  description. 

General  MacArthur,  like  General  Otis,  vigor¬ 
ously  opposed  unrestricted  Chinese  immigration 
into  the  Philippines.  In  an  official  report  he  said : 
“Such  a  people,  largely  endowed  as  they  are  with 
inexhaustible  fortitude  and  determination,  if  ad¬ 
mitted  to  the  archipelago  in  any  considerable  num¬ 
bers  during  the  formative  period  which  is  now  in 
process  of  evolution,  would  soon  have  direct  or 
indirect  control  of  pretty  nearly  every  productive 
interest  to  the  absolute  exclusion  alike  of  Filipinos 
and  Americans.  While  the  Chinaman  works  in¬ 
dustriously  enough,  he  consumes  very  little  either 
of  his  own  production  or  of  ours.  He  imports 
from  China  much  that  he  eats  and  much  that  he 
wears.  He  underbids  all  white  labor.  Now  and 
while  this  territory  is  still  practically  unoccupied, 
and  within  the  lifetime  of  the  present  generation, 
the  tj^pe  of  human  species  that  is  to  occupy  this 
side  of  the  American  continent  is  to  be  determined 
for  all  time.  In  the  life-and-death  struggles  now 
going  on  for  the  possession  of  the  western  shores 
of  the  American  continent,  the  Chinese  have  advan¬ 
tages  that  must  secure  to  them  if  not  a  complete 
victory,  at  least  a  drawn  battle,  in  a  division  of 
occupancy  with  us.  To  begin  with,  they  have  a 
hive  of  450,000,000  to  draw  from,  with  only  one 


CONDITIONS  OF  ADMISSION  CHANGED 


5907 


ocean  to  cross,  and  behind  them  an  impulsive  force 
of  hunger  unknown  to  any  European  people.  ’  ’ 

Early  in  February,  Secretary  Metcalfe,  of  the 
Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  approved  the 
report  and  suggestions  of  a  special  commission 
appointed  by  the  Bureau  of  Immigration,  provid¬ 
ing  for  a  radical  revision  of  the  existing  regulations 
under  which  Chinese  may  enter  and  reside  in 
the  United  States.  The  commissioner’s  report 
touched,  by  way  of  either  excision  or  amendment, 
twenty-four  of  the  existing  regulations,  all  of  the 
changes  being  made  in  the  direction  of  liberal¬ 
ization.  Besides  certain  alterations  that  promise 
to  avoid  delay  in  landing  Chinese  who  apply  for 
admission,  other  alterations  were  made  where  pos¬ 
sible,  with  a  view  to  avoiding  any  action  that  would 
seem  offensive.  One  of  these  was  the  discontin¬ 
uance  of  the  Bertillon  method  of  identification. 
Another  was  a  requirement  that  the  admin¬ 
istrative  officers  should  advise  Chinese  persons, 
either  laborers  or  of  the  exempted  class,  before 
their  departure  from  the  United  States,  of  the 
conditions  upon  which  they  would  be  admitted 
upon  their  return.  Upon  this  point  the  officers 
were  directed  to  use  special  care,  so  that  no  Chinese 
person  shall  be  allowed  to  depart  from  this  country 
under  a  mistaken  impression  that  he  will  certainly 
be  readmitted. 

Provisions  were  also  made  for  notification  of 
Chinese  persons  who  have  been  denied  admission 
at  the  ports  of  entry  of  their  right  to  appeal  from 
such  denial  to  the  Secretary,  such  notice  being 


1906 


A 

special 
commis¬ 
sion  ap¬ 
pointed 


Changes 
for  the 
better 


5908 


NATIONAL  PROBLEMS 


1906 


The 
unsolved 
problem 
of  the 
Indian 


required  under  the  new  regulations  to  be  in  the 
Chinese  tongue,  and  the  further  precaution  being 
taken  to  notify  the  Chinese  consul,  if  there  be  such 
an  officer  at  the  port  of  entry,  of  the  adverse  action 
of  the  officers  at  such  port  in  the  case  of  any  Chi¬ 
nese  person,  so  that  said  consular  officer  may  have 
the  opportunity,  should  he  deem  such  a  course 
necessary,  to  employ  counsel  or  otherwise  interest 
himself  in  behalf  of  his  countrymen. 

Touching  the  Indian  problem,  Commissioner 
Leupp,  in  detailing  the  outlines  of  an  Indian  policy, 
notices  that  the  commonest  mistake  made  by  his 
white  well-wishers  in  dealing  with  the  Indian  is 
the  assumption  that  he  is  simply  a  white  man  with 
a  red  skin.  The  next  commonest  is  the  assumption 
that  because  he  is  a  non-Caucasian  he  to  to  be 
classed  indiscriminately  with  other  non-Cauca¬ 
sians,  like  the  negro,  for  instance.  The  truth  is,  he 
explains,  that  the  Indian  has  as  distinct  an  individ¬ 
uality  as  any  type  of  man  who  ever  lived,  and  will 
never  be  judged  aright  till  we  learn  to  measure  him 
by  his  own  standards.  The  point  is  emphasized 
that  the  Indian  must  be  improved  instead  of  any 
attempt  to  transform  him.  His  racial  peculiarities 
must  be  accepted,  and  our  duty  lies  along  the  line 
of  perfecting  the  conditions  in  which  he  lives, 
selecting  the  Indian  police  with  care,  providing 
reform  schools,  sanitariums,  and  other  institutions 
for  his  protection  and  preservation,  similar  to  those 
we  adopt  for  ourselves. 

The  position  assumed  by  the  government  at  the 
beginning  was  that  we  had  no  duty  towards  the 


THE  FUTURE  OF  THE  INDIAN 


5909 


Indian  in  the  way  of  bringing  him  under  the 
influences  of  civilization;  that  his  lands  could  be 
seized,  his  rights  invaded,  except  the  right  to  re¬ 
main  a  barbarian  in  the  heart  of  a  civilized 
country;  that  was  the  only  recognized  right  of 
the  Indian.  Gradually  that  policy  has  been 
changed.  The  right  of  barbarians  to  live  a  bar¬ 
baric  life  in  the  heart  of  a  civilized  nation  has  been 
disputed,  and  the  problem  which  has  come  to  con¬ 
front  the  people  is  this :  How  shall  a  great  nation 
of  seventy  millions  of  people,  dwelling  under  laws 
which  govern  civilization,  civilize  three  hundred 
thousand  men  and  women  different  in  race,  lan¬ 
guage,  customs,  and  belief'?  For  the  past  twenty 
years  that  problem  has  been  exhaustively  discussed. 
Many  abuses  have  been  reformed  and  decisive 
steps  have  been  taken  towards  its  solution,  but 
much  remains  to  be  done,  and  more  than  one  gen¬ 
eration  of  progress  will  be  needed  to  secure  the 
results  aimed  at. 

The  first  step  towards  civilization  is  the  estab¬ 
lishment  of  a  just  government  so  that  fundamental 
rights  shall  be  adequately  protected.  Under  the 
reservation  system  the  Indian  was  deprived  of 
those  rights.  He  was  systematically  denied  access 
to  the  courts;  he  could  neither  go  to  them  for  re¬ 
dress  nor  be  brought  before  them  for  punishment 
That  condition  no  longer  exists.  The  tribal  relation 
is  no  longer  recognized  by  the  law.  It  has  been 
decreed  that  public  land  shall  no  longer  be  reserved 
for  tribal  use ;  the  reservations  are  being  gradual^ 
broken  up,  and  the  Indian  given  the  title  to  land 


1800- 

1900 


New 
phases 
of  the 
question 


Rela¬ 

tions 

changed 


5910 


ASSOCIATION  MOVEMENTS 


1906 


Educa¬ 
tion 
and  care 
of  the 
Indian 


which  Congress  has  no  power  to  disturb.  Grad¬ 
ually  the  way  is  being  opened  to  him  to  buy  and 
sell  in  the  open  market.  Marriage  laws  have  been 
established,  and  a  registration  of  the  family  and  of 
the  children  has  been  undertaken. 

The  second  step  in  the  work  of  the  civilization 
of  the  Indian  is  adequate  provision  for  his 
education.  Congress  has  put  itself  on  record  as 
opposed  to  the  appropriation  of  public  funds  to 
denominational  schools  among  the  Indians.  At  the 
same  time  it  has  established  public  schools  for 
Indian  children  at  various  points,  and  while  prob¬ 
ably  many  are  still  left  unprovided  for,  the  general 
policy  of  public  school  education  has  been  definitely 
adopted.  But  civilization  carries  with  it  evils  as 
well  as  benefits,  and  the  remedy  for  these  is  the 
broadest  kind  of  development.  The  Indian,  after 
he  has  emerged  from  the  reservation  and  risen  a 
step  higher,  cannot  be  put  back  into  his  former  con¬ 
ditions.  Once  started,  he  must  be  developed  into 
a  full- grown  man.  To  protect  him  in  his  rights 
to  person,  property,  family,  and  reputation,  and  to 
educate  him  in  industrial  or  agricultural  directions, 
will  not  suffice  unless  he  is  trained  to  control  the 
passions  which  belong  to  his  race  and  which  in  his 
natural  state  he  has  never  been  taught  to  keep  in 
subjection.  This  last  is  one  of  the  most  difficult 
features  of  the  Indian  problem. 

About  the  beginning  of  the  last  decade  of  the 
century  just  closed,  there  was  a  remarkable  de¬ 
velopment  of  national  feeling  in  the  formation 
of  the  so-called  patriotic  organizations.  There  had 


THE  CINCINNATI 


5911 


been,  some  years  previous,  local  societies  estab¬ 
lished,  which  had  lapsed  with  the  death  or  falling 
off  of  the  original  members.  Among  these  was  the 
Societ}^  of  the  Cincinnati,  which  was  organized 
May  13,  1783,  by  the  American  and  foreign  officers 
that  served  in  the  Revolutionary  Army.  The  first 
general  meeting  was  held  in  Philadelphia,  May  7, 
1784,  at  which  delegates  from  the  twelve  original 
States  were  present  and  where  an  amended  consti¬ 
tution  was  adopted.  It  was  declared  that  member¬ 
ship  should  be  restricted  to  the  eldest  male  pos¬ 
terity  of  the  officers  of  the  American  Army  of  the 
Revolution,  and,  in  failure  thereof,  the  collateral 
branches  which  should  be  judged  worthy  of  be¬ 
coming  its  supporters  and  members,  and  in  fail¬ 
ure  of  direct  male  descent,  to  male  descendants 
through  intervening  female  descendants.  There 
are  State  societies  of  this  order  in  Massachusetts, 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  Rhode  Island,  Maryland, 
South  Carolina,  Pennsylvania,  and  Connecticut. 
The  entire  membership  is  now  only  about  500. 

The  Society  of  the  War  of  1812  was  founded  in 
New  York  City,  January  3,  1826,  by  officers  of  the 
war.  In  1848,  it  absorbed  the  Foreign  Corps  of 
Artillery,  founded  by  Revolutionary  veterans  in 
1790.  In  1890,  there  were  only  a  few  survivors  of 
this  society,  who  adopted  a  new  constitution  and 
by-laws  and  were  incorporated  under  its  old  name. 
It  admits  to  membership  any  descendants  of  de¬ 
fenders  of  the  country  in  the  war  of  1812  who 
served  honorably  in  the  armies  or  navies  of  the 
United  States  in  that  war,  and  to  hereditary 


1783- 

1826 


Society 
of  the 
Cincin¬ 
nati 


Society 
of  the 
War  of 
1812 


6912 


NATIONAL  PROBLEM*? 


1847 


The 

Aztec 

Club 


membership  the  descendants  of  commissioned  offi¬ 
cers  and  commanding  officers  of  private  armed 
vessels  of  the  United  States  and  the  descendants 
of  original  members  of  the  society.  The  present 
membership  is  less  than  a  hundred. 

The  Aztec  Club  of  1847  was  founded  in  that 
year  in  the  City  of  Mexico  by  officers  of  the  United 
States  Army,  and  has  for  its  object  to  keep  alive 
the  traditions  that  cluster  about  the  names  of  the 
officers  of  the  army,  navy,  and  marine  corps  who 
took  part  in  the  Mexican  War  of  1846-48.  It  was 
incorporated  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  December 
29,  1892.  It  admitted  to  membership  the  officers 
who  inaugurated  the  club  in  the  City  of  Mexico,  or 
those  who  were  eligible  as  officers,  each  original 
member  having  the  right  to  nominate  as  his  succes¬ 
sor  his  son  or  a  blood  relative,  who  should  be  con¬ 
sidered  as  an  associate  member  and  entitled  to  all 
the  privileges  of  the  club  except  that  of  voting,  and 
upon  the  death  of  the  original  member  should  be 
entitled  to  full  membership.  The  membership  is 
very  small. 

The  General  Society  of  the  War  of  1812  was 
originally  organized  by  the  surviving  veterans  of 
the  war  of  that  year  in  a  general  convention  in 
Independence  Hall,  Philadelphia,  January  9,  1854, 
at  which  time  it  was  known  as  the  Pennsylvania 
Association  of  the  Defenders  of  the  Country  in 
the  War  of  1812.  It  was  incorporated  under  its 
present  title,  November  19,  1892.  Its  membership 
includes  only  four  States,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland, 
Massachusetts,  and  Connecticut.  It  admits  any 


SOCIETY  OF  COLONIAL  WARS 


5913 


male  person  above  twenty-one  who  is  a  lineal 
descendant  of  one  who  served  during  the  war  of 
1812  in  any  capacity. 

Another  military  society  is  that  of  the  Colonial 
Wars,  the  object  of  which  is  to  perpetuate  the 
memory  of  events  in  the  early  colonies  and  of  the 
men  who,  by  their  acts  and  counsel,  assisted  in 
the  establishment,  defense,  and  preservation  of  the 
American  colonies  and  who  were  in  truth  the 
founders  of  the  nation.  It  was  instituted  in  New 
York  City,  August  18,  1892,  and  incorporated  two 
months  later.  It  admits  to  membership  any  male 
person  above  the  age  of  twenty-one  of  good  moral 
character  and  reputation,  who  is  descended  from 
an  ancestor  who  fought  in  battle  under  colonial 
authority  or  who  served  as  a  governor,  deputy- 
governor,  lieutenant-governor,  or  member  of  the 
King’s  Council,  or  as  officer,  soldier,  or  sailor  in 
the  service  of  the  colonies  or  under  the  banner  of 
Great  Britain  in  North  America  from  the  settle¬ 
ment  of  Jamestown,  Virginia,  to  the  Battle  of  Lex¬ 
ington.  State  societies  of  the  order  exist  in  all  the 
thirteen  original  colonies.  The  annual  meetings 
are  called  general  courts,  and  are  held  on  the  anni¬ 
versary  of  some  great  event  in  the  Colonial  Wars. 

Among  the  more  recently  founded  and  active 
organizations,  the  two  most  prominent  are  the  Sons 
of  the  American  Revolution  and  Sons*  of  the  Revo¬ 
lution,  a  needless  division  of  two  bodies  organized 
on  similar  lines  and  with  the  same  general  pur¬ 
poses.  The  first  named  was  formed  as  the  Sons  of 
the  Revolutionary  Sires  at  a  meeting  held  in  San 


1892 


Objects 
of  the 
organi¬ 
zation 


5914 


ASSOCIATION  MOVEMENTS 


1875 


Sons 
of  the 
American 
Revolu¬ 
tion 


Francisco,  October  22, 1875.  In  1889,  when  interest 
in  patriotic  matters  revived,  societies  were  or¬ 
ganized  in  other  States.  Delegates  from  these  met 
in  New  York  City,  April  30,  and  organized  the 
National  Society.  It  admits  to  membership  any 
person  of  the  age  of  twenty-one  or  over  who  is  the 
lineal  descendant  of  an  ancestor  who  was  at  all 
times  unfailing  in  his  loyalty  to  and  rendered 
actual  service  in  the  cause  of  American  independ¬ 
ence  in  any  capacity ;  or  is  a  descendant  of  a  signer 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  or  a  member 
of  any  Continental,  Provincial,  or  Colonial  Con¬ 
gress  or  legislature ;  or  a  civil  officer,  either  of  one 
of  the  colonies  or  States  or  of  the  national  govern¬ 
ment,  or  a  recognized  patriot  who  performed  actual 
asistance  in  the  overt  acts  against  the  authority 
of  Great  Britain.  Its  objects  are  to  perpetuate 
the  memory  of  the  men  who,  by  their  services  or 
sacrifices  during  the  War  of  the  American  Revo¬ 
lution,  gained  the  independence  of  the  American 
people;  to  unite  and  promote  fellowship  among 
their  descendants;  to  inspire  them  and  the  com¬ 
munity  at  large  with  a  more  profound  reverence 
for  the  principles  of  the  government  founded  by 
our  forefathers;  to  encourage  historical  research 
in  relation  to  the  Revolution;  to  acquire  and  pre¬ 
serve  the  reports  of  the  individual  services  of  the 
patriots  of  the  war  as  well  as  documents,  relics, 
and  landmarks;  to  mark  the  scenes  of  the  Revo¬ 
lution  by  proper  memorials ;  to  foster  true  patriot¬ 
ism,  and  maintain  and  extend  the  institutions  of 
American  freedom. 


SONS  OF  THE  REVOLUTION 


5915 


The  Sons  of  the  Revolution  came  into  existence 
at  a  meeting  on  Washington’s  birthday  in  1876, 
its  avowed  aim  being  to  keep  before  the  public 

m 

mind  the  memory  of  the  services  of  their  ancestors 
and  of  the  times  in  which  they  lived.  Its  qualifi¬ 
cations  for  membership  are  the  same  as  those  of 
the  American  Revolution.  It  has  done  good  work 
in  marking  historical  sites  with  bronze  tablets  and 
the  erection  of  monuments  and  statues. 

In  1894,  the  Massachusetts  Society  appropri¬ 
ated  funds  from  its  treasury  to  pay  for  the  placing 
of  suitable  framed  copies  of  Gilbert  Stuart’s  por¬ 
trait  of  George  Washington  in  every  school  in 
Boston.  These  were  presented  on  Washington’s 
birthday,  the  address  being  made  by  the  Reverend 
Edward  E.  Hale.  The  Common  Council  of  Phila¬ 
delphia  donated  the  cannon  along  Water  Street 
and  Delaware  Avenue  to  the  Pennsylvania  Society, 
to  be  placed  around  such  monuments  as  might  be 
erected  by  the  society  to  mark  the  sites  of  battles 
of  the  Revolution  around  that  city. 

The  Union  Veteran  Legion  was  organized  at 
Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  March,  1884,  a  national 
organization  being  perfected  a  year  later.  To  be¬ 
come  a  member,  the  applicant  must  have  been  an 
officer,  soldier,  sailor,  or  marine  in  the  Union 
Army,  Navy,  or  Marine  Corps,  who  volunteered 
prior  to  July  1,  1863,  for  a  term  of  three  years  and 
was  honorably  discharged.  The  Sons  of  Veterans 
is  an  organization  composed  of  the  lineal  descend¬ 
ants  over  eighteen  years  of  age  of  honorably  dis¬ 
charged  soldiers,  sailors,  or  marines  who  served  in 


1876 


Purpose 


Work 

accom¬ 

plished 


Union 

Veteran 

Legion 


5916 


ASSOCIATION  MOVEMENTS 


1866 


The 

Loyal 

Legion 


The 
‘  ‘Grand 
Army” 


the  late  Civil  War.  It  has  a  present  membership 
of  over  100,000.  The  Regular  Army  and  Navy 
Union  was  organized  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  in  March, 
1888.  The  national  organization,  called  the  Na¬ 
tional  Corps,  was  perfected  in  August,  1890.  It 
admits  to  its  rank  ex-members  of  the  Army,  Navy, 
and  Marine  Corps  of  the  United  States  who  have 
been  honorably  discharged  from  the  service,  no 
matter  if  they  served  before,  during,  or  since  the 
war.  There  are  at  present  ninety-three  garrisons 
located  in  the  different  States  and  Territories, 
Besides  these,  there  are  many  local  and  State 
organizations  based  on  the  same  general  principles. 

In  the  military  organization  known  as  the 
Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion,  membership  is  restric¬ 
ted  to  officers  wTlo  were  actually  engaged  in  the 
suppression  of  the  rebellion,  and  their  eldest  male 
descendants.  There  are  also  special  societies  of 
the  members  of  various  armies,  as  the  Society  of 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  of  the  Army  of  the 
Cumberland,  of  the  Army  of  the  James,  of  the 
Army  of  West  Virginia,  of  the  Army  of  the  Ten¬ 
nessee. 

Most  important  of  the  military  organizations, 
and  the  widest  spread  of  all,  is  the  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic,  which  admits  all  the  veterans  of  the 
Civil  War.  The  first  post  of  this  order  was  or¬ 
ganized  at  Decatur,  Illinois,  April  6,  1866,  and  the 
first  annual  encampment  was  held  November  20  of 
the  same  year  at  Indianapolis,  Indiana.  June  30, 
1900,  there  were  reported  6778  posts  with  a  mem¬ 
bership  of  276,662. 


NAVAL  ORDERS 


5917 


There  are  two  important  naval  organizations, 
namely,  the  Naval  Order  of  the  United  States, 
analogous  to  the  Cincinnati  and  the  Loyal  Legion, 
limited  to  commissioned  officers  and  their  descend¬ 
ants  and  such  enlisted  men  as  were  decorated  with 
the  United  States  medal  of  honor,  and  the  National 
Association  of  Navy  Veterans,  composed  of  those 
who  served  during  the  Civil  War.  The  Military 
and  Naval  Order  of  the  United  States,  formed  to 
keep  in  mind  and  perpetuate  the  names  of  brave 
and  loyal  men  and  to  maintain  a  national  honor, 
union,  and  independence,  was  incorporated  Jan¬ 
uary  15,  1895.  Any  person  above  the  age  of 
twenty-one,  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  of 
good  moral  character,  is  eligible  to  membership  in 
this  order,  who  is  a  direct  male,  lineal  descendant 
of  any  veteran  of  the  W ar  of  the  Revolution,  the 
War  with  Tripoli,  the  War  of  1812,  and  the  Mexi¬ 


can  War. 

On  the  13th  of  April,  1891,  was  organized  the 
National  Society  of  the  Colonial  Dames  of  America, 
the  membership  of  which  includes  only  women 
legitimately  descended  in  their  own  persons  from 
some  ancestor  of  worthy  life  who  came  to  reside 
in  an  American  Colony  prior  to  1776,  and  who  was 
efficient  in  the  service  of  the  country  either  in  the 
founding  of  a  town  or  a  commonwealth  that  has 


survived  and  developed  into  importance ;  who  held 
an  important  position  in  the  Colonial  government, 
or  who,  as  a  statesman  or  officer,  contributed  to  the 
achievement  of  American  independence.  Its  ob¬ 
ject  is  “to  collect  and  preserve  manuscripts  and 


1895 


Two 

naval 

organ¬ 

izations 


National 

Society 

of 

Colonial 

Dames 


5918 


ASSOCIATION  MOVEMENTS 


1892 


Colonial 

Dames 


May¬ 

flower 

Descend¬ 

ants 


traditions;  to  commemorate  the  success  of  the 
American  Revolution;  to  diffuse  healthful  and 
intelligent  information  in  whatever  concerns  the 
past;  to  form  social  intercourse  and  fellowship 
amongst  the  members  of  the  society,  and  to  teach 
the  young  that  it  is  a  sacred  obligation  to  do  justice 
and  honor  to  their  ancestors,  whose  ability,  valor, 
sufferings,  and  achievements  are  beyond  praise.” 

The  Society  of  the  Colonial  Dames  of  America 
and  its  restrictions  as  to  membership  are  the  same. 
In  neither  society  can  a  person  be  a  candidate  for 
admission  unless  invited  and  proposed  by  one  mem¬ 
ber  and  seconded  by  another  member  of  the  society 
to  whom  the  candidate  must  be  well  known  and  by 
whom  she  shall  be  recommended.  The  national 
society  of  this  order  was  organized  in  Wilmington, 
Delaware,  May  19,  1892,  by  delegates  from  Penn¬ 
sylvania,  Maryland,  New  Jersey,  and  Delaware. 
The  membership  in  both  these  orders  is  quite  large, 
and  both  have  done  good  work  in  accordance  with 
the  lines  laid  down  in  the  constitutions  of  their 
orders. 

The  Society  of  the  Mayflower  Descendants, 
composed  exclusively  of  the  descendants  of  those 
who  came  over  in  the  Mayflower,  includes  both  men 
and  women.  It  was  instituted  December  22,  1894. 
The  Daughters  of  the  Cincinnati,  which  was  incor¬ 
porated  in  New  York,  December  28,  1894,  admits 
to  membership  women  who  are  direct  lineal 
descendants  of  officers  of  the  American  Army  or 
Navy  who  took  part  in  the  revolutionary  struggle 
with  Great  Britain  and  who  are  entitled  to  belong 


DAUGHTERS  OF  THE  REVOLUTION 


5010 


to  the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati,  or  who  would  have 
been  entitled  to  such  membership  had  they  been 
living  at  the  close  of  the  war.  As  may  be  imagined, 
this  society  is  exclusive  in  character  and  of  very 
limited  membership. 

On  October  11,  1890,  the  Society  of  the 
Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution  was  organ¬ 
ized  in  Washington  and  incorporated  the  follow¬ 
ing  year.  It  admits  to  membership  any  woman 
who  is  of  the  age  of  eighteen  years  who  is  a  descend¬ 
ant  from  a  man  or  woman  who,  with  unfailing 
loyalty,  rendered  material  aid  to  the  cause  of  inde¬ 
pendence;  from  a  recognized  patriot  and  soldier, 
or  sailor,  or  a  civil  officer,  in  one  of  the  civil  col¬ 
onies  or  States,  or  one  of  the  united  colonies,  pro¬ 
vided  that  the  applicant  be  acceptable  to  the 
society.  The  object  of  the  society  is  the  same  as 
that  of  the  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution.  An 
annual  meeting  is  held  by  the  society  during  the 
week  in  which  February  22  falls.  The  order  con¬ 
tains  some  15,000  members,  and  has  organized 
branches  in  nearly  every  State  and  Territory. 

The  Society  of  the  Daughters  of  the  Revolution, 
incorporated  as  a  national  society  September  1, 
1891,  varies  little  from  that  of  the  Daughters  of  the 
American  Revolution.  It  has  a  very  large  member¬ 
ship,  and  the  State  organizations  annually  celebrate 
important  revolutionary  events  that  have  occurred 
in  each  particular  State. 

In  February,  1898,  a  society  called  the  Amer¬ 
ican  Flag  Association  was  formed,  its  special  object 
being' to  secure  national  and  State  legislation  for 


1890 


Who 

may 

become 

members 


Objects 


5920 


ASSOCIATION  MOVEMENTS 


1898 


Flag 

Asso¬ 

ciation 


Spanish 

war 

veterans 


Con¬ 

federate 

Veterans 


the  protection  of  the  flag  from  degrading  and  des¬ 
ecrating  uses,  and  to  secure  a  general  celebration 
of  June  14  as  Flag  Day,  because  on  that  day  in 
1777  Congress  enacted  that  “the  flag  of  the  thirteen 
United  States  be  thirteen  stripes  alternate  red  and 
white;  that  the  union  be  thirteen  stars,  white,  in 
a  blue  field,  representing  a  new  constellation.  ” 

Since  the  close  of  the  Spanish- American  War, 
four  organizations  have  been  formed  with  the  gen¬ 
eral  object  to  cherish  the  memories  and  associations 
of  the  war  waged  against  Spain ;  to  unite  and  pro¬ 
mote  the  ties  of  fellowship  and  sympathy  formed 
by  those  who  participated  in  the  said  war,  and  to 
acquire  and  preserve  the  records  of  their  individual 
service ;  to  advance  the  best  interests  of  the  soldiers 
and  sailors  of  the  United  States ;  to  enforce  unqual¬ 
ified  allegiance  to  the  general  government ;  to  pro¬ 
tect  the  rights  and  liberties  of  American  citizen¬ 
ship,  and  to  maintain  the  national  honor  and  union. 

In  the  Southern  States  there  are  several  soci¬ 
eties  formed  to  commemorate  the  bravery  and 
devotion  of  Confederate  officers  in  the  Civil  War. 
The  principal  of  these  is  the  Order  or  Society  of 
the  United  Confederate  Veterans,  which,  in  form 
and  spirit,  is  similar  to  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic.  It  was  organized  in  New  Orleans  June 
10,  1889,  its  avowed  purpose  being  strictly  social, 
literary,  historical,  and  benevolent.  Its  constitu¬ 
tion  says  that  it  “will  endeavor  to  unite  in  a  general 
federation  all  associations  of  Confederate  veterans, 
soldiers,  and  sailors  now  in  existence  or  hereafter 
to  be  formed;  to  gather  authentic  details  for  an 

7  0  • 


SOCIETY  OF  CONFEDERATE  VETERANS 


5921 


impartial  history  of  the  war  between  the  States; 
to  preserve  relics  or  mementoes  of  the  same;  to 
cherish  the  ties  of  friendship  that  should  exist 
among  men  who  have  shared  common  dangers,  com¬ 
mon  sufferings  and  privations ;  to  care  for  the  dis¬ 
abled;  to  extend  a  helping  hand  to  the  needy;  to 
protect  the  widows  and  orphans,  and  to  make  and 
preserve  a  recorcf  of  the  services  of  every  member, 
and,  as  far  as  possible,  of  those  of  our  comrades 
who  have  preceded  us  in  eternity.” 

The  first  general  commander  was  Major-Gen¬ 
eral  John  B.  Gordon  of  Georgia.  The  headquarters 
of  the  society  are  at  Atlanta,  Georgia.  The  vet¬ 
erans  have  their  posts,  their  monthly  and  annual 
meetings,  and  their  Memorial  Day,  commemorative 
of  those  who  died  for  the  Confederate  cause.  The 
ladies  of  the  South  have  an  incorporated  society 
called  the  United  Daughters  of  the  Confederacy, 
composed  of  the  near  relatives  and  lineal  descend¬ 
ants  of  Confederate  soldiers. 

Aside  from  the  patriotic  societies  enumerated, 
there  are  many  others,  religious,  educational,  and 
reformatory,  founded  within  the  past  thirty  years, 
which  have  exerted  marked  influence  in  these  direc¬ 
tions  and  have  gained  a  widespread  and  numerous 
membership. 

The  year  1881  witnessed  the  founding  of  the 
Christian  Endeavor  Society.  One  stormy  Febru¬ 
ary  evening  in  that  year  a  dozen  young  people  met 
at  the  parsonage  of  Williston  Church  in  Portland, 
Maine,  and  at  the  suggestion  of  the  pastor,  Dr. 
Francis  E.  Clark,  a  little  local  organization  was 


1889 


Purposes 
of  the 
order 


John  B. 
Gordon 
the  first 
com¬ 
mander 


Religious 

societies 


5922 


ASSOCIATION  MOVEMENTS 


1881 


Christian 

Endeavor 

Society 


Members 
and  work 


formed  to  which  the  above  name  was  given.  From 
this  little  gathering  sprang  a  world-embracing 
movement,  with  branches  from  Scandinavia  to 
South  Africa,  and  from  New  England  to  old  Eng¬ 
land,  and  thence  eastward  around  the  world  to 
San  Francisco  and  back  again  to  New  England. 
Because  it  was  a  work  by  and  for  young  people,  on 
a  simple,  definite  platform  and  capable  of  adjusting 
itself  to  every  tongue  and  climate,  it  has  taken  on, 
as  it  has  leaped  across  oceans  and  continents,  im¬ 
mensely  interesting  and  picturesque  phases.  The 
missionaries  of  all  denominations  have  welcomed 
the  movement,  and  its  progress  in  foreign  lands 
has  been  about  as  rapid  as  in  this  country.  It  has 
welded  together  converts  of  all  denominations;  it 
has  visited  the  sick  in  hospitals  and  the  criminal 
in  prison ;  started  reading-rooms  in  lumber  camps ; 
met  the  incoming  immigrant  with  a  hearty  hand¬ 
shake;  helped  to  purify  cities  from  their  plague- 
spots;  increased  the  resources  for  Christian  work, 
and  sought  in  a  hundred  ways  to  make  the  world 
better.  On  the  1st  of  January,  1906,  there  were 
67,000  societies  in  existence,  with  more  than 
3,000,000  members.  The  Epworth  League,  whose 
aims  are  similar,  is  a  young  people’s  organization 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and  numbers 
nearly  9000  societies  with  nearly  half  a  million 
members. 

In  the  line  of  moral  reform  the  National 
Women’s  Christian  Temperance  Union  has  accom¬ 
plished  a  vast  amount  of  good.  It  is  the  largest 
society  ever  formed,  composed  exclusively  of 


REV.  FRANCIS  E.  CLARK.  BISHOP  JOHN  R.  VINCENT 


WOMEN’S  CHRISTIAN  TEMPERANCE  UNION  5923 


women.  It  originated  in  the  great  temperance 
crusade  of  1873-4,  and  branches  have  been  organ¬ 
ized  in  every  State  and  Territory  of  the  Union  as 
well  as  Great  Britain,  Canada,  Australia,  Hawaii, 
New  Zealand,  India,  South  Africa,  and  Japan.  In 
1890,  owing  to  a  difference  of  opinion  regarding 
the  attitude  of  the  society  towards  political  parties, 
the  organization  divided,  the  withdrawing  party 
taking  the  name  of  the  Non-partisan  Women’s 
Christian  Temperance  Union.  The  new  constitu¬ 
tion  differed  from  the  old  one  onlv  in  containing 
a  provision  that  the  right  of  individual  members 
to  take  part  in  political  and  denominational  work 
should  not  be  abridged.  The  fifth  article  of  its 
constitution  reads:  “ Neither  the  officers  of  this 
association  nor  the  annual  meeting  shall  directly 
or  indirectly  pledge  the  influence  or  cooperation 
of  the  association,  in  whole  or  in  part,  to  any  other 
association,  or  to  any  political  party,  or  to  any 
religious  sect.” 

In  the  summer  of  1874  was  founded  the  Chau¬ 
tauqua  Society,  the  largest  and  most  successful 
educational  organization  ever  established  in  this 
country.  It  was  organized  by  Lewis  Miller  of 
Akron,  Ohio,  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  John  R.  Vincent, 
afterward  bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.  In  1873,  Mr.  Miller  selected  as  a  place 
for  a  summer  school  a  beautiful  location  on  the 
west  side  of  Chautauqua  Lake  in  New  York, 
where  the  village  of  Chautauqua  now  stands.  The 
grounds  were  prepared  and  buildings  erected,  and 
in  August,  1874,  the  first  assembly  came  together. 


1873 


Division 

over 

politics 


The 

Chau¬ 

tauqua 

move¬ 

ment 


5924 


ASSOCIATION  MOVEMENTS 


1874 


Chau¬ 
tauqua 
work  and 
methods 


At  first  the  exercises  consisted  of  lectures,  mostly 
on  religious  and  moral  subjects,  but  year  by  year 
changes  were  made  and  plans  expanded  and  the 
simple  summer  assembly  developed  into  an  edu¬ 
cational  institution  in  which  studies  of  all  kinds 
were  pursued  from  the  simplest  to  those  consti¬ 
tuting  a  collegiate  course.  Text-books  were  pub¬ 
lished  and  instruction  given  through  correspond¬ 
ence  to  those  who  were  unable  to  attend.  Some  of 
the  best  educators  in  the  country  became  interested, 
and  ^professors  from  the  leading  colleges  in  the 
country  devoted  their  vacation  season  to  teaching 
during  the  brief  summer  sessions.  From  fifty  to 
sixty  thousand  persons  have  visited  these  assem¬ 
blies  and  taken  part  in  the  proceedings  in  a  single 
year.  More  than  sixty  societies  based  on  the  orig¬ 
inal  Chautauqua  idea  have  been  established  in 
various  parts  of  the  country,  each  independent  in 
itself,  and  all  more  or  less  successful.  The  various 
schools  of  correspondence  now  so  common  through¬ 
out  the  country  all  originated  from  the  Chautauqua 
idea. 

Perhaps  the  most  remarkable  growth  has  been 
that  of  the  Young  Men’s  Christian  Association. 
Although  established  in  this  country  as  early  as 
1851,  it  was  not  until  after  the  Civil  War  that  its 
rapid  extension  began.  In  October,  1851,  a  retired 
Boston  sea  captain,  named  J.  Y.  Sullivan,  read  a 
letter  written  by  an  American  student  on  a  visit 
to  England,  descriptive  of  the  Young  Men’s  Chris¬ 
tian  Association,  which  had  been  recently  organized 
in  London. 


YOUNG  MEN’S  CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIATION  5925 


On  the  15tli  of  December,  1851,  lie  called  a  meet¬ 
ing  at  which  thirty-two  young  men,  representing 
twenty  different  congregations,  were  present.  The 
organization  of  such  a  society  was  decided  upon, 
but  at  a  subsequent  meeting  a  difficulty  arose  be¬ 
tween  those  who  represented  the  evangelical  and 
non-evangelical  church  parties.  On  one  side  were 
the  Unitarians  and  Universalists;  on  the  other,  the 
Episcopalians,  Baptists,  Congregationalists,  and 
Methodists.  A  constitution  had  been  prepared  at 
the  first  meeting  which  would  include  both  parties, 
but  at  the  second  meeting,  a  week  later7  the  consti¬ 
tution  was  rejected  and  a  committee  of  four  young 
men  was  appointed  to  canvass  the  leading  clergy¬ 
men  of  the  city.  As  a  result,  on  December  29  a 
meeting  was  held  at  the  Old  South  Church  at  which 
an  organization  was  formed  on  the  evangelical 
basis.  In  five  months’  time  the  association  had 
1200  members.  New  York  followed  a  few  months 
later,  and  in  three  years  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  idea  had 
taken  firm  root  in  twenty-four  American  cities.  In 
1866  there  were  ninety  associations  in  the  United 
States;  in  1900  there  were  1476.  Some  475  build¬ 
ings  are  now  owned  by  the  association  in  North 
America.  The  grand  total  of  Y.  M.  C.  A.  real 
estate  in  the  United  States  is  estimated  at  over 
$26,000,000. 

The  Grange  movement,  a  farmers’  organization, 
originated  in  the  middle  West  just  after  the  war. 
It  was  originally  intended  to  minister  to  the  social 
and  educational  needs  of  the  farming  class,  its 
founders  never  intending  that  it  should  take  the 


/ 


1851 


Develop^ 
ment  of 
the 
Asso¬ 
ciation 
and  its 
work 


6926 


ASSOCIATION  MOVEMENTS 


1875 


The 

Granger 

move¬ 

ment 


In  New 
England 


place  of  a  business  agency  or  be  converted  into  a 
political  party.  In  1875  it  had  a  paid  membership 
of  750,000.  Various  causes,  among  them  rival 
organizations,  caused  a  decline,  and  in  1890  the 
membership  had  fallen  to  about  100,000.  Later  a 
reaction  set  in  and  in  1900  the  membership  had 
increased  to  250,000.  The  order  is  strongest  in 
New  England,  where  it  has  over  100,000  members. 
Its  decline  in  the  middle  West,  the  place  of  its 
origin,  was  largely  due  to  the  part  it  took  in  the 
so-called  political  Grangers’  Movement,  when  it 
attempted  to  secure  legislation  against  the  rail¬ 
roads  and  middlemen.  The  New  England  organ¬ 
ization  did  not  share  in  this  movement,  but  held 
to  its  original  aims  and  it  gradually  took  its  place 
as  a  recognized  social  institution.  Its  work  is 
maintained  through  frequent  meetings,  socials,  and 
entertainments.  The  educational  work  of  the  order 
is  encouraged  through  the  presentation  of  literary 
programmes  at  each  meeting  of  the  county  and  sub¬ 
ordinate  granges.  Public  questions  are  constantly 
discussed  at  the  meetings,  and  not  a  little  legis¬ 
lation,  both  State  and  national,  has  been  secured 
through  the  assistance  and  often  by  the  initiation 
of  the  Grange.  The  order  also  renders  financial 
assistance  to  the  farmer,  largely  through  cooper¬ 
ative  purchases  and  fire  insurances.  The  State 
Grange  makes  contracts  for  goods  at  reduced  rates 
with  wholesale  houses,  and  contracts  are  made  for 
almost  everything  the  farmer  needs.  Grange  fire 
insurance  exists  in  several  States,  and  in  New  York 
alone  about  one  hundred  million  dollars’  worth  of 


farmers’  national  congress 


5927 


risks  is  carried  by  Grange  companies  at  an  average 
annual  rate  of  about  a  dollar  a  thousand.  The 
Grange  had  a  good  deal  to  do  with  securing  the 
Interstate  Commerce  Commission.  Out  of  it  grew 
the  Farmers’  National  Congress,  the  first  meeting 
of  which  was  held  in  1880.  At  these  meetings  mat¬ 
ters  of  interest  to  the  agriculturists  of  the  country 
are  discussed  and  papers  read  on  subjects  con¬ 
nected  with  national  progress.  Concerning  the 
great  national  questions,  there  is  little  division  of 
opinion  among  the  members,  the  majority  favoring 
reciprocity,  the  rural  free  mail  delivery  system,  the 
establishment  of  forest  preserves,  the  settlement 
of  labor  troubles  by  conference  or  arbitration,  the 
improvement  of  highways,  and  the  appropriation 
by  Congress  for  experiments  in  agriculture  in  the 
several  States. 

For  forty  years  before  the  Civil  War  there  had 
been  a  movement  on  the  part  of  a  few  social  re¬ 
formers  for  the  removal  of  all  disqualification  on 
account  of  sex.  It  found  many  adherents  among 
the  thinking  class  of  people,  but  met  with  bitter 
and  sometimes  brutal  opposition  on  the  part  of  the 
ignorant  or  conservative  multitude.  There  was  but 
one  way  to  secure  these  rights,  its  apostles  declared, 
and  that  was  through  the  act  of  suffrage;  and  to 
secure  this  privilege  the  undaunted  early  leaders 
in  the  movement  devoted  themselves.  In  1848,  a 
Women’s  Eights  Convention  was  held  at  Seneca 
Falls,  New  York,  under  the  leadership  of  Lucretia 
Mott  and  Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton.  At  this  meeting 
a  declaration  of  sentiments  was  presented,  modeled 


1880 


Farmers’ 

societies 


Woman’s 

suffrage 


5928 


ASSOCIATION  MOVEMENTS 


1849 


First 
demands 
for  equal 
rights 


First 

conven¬ 

tion 


upon  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  It  set  forth 
a  list  of  the  social  wrongs  suffered  by  women  under 
the  existing  laws.  Resolutions  were  passed  assert¬ 
ing  the  invalidity  of  such  laws  as  prevented  a 
woman’s  occupying  such  a  station  in  society  as  her 
conscience  dictated  and  her  abilities  permitted,  and 
in  general  declared  the  equality  of  the  sexes.  The 
only  resolution  not  unanimously  adopted  was  that 
which  called  upon  women  to  secure  for  themselves 
the  elective  franchise.  Other  meetings  of  a  like 
character  followed  which  were  either  ridiculed  or 
denounced  by  the  press.  Their  proceedings  were 
of:en  interfered  with  in  the  same  manner  as  were 
the  early  antislavery  meetings. 

In  1849,  a  petition  for  suffrage  was  reported 
favorably  to  the  Michigan  Legislature.  The  first 
National  Women’s  Rights  Convention  took  place 
at  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  in  1850.  Among 
those  who  took  active  part  in  its  proceedings  were 
Wendell  Phillips,  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  S.  S. 
Foster,  and  W.  IT.  Channing.  Ralph  Waldo  Emer¬ 
son  was  a  warm  sympathizer  in  the  cause  and  was 
one  of  the  signers  of  the  call.  Eight  States  were 
represented.  The  convention  unanimously  passed 
a  resolution  declaring  that 4 ‘failure  to  demand  suf¬ 
frage  is  an  omission  of  duty,”  and  another  demand¬ 
ing  equality  before  the  law  without  distinction  of 
sex  or  color. 

In  the  early  part  of  1869,  a  convention  was  held 
at  Washington  by  the  friends  of  woman’s  suffrage. 
The  Fifteenth  Amendment  was  then  pending  be¬ 
fore  Congress.  The  more  radical  representatives 


FRANCIS  WILLARD 


BELVA  A.  LOCKWOOD 


PROGRESS  OF  WOMAN’S  SUFFRAGE 


'  5929 


of  the  cause  were  in  favor  of  so  amending  the 
amendment  as  to  include  woman’s  suffrage,  but  it 
was  finally  decided  that  that  should  be  relegated 
to  a  future  time.  The  feeling  on  the  subject  was 
intense,  and  as  a  result  of  the  decision  the  Equal 
Rights  Association  was  split  into  two  societies,  the 
National  Woman’s  Suffrage  Society,  with  Eliz¬ 
abeth  Cady  Stanton  for  president,  and  the  Amer¬ 
ican  Woman’s  Suffrage  Society,  with  Henry  Ward 
Beecher  and  Lucy  Stone  for  president  and  vice- 
president. 

In  the  mean  time,  several  of  the  States  had 
granted  the  privilege  of  school  suffrage.  North 
Carolina  passed  a  hill  giving  property  rights  to 
married  women,  and  in  Wyoming  and  Utah  entire 
enfranchisement  was  accorded  to  women.  By  this 
time  general  interest  had  been  awakened  in  all  the 
States,  and  respectful  attention  was  now  accorded 
to  the  representatives  of  the  movement.  The  suf¬ 
frage  meetings  and  conventions  were  allowed  to 
conduct  their  proceedings  without  interruption, 
and  many  prominent  politicians  and  statesmen 
became  open  supporters  of  the  cause.  In  1870, 
Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton  was  invited  to  speak  on 
the  suffrage  question  before  a  Congressional  com¬ 
mittee. 

The  first  election  in  AVyoming  under  the 
woman’s  suffrage  law  occurred  in  this  year,  and 
passed  off  quietly.  An  attempt,  however,  was  made 
in  1871  to  repeal  the  Woman’s  Suffrage  Act,  and 
succeeded  by  a  Democratic  majority;  the  bill, 
however,  was  vetoed  by  the  governor.  Strangely 


1869 


States 

take 

action 


5930 


ASSOCIATION  MOVEMENTS 


1870-80 


Profes¬ 
sion  of 
law 
opened 


Attempts 
to  vote 


The 

cause 

gains 


enough,  the  strongest  opposition  to  the  woman’s 
suffrage  movement  came  from  women,  and  pro¬ 
tests  were  issued  against  it  in  several  States. 
The  State  Legislature  of  Iowa  passed  a  bill 
in  1871  permitting  women  to  practice  law.  This 
example  was  soon  followed  by  other  States. 
In  this  year  demands  were  made  in  several 
States  by  women  to  exercise  the  right  of  suffrage 
as  a  means  of  testing  the  law  and  public  opinion. 
In  nearly  every  case  they  were  refused  registration 
or  their  votes  were  not  counted.  The  most  resolute 
attempt  in  this  direction  was  in  Missouri,  where 
a  Mrs.  Minor  tried  to  register  in  order  to  bring 
before  the  courts  the  question  of  a  woman’s  rights 
as  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  to  vote  for  United 
States  officers.  Her  right  to  register  was  refused, 
and  she  brought  suit  against  the  registration  office 
and  carried  it  through  all  the  courts  to  the  Supreme 
Court,  all  of  them  rendering  adverse  decisions.  In 
1872,  Susan  B.  Anthony  was  arrested  in  the  State 
of  New  York  for  voting.  She  was  tried,  convicted, 
and  fined  a  hundred  dollars. 

Year  by  year,  however,  public  sentiment  grew 
in  favor  of  the  movement.  In  1879,  a  bill  allowing 
women  to  plead  before  the  Supreme  Court  was 
passed  after  five-years’  struggle  of  Mrs.  Belva  A. 
Lockwood  and  her  friends,  and  was  signed  by 
President  Hayes.  A  committee  on  the  rights  of 
women  was  appointed  in  the  House.  In  that  same 
year  Frances  Willard  laid  before  the  Illinois  Legis¬ 
lature  a  petition  containing  the  names  of  180,000 
women  of  that  State,  asking  leave  to  vote  on  the 


woman’s  suffrage  in  the  STATES  5931 

% 

question  of  license.  It  was  refused.  Some  of  the 
smaller  States  granted  it,  the  result  being  large 
majorities  against  license.  In  Louisiana  the  new 
constitution  made  women  eligible  to  school  offices, 
and  rendered  the  rights  of  married  women  more 
secure  than  in  any  other  State. 

In  the  next  year  (1880),  the  women  suffragists 
of  New  York  State  organized  themselves  into  a 
political  party  which  was  led  by  Dr.  Clements  S. 
Lozier.  The  idea  was  not  to  nominate  a  suffrage 
ticket,  but  to  hold  the  balance  of  power  between  the 
two  great  parties.  In  Wisconsin  the  proposition 
for  a  woman’s  suffrage  amendment  to  the  Consti¬ 
tution  passed  both  Houses,  but  was  lost  in  the  next 
Legislature.  The  same  thing  occurred  in  Indiana. 
Constitutional  amendments  looking  to  woman’s 
suffrage  were  discussed  in  the  Legislatures  of  Col¬ 
orado,  Michigan,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  and  Washing¬ 
ton  Territory.  In  1882,  a  constitutional  amend¬ 
ment  passed  the  Oregon  Legislature  almost  unan¬ 
imously,  but  was  defeated  at  the  polls.  In  that 
same  year  the  Legislature  of  Pennsylvania  passed 
a  resolution  recommending  Congress  to  submit  a 
Sixteenth  Amendment  in  favor  of  woman’s  suf¬ 
frage  to  the  people.  In  1884,  New  York  granted 
the  privilege  of  voting  at  school  elections.  In  1885, 
Rhode  Island,  Nebraska,  Dakota,  Oregon,  Texas, 
Kansas,  Arkansas,  and  Mississippi  passed  bills  in 
favor  of  the  property  rights  of  women.  The  bill 
in  favor  of  woman’s  suffrage  in  Dakota  was  vetoed 
by  the  governor.  In  1888,  an  international  con¬ 
gress  of  women  was  held  at  Washington,  at  which 


1880 


Local 
laws  and 
the 

suffrage 

party 


5932 


ASSOCIATION  MOVEMENTS 


# 


1894 


Oppo¬ 

sition 

among 

the 

women 


A  hostile 
organ¬ 
ization 
in  New 
York 


National 

oppo¬ 

sition 


fifty-two  different  associations  and  eight  dif- 

1/  V-/ 

ferent  countries  were  represented.  A  hearing  was 
granted  by  both  Houses  of  Congress  to  the  dele¬ 
gates  of  this  congress,  at  which  the  cause  of 
suffrage  was  ably  argued.  In  1894,  bills  were 
introduced  in  the  Legislatures  of  New  York  and 
Kansas  securing  unrestricted  suffrage  for  women. 
In  the  latter  State  it  wras  submitted  to  popular 
vote  and  wras  rejected.  In  New  York  long  peti¬ 
tions  v7ere  presented  to  the  convention  for  the 
revision  of  the  constitution,  several  in  opposition 
to  women’s  suffrage  signed  by  women  alone.  The 
decision  of  the  convention  was  adverse  to  the 
suffragists. 

Later  a  State  organization  wfith  headquarters  in 
New  York  City  was  formed  with  branches  in  the 
different  judicial  districts.  This  association  has 
ever  since  steadily  opposed  the  petitions  of  the 
suffragists,  and  has  defeated  every  appeal  pre¬ 
sented  by  them  to  the  State  Legislature.  As  early 
as  1874,  a  number  of  prominent  women  in  Massa¬ 
chusetts  worked  quietly  in  opposition  to  the  grant¬ 
ing  of  suffrage  to  the  women  of  that  State,  but 
after  the  movement  in  New7  York,  they  followed 
with  an  organization  which  by  degrees  spread  over 
the  whole  State.  In  1902  they  had  twenty-seven 
branch  associations.  In  the  same  year  a  national 
organization  w7as  established.  Pour  States  have 
now7  been  organized  to  oppose  the  extension  of  suf¬ 
frage  to  women  except  in  school  elections. 


CHAPTER  CXV. 

THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY  — A  FIFTY  YEARS’ 

RETROSPECT 


Standing  on  the  threshold  of  a  new  century  and 
casting  a  retrospective  glance  over  the  preceding 
fifty  years,  one  cannot  help  being  struck  by  the 
amazing  changes  that  have  occurred  in  that  time 
in  the  national  life  and  the  progress  made  in  every 
department  of  thought  and  activity.  Great  indus¬ 
tries  have  been  developed  along  lines  undreamed 
of  half  a  century  ago.  Discoveries  in  science  and 
their  application  in  innumerable  forms  have  over¬ 
turned  old  methods  and  created  new  ones.  Won¬ 
derful  progress  has  been  made  in  the  arts;  inven¬ 
tions  have  revolutionized  not  only  industrial,  hut 
even  social,  phases  of  life.  In  1860,  bicycles  and 
automobiles  were  unknown.  Thirty  years  ago 
there  were  no  electric  railways,  no  electric  lights, 
no  telephones,  phonographs,  or  graphophones. 
The  photographic  camera  was  found  only  in  the 
gallerv  of  the  artist.  The  words  “ kodak”  and 
“ snapshot”  were  yet  to  be  invented.  In  1905,  the 
United  States  alone  made  300,000  cameras,  and  the 
photographic  business  reached  the  commercial  total 
of  $20,000,000.  Fifty  years  ago  only  the  more  im¬ 
portant  cities  could  boast  a  s}^stem  of  water-works, 
and  not  one  house  in  twenty  held  a  bathroom.  In 
1860,  there  was  not  an  apartment  house  like 

5933 


An  age  of 
inven¬ 
tion  and 
machin¬ 
ery 


6934 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 


Rapidity 
and  mag¬ 
nitude  of 
change 


those  under  the  present  system  in  the  United 
States,  the  nearest  approach  being  the  so-called 
family  hotel.  There  was  not  a  department  store 
in  the  country,  and  women  clerks  in  stores  had  not 
yet  made  their  appearance  on  the  scene.  There 
were  no  women  stenographers,  typewriters,  or 
bookkeepers.  A  typewriting  machine  had  been 
invented,  but  it  was  clumsy  and  imperfect  and  was 
not  in  general  use.  Now  more  than  twenty  dif¬ 
ferent  styles  are  in  favor  in  various  parts  of  the 
country.  In  all  the  cities  and  towns  of  the  United 
States  there  were  only  about  forty  public  or 
free  libraries,  where  to-day  there  are  nearly  ten 
thousand. 

To-day  there  are  scores  of  flourishing  cities 
where  fifty  years  ago  were  only  thick  forests  or 
waving  grass.  Insignificant  villages  have  devel¬ 
oped  into  populous  towns.  Great  barren  stretches 
of  country,  now  crossed  and  recrossed  by  railways, 
have  been  covered  with  thriving  settlements.  The 
banks  of  solitary  rivers  have  been  lined  with 
mills  and  factories.  Thousands  of  industries  have 
sprung  up,  some  of  them  for  the  manufacture  of 
articles  of  use  whose  very  names  were  unknown  a 
generation  ago.  Cities  which  even  thirty  years  ago 
were  thought  to  have  reached  their  growth  have 
doubled,  trebled,  and  quadrupled  in  size.  •  No  more 
wonderful  example  of  urban  development  has  ever 
been  known  that  that  of  Chicago,  which  only 
seventy  years  ago  was  a  village  of  a  few  log  houses. 

It  is  only  when  it  is  understood  that  the  present 
industrial  prosperity  of  Chicago  is  but  a  product 


CHICAGO— THE  AMERICAN  TYPE  5935 

of  only  thirty-four  years  that  it  can  be  realized  how 
unique  a  position  she  occupies  in  the  world.  The 
real  Chicago  dates  from  the  great  fire  of  1871.  Out 
of  the  devastation  and  gloom  that  then  smote  its 
progress,  with  undaunted  and  indefatigable  energy 
has  grown  the  metropolis  of  to-day— the  most  per¬ 
fect  expression  of  what  American  life  means,  the 
typical  American  city. 

It  is  to  its  geographical  location  that  Chicago 
must  charge  a  large  part  of  its  progress  from  a 
city  of  about  150,000  to  one  of  2,000,000  in  forty 
years.  It  lies  in  the  heart  of  the  region  which  sup¬ 
plies  the  raw  materials  for  the  world.  Stretching 
to  the  south,  the  west,  and  the  northwest,  are  the 
grainfields  and  farms  from  which  come  the  food 
supplies,  but  for  which  the  nations  of  the  world, 
would  be  brought  almost  to  starvation.  South  and 
north  lie  inexhaustible  deposits  of  iron,  coal, 
copper,  lead,  and  zinc,  the  manufacture  of  which 
minerals  is  even  now  a  great  part  of  the  city’s 
industrial  life.  It  is  said  that  as  Chicago  was  the 
first  place  in  the  country  where  steel  rails  were 
rolled,  so  it  is  to-day  the  largest  producer  of  steel 
rails  in  the  world.  It  is  the  market  of  the  entire 
western  empire. 

Chicago  is  to-day  the  largest  grain  centre  in 
the  world,  the  quantity  of  grain  and  grain  products 
received  and  shipped  in  1904  being  over*  5,000,000 
bushels  in  excess  of  similar  receipts  and  shipments 
at  Minneapolis,  Duluth,  Milwaukee,  and  St.  Louis 
combined.  It  amounted  to  the  enormous  tonnage 
of  372,513,000  bushels.  Live-stock  and  packing 


1871-96 


Chicago’s 
geo¬ 
graph¬ 
ical  ad¬ 
vantage 


5936 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 


The 

packing¬ 

houses 


Other  in¬ 
dustries 


interests  of  the  city,  however,  go  beyond  that 
of  grain.  Although  Chicago  leads  the  world  in 
her  markets  for  grain,  lumber,  and  dry  goods, 
yet  the  value  of  the  live  stock  handled  here  exceeds 
by  several  million  dollars  annually  the  combined 
trade  of  them  all.  This  trade  amounts  to  about 
$300,000,000  annually,  and  in  its  handling  and 
manufacture  300,000  people  are  employed,  while 
upon  the  output  of  its  packing-houses  it  is  said 
two  hundred  million  people  depend  for  their  “  daily 
meat.”  Into  Chicago  every  day  come  one  thousand 
cars  of  live  stock,  with  a  value  of  over  $1,000,000. 
This  is  without  doubt  the  nation’s  greatest  single 
commercial  interest,  and  nowhere  in  the  world 
probably  can  be  found  concentrated  so  large  an 
aggregation  of  labor  and  capital. 

In  the  manufacture  of  iron  and  steel  products, 
Chicago  stands  second  in  the  world,  being  sur¬ 
passed  by  Pittsburg,  while  in  its  distribution  of 
these  products  the  city  stands  first  in  the  world. 
In  lumber,  which  stands  next  in  importance,  the 
trade  exceeds  annually  $150,000,000,  agricultural 
implements  about  $58,000,000,  and  boots  and  shoes 
$25,000,000.  All  in  all,  the  total  wholesale  trade 
of  Chicago  reaches  nearly  $1,800,000,000  a  year, 
while  the  value  of  manufactured  products  equals 
nearly  $1,500,000,000.  To  properly  care  for  this 
great  employment  of  capital  there  must  be  financial 
institutions  commensurate  in  strength.  "Whereas 
ten  years  ago  the  annual  bank  deposits  in  Chicago 
amounted  to  only  about  $200,000,000,  on  the  31st 
of  last  December  they  amounted  to  $593,000,000,  an 


ADVANCE  IN  SCIENCE  AND  TECHNOLOGY  59of 


increase  of  200  per  cent.  Among  the  fifty  or  more 
banks  and  trust  companies  in  Chicago,  the  com¬ 
bined  total  deposits  and  resources  exceed  $1,200,- 
000,000,  and  in  point  of  bank  clearings  it  is  now 
the  second  city  in  the  country. 

Chicago  is  the  greatest  transportation  centre 
in  the  world.  Radiating  from  it  are  twenty-four 
large  systems  with  an  aggregate  mileage  of  nearly 
70,000  and  with  connections  of  over  120,000  miles;, 
and  within  the  city  limits  are  more  miles  of  railroad 
than  in  any  other  city  in  the  world,  the  terminal 
railway  belt  lines  having  an  aggregate  mileage  of 
800.  And  to  this  railway  mileage  must  be  added 
the  superb  water  transportation.  Leaving  out  of 
account  the  dynamic  energy  and  civic  patriotism 
of  its  people,  the  great  industrial  supremacy  of 
Chicago  is  due  to  two  facts— the  geographical 
position  in  its  proximity  to  a  constantly  increas¬ 
ing  supply  of  the  raw  material,  and,  secondly,  to 
its  superb  and  unexcelled  facilities  of  transpor¬ 
tation. 

In  the  departments  of  engineering  and  tech¬ 
nology  as  well  as  of  physical  science  the  last  decade 
has  seen  important  changes.  Many  problems  of 
engineering  seemingly  impossible  or  far  in  the 
future  have  been  successfully  solved,  and  many 
others  are  far  advanced  toward  solution.  Methods 
old  as  the  hills,  principles  that  have  been  accepted 
since  Archimedes,  have  for  the  first  time  been  put 
into  practical  use  on  vast  enterprises  where  pre¬ 
viously  their  use  lias  been  limited  or  employed  on 
a  small  scale. 


Feeders 

to 

Chicago’s 

prosper¬ 

ity 


Scientific 

advances 


5938 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OE  TO-DAY 


The 

placer 

dredge 


Ship¬ 

building 


Utiliza¬ 
tion  of 
water¬ 
power 


The  placer  dredge  now  used  in  gold  mining, 
similar  in  all  respects  to  the  dredges  used  for 
removing  mud  from  harbors,  scoops  up  gold- 
bearing  gravel  which  is  passed  through  riffles  and 
amalgamators,  whereby  the  gold  is  separated  and 
the  barren  gravel  carried  off  by  a  mechanical  con¬ 
veyor.  It  is  estimated  that  the  gold  output  of 
$1,000,000  daily  will  be  doubled  in  ten  years  by  this 
contrivance.  Vast  areas  of  gravel  too  unprofitable 
to  be  worked  by  hand  labor  have  now  become 
available. 

Shipbuilding  has  been  placed  on  a  more  sound 
scientific  basis  by  the  use  of  testing-tanks  in  which 
paraffine  models  of  various  sorts  are  drawn  along 
by  electrical  means,  and  their  speed  measured  by 
automatic  recording  devices,  whereby  many  ques¬ 
tions  relating  to  the  “powering”  may  be  deter¬ 
mined  before  actual  construction  begins.  In  some 
of  these  tanks,  waves  of  a  definite  and  determinate 
character  are  produced,  the  behavior  of  vessels 
under  actual  conditions  thereby  ascertained  and 
estimates  made  of  the  corresponding  power  re¬ 
quired  for  such  work. 

The  hydraulic  power  acquired  from  utilizing 
Niagara  Falls  is  in  excess  of  all  immediate  require¬ 
ments,  yet  plans  are  perfected  for  deriving  power 
from  the  rapids  whereby  a  head  of  eighty  feet  is 
attainable,  and  it  is  demonstrated  that  a  million 
horse-power  may  be  obtained  from  the  Niagara 
River  without  harming  in  the  least  the  great  cat¬ 
aract  or  imperiling  the  scenic  effect  of  the  water¬ 
fall. 


A  NEW  POWER— ELECTRICITY 


5989 


Certain  tilings  that  have  hardly  ceased  to  echo 
in  our  ears  as  discoveries  are  now  established 
features  of  daily  life;  yet  the  commercial  use  has 
so  changed  the  manufacture  as  to  leave  little  of 
their  original  material.  Much  of  this  change  is  due 
to  the  rapidly  increasing  knowledge  of  hitherto 
unknown  metals  or  the  discovery  of  methods  for 
their  extraction  at  low  cost. 

The  carbon  filament  of  the  incandescent  lamp, 
as  well  as  the  later  platinum  filament,  are  likely  to 
be  obsolete  before  long.  Even  the  carbonized  cel¬ 
lulose  filaments  of  so  recent  date  will  give  place 
to  those  made  from  the  once  extremely  rare  metals 
such  as  vanadium,  osmium,  and  tantalum,  the  early 
difficulty  in  the  use  of  which  was  occasioned  by 
impurities.  The  gain  in  the  life  of  the  lamp  thus 
made  is  from  30  to  50  per  cent.,  and  the  new 
methods  devised  to  obtain  the  metal  in  pure  state 
render  the  cost  of  small  consequence  compared  with 
the  advantage  gained. 

New  methods  have  been  devised  for  the  appli¬ 
cation  of  electricity  to  smelting  iron  and  steel.  The 
expense  is  greater  than  the  usual  non-electrical 
method,  yet  the  necessity  for  the  production  of 
grades  of  high  purity  is  imperative  and  the  method 
by  electricity  finds  application. 

Wireless  or  space  telegraphy  seems  to  be  a 
i 4 story  that  is  told,”  and  the  advance  of  science 
has  been  to  determine  its  limitations,  if,  indeed,  any 
can  be  discovered.  The  system,  yet  in  its  infancy, 
is  great  in  its  possibilities.  In  the  half-dozen 
years  since  its  discovery,  it  has  been  wonderfully 


New 

methods 


New 
applica¬ 
tions  and 
inven¬ 
tions 


Wireless 

teleg¬ 

raphy 


5940 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 


*fhe 

tele¬ 

phone 

patents 


improved.  Experiments  are  now  being  carried 
on  with  it  by  the  United  States  government 
in  the  Weather  Bureau,  and  stations  have  been 
established  at  various  points  along  the  coast.  Pro¬ 
fessor  John  Trowbridge  believes  that  the  earth 
plays  the  controlling  part  in  wireless  telegraphy, 
and  that  the  message  flows  over  the  earth  or  the 
surface  of  the  water  instead  of  through  the  air. 

On  the  14th  day  of  February,  1876,  two  appli¬ 
cations  were  received  at  the  United  States  Patent 
Office,  asking  for  a  patent  on  an  instrument  which 
was  described  as  an  invention  for  “  transmitting 
vocal  sounds  telegraphically.”  One  was  made  by 
Alexander  Graham  Bell  of  Salem,  Massachusetts, 
and  the  other  by  Elisha  Gray  of  Chicago,  Illinois. 
Both  covered  the  same  ground  and  involved  the 
same  points.  As  it  was  found  that  BelFs  appli¬ 
cation  was  received  a  few  hours  before  that  of 
Gray,  the  patent  issued  to  him,  and  what  was 
known  as  the  Bell  Telephone  Company  was  at  once 
organized  and  incorporated  in  the  State  of  Massa¬ 
chusetts,  and  the  manufacturing  of  instruments 
Avas  begun.  Gray  felt  that  he  had  not  received 
proper  treatment  at  the  hands  of  the  Commis¬ 
sioner,  and,  unwilling  to  relinquish  what  he  con¬ 
sidered  his  just  rights  to  the  Bell  Company,  secured 
capital  and  began  to  manufacture  and  put  his 
instruments  on  the  market.  Edison,  in  the  mean 
time,  had  set  to  work  and  made  important  improve¬ 
ments  upon  the  methods  of  operating.  The  West¬ 
ern  Union  Telegraph  Company,  seeing  the  vast 
possibilities  of  the  system,  secured  control  of 


THE  TELEPHONE  WAR 


5941 


Gray’s  device  with  Edison’s  improvements,  and 
began  the  business  of  operating  telephone  ex¬ 
changes  in  direct  competition  with  the  Bell  Com¬ 
pany. 

Some  time  later  the  Western  Union  interests 
were  purchased  by  the  Bell  Company,  which  at 
once  instituted  suits  against  all  persons  or  concerns 
manufacturing  or  using  telephones  save  those 
operating  under  its  own  license.  These  suits  were 
contested,  and  finally  arrangements  were  made  for 
a  test  case  before  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States.  Of  the  seven  judges  upon  the  bench,  four 
favored  the  Bell  Company;  three  dissented.  On 
the  trial  a  third  party  not  before  heard  of  made  a 
priority  claim.  Daniel  Drawbaugh,  an  ingenious 
mechanic  in  Eberlys  Mill  in  Pennsylvania,  had  in¬ 
vented  and  used  an  apparatus  for  conveying  sounds 
over  a  wire.  The  invention  was  crude,  and  Draw¬ 
baugh  was  not  sufficiently  skilled  to  explain  in  a 
scientific  way  the  principles  involved  in  his  inven¬ 
tion.  He  was  too  poor  to  apply  for  a  patent,  and, 
indeed,  never  fully  recognized  the  value  of  the 
invention.  At  the  trial  more  than  two  hundred 
witnesses  testified  that  Drawbaugh ’s  telephone  was 
an  accomplished  invention  prior  to  Bell’s.  More 
than  a  hundred  of  these  witnesses  had  talked 
through  it  and  others  had  seen  the  apparatus,  which 
was  produced  in  court,  and  identified  it  as  the 
instrument  with  which  they  had  seen  the  experi¬ 
ment  made.  It  was  shown  in  court  from  the  testi¬ 
mony  of  Bell  himself  that  he  never  transmitted  an 
intelligible  word  through  an  electrical  instrument, 


Draw¬ 
baugh’ s 
claims 
ignored 


5942 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 


Supreme 
Court 
decides 
in  Bell's 
favor 


nor  produced  any  such  instrument  as  would  trans¬ 
mit  an  intelligible  word,  until  after  his  patent  had 
been  issued;  whilst,  for  years  before,  Drawbaugh 
had  talked  through  his  so  that  words  and  sentences 
had  again  and  again  been  distinctly  heard.  It  was 
also  shown  in  the  trial  that  Professor  Amos  E. 
Dolbear,  of  Tuft’s  College,  Somerville,  Massachu¬ 
setts,  had  made  a  like  invention,  the  principles  of 
which  had  been  laid  before  Bell  prior  to  his  appli¬ 
cation  for  a  patent. 

Notwithstanding,  by  the  majority  of  one,  the 
decree  favored  the  claims  of  Bell,  and,  by  virtue 
of  it,  every  competitor  was  driven  from  the  field 
and  the  corporation  held  absolute  and  unrestricted 
monopoly.  Every  opportunity  for  competition  was  . 
effectually  shut  off ;  any  invention  or  improvement 
of  the  telephone  could  be  put  to  no  use  unless  the 
inventor  yielded  to  the  terms  of  the  Bell  Company 
and  disposed  of  it  to  them.  On  March  7,  1893, 
Bell’s  patent  expired.  On  that  very  day  new  tel¬ 
ephone  companies  sprang  up  everywhere.  Com¬ 
panies  for  the  manufacture  of  telephones  and 
switch-boards  were  organized  in  half  a  dozen  of 
the  Western  States.  Before  this  time  telephones 
were  leased  only,  and  sometimes  at  exorbitant  rates. 
Now  a  patron  could  purchase  his  own  telephone 
and  build  his  own  line.  Whole  farming  districts 
were  connected  by  small  private  companies,  and 
the  occupants  of  isolated  farms  could  talk  with 
their  neighbors  and  hold  communication  with  the 
adjacent  villages,  and,  at  the  present  time,  the 
telephone  is  a  necessity  to  the  farmer. 


INDEPENDENT  COMPANIES 


6943 


The  Bell  Company  now  undertook  to  perpetuate 
its  lease  of  power  by  aid  of  the  famous  Berliner 
Transmitter  case.  This  was  an  infringement  suit 
for  the  use  of  a  special  transmitter  which  had  been 
purchased  by  the  Bell  Company  as  long  before  as 
1877.  The  company,  by  means  of  continued  and 
repeated  amendments,  had  delayed  the  issuance 
of  letters  patent  until  a  short  time  before  the 
expiration  of  the  original  Bell  patent.  The  suc¬ 
cess  of  tnis  suit  would  be  to  prolong  the  monopoly 
of  the  telephone  for  another  long  period.  The  new 
companies  at  once  combined  to  resist  the  suit; 
a  meeting  of  the  representatives  of  all  the  inde¬ 
pendent  telephone  companies  and  manufacturers 
was  held  at  Detroit,  June  22,  1897,  and  the  Inde¬ 
pendent  Telephone  Association  of  the  United 
States  was  formed.  A  fund  was  raised  to  fight 
the  Berliner  case  through  the  courts,  and  the 
result  was  a  success.  In  ten  years  the  independent 
companies  have  placed  more  telephones  than  the 
Bell  Company  had  in  twenty-seven  years,  during 
the  first  seventeen  of  which  the  latter  had  absolute 
control  of  the  field. 

The  total  toll-line  connections  in  the  United 
States  to-day  amount  to  more  than  $200,000,000 
yearly.  In  1900,  an  improvement  was  made  in 
long-distance  telephony,  by  which  conversation  can 
be  carried  on  distinctly  over  a  distance  of  over 
3,000  miles. 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  inventions  per¬ 
fected  in  the  present  year  is  what  is  called  the 
telegraphone,  a  device  based  upon  the  principle  of 


Attempts 

at 

further 

control 


Rapid 
spread 
of  the 
tele¬ 
phone 


5944 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 


The 

telegra- 

phone 


Varied 
uses  and 
value  of 
the  in¬ 
vention 


the  localization  of  magnetism.  The  first  crude 
instrument  was  exhibited  ten  years  ago,  but  it  was 
then  only  in  the  experimental  stage  and  found  few 
who  believed  either  in  its  principle  or  its  avail¬ 
ability.  But  the  inventor,  Vladimir  Poulsen,  un¬ 
dauntedly  kept  at  work,  confident  of  his  ability  to 
succeed,  and  the  instrument  has  at  last  advanced 
from  the  theoretical  stage  to  the  point  of  prac¬ 
ticability. 

In  one  form  of  the  machine  a  steel  plate  is  used. 
In  its  manner  of  operation  it  resembles  the  ordi¬ 
nary  gramophone.  The  disk  is  rotated  in  the  same 
way.  The  records  are  not  reproduced  with  the 
loudness  of  the  gramophone ;  still,  they  are  distinct 
and  free  from  the  scratching  and  hissing  occasioned 
by  the  stylus  as  it  passes  over  the  wax  surface. 
The  record  is  easily  erased  by  passing  a  bar  magnet 
over  the  disk.  In  place  of  a  pair  of  magnets,  the 
two  coils  which  characterize  the  earlier  machines, 
a  straight  magnet  is  now  employed.  This  magnet 
is  a  pointed  needle  which .  can  be  lifted  out  and 
renewed,  the  coil  being  imbedded  in  an  insulating 
composition  and  held  in  a  small  ebonite  cylinder. 
By  this  device  not  only  may  speech  over  the  tele¬ 
phone  be  recorded  and  later  reproduced  at  will, 
but  it  also  may  be  used  to  relay  telephone  mes¬ 
sages,  thus  permitting  conversation  to  be  sent  in 
the  sender’s  voice  clear  across  the  continent.  It 
may  be  used  for  recording  dictation,  its  capacity 
for  this  work  being  unlimited.  An  entire  book 
could  be  talked  into  the  receiver  and  talked  back 
in  whole  or  part  as  desired.  It  receives  and  records 


SOLAR  ENGINE  MORE  THAN  AN  EXPERIMENT  5945 


wireless  messages  as  well  as  the  dot  and  dash  sig¬ 
nals  of  the  ordinary  Morse  instrument. 

When  being  used  to  record  telephone  messages, 
the  conversation  at  both  ends  of  the  wire  is  pre¬ 
served.  If  the  person  called  up  is  not  at  hand  when 
his  bell  rings,  the  telegraphone  is  automatically 
switched  in  and  the  message  is  recorded  and  can  be 
reproduced  by  the  absentee  on  his  return.  When 
the  plate  form  of  machine  is  used  for  the  dictation 
of  short  letters,  the  plates  can  be  taken  off  and 
mailed  if  desired,  and  the  recipient  can  put  the 
disk  on  his  own  instrument  and  have  his  corre¬ 
spondent’s  message  “ talked”  to  him.  The  advan¬ 
tage  of  messages  recorded  by  either  form  of  the 
telegraphone  over  those  sent  in-  other  ways  is  the 
absolute  accuracy  secured. 

A  late  American  invention  is  the  solar  motor, 
which  has  been  successfully  tested  in  Arizona.  It 
consists  of  a  circular  mirror  which  so  concentrates 
the  heat  of  the  sun  that  power  is  generated  for 
maehinerv,  and  as  sunshine  is  its  only  fuel,  and  its 
operation  is  automatic,  there  is  practically  no  ex¬ 
pense  attending  its  operation  beyond  the  initial 
cost  of  its  installment.  It  is  claimed  that  this 
motor  can  be  put  to  practical  use  not  only  for  irri¬ 
gation  purposes  and  farm  work,  but  for  operating 
manufacturing  concerns  as  well.  A  report  by 
experts  estimates  that  in  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and 
the  far  Southern  States  the  amount  of  sunshine 
during  the  year  is  sufficient  to  keep  a  solar  motor 
plant  in  operation  twelve  hours  a  day  in  summer 
and  six  hours  a  day  in  winter. 


Accuracy 
of  the  in¬ 
strument 


Condi¬ 
tions 
neces¬ 
sary  for 
success¬ 
ful  use 


5946 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 


Miracles 
of  mod¬ 
ern  sur¬ 
gery 


The  oil 
industry 


In  no  department  of  science  has  there  been 
greater  progress  than  in  that  of  surgery,  partic¬ 
ularly  as  regards  diseases  of  the  abdominal  organs. 
Besides  these  operations,  the  nervous  system  has 
been  brought  within  the  reach  of  surgical  art.  The 
vertebrae  have  been  trephined,  and  fragments  of 
bone  pressing  upon  the  spinal  cord  removed. 
Intractible  neuralgia  has  been  cured  by  division, 
or  the  removal  of  the  affected  nerve-trunks,  and 
ends  of  cut  nerves  have  been  reunited  sometimes 
with  the  help  of  portions  of  nerve  taken  from 
animals.  Deformities  are  now  corrected  by  divi¬ 
sion  of  tendons  and  the  excision  of  pieces  of  bone, 
and  the  healing  of  large  wounds  is  assisted  by  the 
grafting  of  healthy  skin  on  the  raw  surface,  while 
gaps  in  bones  and  tendons  are  filled  up  with  por¬ 
tions  of  similar  structure  obtained  from  animals. 

Perhaps  the  most  important  discovery  of  the 
last  half  century  was  that  of  the  petroleum  oil  fields 
in  Pennsylvania.  In  1862,  the  first  flowing  well 
was  struck,  near  Titusville.  Intense  excitement 
followed  this  discovery,  and  capitalists,  specu¬ 
lators,  and  adventurers  flocked  in  crowds  to  what 
was  then  locally  known  as  the  oil  regions.  So- 
called  cities  sprang  up  as  if  by  magic,  some  of 
them  increasing  in  a  month’s  time  from  a  hundred 
inhabitants  to  ten  or  fifteen  thousand,  most  of  them 
cities  of  a  dav,  built  of  slender  materials  and 
deserted  when  the  supply  of  oil  began  to  fail. 

The  heart  of  the  producing  region  was  along  the 
Oil  and  French  Creeks  and  the  Alleghany  Piver. 
Over  a  dozen  counties  covered  the  hidden  treasure. 


SCENES  IN  THE  OIL  REGION  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


OIL  WELLS  AND  PIPE  LINES 


5947 


There  are  to-day  nearly  forty  thousand  producing 
wells  in  the  State.  At  first  the  transportation  of 
oil  was  in  barrels  which  were  hauled  on  trucks  or 
carried  on  barges  to  Oil  City.  At  that  place  the 
barrels  were  transferred  to  larger  boats  and 
shipped  to  Pittsburg,  the  great  distributing  center. 
In  1866,  the  Alleghany  Valley  Railroad  was  opened 
and  cars  built  especially  for  transporting  oil. 
Later  the  pipe  line  system  displaced  the  car  and 
boat.  This  method  was  first  used  at  Pithole  for 
a  distance  of  four  miles  over  an  ascent  of  500  feet. 
The  owners  and  drivers  of  oil  wagons  threatened 
vengeance  upon  the  projectors  of  the  new  system, 
and  it  had  to  be  guarded  day  and  night  by  an  armed 
patrol.  To-day  the  oil  region  is  a  network  of  pipes, 
while  half  a  dozen  other  States  are  competing  in 
the  production  with  Pennsylvania.  A  great  trunk 
line  supplies  the  needs  of  New  York,  Philadelphia, 
Baltimore,  Cleveland,  Buffalo,  Pittsburg,  and  Chi¬ 
cago.  The  total  length  of  pipe  line  transporting 
Pennsvlvania  crude  oil  is  about  25,000  miles.  The 
trunk  line  to  Philadelphia  starts  at  Colgrove, 
Keene  County,  its  six-inch  pipe  extending  over 
235  miles.  There  is  hardly  a  manufacture  to-day 
in  which  petroleum  in  some  form,  direct  or  in¬ 
direct,  is  not  used.  The  number  and  variety  of  its 
products  is  almost  limitless.  In  the  year  1905  the 
total  production  was  over  five  billions  of  gallons. 

While  the  public  has  been  kept  tolerably  well 
informed  through  official  reports  and  the  news¬ 
papers  as  to  railway  progress  in  the  United  States, 
very  little  has  been  said  as  to  the  development  of 


Pipes 
displace 
other 
methods 
of  trans¬ 
portation 


Early 
interest 
in  canals 


Now 

revived 


5948  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 

the  waterways  of  the  country.  In  1775,  just  a 
hundred  and  thirty  years  ago,  George  Washington, 
wTho  believed  in  the  possibility  of  an  inland  water¬ 
way  connecting  the  Atlantic  Ocean  with  the  Ohio 
River  and  the  Great  Lakes,  made  a  survey  for  a 
canal  along  the  banks  of  the  Potomac  and  across 
the  Alleghanies.  The  State  of  Virginia  subscribed 
the  money  which  was  estimated  would  be  necessary 
to  build  it.  The  plan  was  never  carried  out  owing 
to  the  war,  but  in  1784  Washington  secured  the 
charter  for  and  became  the  first  president  of 
the  Potomac  Canal  Company.  Twenty-five  years 
later,  President  Madison  urged  the  building  of  a 
ship  canal  from  the  Mississippi  to  Lake  Michigan. 
This  was  regarded  as  a  naval  and  not  a  commercial 
necessity.  Later,  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal 
was  extended  to  Pittsburg,  and  plans  were  drawn 
for  still  further  extension  to  Ashtabula  on  Lake 
Erie.  That  vras  seventy  years  ago;  the  estimated 
cost  at  that  day  wTas  considered  enormous,  and 
Congress  refused  to  carry  out  the  plan. 

Within  the  past  twenty  years,  the  great  cities 
have  been  awaking  to  the  importance  of  new  water¬ 
ways  for  their  commercial  developments.  At  the 
present  time  there  is  a  score  of  memorials  before 
Congress  appealing  for  as  many  ship-canal  con- 
nections.  Philadelphia  sets  forth  the  necessity  of 
a  twenty-seven-foot  channel  across  the  State  of 
New  Jersey,  connecting  that  city  with  New  York 
Harbor;  Baltimore  asks  for  a  canal  of  the  same 
capacity  across  the  State  of  Delaware;  Pittsburg 
is  making  a  magnificent  effort  to  raise  the  money 


SHIR  CANALS  PROPOSED 


5949 


to  build  the  ship  canal  from  the  Alleghany  River 
to  Lake  Erie;  Cincinnati  asks  for  a  deep-water 
channel  to  Toledo,  and  surveys  have  already  been 
made;  Chicago  is  insistent  for  the  completion  of 
a  twenty-two-foot  channel  to  connect  the  Chicago 
River  with  the  Mississippi;  "Wisconsin  has  sur¬ 
veyed  a  canal  which  will  connect  Lake  Michigan 
with  the  same  river,  while  a  ship  canal  of  large 
capacity  has  been  laid  out  between  Minneapolis 
and  Duluth. 

In  1900,  the  State  of  New  York  sent  represent¬ 
atives  to  Europe  for  the  purpose  of  studying  the 
canal  systems  of  the  Old  World.  At  the  present 
dav  the  United  States  has  but  18,566  miles  of  nav- 
igable  rivers  and  canals.  With  an  expenditure 
equal  in  amount  to  that  of  appropriations  for  pen¬ 
sions  by  a  single  Congress,  an  inland  coast  water¬ 
way  could  be  made  navigable  for  large  steamers  all 
the  distance  from  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  to 
Galveston,  Texas.  A  natural  waterway  for  almost 
the  entire  distance  already  exists;  but  compar¬ 
atively  little  work  would  be  necessary  to  perfect 
the  route.  Federal  government  engineers  have 
estimated  that  the  sum  of  $200,000,000  would  com¬ 
plete  a  fifteen-foot  channel  between  New  York  City 
and  Duluth,  via  the  enlarged  Erie  Canal;  would 
build  the  proposed  ship  canals  from  Pittsburg  to 
Ashtabula,  Cincinnati  to  Toledo,  Chicago  to  the 
Mississippi,  and  the  Duluth-Minneapolis  Canal 
from  the  head  of  Lake  Superior  to  the  navigable 
channel  of  the  Mississippi,  with  possibly  enough 
left  over  to  continue  the  inland  waterway  to  the 


Great 
Lakes 
and  Mis¬ 
sissippi 


An  in¬ 
land 
water¬ 
way 

along  the 
coast 


6950 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 


From 
the 
Great 
Lakes 
to  the 
Atlantic 


navigable  head  of  the  Red  River  of  the  North, 
opening  up  a  steamboat  traffic  with  vast  sections 
of  the  Northwest,  and  connecting  Lake  Winnipeg 
with  the  Hudson  Bay  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  with 
the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

The  Government  of  the  Dominion  has  appro¬ 
priated  an  additional  $3,000,000  to  build  the  Mon¬ 
treal,  Ottawa,  and  Georgian  Bay  Canal,  which, 
when  completed,  will  bring  Chicago  five  hundred 
miles  nearer  to  Montreal,  and  give  the  ships  of  that 
city  a  direct  air  line  route  to  Liverpool,  one  thou¬ 
sand  miles  shorter  than  by  the  way  of  New  York. 
The  completion  of  this  project  threatens  American 
commercial  interests,  and  the  danger  can  only  be 
averted  by  a  waterway  of  our  own.  Six  years  ago 
the  government  at  Washington  appointed  a  com¬ 
mission  to  ascertain  the  most  feasible  route  for  an 
American  ship  canal  from  the  Great  Lakes  to  the 
Atlantic.  Three  different  routes  were  reported, 
the  one  presenting  the  most  advantages  being  the 
Niagara  Falls  Canal  and  Oswego  route.  The  sec¬ 
ond  favored  was  the  enlargement  of  the  Erie  Canal, 
the  estimated  cost  of  which  would  be  $125,000,000 
or  more.  The  Erie  Canal,  though  hampered  by 
certain  State  laws,  has  made  New  York  the  richest 
State  in  the  Union.  All  its  greatest  cities  have 
sprung  up  along  the  line,  and  90  per  cent,  of  the 
taxes  in  the  State  are  paid  by  the  regions  through 
which  it  and  its  branch  canals  penetrate. 

The  building  of  the  Soo  Canal,  connecting 
Lakes  Superior  and  Huron,  quadrupled  the  traffic 
of  the  Great  Lakes  within  ten  years,  and  built  half 


SHIP  CANAL,  DULUTH 


CANALS  FOSTER  RAILWAYS 


6951 


a  dozen  railroads  in  every  direction  to  gather  traffic 
made  lucrative  by  the  improved  waterway.  Pitts¬ 
burg  has  just  begun  the  construction  of  a  waterway 
sixteen  feet  in  depth,  from  a  junction  of  the  Alle¬ 
ghany  and  Monongahela  Rivers  to  Lake  Erie  at 
Ashtabula,  the  line  suggested  more  than  eighty 
years  ago.  Chicago  has  already  constructed,  pri¬ 
marily  for  sanitary  and  drainage  purposes,  forty 
miles  of  the  greatest  ship  canal  in  the  world;  its 
channel  is  twenty-two  feet  deep,  with  correspond¬ 
ing  width,  and  $33,000,000  has  already  been  spent 
in  its  construction. 

The  completion  of  a  canal  between  Minneapolis 
and  Duluth  would  bring  lake  traffic  within  a  hun¬ 
dred  miles  of  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  and  a 
canal  crossing  the  Red  River  would  connect  the 
upper  Mississippi  and  the  Missouri.  The  effect  of 
canal  routes  has  been  to  lower  the  tariff  on  rail¬ 
roads.  It  is  estimated  that  the  Erie  Canal  has 
saved  to  shippers  within  the  past  thirty  years  more 
than  $200,000,000  on  grain  freight  from  the  West. 
All  along  these  Western  canal  routes  new  and 
flourishing  towns  have  sprung  up,  new  grain 
countries  have  been  developed. 

Our  wealthiest  railroad  systems  lie  between 
the  Atlantic  and  the  Great  Lakes.  They  parallel 
every  navigable  stream  from  Maine  to  Illinois. 
Waterways  tend  to  build  up  towns  and  cities,  the 
railways  profiting  thereby.  Along  every  ship  canal 
great  manufacturing  plants  would  of  necessity 
spring  up,  certain  freights  would  go  back  and 
forth  by  the  water  route,  but  as  the  tributary 


In  the 
North¬ 
west 


Won¬ 
derful 
growth 
in  the 
South 


5952  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 

country  is  developed,  the  railroads  would  reap  by 
far  the  richer  benefits.  Of  freight  shipped  from 
the  Lakes  via  a  ship  canal,  a  very  small  percentage, 
it  is  proved  by  experience,  would  ever  reach  the 
coast;  all  along  the  route  it  would  be  distributed 
to  interior  towns,  reached  only  by  the  freight  train ; 
so  that  the  development  of  a  deep-water  canal 
system  could  not  but  prove  beneficial  to  the  im¬ 
mense  railroad  interests  of  America. 

While  the  railroad  interests  in  the  Mississippi 
Valley  are  actively  opposing  the  improvement  of 
the  river  for  purposes  of  navigation  above  New 
Orleans,  they  are  losing  no  time  in  their  efforts  to 
perfect  their  connections  between  the  great  West¬ 
ern  granaries  and  the  port  at  the  river’s  mouth. 
From  St.  Louis  to  the  Gulf  a  frantic  rivalry  is  on 
between  the  various  lines,  a  rivalry  for  the  easiest 
grades,  the  best  crossings,  the  best  port  facilities, 
and  the  quickest  construction.  From  St.  Louis  to 
the  Gulf,  during  the  past  year,  thousands  of  men 
have  been  at  work  hewing  out  forests,  cutting  ties, 
clearing  and  grading  right  of  way,  blasting  out 
ballast,  building  huge  slips  and  warehouses,  laying 
tracks,  erecting  depots,  and  running  trains  over 
regions  that  but  a  short  time  ago  were  hopeless 
morass  or  gloomy  woodland.  All  this  means  that 
all  these  roads  are  striving  to  reach  New  Orleans 
by  the  natural  grade  of  the  Western  rivers,  and  so 
to  bring  Western  freight  to  the  seaboard  and  to 
export  more  cheaply  than  any  Eastern  line;  it 
means  that  new  channels  of  import  and  export  are 
to  be  opened.  How  well  they  are  succeeding,  the 


THE  PORT  OF  NEW  ORLEANS 


5953 


marvelous  growth  of  the  grain  export  trade  of 
New  Orleans  clearly  shows. 

In  addition  to  the  already  existing  lines,  more 
than  eight  hundred  miles  of  railway  are  to-day 
being  projected  and  surveyed  in  Louisiana  with 
New  Orleans  as  its  port— most  of  it  on  equally 
favorable  gradients.  One  after  another  new  lines 
are  being  worked  out,  all  radiating  from  New  Or¬ 
leans  like  spokes  from  a  hub,  or  like  gossamer  lines 
from  the  centre  of  a  web.  Their  connections  with 
the  sea— the  magnificent  public  docks  of  the  city 
water-front,  the  Stuyvesant  docks,  rebuilt  within 
the  past  year,  and  the  enormous  construction  now 
under  way  at  Chalmette  (the  largest  contract  now 
under  way  in  the  world)— the  deep  channel  levee 
at  Southwest  Pass,  and  the  many  allied  projects, 
are  making  New  Orleans  and  the  lower  Mississippi 
Valley  lively  beyond  conception. 

There  is  little  doubt  in  the  minds  of  those  who 
have  followed  the  trend  of  affairs,  that  a  new  port 
is  about  to  come  into  existence  far  below  New 
Orleans,  at  the  very  mouth  of  the  river.  A  railway 
is  being  pushed  with  all  haste  from  key  to  key 
along  the  southern  tip  of  Florida,  on  concrete  and 
pile  trestles  over  the  water  between  the  islets, 
toward  Key  West,  where  will  be  an  ample  harbor 
more  than  two  hundred  miles  nearer  Panama  than 
is  New  Orleans.  When  the  South  American  west 
coast  trade  is  more  thoroughly  opened,  buyers  from 
'there  will  seek  naturally  the  nearest  American  port, 
and  through  Key  West  they  will  trend  toward  New 
York,  from  which  city  will  go  their  purchases.  By 


New 
Orleans 
as  a 
centre 


Florida 

ports 


Im¬ 
prove¬ 
ment 
of  the 
mouths 
of  the 
river 


5954  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 

running  to  Southwest  Pass,  however,  the  Frisco 
Railroad  will  cut  off  more  than  one  hundred  miles 
of  this  advantage.  By  running  to  Key  West  and 
then  north  by  fast  train,  a  buyer  from  Panama 
could  reach  New  York  as  quickly  as  New  Orleans. 
By  the  Southwest  Pass  plan  he  would  reach  New 
Orleans  several  hours  sooner.  This  is  an  advantage 
in  which  the  whole  Mississippi  V alley  is  interested. 
Of  course,  whatever  port  is  developed  in  that 
region  will  probably  be  confined  chiefly  to  the  bare 
facilities  for  trans-shipping,  for  the  land  is  lower 
and  more  marshy  than  that  about  New  Orleans, 
and  is  subject  to  devastation  by  hurricanes. 

All  this  development  depends  in  large  measure 
on  the  opening  to  navigation  of  Southwest  Pass, 
the  chief  outlet  of  the  Mississippi.  The  jetties  to 
bring  about  that  result  are  now  about  58  per  cent, 
done,  far  enough  along  so  that  the  stream  has 
already  begun  the  scouring  of  its  channel  between 
them.  When  Major  James  B.  Eads  designed  these 
jetties,  and  urged  the  Federal  government  to 
undertake  to  build  them,  though  he  had  won  an 
enviable  reputation  as  an  engineer  by  his  caisson 
bridge  work  and  by  other  enterprises,  he  could  not 
convince  Congress  of  the  sanity  of  his  plan  for 
making  the  Mississippi  scour  its  own  mouth.  It 
was  declared  that  the  higher  he  raised  the  banks, 
the  higher  the  river  would  raise  its  bed.  The  best 
he  could  do  was  to  obtain  an  agreement  that  he 
should  finance  the  work,  and  build  the  jetties  him¬ 
self  and  maintain  them  for  twenty  years.  The 
government  would  pay  so  much  a  year  for  the 


NEW  CHANNEL  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI 


5955 


maintenance,  and  if  for  twenty  years  he  kept  a 
channel  of  contract  width  and  thirty  feet  depth, 
at  the  end  of  that  time  the  government  would  take 
the  jetties  off  his  hands  and  pay  the  contract  price. 
Thirty  feet  depth,  however,  is  not  enough  for 
modern  commerce,  and  the  new  jetties  at  South¬ 
west  Pass  are  to  develop  a  channel  one  thousand 
feet  wide  and  thirty-five  feet  deep. 

Down  Southwest  Pass  alone  there  come  each 
year  enough  silt  and  sand  to  form  a  block  of  earth 
a  mile  square  and  150  feet  deep.  Inch  by  inch  as 
it  is  poured  over  the  edge  of  the  bar  into  the  Gulf, 
it  extends  the  bar,  and  eventually  the  land.  The 
strip  of  marsh  along  the  protected  northwesterly 
side  of  Southwest  Pass  extends  a  mile  or  more 
farther  seaward  than  that  on  the  exposed,  south¬ 
easterly  side.  The  west  strip  is  narrow.  That  on 
the  east  is  wider— clear  to  the  tip.  This  extra 
width  has  been  taken  advantage  of  in  the  jetty 
plan.  There  is  being  constructed  from  the  south¬ 
easterly  tip  of  this  land,  the  tip  farthest  from  the 
river,  a  jetty  23,000  feet  long,  extending  in  such 
a  direction  westerly  that  at  its  end  it  will  be  3000 
feet  in  a  line  across  the  stream  from  the  extremity 
of  the  west  jetty,  which  is  carried  7000  feet  in  a 
straight  line  out  from  the  end  of  the  westerly  strip. 
The  two  thus  form  something  of  a  funnel,  grad¬ 
ually  narrowing  and  concentrating  the  waters  of 
the  river  until  at  the  outlet  they  flow  swiftly  and 
scour  deep. 

Nor  has  the  march  of  progress  been  confined 
solely  to  the  natural  sciences,  or  along  the  lines  of 


South¬ 

west 

Pass 


5956 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 


industrial  and  commercial  development.  It  has 
pushed  its  way  along  every  branch  of  science,  and 
nature  itself  has  been  improved  upon.  All  sorts 
of  fruits  and  plants,  even  of  the  coarsest  and  most 
common  varieties,  have  been,  by  careful  breeding, 
grafting,  and  fertilization,  metamorphosed  into 
superior  forms,  or  new  species  evolved.  Thirty 
years  ago,  Luther  Burbank,  a  scientific  Massachu¬ 
setts  farmer,  emigrated  to  California,  to  find  a 
climate  and  soil  suitable  for  rapid  growth  where 
repeated  generations  could  be  attained.  He  did 
this  in  order  to  improve  stocks  and  to  obtain  new 
varieties  which  would  be  useful  to  man.  In  his 

Advance 

in  work  he  has  utilized  all  the  methods  of  the  scientific 

cultural  gardener—  the  improvement  of  environment,  and 
the  consequent  better  nutrition,  grafting,  and 
hybridization.  Through  these  methods  he  has  pro¬ 
duced  seedless  apples,  white  blackberries  of  deli¬ 
cious  flavor,  and  several  new  fruits,  amongst  them 
the  plumcot,  a  mixture  of  the  plum  and  apricot; 
the  “ paradox,”  a  crossing  of  the  blackberry  and 
raspberry,  and  a  blending  of  the  tomato  and  jiotato 
which  he  calls  the  pomato.  In  the  production  of 
one  of  these,  the  “ paradox,’’  40,000  hybrids  were 
produced  and  grown  until  the  fruit  matured.  Then 
from  the  whole  lot  the  best  single  variety  was 
chosen,  while  the  other  plants  with  their  crop  of 
ripened  berries  were  torn  up  and  made  into  a  bon¬ 
fire.  Nothing  was  left  of  the  40,000  save  one  parent 
plant.  Mr.  Burbank’s  one  idea  has  been  to  produce 
better  fruits  and  plants,  and  no  form,  however 
interesting  from  a  scientific  point  of  view,  has  been 


GROWTH  OF  HIGHER  EDUCATION 


5957 


recognized  save  for  possibilities  in  that  direction. 
His  experiments  in  the  culture  of  flowers  have 
had  as  remarkable  results,  some  of  the  commonest 
forms  of  blossoming  plants  having  been,  by  cross¬ 
ing,  transformed  to  varieties  of  exquisite  beauty. 

A  significant  feature  in  the  development  of  the 
country  during  the  decade  from  1895  to  1905  has 
been  the  enormous  growth  of  the  higher  educa¬ 
tional  institutions.  In  no  like  period  have  the 
colleges  and  universities  of  all  parts  of  the  country 
shown  such  figures,  gained  so  heavily  in  attend¬ 
ance  and  efficiency,  or  demonstrated  so  clearly 
by  the  shifting  popularity  of  studies,  the  striking 
changes  which  are  taking  place  in  the  intellectual 
and  industrial  world  of  America.  The  latest  sta¬ 
tistics  (1905)  show  that  there  are  in  the  United 
States  over  560,000  high  schools  and  academies, 
177,000  private  academies,  36,300  State  universities 
and  colleges,  and  over  79,000  private  universities 
and  colleges,  10,500  public  professional  schools, 
51,000  private  professional  schools,  43,400  State 
normal  schools,  20,000  training-schools  for  teach¬ 
ers,  and  over  203,000  city  evening  schools.  These 
figures  do  not  include  the  many  thousand  institu¬ 
tions  below  the  grade  of  the  high  school,  and  321,000 
special  schools,  professional  and  technical.  The 
professional  schools  alone  comprise  150  theological 
seminaries  and  144  medical  colleges. 

Those  who  maintain  that  the  higher  education 
of  the  people  as  represented  in  the  institutions  of 
this  country  is  the  strongest  bulwark  against  the 
dangers  of  socialism  and  corruption,  will  find  in 


Univer¬ 
sities, 
colleges, 
and  pro¬ 
fessional 
schools 


Attend* 
ance  in* 
creases 
greatly 


5958  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 

these  figures  assurance  of  the  growing  strength  of 
those  forces  which  insure  permanent  political 
safety  and  progress.  It  is  a  fact  worthy  of  con¬ 
sideration  that  the  great  universities  of  the  country 
are  growing  faster  than  the  population.  A  study 
of  the  statistics  of  thirty  of  the  most  important 
universities  of  the  country,  including  the  historical 
institutions  of  the  East,  the  great  State  universities 
of  the  West,  and  a  number  of  the  dominant  uni¬ 
versities  of  the  South,  develop  some  noteworthy 
facts.  From  1890  to  1900  the  number  of  inhab¬ 
itants  in  the  United  States  increased  less  than  22 
per  cent.  The  attendance  at  630  institutions  in¬ 
creased  65  per  cent.,  or  almost  three  times  as  much. 
This  indicates  that  a  recognition  of  the  desirability 
of  a  college  training  has  an  effect  on  classes  of  the 
population  who  never  realized  it  before.  It  is  very 
likely  true  that  the  unexampled  prosperity  of 
the  country  has  materially  stimulated  attendance. 
Although  in  1905  Harvard  still  holds  first  place, 
its  gain  since  1895  has  been  only  28  per  cent.  In 
the  same  time  Yale  has  gained  32  per  cent. ;  Cornell, 
91  per  cent. ;  University  of  New  York,  134  per 
cent. ;  Pennsylvania,  18  per  cent. ;  Princeton,  24 
per  cent,,  and  Columbia,  108  per  cent.  Of  the 
Eastern  universities,  Columbia,  Cornell,  and  New 
York  have  shown  a  remarkable  growth,  but  no 
institution,  East  or  West,  has  shown  an  increase 
anywhere  comparable  with  that  of  the  University 
of  Illinois,  which,  in  ten  years,  has  made  a  gain  of 
461  per  cent,  in  attendance.  Next  in  point  of  gain 
is  the  University  of  Colorado,  which  increased  in 


THE  WASHINGTON  AND  LEE  UNIVERSITY. 


PRINCETON  UNIVERSITY. 
(Blair  Hall.) 


WOMEN  AND  THE  UNIVERSITIES 


5959 


ten  years  221  per  cent.  Figures  from  these  insti¬ 
tutions  show  a  decided  increase  in  the  number  of 
students  who  devote  themselves  to  practical  pro¬ 
fessions.  At  Harvard  there  has  been  a  gain  in  the 
engineering  course  of  97  per  cent.,  and  the  same 
trend  in  studies  is  apparent  in  the  reports  of  every 
one  of  the  thirty  universities. 

In  those  institutions  where  coeducation  is  rec¬ 
ognized,  twenty  in  number,  statistics  show  that 
where  there  were  4820  women  students  in  1895, 
there  were  9976  in  1905,  the  percentage  of  gain 
in  their  attendance  being  40  per  cent,  higher  than 
that  of  the  entire  body  of  students.  A  more  rapid  Percent 
increase  of  women  than  men  in  colleges  has  been  age  of 
well-nigh  universal.  The  University  of  Cali- 
fornia,  which  enrolled  less  than  27  per  cent,  of  com- 
women  in  1895,  in  1905  enrolled  40  per  cent.  Stan- 
ford  University  has  already  been  obliged  to  re-  males 
strict  the  number  of  women  students  to  prevent 
the  institution  being  perverted  from  the  intentions 
of  the  founders.  Of  the  students  in  the  University 
of  Nebraska,  more  than  44  per  cent,  are  women. 

At  Radcliffe  the  number  of  students  has  risen  60 
per  cent,  in  the  last  ten  years,  or  double  the  gain 
of  the  college  proper. 

The  institutions  in  the  South  devoted  to  the 
education  of  the  negro  make  a  remarkable  showing. 

A  large  proportion  of  the  colored  population  show 
a  strong  desire  for  the  acquirement  of  knowledge, 
and  a  willingness  to  undergo  unusual  privations 
for  school  privileges.  The  best  known  and  far  the 
most  important  of  these  institutions  is  Tuskegee 


Tns- 

kegee 

and 

similar 

schools 


6960  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 

Institute,  founded  twenty-five  years  ago  by  Booker 
T.  Washington,  a  former  slave  and  the  child 
of  slaves.  In  1880,  Mr.  Washington  secured  the 
use  of  a  dilapidated  building  which  had  been 
used  as  a  church,  and  opened  a  school  with  thirty 
pupils.  To-day  the  Institute  has  eighty-three 
buildings  and  two  thousand  acres  of  land,  with 
personal  property  amounting  to  $832,000.  The 
number  of  students  at  the  close  of  1905  was  1504, 
who  were  pursuing  thirty-seven  different  indus¬ 
tries.  It  has  an  endowment  fund  of  $1,276,000,  and 
an  income,  exclusive  of  special  contributions,  of 
about  $213,000,  nearly  one-half  of  it  coming  from 
industrial  products  made  in  the  school  itself.  It 
has  graduated  six  thousand  negro  students,  not  one 
of  whom,  it  is  claimed,  has  ever  been  convicted  of 
a  crime,  and  less  than  10  per  cent,  of  whom  have 
proved  failures  at  their  chosen  vocations.  It  is  a 
significant  fact  that  this  institution  has  from  its 
beginning  been  wholly  under  negro  control.  Its 
teachers  have  been  negroes,  its  administrative 
board  has  been  composed  of  negroes ;  its  president 
and  moving  spirit  is  a  negro.  There  are  many 
smaller  institutions,  patterned  on  Tuskegee,  scat¬ 
tered  through  the  South,  most  of  them  of  recent 
date.  Hampton  Institute  has  done  and  is  doing 
an  important  work  in  elevating  the  standard  of 
education  and  intelligence  among  the  colored  race 
of  the  South. 

Industrially  and  commercially  the  year  1905 
was  never  before  equaled  in  the  matter  of  general 
and  healthy  prosperity.  It  was  a  period  of  almost 


INDUSTRIAL  PROSPERITY 


5961 


boundless  activity  in  trade,  industry,  and  specu¬ 
lation;  of  rich  rewards  to  agriculture,  though  not 
of  uniformly  record  yields;  of  abundance  of  em¬ 
ployment  for  labor  and  of  very  few  serious  strikes ; 
of  building  and  constructive  activity  in  all  lines; 
of  enormously  enlarged  bank  clearings  totals,  and 
of  strikingly  small  failure  damage,  considering 
the  immense  business  done  and  the  unprecedented 
number  engaged  therein.  It  was,  on  the  whole,  a 
year  of  heavily  increased  public  purchasing  power, 
as  was  shown  by  the  fact  that  commodity  prices 
were  maintained  at  continuous  and  uniformly  high 
levels. 

Industry  wns  unprecedentedly  active,  while 
labor,  conservatively  managed,  was  busily  em¬ 
ployed.  Pig-iron  production  broke  all  records,  with 
a  total  of  23,000,000  tons,  a  39  per  cent,  gain  over 
1904.  Iron-ore  shipments  aggregated  34,000;000 
tons,  a  gain  of  56  per  cent,  on  1904  and  of  25 
per  cent,  over  the  1902  record.  Cotton  and  woolen 
goods  manufacturing  was  active,  despite  very  high 
prices  of  rawT  material.  Eastern  shoe  shipments, 
even  though  prices  of  hides  and  leather  wrere  very 
high,  aggregated  4,975,000  cases,  a  gain  of  seven  per 
cent,  on  1904,  three  per  cent,  under  the  1903  record. 
Anthracite  coal  shipments  exceeded  the  1904  record 
by  eight  per  cent.,  and  bituminous  coal,  though 
dull  midway  in  the  year,  because  of  oil  and  gas 
competition,  probably  saw  the  largest  output  ever 
recorded,  as  did  furnace  coke.  Copper  production 
broke  all  records,  and  exports  were  close  to  the 
highest. 


1905 


The 
record 
of  the 
year 


5962 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 


Higher 

national 

ideas 


In  every  department  of  the  government,  prog¬ 
ress  was  made  toward  better  things.  Abuses  which 
had  grown  up  in  the  various  branches  during  many 
administrations,  and  had  come  to  be  regarded  as 
a  legitimate  part  of  them,  were  corrected  or  abol¬ 
ished.  A  brief  review  of  the  work  accomplished 
by  the  various  departments  and  commissions  of  the 
government  during  the  year  will  not  be  out  of 
place  as  showing  the  standing  and  conditions  of  the 
country  at  its  present  state  of  development. 

The  work  of  the  State  Department  was  marked 
by  frankness  in  dealing  with  the  other  countries, 
and  while  there  were  the  usual  number  of  irritating 
questions  to  be  settled,  nothing  occurred  to  strain 
the  friendship  of  the  United  States  with  any 
country  on  the  globe.  Secretary  Root  reported 
that  he  had  agreed  with  the  British  government 
upon  its  interpretation  of  the  treaty  of  1818,  in  its 
bearing  upon  American  fishermen  who  ship  men 
from  Newfoundland  upon  their  vessels,  directly 
or  indirectly,  within  or  without  the  three-mile 
limit.  The  Newfoundland  authorities  had  com¬ 
plained,  through  the  British  Foreign  Office,  that 
American  vessels  were  shipping  sailors  in  New¬ 
foundland,  which  is  prohibited  by  the  treaty.  The 
Americans  were  evading  the  law  by  taking  men 
beyond  the  three-mile  limit  and  then  having  them 
sign  papers.  Secretary  Root  took  this  matter 
under  advisement,  and  later  informed  the  British 
government  that  he  considered  that  the  complaint 
was  well  founded,  and  that  the  Americans  were 
practising  evasion,  and  that  their  course  was  a 


AREA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


5963 


violation  of  the  treaty  both  in  letter  and  in  spirit. 
This  view  coincided  with  that  of  the  Privy  Council. 

The  War  Department  in  the  same  time  made 
progress  in  the  study  of  imaginary  campaigns 
against  imaginary  enemies.  Plans  of  campaigns 
against  numerous  imaginary  foreign  foes  were  per¬ 
fected  by  the  general  staff  and  laid  away  in  the 
archives  of  the  department  with  the  hope  that  they 
may  never  become  useful.  The  year  also  brought 
new  ordnance  equipment  for  the  army,  and  better 
methods  for  handling  supplies.  The  Navy  Depart¬ 
ment  launched  several  new  battleships  and  con¬ 
tracted  for  three  new  ones. 

In  1905,  the  land  area  of  the  States  and  Terri¬ 
tories  was  2,939,000  square  miles,  exclusive  of  the 
Indian  Territory,  which  has  31,000  square  miles; 
Alaska,  which  has  531,000  square  miles;  Hawaii, 
which  has  an  area  of  6640  square  miles.  Of  the 
insular  possessions,  Porto  Rico  has  an  area  of  3600 
square  miles;  the  Philippine  and  Sulu  Islands,  an 
area  of  114,000  square  miles ;  the  Island  of  Guam, 
an  area  of  200  square  miles;  and  Futueila  and 
Manna,  in  the  Samoan  group,  with  smaller  islands, 
have  an  area  of  seventy-nine  square  miles,  bring¬ 
ing  the  total  area  under  the  American  flag  up  to 
3,625,519  square  miles.  The  States  and  Territories, 
according  to  the  census  of  1900,  have  a  population 
of  75,602,515,  exclusive  of  392,000  in  the  Indian 
Territory,  63,592  in  Alaska,  154,000  in  Hawaii,  and 
91,219  soldiers  and  travelers  abroad,  increasing 
the  total  to  76,303,387,  which  the  population  of  the 
insular  possessions  not  incorporated  in  the  United 


1905 


Work  ol 
the  War 
Depart¬ 
ment 


The  pos¬ 
sessions 
of  the 
United 
States 


5984 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OE  TO-DAY 


Astound¬ 

ing 

increase 

in 

wealth 


States  increases  further  to  85,271,730.  The  number 
of  cities  in  the  United  States  containing  25,000  or 
•more  inhabitants  in  1900  was  159.  Of  the  total 
population  resident  in  the  States  and  Territories, 
39,590,242  were  males,  and  37,244,145  females.  The 
native-born  population  was  65,843,202 ;  the  foreign- 
born  population,  10,460,085.  The  African  race 
numbered  8,840,789.  There  were  119,000  Chinese, 
86,000  Japanese,  and  266,760  Indians. 

According  to  the  report  of  the  Department  of 
Commerce  and  Labor,  the  United  States  is  now 
more  than  twice  as  rich  as  any  other  nation  on  the 
globe.  Half  a  century  ago  the  wealth  of  the 
United  States  was  estimated  at  a  little  more  than 
$7,000,000,000.  At  the  present  time  it  is  placed  at 
$110,000,000,000.  During  this  half  century  the 
population  of  the  country  multiplied  by  less  than 
3J  per  cent.,  while  the  wealth  multiplied  by  a  little 
more  than  13  per  cent.  During  this  period  every 
person’s  share  in  the  total  wealth  was  multiplied 
by  four.  The  census  of  fifty  years  ago  showed  that 
the  United  States,  in  point  of  wealth,  stood  below 
half  a  dozen  nations  of  the  Old  World.  To-day  all 
those  nations  have  been  entirely  outdistanced. 

Although  the  United  States  comprises  only  a 
small  per  cent,  of  the  world’s  population,  it  pro¬ 
duced,  according  to  the  last  census,  22  per  cent,  of 
the  world’s  wheat,  30  per  cent,  of  its  gold,  32  per 
cent,  of  its  coal,  33  per  cent,  of  its  silver,  34  per 
cent,  of  its  cattle,  50  per  cent,  of  its  petroleum,  54 
per  cent,  of  its  copper,  75  per  cent,  of  its  cotton, 
and  84  per  cent,  of  its  corn. 


RESOURCES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


5965 


Though  the  United  States  has  only  a  twentieth 
of  the  world’s  inhabitants,  it  has  a  fifth  of  the 
world’s  stock  of  money  and  a  fourth  of  its  gold  coin 
and  bullion.  The  United  States  has  two-thirds— 
$14,000,000,000— of  the  world’s  banking  power— 
capital,  surplus,  deposits,  and  circulation.  Her 
preeminence  in  these  directions  has  been  obtained 
in  the  last  twenty  years.  Between  1890  and  1904 
the  banking  strength  of  the  world  grew  105  per 
cent.,  and  that  of  New  York  City  190  per  cent. 

The  farmers  and  planters  of  the  country  re¬ 
ceived  last  year  more  than  $6,000,000,000  for  their 
products.  This  equals  the  entire  wealth  of  the 
country  in  1845.  The  product  of  the  country’s 
mines  for  1904  amounted  to  $1,500,000,000.  The 
United  States  has  a  third  of  all  the  money 
deposited  in  the  savings-banks  of  the  world.  At 
the  beginning  of  1905  there  were  in  the  United 
States  212,000  miles  of  railroads,  as  compared  with 
300,000  miles  for  the  entire  world  outside.  The 
railroads  earned  $2,000,000,000  in  1904,  and  have  in 
their  employ  1,300,000  persons. 

One  of  the  most  powerful  causes  for  the  extra¬ 
ordinary  national  growth  and  increase  in  popu¬ 
lation  in  the  United  States  has  been  the  immense 
area  of  the  public  lands.  It  was  the  policy  of  the 
government  at  first  to  sell  these  lands  in  order  to 
increase  the  public  revenue,  but  later  it  was  deter¬ 
mined  to  use  them  for  the  purpose  of  developing 
the  wealth  and  increasing  the  population  of  the 
country.  As  long  ago  as  1841,  Congress  established 
what  is  called  the  preemption  system,  and  began 


Banks 

and 

banking 


Com¬ 

parative 

figures 


Public 

lands 


The  work¬ 
ings  of 
the 
Home¬ 
stead  bill 


5966  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 

to  sell  sections  of  the  public  lands  for  agricultural 
purposes  at  $1.25  an  acre,  this  sale  being  condi¬ 
tional  upon  the  purchaser’s  occupation  and  culti¬ 
vation  of  the  land.  There  was  a  feeling,  however, 
among  would-be  settlers,  that  the  public  lands 
belonged  to  the  people  and  that  they  had  the  same 
rights  to  occupation  as  had  the  earlier  pioneers. 
The  matter  was  brought  before  Congress,  which,  in 
1862,  passed  the  Homestead  bill.  This  bill  gives 
settlers  the  opportunity  to  secure  farms  of  160 
acres  free  of  payment,  except  a  small  fee  for  legal 
expenses,  on  condition  of  actual  settlement. 
The  practical  working  of  this  act  has  been  to 
largely  increase  the  westward  movement  from  the 
Atlantic  and  Middle  States  toward  the  Pacific.  A 
large  part  of  the  fertile  land  of  the  Western  States 
and  Territories  has  already  been  taken  up  by  bona- 
fide  settlers.  There  is  an  immense  region,  however, 
which  cannot  be  occupied  until  it  is  improved  by 
irrigation.  This  arid  and  semi-arid  section  of  the 
country  includes  nearly  the  whole  of  the  States  of 
Idaho,  Wyoming,  Utah,  Colorado,  Arizona,  and 
Hew  Mexico,  with  portions  of  Washington,  Oregon, 
California,  Montana,  North  Dakota,  South  Dakota, 
Nebraska,  Kansas,  and  Texas,— an  area  altogether 
of  nearly  one  million  square  miles.  The  land  is 
fertile  under  the  influence  of  irrigation,  and  where 
this  system  has  been  put  in  operation  the  crops 
have  not  been  inferior  in  quality  and  quantity  to 
those  of  any  part  of  the  West.  Irrigation  depends 
largely  upon  the  volume  of  water  in  rivers,  and 

the  movement  in  the  direction  of  afforesting  the 

> 


LAND  MONOPOLY  AND  FRAUD 


5967 


land  is  most  important  because  forests  hold  water 
in  the  ground  and  let  it  drain  off  gradually. 

In  the  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior, 
the  matter  of  the  administration  of  the  public  land 
laws  was  for  the  first  time  in  many  years  treated 
without  reserve  for  public  considerations.  The 
statement  of  the  Secretary  concerning  his  year’s 
work  in  investigating  and  prosecuting  the  cases  of 
fraud  and  conspiracy  was  astounding.  The  in¬ 
quiries  conducted  in  nineteen  States  resulted  in 
562  indictments.  Thirty  cases  had  been  tried,  each 
of  which  resulted  in  a  conviction.  And  this  is  but 
the  record  of  a  single  year.  Up  to  this  time  the 
greater  stress  in  the  investigations  had  always 
been  laid  upon  the  relatively  unimportant  matter 
of  the  unlawful  fence,  whereby  areas  of  public 
land  were,  for  the  time  being,  appropriated  to 
private  use ;  but  now  the  inquiry  has  taken  a  wider 
and  a  grimmer  turn.  Much  of  the  labor  of  the  last 
year  has  been  spent  in  unearthing  in  detail  the 
criminal  methods  by  which  the  conspirators  have 
been  acquiring  title  to  the  enclosed  lands.  This  is 
by  far  the  graver  matter,  inasmuch  as  it  defrauds 
the  government  of  all  right  of  control.  Says  Sec¬ 
retary  Babcock: 

‘  ‘  One  of  the  most  conspicuous  facts  that  have  been  devel¬ 
oped  by  the  so-called  land  fraud  investigations  is  that  the 
timber  and  stone  act,  the  desert  land  act  and  the  commutation 
clause  of  the  homestead  law  are  the  convenient  handmaidens 
of  crime;  that  they  have  afforded  the  most  effective  means 
for  the  conspirators  with  whom  we  have  to  deal  to  fraud¬ 
ulently  transfer  the  title  of  the  public  domain  from  the  gov¬ 
ernment  to  themselves,  and  unless  they  arte  repealed  or 


Conspir¬ 
acy  to 
control 
public 
lands 


Acts 

which  en¬ 
courage 
fraud 


5968 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 


materially  modified  or  amended,  substantially  as  heretofore 
recommended  in  my  annual  reports  and  by  the  Public  Lands 
Commission,  they  will  continue  to  constitute  the  most  dan¬ 
gerous  menace  to  the  integrity  of  the  public  domain.  At¬ 
tention  is  also  called  to  the  fact  that  among  those  indicted 
for  various  offenses  against  the  public  land  laws  are  the 
names  of  persons  who  were  employees  of  the  government, 
some  in  high  places.  ” 


Remedy 

in 

people’s 

hands 


The 

Kinkaid 

act 


Following  close  upon  the  heels  of  these  dis¬ 
closures  of  fraud  and  official  corruption  will  come 
the  question  of  effective  remedies  and  preventives, 
if  such  be  possible.  Obviously  the  means  of  cor¬ 
recting  these  abuses  cannot  be  wholly  legislative. 
N o  law  is  any  stronger  than  the  disposition  to  have 
it  enforced. 

The  end  to  be  attained  for  the  present  is  in  brief 
only  this:  The  prevention  of  acquisition  of  the 
public  lands  in  great  bodies  by  a  few  persons,  until 
such  time  as  actual  settlement  and  actual  experi¬ 
mental  development  shall  bring  these  lands  to  their 
fullest  possible  use  for  the  benefit  of  the  greatest 
possible  number  of  people.  Until  years  of  failure 
and  years  of  success  together  have  yielded  accurate 
knowledge,  any  judgment  must  be  at  fault. 

In  1904,  Congress  passed  the  so-called  Kinkaid 
bill,  apparently  a  harmless  and  experimental  piece 
of  legislation,  which  provided  for  the  creation  of 
the  so-called  “grazing  homestead”  of  640  acres  in 
western  Nebraska— a  fourfold  increase  in  the 
acreage  that  might  be  entered  by  the  homesteader. 
This  act  has  covered  more  extensive  frauds  than 
were  ever  perpetrated  in  any  other  State  under 
any  other  law  in  the  same  space  of  time.  It  became 


LANDS  BELONG  TO  THE  WHOLE  NATION  5969 


operative  in  the  summer  of  1904 ;  since  then  it  has 
resulted  in  the  fraudulent  entry  of  no  less  than 
2,000,000  acres  of  land  by  hired  entrymen  acting 
for  the  big  cattlemen. 

No  graver  blunder  was  ever  made  in  land  legis¬ 
lation.  The  idea  was  advanced  under  cover  of  the 
plausible  name  of  a  legislative  “ experiment.” 
Unfortunately,  it  appealed  to  the  President  and 
won  his  support,  and  in  his  message  to  Congress 
he  refers  to  “the  proposed  extension  of  it  to  other 
States.  *  ’  There  are  strong  evidences  that  the  same 
influences  are  at  work  elsewhere,  and  that  bills  are 
already  in  preparation  asking  for  extension  of  like 
legislation  to  other  States  and  the  Territories. 

The  ultimate  use  and  value  of  the  remaining 
public  lands  is  far  too  chaotic  to  permit  of  definite 
legislative  action  at  this  time  looking  to  the  final 
disposition  of  this  domain.  Such  action  must  wait 
upon  a  better  understanding  of  climatic  conditions 
and  upon  the  results  of  scientific  investigations  now 
under  way,  which  will  certainly  evolve  radically 
new  methods  of  farming  for  the  higher  plains. 
Any  right  view  would  argue  that  what  is  left  of  the 
public  domain  ought  to  be  preserved,  so  far  as 
possible,  against  further  depredations,  under  what¬ 
ever  name  they  may  be  urged,  until  such  time  as 
a  scheme  of  disposition  can  be  contrived  which  will 
consist  with  a  right  industrial  development. 

These  public  lands  are  the  people’s  most  inval¬ 
uable  asset.  To  countenance  a  continuance  of  the 
practices  of  the  past,  under  any  conditions  or  upon 
any  pretext,  would  be  calamitous.  The  integrity 


Evils 
lurking 
in  the 
bill 


Lands 
should  be 
occupied 
tempo¬ 
rarily 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 


All 
interests 
should  he 
pro¬ 
tected 


Irri¬ 

gation 

projects 


of  the  remaining  portion  of  the  public  domain 
should  be  kept  from  waste,  whether  threatened 
through  design  or  through  ignorance.  Meanwhile, 
these  lands  are  adapted  to  temporary  use,  and, 
based  upon  such  occupation  and  use,  an  important 
industry  has  developed.  This  must  continue  in 
some  form.  Any  real  menace  to  the  live-stock  in¬ 
terests  of  the  West  would  not  only  seriously  affect 
those  who  were  engaged  in  breeding  and  grazing, 
but  the  whole  nation  as  well.  Immediate  and 
radical  changes  in  methods,  however  objectionable, 
would  be  ill-advised.  The  cattle  owners  should  be 
allowed  to  continue  for  a  time  in  the  use  of  un¬ 
entered  government  lands  as  suggested  by  the 
President  in  his  message,  subject  to  government 
control  and  regulation  of  the  open  range. 

The  great  irrigation  projects  that  have  been 
undertaken  by  the  government  seem  in  many 
respects  to  involve  as  much  engineering  skill  and 
executive  ability  as  the  construction  of  the  Panama 
Canal,  and  will,  perhaps,  produce  greater  results. 
They  are  a  series  of  problems  that  have  to  be 
worked  out  with  reference  to  a  general  plan,  and, 
moreover,  must  be  advanced  in  the  face  of  con¬ 
siderable  friction  .between  States  and  sections  as 
to  locality.  According  to  the  report  of  the  Secre¬ 
tary  of  the  Interior,  a  large  amount  of  work  has 
been  accomplished.  Since  the  start  was  made, 
77  miles  of  main  canal  have  been  constructed,  and 
in  addition  there  have  been  finished  54  miles  of 
distributing  canals,  186  miles  of  ditches  and  147 
bridges. 


AGRICULTURE  AND  IRRIGATION 


5971 


The  general  scheme  is  now  broader  than  it  was 
originally,  and  reaches  farther  down  into  Texas. 
Works  having  for  their  object  the  reclamation  of 
100,000  acres  have  been  put  in  operation  in  Nevada. 
The  contemplated  benefits  will  be  extended  to 
thirteen  States,  as  many  as  there  were  in  the  orig¬ 
inal  Union  and  much  larger  ones. 

Already  there  are  convincing  evidences  that 
home-seeking  settlers  are  ready  to  take  up  these 
reclaimed  lands  on  government  terms  as  soon  as 
they  are  ready  for  them.  The  approval  of  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior  has  been  given  to  the 
plans  that  will,  when  carried  out,  add  to  the  pro¬ 
ductive  domain  1,303,600  acres  of  the  highest  fer¬ 
tility.  The  cost  of  the  work  will  be  large,  running 
up  to  thirty  millions  or  more,  but  that  does  not 
count,  as  eventually  it  will  all  be  returned  to  the 
government. 

In  the  report  of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture 
an  array  of  figures  and  statements  representing  the 
products  and  profits  of  the  farmers  of  the  country 
shows  that  the  wealth  production  on  the  farms 
of  the  United  States  in  1905  reached  the  highest 
amount  ever  attained  in  this  or  any  other  country, 
$6,415,000,000.  According  to  the  statistics  given, 
four  crops  make  new  high  records  as  to  value— 
corn,  hay,  wheat,  and  rice— although  in  amount  of 
production  the  corn  crop  is  the  only  one  that  ex¬ 
ceeds  previous  yields.  In  every  crop  the  general 
level  of  production  is  as  high,  and  that  of  prices 
still  higher.  Besides  the  enormous  yield  of  wealth, 

the  Secretarv  estimated  that  the  farms  of  the 

«/ 


Lands  re¬ 
claimed 


The 

United 

States 

the 

world’s 

granary 


5972 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 


Values 
of  farm 
products 


Income 

from 

poultry 


country  have  increased  in  value  during  the  past 
five  years  to  a  present  aggregate  of  $6,133,000,000. 
Every  sunset  during  the  past  five  years,  he  re¬ 
marks,  has  registered  an  increase  of  $3,400,000  in 
the  value  of  the  farms  of  this  country.  The  corn 
production  in  1905  was  2,708,000,000  bushels,  with 
a  value  of  $1,216,000,000.  Hay  comes  next  in  order 
of  value,  which  is  set  down  as  $605,000,000.  Cotton 
comes  third,  with  a  valuation  of  $575,000,000; 
wheat,  $525,000,000;  oats,  $282,000,000;  potatoes, 
$138,000,000;  tobacco,  $52,000,000;  sugar-cane  and 
sugar  beets,  $50,000,000;  rice,  $13,892,000;  and 
dairy  products,  $655,000,000  an  increase  of  $54,- 
000,000  over  1904.  Nor  can  once  humble  elements 
of  income  be  longer  neglected. 

“The  farmer’s  hen,”  the  Secretary  says,  “is 
becoming  a  worthy  companion  of  the  cow.  The 
annual  production  of  eggs  is  now  a  score  of  billions. 
Poultry  products  have  climbed  to  a  place  of  more 
than  a  half  billion  dollars  in  value,  so  the  farmer ’s 
hen  competes  with  wheat  for  precedence.  ’  ’  During 
the  last  sixteen  years  the  domestic  exports  of  farm 
products  have  amounted  to  twelve  billion  dollars, 
or  one  billion  dolars  more  than  enough  to  buy  all 
the  railroads  of  the  country  at  their  commercial 
valuation.  The  report  concludes:  “Should  there 
be  no  relapse  from  his  position  as  a  wealth  pro¬ 
ducer,  three  years  hence  the  farmer  will  find  that 
the  farming  element— about  35  per  cent,  of  the 
population— has  produced  an  amout  of  wealth 
within  ten  years  equal  to  one-half  of  the  entire 
national  produce  in  three  centuries.” 


WORK  OF  THE  DEPARTMENTS 


5973 


The  scientists  in  the  department  marched 
steadily  on  during  the  year.  They  produced  a 
new  pineapple  and  a  new  citron  fruit;  they  made 
additional  discoveries  in  nitrogen  fixation,  devel¬ 
oped  new  plans  for  fighting  contamination  in 
water,  made  new  and  valuable  discoveries  in  cot¬ 
ton  breeding,  brought  out  new  ideas  on  the  treat¬ 
ment  of  plant  diseases,  made  progress  in  nutrition 
investigation,  conducted  important  investigations 
with  reference  to  food  standards,  and  did  a  great 
many  other  notable  things. 

Two  notable  events  in  the  Department  of  Jus¬ 
tice  were  the  prosecutions  against  the  Beef  Trust 
and  against  railroads  and  shippers  for  rebating. 

The  most  important  work  of  the  Department 
of  Commerce  and  Labor  during  the  year  was  the 
investigation  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company  by  the 
Bureau  of  Corporations.  The  Bureau  of  Manufac¬ 
tures,  another  branch  of  the  Department  of  Com¬ 
merce  and  Labor,  was  organized  during  the  year. 
Special  agents  have  been  sent  to  China,  Japan, 
Canada,  Mexico,  and  South  America,  and  are  now 
engaged  in  laying  facts  before  those  American 
manufacturers  who  are  desirous  of  seeking  trade 
in  foreign  lands. 

The  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Patents 
shows  that  the  inventive  minds  of  the  land  were 
never  so  numerous,  and  never  so  busy,  as  during 
the  year.  In  round  numbers,  thirty  thousand  pat¬ 
ents  were  issued.  So  many  were  never  before 
turned  out  in  a  single  year.  No  one  of  these  inven¬ 
tions  yet  stands  out  conspicuously,  but  hundreds 


Agri¬ 

culture 


Justice 


Com¬ 

merce 

and 

labor 


Patent 

Office 


The 

Pension 

Bureau 


5974  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 

of  them  were  of  large  importance  to  the  industrial 
world,  particularly  those  relative  to  the  utilization 
of  electrical  power. 

The  annual  report  of  Commissioner  of  Pensions 
Warner  showed  that  the  pension  bill  for  1905 
reached  the  maximum  in  its  history,  the  number 
of  names  contained  being  1,004,196.  The  roll 
passed  the  million  mark  in  September  of  the  year 
1904,  and  gradually  increased  for  the  next  four 
months.  The  decline  began  with  the  first  of  Feb¬ 
ruary,  and  by  the  following  May  the  total  had 
dropped  below  the  million  mark.  At  the  end  of  the 
year  the  number  of  pensioners  had  declined  to 
998,441,  a  net  decrease  for  the  year  of  3679.  The 
report  showed  the  following  additional  facts: 
During  the  year  the  Bureau  issued  185,242  pension 
certificates,  of  which  number  over  50,000  were 
originals.  The  annual  value  of  the  pension  roll 
on  June  30,  1905,  was  $136,745,295.  By  the  term 
“annual  value”  is  meant  the  amount  of  money 
required  to  pay  the  pensioners  then  on  the  roll  for 
one  year.  During  the  year,  45,883  pensioners  were 
dropped  from  the  roll  by  reason  of  death,  and  of 
this  number  30,324  were  survivors  of  the  Civil 
War.  On  June  30,  1905,  the  roll  contained  the 
names  of  684,608  survivors  of  the  Civil  War,  a 
decrease  of  over  6000  from  the  previous  year.  The 
total  amount  disbursed  for  pensions  for  the  fiscal 
year  was  $141,142,861,  of  which  $4,197,166  was  for 
navy  pensions;  $3,409,998  was  paid  to  pensioners 
of  the  Spanish  War;  $133,022,170  to  survivors  of 
the  Civil  War,  their  widows  and  dependents. 


THE  POST-OFFICE 


5975 


The  annual  report  of  the  Postmaster-General 
presents  in  detail  the  postal  revenue  and  expendi¬ 
tures  for  the  year,  with  such  suggestions  and 
recommendations  as  seem  to  be  warranted.  In  it 
lie  refers  to  the  contrast  between  the  service  a  cen¬ 
tury  or  more  ago  and  that  of  the  present  time.  In 
1790,  there  were  seventy-five  post-offices  in  the 
United  States.  On  J anuary  1,  1905,  the  number 
was  78,131.  In  the  former  year  the  receipts  were 
$37,935,  with  expenditures  of  $32,140.  In  1905,  the 
receipts  were  $152,826,850,  with  expenditures  of 
$167,399,169.  The  total  force  connected  with  the 
postal  service  in  1790  was  less  than  500;  to-day  it 
numbers  more  than  280,000.  The  railway  mail 
service  at  the  present  time  consists  of  12,474  officers 
and  employees.  On  January  30,  1905,  there  were 
3,064  railroad  routes,  the  total  annual  amount  of 
travel  over  which  was  362,645,731  miles.  The 
delivery  of  mail  by  carriers  in  the  rural  districts 
of  the  United  States  was  begun  October  1,  1896, 
the  first  route  being  established  in  West  Virginia. 
In  1898,  the  number  of  routes  in  operation  was 
148 ;  in  1905,  that  number  had  increased  to  32,055. 

In  carrying  out  a  much-needed  reform  in  the 
department,  fourth-class  postmasters  were  put 
under  the  merit  system,  and  notice  served  that  in 
the  future  Presidential  postmasters  are  also  to  be 
taken  out  of  party  politics.  The  Administration 
declared  its  intention  to  go  just  as  far  as  the  law¬ 
making  bodies  would  permit  in  giving  permanency 
to  postmasters  during  good  behavior,  Presidential 
as  well  as  fourth-class.  This  plan  was  bitterly 

% 


Report 
of  Post¬ 
master- 
General 


5976 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 


Usual  ob¬ 
jections 
to  civil 
service 


Treasury 

report 


opposed  by  some  Senators,  who  argued  that  the 
post-offices  had  been  for  a  century  part  of  the  polit¬ 
ical  system ;  that  they  had  belonged  to  Congressmen 
as  distinctly  as  their  mileage,  and  that  no  one  man 
in  the  White  House,  through  chosen  lieutenants 
without  political  acquaintance,  should  upset  what 
is  also  unwritten  law.  It  is  also  urged  that  in  the 
small  towns  the  salary  of  the  postmaster  is  so  much 
of  a  prize  that  it  ought  to  be  “passed  around  among 
the  faithful,”  instead  of  kept  in  one  man’s  hands 
too  long. 

The  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
was  of  the  most  flattering  character,  and  showed  a 
healthy  condition  of  the  national  finances.  The 
money  issued  and  legalized  by  the  United  States 
government  in  paper  and  coin  is  to-day  of  ten  dif¬ 
ferent  kinds,  as  follows :  Gold  coins,  standard  silver 
dollars,  subsidiary  silver,  gold  certificates,  silver 
certificates,  Treasury  notes  issued  under  the  act  of 
July  14,  1890;  United  States  notes  (also  called 
greenbacks  and  legal  tenders),  national  bank  notes, 
and  nickel  and  bronze  coins.  These  forms  of 
money  are  all  available  for  circulation.  Gold  coin 
is  legal  tender  at  its  nominal  face  value  for  all 
debts,  public  and  private,  when  not  below  the 
standard  weight  and  limit  of  tolerance  prescribed 
by  law ;  and  when  below  such  standard  of  tolerance 
it  is  legal  tender  in  proportion  to  its  weight. 
Standard  silver  dollars  are  legal  tender  at  their 
nominal  or  face  value  in  payment  of  all  debts,  pub¬ 
lic  and  private,  without  regard  to  the  amount, 
except  where  otherwise  stipulated  in  the  contract. 


MONEY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


5977 


Subsidiary  silver  is  legal  tender  for  amounts 
not  exceeding  $10  in  any  one  payment.  Treasury 
notes  of  the  act  of  July  14,  1890,  are  legal  tender 
for  all  debts,  public  and  private,  except  where 
otherwise  expressly  stipulated  in  the  contract. 
United  States  notes  are  legal  tender  for  all  debts, 
public  and  private,  except  duties  on  imports  and 
interest  on  the  public  debt.  Gold  certificates  are 
receivable  for  all  public  dues,  while  national  bank 
notes  are  receivable  for  all  public  dues  except 
duties  on  imports,  and  may  be  paid  out  by  the 
government  for  all  salaries  and  other  debts  and 
demands  owing  by  the  United  States  to  individuals, 
corporations,  and  associations  within  the  United 
States,  except  interest  on  the  public  debt  and  in 
redemption  of  the  national  currency.  All  national 
banks  are  required  by  law  to  receive  the  notes  of 
other  national  banks  at  par.  The  minor  coins  of 
nickel  and  copper  are  legal  tender  to  the  extent  of 
twenty-five  cents. 

The  coinage  of  legal  tender  gold  was  authorized 
by  the  first  coinage  act,  passed  by  Congress  on 
April  2,  1792.  The  gold  unit  of  value  is  the  dollar, 
which  contains  25.8  grains  of  standard  gold  900 
fine.  The  amount  of  fine  gold  in  the  dollar  is  23.22 
grains,  and  the  remainder  of  the  weight  is  an  alloy 
of  copper.  The  total  coinage  of  gold  by  the  mints? 
of  the  United  States  from  1792  to  June  30,  1902, 
was  $2,328,134,400.50,  of  which  it  is  estimated  that 
$1,068,311,784  is  still  in  existence  as  coin  in  the 
United  States,  while  the  remainder  has  been  ex¬ 
ported  or  consumed  in  the  arts. 


Kinds  of 
money 


Coinage 
of  gold 


5978 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 


Silver 

coinage 


Restric¬ 
tion  of 
immi¬ 
gration 


The  silver  unit  is  the  dollar,  which  contains  4124 
grains  of  standard  silver  900  fine.  The  amount  of 
fine  silver  in  the  dollar  is  371J  grains,  and  there  are 
41:{  grains  of  copper  alloy.  The  standard  silver 
dollar  was  first  authorized  by  the  act  of  April  2, 
1792.  The  coinage  of  the  standard  silver  dollar  was 
discontinued  by  the  act  of  February  28,  1878.  In 
1893,  the  United  States  ceased  to  purchase  silver 
for  coinage  into  dollars.  The  total  amount  of 
silver  coined  from  1792  to  1878  was  $8,031,238;  the 
ratio  between  gold  and  silver  under  the  act  of  1792 
was  15  to  1,  but  by  the  act  of  1837  it  was  changed  to 
15.988  to  1  (commonly  called  16  to  1). 

One  of  the  most  important  reports  is  that  of  the 
Immigration  Bureau,  which  forms  a  distinct 
branch  of  the  Treasury  Department.  Up  to  1875 
there  was  no  restriction  of  immigration.  The  lame, 
halt,  blind,  and  diseased  came  over  in  shiploads 
from  the  various  countries  of  Europe,  and  were 
blended  with  the  population  of  our  great  cities,  in¬ 
creasing  pauperism,  beggary,  and  crime.  In  1875, 
a  law  was  enacted  which  forbade  the  landing  of 
criminals  and  the  importation  of  women  for  im¬ 
moral  purposes.  This  was  limited  in  its  appli¬ 
cation,  and  had  but  little  effect  in  restraining  the 
flood  of  foreign  arrivals.  One  of  the  pernicious 
effects  of  this  alien  deluge  was  the  reduction  of 
wages  of  American  workmen,  who  were  being 
driven  out  of  employment  by  cheap  labor.  In 
1882,  a  bill  was  enacted  imposing  the  duty  of  fifty 
cents  on  each  immigrant  not  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States,  this  being  afterwards  increased  to  one  dob 


WORK  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  IMMIGRATION  5979 


lar.  The  money  thus  collected  was  turned  into 
what  was  called  the  immigration  fund,  which  was 
used  in  caring  for  such  helpless  foreigners  as 
through  accident  or  failing  health  became  a  burden 
upon  public  charity.  In  1887,  a  law  was  passed 
forbidding  the  importation  of  foreign  labor,  im¬ 
posing  a  fine  of  $1,000  upon  every  employer  who 
should  continue  to  import  workmen  and  a  penalty 
of  $500  upon  any  steamship  company  that  should 
connive  at  such  violation  of  law.  The  act  also  pro¬ 
vided  that  the  immigrants  who  should  be  attracted 
to  this  country  by  a  definite  promise  of  work  from 
any  individual  or  corporation  should  be  taken  back 
at  the  expense  of  the  steamship  company  to  the 
place  of  embarkation.  In  1891,  what  was  called 
the  Owen  Law  was  enacted  and  approved,  going 
into  immediate  operation.  The  provisions  of  this 
bill  excluded  from  admission  to  the  United  States 
all  idiots,  insane  persons,  paupers,  or  persons  likely 
to  become  a  public  charge,  diseased  persons,  crim¬ 
inals,  and  those  who  had  been  convicted  of  political 
crimes  in  their  own  countries. 

In  1893,  the  Marine  Hospital  Service  joined 
hands  with  the  Immigration  Bureau,  and  sent  med¬ 
ical  inspectors  to  the  principal  ports  to  examine 
physically  all  immigrants  bound  for  the  United 
States.  In  that  same  year  the  Honorable  Herman 
Stump,  member  of  Congress  from  Maryland  and 
chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Immigration, 
brought  about  the  passage  of  a  bill  which  provided 
for  a  thorough  examination  of  immigrants  abroad 
previous  to  embarkation.  The  penalty  imposed 


Laws 
against 
importa¬ 
tion  of 
foreign 
labor 


5980 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 


Effect  of 
the 
regula¬ 
tions  in 
Europe 


Immi¬ 

grant 

stations 


upon  steamship  owners  for  bringing  undesirable 
immigrants  was  so  heavy  that  the  companies  ex¬ 
erted  themselves  zealously  to  aid  in  the  enforce¬ 
ment  of  the  regulations  of  the  law.  As  soon  as 
this  legislation  became  known  in  Europe,  the  Ger¬ 
man  government  promulgated  an  order  directing 
the  police  on  the  frontiers  of  the  empire  to  chal¬ 
lenge  all  immigrants  on  their  way  to  the  seaboard, 
subject  them  to  examination,  and  refuse  to  allow 
those  to  proceed  who  were  likely  to  be  rejected  by 
the  American  authorities.  This  order  was  a  purely 
selfish  one,  and  was  issued  to  protect  German 
charitable  institutions  from  being  crowded  with 
paupers  from  the  interior  countries  of  Europe  who 
were  obliged  to  cross  the  empire  to  reach  the  sea¬ 
board.  In  1896,  the  Italian  Prime  Minister  issued 
a  proclamation  forbidding  the  issue  of  passports  to 
applicants  included  in  the  classes  prohibited  by  law 
from  entering  the  United  States. 

This  country  maintains  thirty-eight  immigrant 
stations,  two  of  which— Halifax  and  Quebec— are 
within  British  dominions.  The  five  principal 
stations  are  in  New  York,  Boston,  Philadelphia, 
Baltimore,  and  San  Francisco,  at  each  of  which 
there  is  stationed  a  commissioner.  The  law  does 
not  recognize  an  immigrant  as  landed  until  he  has 
passed  a  satisfactory  inspection  at  a  station.  The 
immigrant  who  is  permitted  to  land  remains  under 
the  supervision  of  the  Bureau  for  a  year  from  the 
date  of  his  arrival.  If  in  that  time  it  is  found  that 
he  has  entered  the  country  in  violation  of  the  reg¬ 
ulations,  he  can  be  arrested  and  returned  to  his 


CLASSES  OF  IMMIGRANTS 


5981 


» 


home,  the  transportation  company  being  compelled 
to  defray  the  expense  of  the  maintenance  as  well 
as  the  cost  of  his  deportation.  If  from  accident  or 
disease  he  becomes  unable  to  earn  his  livelihood 
within  that  year,  he  is  taken  to  the  hospitals  until 
it  is  clearly  proved  that  he  will  be  a  probable 
permanent  burden  upon  charity,  when  he  is  de¬ 
ported,  the  expense  being  borne  by  the  immigration 
fund.  If  his  illness  is  shown  to  be  hereditary,  the 
cost  of  his  maintenance  and  return  home  is  paid 
by  the  transportation  company.  Inspectors  are 
specially  assigned  to  investigate  all  complaints  of 
the  Alien  Contract  Labor  law  and  report  for  pros¬ 
ecution.  Immigrants  of  all  nations  come  under 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  Immigration  Bureau,  with 
the  exception  of  those  from  China,  who  are  dealt 
with  by  the  Chinese  Bureau. 

Up  to  1860  more  than  half  the  influx  to  this 
country  was  from  England  and  Ireland.  To  those 
unfamiliar  with  the  subject,  the  amount  of  immi¬ 
gration  from  foreign  countries  seems  almost  in¬ 
credible.  From  1821  to  1892  inclusive,  16,611,000 
persons  of  foreign  birth  entered  the  United  States 
and  became  a  part  of  its  permanent  population. 
The  aggregate  arrivals  by  nationalities  from  1893 
to  1899  inclusive,  the  seven  years  since  measures 
were  taken  to  regulate  immigration,  are  as  follows : 
From  Italy,  417,367 ;  from  Austria-Hungary,  319,- 
362;  from  Russia  and  Finland,  284,868;  from 
Germany,  281,103;  from  Ireland,  257,212;  from 
Norway  and  Sweden,  190,591;  from  England, 
156,816;  from  France,  20,976;  Scotland,  34,169; 


Method  of 
control 


Numbers 

by 

nations 


Immi¬ 
gration  a 
serious 
problem 


5982  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 

Denmark,  28,492 ;  Switzerland,  17,778 ;  Poland,  37,- 
478 ;  all  other  countries,  166,303,  making  a  total  of 
2,212,445.  The  first  Jajoanese  immigrant  entered 
the  country  in  1861.  Four  years  later,  seven  more 
arrived.  In  1870,  the  total  immigration  of  Jap¬ 
anese  was  218.  In  1900,  they  aggregated  2844,  of 
which  forty-one  were  females. 

During  the  year  1905,  1,027,716  immigrants 
from  the  various  nations  of  the  world  were  added 
to  the  population  of  the  United  States.  Even 
allowing  for  the  departure  of  328,810  passengers 
in  the  steerage,  these  figures  mean  an  infusion  of 
a  considerable  proportion  of  people  of  a  ques¬ 
tionably  desirable  class.  Putting  altogether  on  one 
side  the  sentimental  side  of  the  question,  and  the 
feeling  that  nothing  should  interfere  with  the  role 
of  the  United  States  as  the  haven  of  the  oppressed 
that  the  United  States  has  always  shared  with 
England  among  the  nations,  the  problem  itself  is 
to  what  immigrants  should  be  excluded  and  what 
admitted.  The  trade  unionists  on  the  one  hand 
contend  that  the  enormous  numbers  that  come  from 
southern  Europe  keep  down  the  rate  of  wages ;  on 
the  other  hand,  it  is  declared  that  such  effect  would 
be  merely  temporary.  Andrew  Carnegie  once  de¬ 
clared,  as  the  result  of  his  long  experience,  that 
if  he  owned  America  and  was  running  it  as  a  com¬ 
mercial  enterprise,  he  would  give  a  premium  to 
every  immigrant  who  would  save  enough  money  to 
cross  the  Atlantic  at  his  own  expense. 

The  figures  given  by  Commissioner-General 
Sargent  show  that  out  of  the  number  arriving  in 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  IMMIGRATION 


5983 


1905,  six  States  of  the  Union  received  76  per  cent, 
of  the  whole.  These  were  New  York,  Pennsyl¬ 
vania,  Massachusetts,  Illinois,  New  Jersey,  and 
Ohio.  To  the  great  open  country  of  the  West  only 
431,571  immigrants  found  their  way.  Five  years 
ago  North  Dakota  was  the  most  alien  State  in 
America.  She  has  now  been  driven  from  that 
position  by  Massachusetts.  In  four  of  the  cities  of 
Massachusetts  and  one  of  Rhode  Island  there  are 
larger  proportions  of  aliens  than  in  New  York 
itself.  In  Massachusetts  only  about  25  per  cent., 
and  in  the  whole  of  southern  New  England  only 
35  per  cent.,  of  the  population  are  native-born,  and 
the  spirit  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  is  more  apparent 
on  the  Pacific  slope  than  in  the  land  of  Puritan 
settlers.  The  crowded  tenement  districts  become 
still  more  crowded  as  the  newcomers  arrive,  and  the 
herded  masses  become  the  despair  of  the  reformer 
and  a  menace  to  the  commonwealth. 

Very  few  found  their  way  South  or  to  the  great 
Southwest.  With  the  perfect  climate,  great  and 
varied  natural  resources,  vast  area,  and  cheap 
land,  it  has  been  a  puzzle  why  the  tide  of  immigra¬ 
tion  has  never  turned  that  way.  This  is  partly 
because,  perhaps,  of  the  prevalence  of  negro  labor 
with  which  Northern  or  foreign  workmen  do  not 
care  to  compete,  and  yet  there  are  fortunes  there 
in  land  labor  equal  to  those  found  in  the  West. 
There  is  room  enough  and  to  spare.  It  has  been 
declared  by  a  writer  on  economic  subjects  that  if 
every  man,  woman,  and  child  in  Italy  should  drop 
down  in  Texas  to-morrow,  that  State  would  still 


In  New 
England 


The 

South 


5984 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 


Com¬ 
parative 
density 
of  popu¬ 
lation 


Two  sides 
to  the 
question 


need  the  entire  population  of  France  to  give  it  as 
many  people  to  the  square  mile  as  Italy  now  has ; 
or  that  if  the  population  of  England,  Wales,  Ire¬ 
land,  and  Scotland  could  move  in  a  body  into  Lou¬ 
isiana,  Arkansas,  Indian  Territory,  and  Oklahoma, 
the  population  of  Holland  and  Belgium  would  be 
needed  to  give  those  States  a  density  of  population 
equal  to  that  of  the  United  Kingdom;  that  Georgia, 
Alabama,  Mississippi,  Tennessee,  and  Kentucky 
could  find  room  for  all  the  people  of  the  German 
Empire  without  being  any  more  crowded  than  Ger¬ 
many  is  now.  Finally,  he  declares,  without  coming 
on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Mississippi  River,  the 
South  has  room  for  about  130,000,000  people  from 
Europe,  and  would  then  be  not  much  more  than 
half  as  thickly  settled  as  Massachusetts  is  now. 

The  discussion  of  the  immigration  system  in 
Congress,  in  special  conventions,  and  in  the  press, 
although  it  has  not  solved  the  problem,  has  cleared 
the  way  and  defined  the  issues.  The  United  States 
came  into  existence  from  immigration.  From  im¬ 
migration  they  gathered  strength,  and  now  from 
immigration  they  are  doubtless  receiving  some 
injury  amid  much  good.  To  stop  it  is  probably 
impossible,  and  would  certainly  bring  endless 
trouble.  To  regulate  it  is  a  task  fraught  with 
enormous  difficulties. 

The  report  of  the  Census  Bureau  states  that  in 
1900  the  United  States,  exclusive  of  Alaska  and 
other  outlying  possessions,  had  6,180,069  illiterates, 
or  about  one  in  ten.  This  means  106.6  illiterates 
per  1000  population  over  the  specified  age  limit, 


EDUCATIONAL  PROGRESS 


5985 


which  is  a  marked  improvement  over  1890,  when 
the  proportion  of  illiteracy  was  133.4  per  1000. 
The  negro  is  chiefly  responsible  for  these  high 
figures.  If  he  be  excluded,  the  proportion  of  illit¬ 
erates  in  the  native  white  population  is  found  to 
be  46.4  per  1000.  For  the  negroes  the  proportion 
is  444.7  per  1000,  and  for  foreign  whites  the  pro¬ 
portion  is  1^8.5  per  1000. 

There  is  more  illiteracy  among  women  than 
among  men.  Comparison  with  1890  shows  that 
among  men  the  proportion  of  illiterates  has  been 
reduced  from  123  to  101  per  1000,  and  among 
women  from  144  to  112  per  1000.  Illiteracy  among 
children  is  shown  to  be  more  prevalent  in  the 
country  than  in  the  cities.  This  difference  is  shown 
to  be  far  more  striking  in  the  South  than  in  the 
North.  A  somewhat  surprising  fact  brought  out 
in  the  report  is  that  in  the  country  as  a  whole  there 
is  a  lower  degree  of  illiteracy  among  children  of 
foreign-born  parents  than  among  those  of  native 
parents,  the  proportion  in  the  one  case  being  8.8 
per  1000  and  in  the  other  44.1.  This  is  due  to  the 
concentration  in  cities  of  the  children  of  foreign 
extraction,  where  the  educational  facilities  are  best. 

While  the  South  is  making  satisfactory  prog¬ 
ress  in  decreasing  its  percentage  of  illiteracy,  it  is 
still  far  behind  the  other  sections  of  the  country 
in  the  general  prevalence  of  common  school  edu¬ 
cation.  It  will  be  many  years  before  it  will  over¬ 
take  other  sections  in  this  respect,  even  if  it  should 
ever  overtake  them.  It  is  not  difficult  to  account 
for  the  backwardness  of  the  South  in  this  respect. 


Distri¬ 
bution  of 
illiter¬ 
ates 


Public 
schools 
in  the 
South 


5986  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 

The  negro  population  vastly  increases  the  South’s 
proportion  of  illiteracy,  but  it  is  admitted  that, 
leaving  the  negro  out  of  the  question,  a  larger  pro¬ 
portion  of  whites  are  illiterate  in  the  South  than 
at  the  North.  The  population  over  forty  at  the 
South  generally  had  no  opportunities  of  education 
at  the  expense  of  the  State.  The  Southern  States 
were  too  poor  to  make  as  large  appropriations 
for  education  as  Northern  States  easily  made. 
The  Southern  States  are  not  so  thickly  settled 
as  the  Northern  States  east  of  the  Mississippi 
River.  This  condition  is  passing,  but  another 
that  goes  with  it  is  not  passing.  Since  the  South 
will  not  permit  coeducation  of  the  races,  it  is 
necessary  for  her  to  keep  up  two  schools,  where 
one  would  be  sufficient  in  the  North.  The  Northern 
States  east  of  the  Mississippi  have  about  twice  the 
density  of  population  of  the  Southern  States  east 
of  that  river,  and  since  the  South  must  maintain  a 
school  for  each  race,  this  gives  the  country  within 
a  radius  of  one  mile  of  a  Northern  school,  a  pop¬ 
ulation  available  for  attendance  equal  to  that  to 
be  found  in  a  radius  of  two  miles  in  the  South. 
Until  our  population  becomes  much  more  dense,  a 
larger  number  in  the  South  than  at  the  North  must 
remain  out  of  reach  of  the  schools.  The  white  peo¬ 
ple  of  the  South  have  to  contribute  largely  to  the 
support  of  the  schools  for  the  negroes,  but  wherever 
there  are  public  schools  the  more  prosperous  have 
to  contribute  to  the  education  of  the  less  pros¬ 
perous.  Each  year  finds  the  Southern  States  more 
able  to  bear  their  burdens  than  they  were  before. 


's. 


THE  WEATHER  BUREAU  AND  COMMERCE  5987 


The  report  of  the  Weather  Bureau  is  a  resume 
of  not  only  what  has  been  accomplished  by  that 
department  along  the  lines  of  scientific  discovery, 
but  a  statement  of  the  experimental  work  now  in 
progress.  In  1904,  the  Bureau  entered  upon  a  field 
of  work  which,  when  fully  developed,  will  become 
of  vital  importance  and  benefit  to  the  maritime 
interests  of  the  country.  This  is  the  systematic 
collection  of  meteorological  observations  from  ves¬ 
sels  at  sea  by  means  of  wireless  telegraphy,  and  the 
simultaneous  issuance  of  weather  forecasts  and 
storm  warnings  to  these  vessels,  based  upon  the 
observations  thus  collected.  The  Bureau  has  for 
some  years  been  engaged  in  the  work  of  gathering 
meteorological  and  physical  statistics  of  the  seas, 
with  a  view  of  revising  and  improving  the 
already  existing  pilot  charts  of  the  various  oceans. 
Twenty-five  hundred  observers  are  at  present  en¬ 
gaged  in  this  work,  with  the  result  that  the  Bureau 
has  accumulated  a  vast  fund  of  information  per¬ 
taining  to  the  sea  of  the  utmost  assistance  to  the 
navigator  in  determining  his  route  and  in  shaping 
his  course  safely  from  port  to  port.  The  service 
rendered  by  these  observers  is  entirely  voluntary, 
shipowners  and  masters  feeling  that  the  informa¬ 
tion  from  time  to  time  furnished  them  by  the 
Bureau  is  ample  return  for  this  exertion. 

A  special  code  has  been  prepared  in  the  Bureau 
by  means  of  which  exact  information  as  to  date  and 
hour,  the  latitude  and  longitude  of  the  vessel,  the 
atmospheric  pressure  and  temperature,  the  force 
and  direction  of  wind,  and  the  character  of  the  sky, 


How 
informa* 
tion  is 
obtained 


6988 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 


are  all  compressed  into  four  words.  The  task  of 
deciphering  this  meteorological  dispatch  is  per¬ 
formed  without  charge  by  the  wireless  operators 
aboard  the  vessel.  Upon  its  receipt  at  any  of  the 
coast  wireless  telegraph  stations  it  is  at  once  for¬ 
warded  to  Washington,  having  preference  as  gov¬ 
ernment  business.  Should  occasion  demand  it, 
special  storm  warnings  based  upon  the  dispatches 
d*  _  thus  received  are  prepared  and  dispatched  by  wire- 
tributed  less  telegraphy  to  all  vessels  known  to  be  in  the 
vicinity  affected.  Another  feature  of  value  is  that 

the  system  may  enable  the  Bureau  to  inform  trans- 

• 

atlantic  liners  and  other  vessels  as  to  the  limit  of 
fog  and  ice  on  the  Grand  Banks,  so  by  slightly 
altering  their  course  they  may  steer  clear  of  these 
dangers.  The  vessels  of  the  American  lines  were 
the  first  to  lend  their  assistance  in  the  wireless 
weather  service,  having  been  selected  for  this  duty 
by  the  Bureau  because  the  officers  were  charged 
with  the  duty  of  taking  meteorological  obser¬ 
vations. 

These  reports,  based  upon  actual  facts  and 
figures,  arranged  and  prepared  by  experts  in  their 
several  departments,  give  the  reader  an  idea  of  the 
scope  and  capabilities  of  the  United  States  as  an 
agricultural,  manufacturing,  commercial,  and  in¬ 
dustrial  nation.  They  show  the  enormous  progress 
that  has  been  made  in  a  brief  period  in  every  direc¬ 
tion  of  national  development,  and  a  state  of  pros¬ 
perity  altogether  unparalleled  in  history. 

These  conditions  have  not  been  reached  without 
a  vast  expenditure  of  energy  and  effort,  and,  it 


THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  TO-DAY 


5989 


must  be  admitted,  not  without  mistakes.  The  in¬ 
born  activity  of  the  people,  their  impatience  of 
conservative  methods,  the  desire  for  the  quick 
attainment  of  ends,  and  the  innumerable  oppor¬ 
tunities  for  the  acquirement  of  wealth  and  influ¬ 
ence,  have  led  to  errors  of  action;  but  the  under¬ 
lying  conscience  of  the  people  has  in  almost  every 
instance,  where  the  public  weal  has  been  affected, 
forced  swift  rectification.  There  have  been  blun¬ 
ders  the  effects  of  which  it  will  take  generations  to 
outgrow,  but  they  have  been  the  inevitable  results 
of  circumstances  and  conditions  new  to  an  untried 
nation. 

To-day  the  United  States  government  stands,  as 
it  has  ever  stood  since  its  foundation,  independent 
and  untrammeled  by  foreign  alliance  or  under¬ 
standing,  and  at  peace  with  the  whole  world.  No 
threatening  cloud  dims  its  horizon.  Its  doors  are 
open  to  all  the  countries  of  the  world,  and  out  of 
the  thousands  of  comers  to  its  shores  mingled  with 
those  native  to  its  soil,  is  being  slowly  wrought  out 
the  great  American  nation  that  is  .to  be.  Its  past 
has  been  a  marvel  to  writers  of  history.  From  a 
handful  of  weak  and  inharmonious  colonies,  in 
a  little  more  than  a  century  and  a  quarter  it  has 
developed  into  a  mighty  power  whose  influence  is 
felt  and  acknowledged  in  every  part  of  the  civilized 
world.  Shut  off  by  the  sea  from  the  nations  of 
Europe,  it  is  yet  looked  to  as  an  arbiter  in  their 
disputes.  At  home  its  strength  and  promise  of 
prosperity  and  permanency  increase  with  the  years. 
May  its  future  be  as  glorious  as  its  past. 


Sound 
con¬ 
science 
of  the 
people 


At  home 

and 

abroad 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


A. 

“A.  B.  plot”  against  Crawford,  4160. 

Abayoa  touched  by  Ponce  de  Leon,  389. 

Abbot,  George,  archbishop,  superseded  by 
Laud,  863. 

Abbott,  U.  S.  representative,  on  the  elec¬ 
toral  commission,  5547. 

Abbott,  C.  C,  finds  palaeolithic  implements, 
141,  142. 

Abbott’s  Run,  R.  I.,  William  Blackstone  on, 
1022. 

Abenakis,  tribe  of  Algonquins,  in  Maine, 
157;  kidnapped  by  Weymouth,  622; 
relations  with  the  English,  729 ;  Tarra- 
tines,  a  branch  tribe,  887;  between  Lake 
Champlain  and  St.  Lawrence,  1361 ;  hos¬ 
tile  to  English,  1362,  1363 ;  war  with 
English  colonies,  1363-1378;  support 
French  fur  trade  in  17th  century,  1943; 
in  Bienville’s  expedition,  2010;  at  Lake 
George,  2098;  excite  revenge  on  Eng¬ 
lish,  2156;  join  Burgoyne’s  expedition, 
257i- 

Abercrombie,  Gen.  James,  evil  influence  of, 
note,  2142;  in  command  of  English 
army  in  America,  incapable  and  con¬ 
trary,  text  and  note,  2163,  2164;  fails 
in  expedition  against  Ticonderoga  and 
Crown  Point,  2178,  2187,  2189,  2192;  like 
Braddock,  sneers  at  unscientific  defenses, 
2195 ;  excused  by  court  officers,  2199, 
2200;  flees  to  England,  2200;  orders 
Stanwix  to  reinforce  Bradstreet,  2210; 
dies,  2213.  compared  with  Amherst,  2220. 

Aberdeen,  George  Gordon,  Earl  of,  on 
Oregon  controversy,  4408. 

Abolition  society  of  Pennsylvania,  petition 
to  congress  of,  3377,  3378. 

Abolitionists,  American  Quakers  first,  1246; 
fear  plot  to  add  Texas  to  Union,  4277; 
agitate  immediate  and  unconditional 
freedom,  4288;  mails  closed  to  Aboli¬ 
tion  matter,  4291 ;  opposition  in  the 
North,  4291,  4292;  suppression  of  Abo¬ 
litionism  demanded  by  South,  4292, 
4293;  growth  of,  4313-4315;  scored  by 
Webster,  4465 ;  oppose  Lincoln,  4601 ; 


Beauregard  proposes  garroting  those 
captured  in  civil  war,  5063 ;  civil  war 
provoked  by,  5178. 

Aboriginal  races  of  America,  illustration 
of  cliff-dwelling,  frontispiece;  general 
subject,  119-147;  favorable  conditions 
for,  120;  connection  with  present  Ind¬ 
ians,  122;  temple-builders  of  Central 
and  South  America,  122;  Mongoloid 
descent  of,  123 ;  importance  of  race- 
types,  123,  124;  unimportance  of  vary¬ 
ing  size,  124;  memorial  mounds,  124; 
pictures  of  relics,  facing  124,  128,  134, 
138,  142,  144,  146;  military  mounds,  125, 
126,  135,  136,  138;  symbolic  mounds, 
126,  1 37,  139;  kitchen-middens  and 

shell-heaps,  127-130,  139,  141,  151;  Es¬ 
kimo  branch,  129,  142;  implements,  139- 
145,  147;  age  of  relics  disputed,  140-145; 
lake-beds  and  cliff-dwellings,  144,  145 ; 
pottery,  145,  147;  mound  skulls,  146; 
occupations,  146;  stone-workers,  147; 
natives  as  seen  by  Columbus,  152,  305; 
map  showing  language  stocks,  facing 
154;  types  of  American  Indians,  illus., 
facing  158,  160,  162;  cannibals,  323,  324; 
Central,  American  natives,  338,  339; 
noted  by  Cortereal  in  Labrador,  380; 
on  Mississippi  delta,  394;  on  James 
river,  398;  on  Galveston  Island,  463; 
at  Hochelaga,  513. 

Abraham,  Heights  of,  Quebec,  Wolfe’s 
great  achievement  at,  2236,  2242,  2247, 
2255-2268. 

Acadia,  name  first  appears,  523 ;  first  boun¬ 
daries,  523;  French  driven  from,  558; 
restored  to  France,  833;  taken  by 
English,  1356,  1362;  becomes  Nova  Sco¬ 
tia,  1356;  given  to  England  by  treaty  of 
Utrecht,  1381 ;  not  connected  with  other 
French  settlements,  1933 ;  becomes  tem¬ 
porarily  English  under  Kirke,  1939; 
given  back  to  France  in  1632,  1940,  1941 ; 
hope  of  French  supremacy  perished  with 
D’Aunay,  1956;  how  divided  after 
D’Aunay’s  death,  1957 ;  captured  by  Eng¬ 
lish  again  and  again,  1958;  expulsion  of 
French  from,  2108-2131 ;  character  and 

1 


2 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


habit  of  people  of,  2108;  devotion  to  Ro¬ 
man  Catholic  church,  2108,  2109;  first 
settled,  2110;  in  plan  for  Braddock’s 
campaign,  2120,  2121;  desolated,  2129; 
partly  avenged  by  Abenakis,  2156.  See 
also  Nova  Scotia. 

Acadians,  encouraged  by  French  govern¬ 
ment  to  go  to  Cape  Breton,  1383 ;  un¬ 
able  to  harmonize  with  English  ideas, 
2109,  2111;  a  menace  to  British  in¬ 
terests,  2109,  2110;  relieved  from  taxes 
for  forty  years  by  English  government, 
2110;  called  “neutrals,”  21 11;  urged  by 
France  to  remove  to  Canada,  21 11;  ex¬ 
empted  on  two  occasions  from  military 
service  for  England,  21 11,  2112;  take 
mistaken  view  of  treaty  of  Utrecht,  21 11, 
2112;  hostile  to  British  colonists  of  Nova 
Scotia,  2113-2115;  send  injudicious 
memorial  to  Col.  Cornwallis,  2115, 
2116;  dispute  passage  of  Messagouche, 
2119;  decided  to  rebel,  2122;  not  al¬ 
lowed  to  remove  to  French  soil,  2123 ; 
decided  to  take  the  oath,  but  are  re¬ 
fused,  2124;  now  expelled,  2125-2131 ; 
insufficient  excuses  for  cruel  order,  2129- 
2131 ;  many  struggle  back  to  Acadia, 
2129;  not  well  treated  in  Canada,  2129; 
expulsion  a  mistake  in  every  way,  2130. 

Acamapichtli,  first  war-chief  of  Aztecs,  448. 

Accomac,  Va.,  Gov.  Berkeley  flees  to,  1617. 

Accomac  peninsula  chosen  for  new  site  for 
Virginia  colony,  695. 

Ackland,  Maj.,  position  at  Saratoga,  2648; 
wounding  of,  2649. 

Acla,  Central  America,  founded  by  Boja- 
dos,  386. 

Acomenticus  borough  incorporated  by  Gor¬ 
ges,  950. 

Acquia  creek,  Confederate  works  at,  4854; 
attack  on,  4855 ;  McClellan’s  army  at, 
5027. 

Acre  taken  by  Moslems,  53,  64. 

Act  of  toleration  for  deserters  in  England 
extended  to  Maryland,  1705. 

Actahachi,  Indian  chief,  472;  captured 
by  De  Soto,  473;  slaughtered  with  his 
people,  473. 

Active ,  British  ship,  2882,  3897. 

Adair,  Maj.,  Indian  attack  on,  3523. 

Adair,  Gen.  John,  arrested,  3833;  released, 
3837;  demands  investigation,  3837;  later 
life,  3845. 

Adam  of  Bremen  writes  ecclesiastical  his¬ 
tory,  234. 

Adams,  Confederate  general,  at  Rogers- 
ville,  5110;  at  Murfreesboro,  5152; 
killed  at  Franklin,  5 267. 


Adams,  Charles  Francis,  on  Free-soil  party 
ticket,  4329 ;  plea  for  repeal  of  fugi¬ 
tive  slave  law,  4482-4488;  U.  S.  min¬ 
ister  to  Great  Britain,  4923;  on  the 
Trent  affair,  4929;  ability,  4929,  4934; 
portrait,  facing  4934;  Lincoln’s  instruc¬ 
tions  to,  4939;  protests  against  British 
selling  ships  to  the  Confederacy,  4941, 
4942;  claims  war  damages  from  Eng¬ 
land,  5503;  succeeded  by  Reverdy  John¬ 
son,  5503;  on  Geneva  tribunal  of  arbi¬ 
tration,  5507;  candidate  for  president, 
5518,  5519. 

Adams,  J.  H.,  South  Carolina  commis¬ 
sioner,  4631. 

Adams,  John,  grand-nephew  of  Dr.  Boyl- 
ston,  note,  1358;  his  description  of 
meeting-place  of  continental  congress, 
cited,  1712;  congratulated  by  Oglethorpe, 
1917;  cited  as  to  writs,  2362;  acted  as 
counsel  for  soldiers  after  “Boston  Mas¬ 
sacre,”  2396 ;  takes  letters  of  Hutchinson, 
2401;  in  first  continental  congress,  2409; 
member  of  continental  congress,  2448 ; 
eulogizes  Washington,  2452;  motion  of 
independence  made  by,  2497;  portrait, 
facing  2500 ;  Sullivan  denounced  by, 
2517;  on  committee  to  consult  with 
Howe,  2517;  Washington  criticised  by, 
2625 ;  chairman  of  board  of  war,  2692 ;  pa¬ 
triotism  of,  2692;  disastrous  army  pol¬ 
icy  of,  2692,  2693;  prejudice  against 
position  of  Washington  of,  2693;  sent 
to  England,  2850;  on  naval  committee, 
2861 ;  on  commercial  treaty,  3229 ;  Eng¬ 
lish  answer  to,  3230;  on  the  federal 
convention,  3300;  elected  vice-president, 
332 5,  3326;  life  sketch  of,  3325;  Hamil¬ 
ton  opposes,  3326;  Hancock  officially 
entertains,  3328 ;  takes  seat  in  senate, 
3329;  reelected  vice-president,  34491  U. 
S.  recalls,  3537;  on  Fisher  Ames’  speech, 
note,  3575 ;  candidate  to  succeed  Wash¬ 
ington,  3584,  3585;  sketch  of,  3585; 
Hamilton  hated  by,  3587;  character, 
3587;  inauguration  of,  3589,  3590;  por¬ 
traits  of,  facing  3590;  inaugural  ad¬ 
dress,  3592;  ability,  3592;  Jefferson  con¬ 
gratulates,  3592;  facsimile  of  letter  of 
Jefferson  to,  facing  3592;  foreign  rela¬ 
tions  under,  3593,  3594;  extra  session 
called  by,  3595 ;  first  message  to  congress 
of,  3617;  message  to  congress  regarding 
France’s  treatment  of  U.  S.  commission¬ 
ers,  3624,  3625 ;  cabinet  at  variance  with, 
3636 ;  returns  to  Quincy,  3637 ;  aversion 
to  army,  3639;  letters  to  McHenry  on 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


3 


army,  3639;  Matthew  Lyon’s  attack  on, 
3642 ;  Barlow’s  attack  on,  3643 ;  nom¬ 
inates  Vans  Murray,  3658;  new  French 
commissioners  appointed  by,  3659;  inde¬ 
pendence  of,  3661 ;  John  Marshall  and, 
3668;  on  Randolph  letter,  3672;  letter 
to  Tench  Coxe,  3677;  disloyalty  dis¬ 
covered  by,  in  cabinet,  3679;  McHenry 
and,  3679;  Pickering  and,  3679;  descrip¬ 
tion  of  Pickering  by,  3679;  Wolcott  and 
McHenry  on,  3681 ;  federalist  criticism 
pf,  3681 ;  speech  to  sixth  congress,  3685 ; 
defeated  for  the  presidency,  3687;  the 
midnight  appointments  of,  3688,  3707, 
3708;  defects  and  qualities  of,  3689; 
returns  to  Braintree,  3689 ;  cost  of  the 
navy  under  his  administration,  3929; 
his  estimate  of  George  Cabot,  4092; 
advocates  American  isolation  from  Eu¬ 
ropean  politics,  4155;  death,  4176;  es¬ 
tablishes  precedent  in  granting  pardons, 
5416. 

Adams,  Mrs.  John,  Washington  City  de¬ 
scribed  by,  3684. 

Adams,  John  Quincy,  U.  S.  minister  to 
The  Hague,  3501 ;  on  Louisiana  pur¬ 
chase,  3751,  3761 ;  in  eighth  congress, 
3769 ;  on  embargo  act,  3870 ;  minister 
to  Russia,  3955 ;  on  peace  commission, 
4012,  4045,  4088;  secretary  of  state, 
4101 ;  resigns  ministry  to  Great  Britain, 
4102;  loyalty  to  Monroe,  4102,  4103; 
his  comment  on  Clay’s  schemes,  4103 ; 
defends  Jackson’s  course  in  Florida, 
41 1 1 ;  on  the  Missouri  controversy,  4126; 
his  strength  as  a  presidential  candidate, 
4137;  answers  Russia’s  claim  to  Ameri¬ 
can  territory,  4148,  4149;  his  position  in 
regard  to  the  Monroe  doctrine,  4149- 
4153,  4155;  in  presidential  campaign  of 
1824,  4156,  4160-4163;  elected  president, 
4164;  praises  Monroe’s  administration, 
4166;  opposition  to  his  election,  4167; 
his  alleged  bargain  with  Clay,  4167,  4168; 
his  personality,  4168;  portrait,  facing 
4168;  plans  for  cabinet,  4168,  4169;  in¬ 
augural  address,  4168,  4169 ;  opposes 
Monroe  on  internal  improvements,  4169; 
opposition  in  congress  to,  4171,  4I721 
special  message  on  American  congress 
at  Panama,  4172;  questioned  by  Van 
Buren,  4174;  closes  ports  to  British 
trade/ 4176,  4177;  facsimile  of  his  letter 
on  patronage,  facing  4182;  campaign 
broadside  against,  illus.,  facing  4186; 
moderate  protectionist,  4187;  compared 
with  Jackson,  4188,  4189;  in  presidential 
campaign  of  1828.  4190,  4^93,  4*94 1  rela¬ 
tions  to  his  successor,  4194,  4195 ;  indus¬ 


trial  progress  during  administration, 
4195-4199;  prepares  tariff  bill  of  1832, 
4244;  offers  resolutions  to  force  pay¬ 
ment  of  French  spoliation  claims,  4272, 
4273 ;  presents  anti-slavery  petitions  in 
congress,  4296,  4297;  moves  investiga¬ 
tion  of  relations  of  government  with 
Texas,  4319;  in  contest  at  organization 
of  26th  congress,  4323;  estimate  of  Van 
Buren,  4329;  opinion  of  Tyler,  4339; 
on  slavery,  4353 ;  defends  right  of  peti¬ 
tion,  4353,  4355,  4365;  in  Creole  case, 
4354;  presents  petition  praying  removal 
from  committee  on  foreign  affairs,  4355 ; 
death,  4422;  his  life  and  services,  4422, 
4423. 

Adams,  John  Quincy  2d,  nominated  for 
vice-president,  5520. 

Adams,  Samuel,  portraits  of,  facing  2366; 
drew  up  first  resolution  against  stamp 
tax,  236 7;  rises  to  political  prominence, 
2387 ;  forces  defiance  of  England,  2404 ; 
in  first  continental  congress,  2409 ;  or¬ 
dered  under  arrest,  2417;  attempt  to  cap¬ 
ture,  2421,  2422;  protected  by  “minute 
men,”  2423 ;  urges  Canadians  to  rebel, 
2442;  member  of  continental  congress, 
2448;  declared  a  rebel,  2456;  comments 
on  condition  of  American  troops,  2479; 
portrait  of,  facing  2500 ;  Washington 
criticised  by,  2625;  Washington  opposed 
by,  2695 ;  position  on  a  stronger  govern¬ 
ment,  3259;  presides  at  feast,  3457. 

Adams,  Fort,  3526. 

Adams,  U.  S.  warship,  3967,  3989,  3996. 

Addison,  Judge,  impeachment  of,  3786,  3787. 

Addison,  Joseph,  friend  of  Bishop  Berkeley, 
1486*;  quotation  from  his  Cato,  1851. 

Adelantado,  title  of  B.  Columbus,  326;  of 
Ponce  de  Leon,  388;  of  Narvaez,  460; 
of  De  Soto,  465 ;  of  Menendez,  488. 

Adet,  intrigues  of,  3581,  3582;  American 
people  appealed  to  by,  3582. 

Adhesive  stamp  act,  5748. 

Admiral,  Ponce  de  Leon  desires  title  of, 
387 ;  John  Cabot  styled  “The  Great  Ad¬ 
miral,”  425,  429. 

Admiral  of  “Mosquitoland,”  332. 

“Admiral  of  New  England,”  title  assumed 
by  John  Smith,  737;  Francis  West,  794. 

“Admiral  of  the  Kingdom,”  Da  Gama  so 
styled,  406. 

“Admiral  of  the  Ocean,”  title  given  to  Co¬ 
lumbus,  281,  293;  refused  to  him,  291; 
granted,  320 ;  title  to  pass  to  his  heir, 
293;  perpetuated  by  his  will,  341. 

Admiralty,  court  of,  in  Rhode  Island,  1154. 

Adolph  of  Nassau  destroys  printing-presses 
at  Mainz,  60. 


'4 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Adriaensen,  Johan,  tries  to  kill  Kieft,  1137. 

Adventure,  Capt.  Kidd’s  frigate,  1555. 

Adventurers,  in  company  with  Puritans, 
text  and  note,  761-763,  766;  send  second 
party  to  Plymouth,  778;  bad  character 
of,  779,  780;  patent  made  out  to  their 
representative,  780,  note,  798;  .escape 
from  Pierce’s  scheme,  797,  note,  798-800; 
send  recruits  for  Plymouth  colony,  802; 
some  Puritans  among,  803 ;  oppose  Puri¬ 
tans,  804;  dependent  on  council  for  New 
England,  805;  in  regard  to  Lyford,  810; 
unfortunate,  813;  factions  among,  814; 
terms  of  sale  to  Pilgrims,  815-819;  pro¬ 
mote  fisheries,  861,  862;  their  work  con¬ 
tinued  by  others,  863. 

Aegean  Sea,  ideas  of  ancients  concerning, 
93- 

Aetna,  Mount,  described  by  Columbus,  299. 

Advertiser,  party  organ,  3454. 

Africa,  explorations  of,  coasted  by  Phoeni¬ 
cians,  98;  invaded  by  barbarians,  202; 
northmen  in,  205 ;  Arabs  on  shores 
of,  244;  coasted  by  Columbus,  270;  ex¬ 
tent  of,  unknown  to  Europeans,  274, 
280;  Portuguese  explorations  on  coast 
of,  282,  402,  415;  words  belonging  to, 
1,  text  and  note,  357;  Cabral  tries  to 
coast,  377,  and  thereby  finds  Brazil,  378; 
southern  cape  rounded  by  Da  Gama, 
406 ;  followed  Portuguese  to,  541 ;  Dutch 
boundary  in,  by  charter,  553 ;  Australia 
company  empowered  to  trade  in,  576; 
coast  raided  for  slaves  by  Hawkins,  590; 
Drake  sailed  around,  595. 

Agamenticus  river,  Gorges  had  grant  on 
shores  of,  848;  settlement  of  Gorges  on, 
950-  .  . 

Agassiz,  Louis,  theory  of  origin  of  abo¬ 
rigines,  130. 

Agawam,  in  Massachusetts  colony,  879;  un¬ 
lawful  settlers  at,  882 ;  annexed  to  Mas¬ 
sachusetts  Bay  colony,  982. 

Agmegue,  name  of  Mohawks,  1516. 

Agriculture  not  cultivated  by  red  Indians, 
122,  181 ;  work  of  the  squaws,  180;  in 
West  Indies,  306,  323 ;  among  Aztecs, 
446;  in  Virginia  colony,  an  object  of 
London  company’s  settlement,  631 ;  pro¬ 
moted  by  Gov.  Dale,  670 ;  managers 
tried  to  diversify  there,  684;  silk  and 
wine  culture  tried,  684;  hemp  success¬ 
fully  planted,  684;  early  history  of,  3134, 
3135;  in  1800,  3698. 

Agriculture,  department  of,  Fillmore  rec¬ 
ommends  establishment  of  agricultural 
bureau,  4496;  congress  establishes,  4947, 
5622;  report  for  1905,  5971-5973- 

Agricultural  college  act,  5641,  5642. 


Aguado,  Juan,  on  commission  of  inquiry, 
327,  328,  345.  < 

Aguinaldo,  Filipino  leader,  negotiations 
with  Dewey,  5720 ;  headquarters  at 
Cavite,  5723 ;  proclamation  of,  5739, 
5740;  sends  envoy  to  United  States, 
5740,  5741 ;  Otis  moves  against,  5741, 
5742;  Lawton  moves  against,  5741-5743; 
Funston  captures,  5744;  taken  to  Ma¬ 
nila,  5744;  signs  peace  manifesto,  5744. 

Ailly,  Pierre  d’,  wrote  “Image  pf  the 
World,”  279. 

Aix,  parliament  of,  9.  4 

Aix-la-Chapelle,  treaty  of,  restored  Louis- 
bourg  to  France,  1409;  ends  war  of 
Spanish  succession,  1491 ;  ended  King 
George’s  war,  1587;  as  to  French  claim 
to  New  France,  note,  2011. 

,Akerman,  Amos  T.,  attorney-general,  5522. 

Alabama,  Indians  in,  160,  161 ;  De  Soto 
marches  through,  468,  472,  474;  Choc¬ 
taws  in,  1861 ;  partly  included  in  west 
Florida  in  1763,  2336;  authorized  to  form 
a  state  constitution,  4115;  suggests  call¬ 
ing  conventions  if  Wilmot  proviso 
should  pass,  4477,  4478;  appropriates  the 
Georgia  platform,  4480;  delegates  with¬ 
draw  from  Charleston  convention,  4593 ; 
reply  to  Gist’s  letter  on  secession,  4607; 
secedes,  4649;  votes  for  secession,  4658; 
Mitchell’s  raid  into,  5109,  5110,  5117; 
forms  part  of  the  department  of  the 
Cumberland,  5128;  carpets  in  state- 
house  cut  up  for  army  blankets,  5220; 
Grant’s  plan  to  isolate  and  conquer, 
5253 ;  Confederate  forces  in,  ready  to 
•disband,  5317;  reconstruction  in,  5346, 
5350,  5352,  5383;  Gen.  Pope  commands 
in,  5388;  measures  to  relieve  distress  in, 
5396;  congress  declares  constitution  rat¬ 
ified  in,  5399;  character  of  officials  at 
beginning  of  reconstruction,  5424-5428; 
carpet-baggers  in,  5425,  5426;  negro  rule 
in,  5426,  5427;  adopts  new  constitution, 
5429;  Democratic  reforms  in,  5429,  5430; 
colored  leagues  in,  5464,  5465. 

Alabama,  Confederate  ship,  4867,  4901,  4937, 
4938,  5509;  Ulus,  of,  facing  4906;  fight 
with  the  Kearsarge,  4907-4909. 

Alabama  river,  Maury’s  movements  on, 
5284. 

Alabama  union  league,  facsimile  of  pages 
from  constitution  of,  facing  5464. 

Alabamas,  Indian  tribe,  in  uprising  of  1813, 
4039- 

Alamo,  San  Antonio,  Tex.,  views  of,  fac¬ 
ing  4280;  defeat  of  Texans  at,  4280,  4281. 

Alaska,  Indians  in,  163,  165;  Eskimos  in, 
165,  166;  on  route  of  Atlantic  to  Pacific, 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


5 


548;  purchased  by  United  States,  5489; 
boundary  between  Canada  and,  56 77; 
natural  resources  of,  5685 ;  congress  on 
civil  government  for,  5761 ;  Hay  secures 
adjustment  of  boundary  dispute,  5832; 
representation  in  U.  S.  congress,  5866; 
area  and  population  in  1903,  5963. 

Albany,'  site  of,  passed  by  Hudson,  546; 
Ft.  Nassau  built  near,  550;  founded, 
553;  limit  of  Van  Rensselaer’s  patroon- 
ship,  567;  Connecticut  troops  at,  1442; 
important  trading-post,  1504;  Jacob 
Leisler  trader  and  magistrate  at,  1533; 
fort  at,  held  by  Mayor  Cortlandt  against 
Leisler,  1536;  dangerous  overland  march 
to,  1536;  faction  at,  finds  refuge  in  Mas¬ 
sachusetts  and  Connecticut,  1537;  re¬ 
fused  to  acknowledge  Leisler,  1539; 
called  on  Massachusetts  and  Connecti¬ 
cut  for  aid,  1539;  starting-point  of  army 
against  Canada,  1542;  Winthrop’s  army 
assembled  at,  1544;  R.  Livingston  town 
clerk,  1554;  Rip  Van  Dam  a  native  of, 
1568;  Gov.  Geo.  Clinton  at,  1587; 
Shirley’s  headquarters,  2090;  rendezvous 
for  Johnson’s  force  in  1755,  2092,  2093; 
included  in  Dieskau’s  plan  of  operations, 
2094;  Gen.  Webb  leads  relief  force  from 
and  back  to,  2135,  2137;  Winslow’s  pro¬ 
vincial  army  at,  2138,  2140;  Abercrombie 
flees  to,  after  Ticonderoga,  2199;  Aber¬ 
crombie’s  army  idle  at,  2210;  Schuy¬ 
ler  leaves,  2485 ;  expeditions  to,  2584, 
2600;  Clinton  threatens,  2656;  Washing¬ 
ton  sends  Hamilton  to,  2672;  Lafayette 
at,  2702;  Sullivan  sends  Gansevoort  to, 
2842 ;  Lincoln  at,  4 666. 

Albany,  Fort,  Va.,  4772. 

Albany  congress  discussed  Connecticut’s 
rights,  1270;  composed  of  colonial  gov¬ 
ernors,  1491;  rejects  union  of  colonies, 
2355 ;  western  colonies  provided  for, 
3145,  3146. 

Albany  county  in  patroonship  of  Van  Rens¬ 
selaer,  567. 

Albany  Evening  Journal,  4639. 

Albany  regency  in  the  presidential  cam¬ 
paign  of  1824,  4161. 

Albemarle,  Confederate  ship,  4900;  de¬ 
stroyed,  5173-5176. 

Albemarle  Sound,  efforts  to  colonize 
country  near,  1715,  1717,  1718,  1721 ; 
named,  1723;  settlement  distrusts  Locke’s 
constitution,  1750,  1751 ;  Virginia  shipped 
tobacco  to,  2832. 

Albert  Magnus  discovers  gunpowder,  79. 

Albuquerque,  Magellan  with,  in  India,  406. 

Alden,  Col.  Ichabod,  commands  at  Cherry 
valley,  2761. 


Alden,  John,  held  to  represent  Plymouth 
in  Kennebec  affair,  833. 

Alert,  British  ship,  2871,  3992. 

Alexander  VI.,  pope,  issues  bulls  dividing 
new  world,  321,  322,  502. 

Alexander,  Confederate  general,  at  Gettys¬ 
burg,  5073,  5091. 

Alexander,  or  Moonanam,  son  of  Massa- 
soit,  text  and  note,  1284,  1285. 

Alexander,  Capt.  Charles,  schooner  Wasp 
commanded  by,  2866. 

Alexander,  James,  N.  Y.  lawyer,  helped  to 
start  Weekly  Journal,  1569,  1570;  in 
Zenger’s  trial,  1570,  1571 ;  volunteered 
to  act  against  negroes  in  “Negro  Plot,” 
1577- 

Alexander,  Gen.  William  (called  Lord  Stir¬ 
ling),  commanded  Maryland  brigade, 
2513;  his  heroism,  2514;  exchanged, 
2519;  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  2529,  2543; 
appointed  major-general,  2564;  with 
Washington,  2609;  engagement  with 
Howe,  2610;  at  Brandywine,  2615,  2617, 
2618;  warns  Washington,  2697;  at  battle 
of  Monmouth,  2739;  presides  at  Lee’s 
court-martial,  2742;  at  Saratoga,  3073. 

Alexander,  Sir  William  (Earl  of  Stirling), 
received  land  grant  from  Gorges,  749, 
750,  858 ;  headed  Canada  company,  845 ; 
member  of  council  for  New  England, 
855;  secured  a  grant  of  Long  Island, 
1125;  territory  granted  to,  1935;  grants 
land  to  Charles  La  Tour,  1938. 

“Alexander  of  the  New  World,”  Cortes  so 
called,  459. 

Alexandria,  Egypt,  sphericity  of  earth 
taught  in,  95 ;  Eaton’s  exploit  at,  3773. 

Alexandria,  La.,  Banks  retreats  to,  5258. 

Alexandria,  Va.,  enlisting-place  of  Wash¬ 
ington’s  company  in  1754,  2039;  on 
Washington’s  route  to  Ohio  campaign, 
2041 ;  Braddock  at,  2057,  2065 ;  confer¬ 
ence  of  colonial  governors  at,  2057; 
starting-point  of  Braddock,  2059;  glass 
factory  at,  3122;  commercial  conven¬ 
tion  at,  3249 ;  Washington  entertained 
by,  3329;  surrendered  to  the  British, 
4076;  Confederates  hold,  4739;  Lee  and 
Pope  near,  5024;  McClellan’s  head¬ 
quarters  near,  5029. 

Alexandrian  age,  geography  revolutionized 
in,  99. 

Alfonso  V.,  of  Portugal,  inquires  about 
route  to  India,  274. 

Alfred,  U.  S.  flagship,  2864;  Paul  Jones 
commands,  2867;  achievements  of,  2867, 
2868;  sails  for  France,  2873;  work  and 
capture  of,  2873. 


6 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Alger,  Russell  A.,  candidate  for  president, 
5623 ;  secretary  of  war,  5695. 

Algernoune,  Fort  (Point  Comfort),  built 
by  Ratcliffe,  660 ;  Gates  arrived  at,  662; 
menaced  by  Spaniards,  671. 

Algiers,  pirates  of,  capture  Gov.  Sothel, 
1761 ;  ransom  for  Americans  demanded 
by,  3445,  3446;  the  senate  and,  3446; 
treaty  with,  3563,  3564;  relations  with, 
3710,  3711;  Bainbridge  sent  to,  3711; 
attempts  to  break  treaty  with  United 
States,  4093. 

Algonquins,  Indian  tribe  formerly  called 
Ojibways,  early  tribes,  151,  156;  in 
New  England,  157;  portrait  of  an  Ojib- 
way,  facing  158;  on  Hudson  river,  159; 
in  New  Jersey  and  Delaware,  160;  in 
Virginia,  160,  635 ;  mode  of  fighting, 
225;  in  Canada,  530;  De  Vignau  winters 
among,  534;  need  assistance  of  whites, 
1128,  1129;  attacked  by  Iroquois,  1131, 
1969;  massacred  by  Kieft,  1 133-1 135 ; 
have  revenge  on  Dutch,  1136;  some 
tribes  adopted  by  Senecas,  1518;  affected 
by  Kieft’s  butchery,  1522;  with  Daulac 
at  Long  Saut,  1979,  1981 ;  their  friend¬ 
ship  necessary  to  French  trade,  1986; 
leagued  against  Iroquois,  1995 ;  Miamis 
a  branch  of,  2012;  descend  from  Lenape 
Indians,  2019;  very  warlike,  2281,  2282; 
ruled  by  Pontiac,  2281 ;  domain,  2282 ; 
yield  to  Sioux,  2282;  Pontiac’s  plot  re¬ 
vealed  to  Gladwin,  2292,  2293 ;  Burgoyne 
joined  by,  2571. 

Alhambra,  Columbus  meets  Isabella  at,  335= 

Alibamu,  Indian  tribe,  161. 

Alien  laws,  congress  enacts,  3625-3634;  pe¬ 
tition  against  the,  3645;  Jefferson  on  the, 

3645,  3646;  Kentucky  resolutions  on, 

3646,  3647;  Virginia  protests,  3647,  3648; 
opposition  to,  3650 ;  South  Carolina  on, 
3652;  committee  reports  in  favor  of, 
36  62. 

Aliens,  measures  of  Confederate  congress 
against,  5216,  5217. 

Allamance  creek,  Cornwallis  at,  3031. 

Allatoona,  Ga.,  base  of  supplies  for  Sher¬ 
man,  5263 ;  attacked  by  Confederates, 
5266.  . 

Alleghanies,  mounds  near,  131 ;  explored 
by  order  of  Gov.  Spotswood,  1657; 
English  settle  west  of,  in  1755,  2009; 
crossed  by  Gist,  2016;  U.  S.  boundary 
at,  2790. 

Alleghany,  meaning  of  word,  2002. 

Alleghany  river,  La  Salle  on,  1991 ;  Ft. 
Duquesne,  2006;  Bienville’s  expedition 
on,  2010;  Washington  recommended  fort 


on,  2032;  Col.  Brodhead’s  expedition 
along  the,  2842. 

Allegiance  to  the  United  States,  oath  of,  to 
be  taken  by  southerners  after  the  civil 
war,  5344-5346. 

Allen,  fighting  parson  of  Berkshire  regi¬ 
ment,  note,  2604. 

Allen,  Andrew,  3468. 

Allen,  Ethan,  in  Wyoming,  Pa.,  1273;  re¬ 
solves  to  capture  Ticonderoga,  2443; 
chosen  commander  of  expedition,  2443 ; 
captures  Ticonderoga,  2446;  claims  com¬ 
mand  at  Ticonderoga,  2447;  capture  of, 
2475- 

Allen,  Herman,  minister  to  Chili,  4142. 

Allen,  John,  in  American  defeat  at  French- 
town,  4017;  death  of,  4018. 

Allen  family  of  Philadelphia  submits  to 
Howe’s  proclamation,  2529. 

Allen’s  farm,  Va.,  engagement  at,  4983. 

Allentown,  Clinton’s  movements  at,  2732. 

Allerton,  Isaac,  assistant  to  Gov.  Bradford, 
778;  agent  in  London  for  the  Pilgrims, 
816;  bargain  between  merchants  and 
Pilgrims  made  by,  816-819,  and  note, 
818;  his  character,  note,  819,  825; 

brought  over  a  Puritan  minister,  819; 
secured  new  patent  for  Plymouth,  825- 
827;  charged  with  extravagance,  831. 

Allerton,  S.  C.,  riot  in,  5448. 

Alliacus,  Petrus,  writes  “Image  of  the 
World,”  278-280. 

Alliance,  U.  S.  frigate  in  cruise  of  Paul 
Jones,  2883 ;  Lafayette  brought  to  Amer¬ 
ica  by,  2884;  Pierre  Landais  commander 
of,  2884;  crew  of,  2884;  the,  Capt.  John 
Barry  commands,  2897;  Col.  John  Lau¬ 
rens  conveyed  by,  2897;  work  of,  2898; 
last  naval  fight  of  revolutionary  war 
by,  2900;  building  of,  3118. 

Allison,  William  B.,  candidate  for  pres¬ 
ident,  5623,  5687. 

Allison,  Confederate  flag-of-truce  steamer, 
5305- 

Allotment  act,  providing  for  the  natural¬ 
ization  of  Indians,  5617,  5619,  5620. 

Allouez,  Father,  French  missionary,  visits 
Lake  Superior,  1959;  speaks  at  great 
French  and  Indian  meeting  at  Sainte 
Marie,  1990. 

Allyn,  secretary  of  state  of  Connecticut, 
I44I- 

Almanac,  first  publication  in  America,  913; 
Poor  Richard’s,  facsimile  of  two  pages, 
facing  1264. 

Almeida  accompanied  to  India  by  Magel¬ 
lan,  406. 

Almonte,  Don  Juan  Nepomuceno,  leaves 
Washington,  4372. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


7 


Almy,  Christopher,  declines  governorship 
of  Rhode  Island,  1475. 

Almy  and  Brown,  Slater  enters  the  service 
of,  3125. 

Alston,  leader  in  congress,  3901. 

Alston,  Joseph,  son-in-law  of  Burr,  3826. 

Alston,  Theodosia,  daughter  of  Aaron 
Burr,  3839;  death,  3845. 

Altamaha  river,  charter  boundary  of 
Georgia,  1841 ;  of  Montgomery’-^  Azilia, 
1843;  Scotch  settle  on,  1864;  Ogle¬ 
thorpe  makes  a  settlement  on,  1882;  New 
Hanover  on,  2142. 

Altgeld,  John  P.,  governor  of  Illinois,  por¬ 
trait,  facing  5670;  demands  withdrawal 
of  troops  from  Chicago,  5671. 

Althaam,  Father,  in  Lord  Baltimore’s  ex¬ 
pedition,  note,  1069. 

Alvarado,  Pedro  de,  massacred  Aztecs  in 
Tenochtitlan,  455;  reproved  by.  Cortes, 
456.  * 

Amazon  river  discovered  by  V.  Pinzon, 
374- 

Amboyna,  massacre  of,  1170. 

Ambrister,  British  soldier,  ordered  execu¬ 
ted  by  Jackson,  4109,  4110;  English 
sympathy  for,  41 11. 

Amelia  Court-House,  Va.,  Confederate  base 
of  supplies,  5289. 

Amelia  Island,  pirates  at,  4106,  4107. 

Amelia  Sound,  Spaniards  entered  in  1742, 

1905. 

America,  pre-Columbian,  first  inhabitants 
of,  119-148;  eastern  emigrations  to,  130, 
131 ;  the  red  Indians,  149-198;  Norse¬ 
men  in,  201-242 ;  traditional  voyages  to, 
243-262 ;  western  voyages  of  the  Arabs, 
243,  244;  story  of  Madoc,  245-247;  the 
Zeno  voyages,  248-256;  the  Chinese 
story  of  Fusang,  257-260;  the  story  of 
Skolnus,  260;  Cousin’s  voyage,  260;  see 
also  Aboriginal  races  of  America ;  Col¬ 
onies  of  America ;  Discovery  and  explo¬ 
ration  ;  South  America. 

America,  U.  S.  ship,  Paul  Jones  assigned 
to,  2896;  France  presented  with  the, 
2896;  building  of,  3119,  3I2o. 

American  character,  3190,  3191,  3r43>  3144- 

American  congress  at  Panama,  4172-4175. 

American  federation  of  labor,  organization 
and  character,  5888,  5889. 

American  flag  association,  5919,  5920. 

American  forestry  association,  5816. 

American-French  alliance,  England  fears, 

3539. 

American  Gibraltar,  Louisbourg  so  named, 

1384,  1385,  1393. 

American  knights,  order  of,  5201. 


American  labor  union,  5889. 

American  Museum ,  Mathew  Carey’s  mag¬ 
azine,  3453. 

American  philosophical  society  founded, 
note,  1569. 

American  railway  union,  in  Pullman  strike, 
5668-5671. 

“American  System,”  4157,  4158,  4202. 

American  Turtle,  first  submarine  boat,  3119. 

American  woman’s  suffrage  society,  5929. 

Ames,  Fisher,  statement  of,  regarding  sal¬ 
aries,  3342;  on  tariff,  3345,  3350;  portrait 
of,  facing  3350;  on  slavery,  3352;  on 
state  debts,  3368,  3371,  3377;  national 
bank  favored  by,  3400;  on  American 
commerce,  3493 ;  on  English  policy,  3497, 
3498;  on  the  Democratic  clubs,  3549; 
on  fourth  congress,  3564;  advises  Adams 
to  send  mission  to  France,  3594;  re¬ 
tirement,  3596 ;  on  Louisiana  purchase 
amendment,  3761. 

Ames,  Oakes,  head  of  Union  Pacific  rail¬ 
way  company,  5491. 

Ames,  Oliver,  head  of  Union  Pacific  rail¬ 
way  company,  5491. 

Amherst,  Gen.  Jeffrey,  Richard  Gridley 
served  under,  note,  1402 ;  portrait,  facing 
2162;  takes  Loudon’s  place,  2163;  com¬ 
mands  land  force  in  1758,  2166;  gives 
Wolfe  position  of  honor,  2176,  2177; 
generous  to  Wolfe,  2186;  much  liked 
by  colonies,  2215;  his  part  in  campaign 
of  1759,  2215;  prepares  to  invest  Ticon- 
deroga,  2219 ;  skillfully  causes  evacuation 
of  Ticonderoga,  2220;  builds  vessel  at 
Crown  Point,  2221 ;  sends  Putnam  down 
the  Sorel,  2221 ;  in  winter  quarters  at 
Crown  Point,  2221 ;  humane  and  wise, 
2222,  2223;  sends  Gage  to  Ft.  Niagara, 
2229 ;  loses  the  chance  of  taking  Quebec, 
2247,  2248,  2253 ;  supposed  to  threaten 
Montreal,  2253 ;  does  not  cooperate  with 
Wolfe,  2253;  goes  to  Montreal  in  1760, 
2275 ;  received  surrender  of  Canada, 
2276;  neglects  warning  of  Pontiac’s  plot, 
2289 ;  informed  of  Bouquet’s  danger, 
2323;  retakes  Newfoundland  in  1762, 
2332;  opinion  of  revolutionary  war,  2714. 

Amichel,  territory  on  Gulf  of  Mexico,  395 ; 
De  Garay  tries  to  colonize,  396;  dropped 
from  charts,  396. 

Amidas,  Philip,  captain  of  Raleigh’s  expe¬ 
dition,  605;  kidnaps  Indians,  607;  Lane’s 
lieutenant,  608. 

Amiens,  treaty  of,  3732,  3791. 

Amite  river,  part  of  boundary  between 
French  and  English  territory  in  1763, 
2334. 


8,  GENERAL  INDEX. 


Ammunition,  scarcity  of,  at  Bunker  Hill, 
2467,  2468;  obtained  through  slave  trade, 
2468;  efforts  made  to  secure,  2475. 

Amnesty,  bill  for  general  amnesty  fails  to 
pass  in  45th  congress,  5557,  5558;  general 
amnesty  granted  by  55th  congress,  5749. 

Amnesty  proclamation  issued  to  Southern 
Confederacy  in  1865,  terms,  5318;  oath 
required,  5344;  Johnson  issues,  5415. 

Ampudia,  Mexican  general,  placed  in  com¬ 
mand  of  Mexican  forces,  4377;  at  Mon¬ 
terey,  4385;  Buena  Vista,  4389. 

Amsterdam,  market  for  Canadian  furs,  541 ; 
Hudson  in,  544;  merchants  of,  secure 
rights  to  trade  in  America,  549;  mer¬ 
chants  of,  patrons  of  Dutch  West  India 
company,  553 ;  company’s  governing 
council,  554;  can  not  control  patroons, 
570;  religious  connection  with  America, 
Brownist  refugees  flee  to,  615,  616,  753, 
754,  756,  757- 

Amsterdam  Fort  built  by  Peter  Minuit,  560; 
Eelkens  threatens,  572,  573;  De  Vries 
at,  574;  English  colonists  taken  to,  585. 

Anabaptists,  Puritans  accused  of  being,  870; 
at  Flushing,  L.  I.,  1168;  suffered  during 
witchcraft  delusion,  1340;  use  of  name 
forbidden  in  Maryland,  1683. 

Anahuac  plateau  reached  by  Cortes,  451. 

Anarchiad,  3453. 

Anarchists  in  Chicago,  5601-5603;  Roose¬ 
velt  on,  5791,  5792. 

Anastasia  Island,  1899. 

Anaximander  teaches  that  the  earth  is 
round,  94. 

Andalusia,  New,  province  on  Gulf  of  Da¬ 
rien,  376;  Pedrarias,  governor  of,  385. 

Andastes,  Indian  tribe,  destroyed  by  the 
Six  Nations,  159;  noted  by  John  Smith, 
649,  767;  struggle  with  Iroquois,  1973. 

Anderson,  commissioner  to  American  con¬ 
gress  at  Panama,  dies,  4174. 

“Anderson,  John,”  pseudonym  of  John 
Andre,  2977. 

Anderson,  Joseph,  appointed  judge,  3389. 

Anderson,  R.  C.,  minister  to  Colombia,  4142. 

Anderson,  Richard  H.,  at  Bald  Hill,  5023; 
at  Pleasant  Valley,  5037;  on  Maryland 
Heights,  5040;  at  Shiloh,  5103. 

Anderson,  Gen.  Robert,  commander  of 
Charleston  harbor,  4614;  portrait,  facing 
4614;  war  department’s  instructions  to, 
4625,  4626;  at  Ft.  Sumter,  4627,  4628, 
4676,  4677;  cheered  by  New  York  stock 
exchange,  4683;  commander' of  depart¬ 
ment  of  the  Cumberland,  4804;  succeed¬ 
ed  by  W.  T.  Sherman,  4806;  at  battle 
near  Hanover  Court-House,  4964,  4965. 

Anderson,  Fort  (Thicketty  Fort),  N.  C., 


capture  of,  2634;  attacked  by  Forrest, 
5255 ;  attacked  by  Porter,  5282. 

Andre,  Maj.  John,  Meschianza  planned  by, 
2727,  2728;  sketch  of,  2728;  portrait  of, 
facing  2976;  corresponds  with  Arnold, 
2977 ;  meeting  with  Arnold,  2980,  2981 ; 
reaches  Tarrytown,  2983;  capture  of, 
2983;  trial  of,  2986;  Washington  orders 
execution  of,  2986;  efforts  to  save,  2987; 
death  and  burial  of,  2987;  also  note, 
2987,  2988. 

Andrea  Doria,  American  war  vessel,  28 66. 

Andrew,  John  A.,  governor  of  Massachu¬ 
setts,  4686;  portrait,  facing  4686. 

Andrews,  Richar-d,  one  of  guarantors  of 
Plymouth  debt,  note,  818. 

Andros,  Sir  Edmund,  governor-general  of 
New  England,  succeeds  Dudley,  1310; 
his  career  in  Boston,  1310-1321 ;  govern¬ 
or  of  Virginia,  1321 ;  governor  of  New 
York,  1431,  1507-1512;  on  York’s  claim 
to  Connecticut,  1432,  1433 ;  portrait  of, 
illus.,  facing  1438;  arrives  to  take  char¬ 
ter,  1439;  failed  to  take  charter,  1440; 
takes  command  of  Connecticut,  1440, 
1441 ;  deposed,  1441 ;  visits  Rhode 
Island,  1470;  takes  over  Rhode  Island, 
1473;  more  tactful  than  James  II.,  1473 ; 
confirms  Rhode  Island  to  territorial 
claims,  1474;  sketch  of,  1507;  rebuffed 
on  Connecticut,  1507,  1508;  sent  as  gov¬ 
ernor  of  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and 
New  England,  1525;  put  in  place  of 
Dongan,  1529;  rule  ended  by  insurrection 
in  Boston,  1532;  belongs  to  departing 
type,  1635 ;  loyal  to  sovereign,  1701 ; 
serves  well  as  governor  of  Maryland, 
1702;  silk  culture  encouraged  by,  3123. 

Androscoggin  river,  793. 

Angine,  Madame,  3462. 

Anglicanism  might  be  imposed  on  New 
England,  890. 

Anglo-Saxons  land  in  Iceland,  203 ;  com¬ 
pared  to  the  Vikings,  241 ;  Cabot  opens 
way  for,  in  North  America,  438;  qual¬ 
ifications  for  successful  colonists,  2002, 
2003. 

Ann,  Cape,  settlement  on,  the  germ  of  Mas¬ 
sachusetts  Bay  colony,  791,  792,  862; 
bought  by  Cushman  and  Winslow,  794. 

Ann,  Fort,  near  the  camp  of  Putnam  and 
Rogers  in  1758,  2201 ;  Americans  retreat 
to,  2573  ;  American  obstructions  at,  2576 ; 
British  evacuate,  2636. 

Ann,  The ,  colonial  ship,  brings  recruits  to 
Plymouth,  802;  takes  Winslow  to  Eng¬ 
land,  803 ;  brings  John  Oldham,  806. 

Annahotaha,  Huron  chief  at  Long  Saut, 
1979. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


9 


Annals,  Elder  Skalholt,  mentioned  Mark- 
land,  238. 

Annapolis,  Md.,  how  named  and  founded, 
1090;  Gov.  Spotswood  died  at,  1659; 
mint  established  at,  during  restora¬ 
tion,  1672;  becomes  capital,  1707;  clear¬ 
ances  made  from,  until  1780,  1712;  ova¬ 
tion  to  Washington  at,  3224;  meeting  of 
commercial  convention  at,  3250,  3251 ; 
facsimile  of  minutes  of  convention  at, 
facing  3250;  members  present  at,  facing 
3250 ;  congress  and  convention  at, 
3256;  threatened  in  war  of  1812,  4039; 
Burnside’s  headquarters  at,  4875. 

Annapolis,  Nova  Scotia  (former  name, 
Port  Royal),  settled  by  French,  525- 
527;  destroyed  by  Argali,  676;  sur¬ 
renders  to.  English,  1356,  1543 ;  found¬ 
ed,  1935;  receives  Scotch  colony,  1939; 
Charles  La  Tour  at,  1940;  French  rein¬ 
stated  in,  1941 ;  D’Aunay  at,  1943,  1949, 
1950,  1955- 

Anne,  queen  of  England,  Annapolis  named 
for,  1090;  confirms  appointment  of  Gov. 
Joseph  Dudley,  1351 ;  succeeded  by 
George  I.,  1358;  against  press-gang  in 
colonies,  1411,  1413;  her  reign  danger¬ 
ous  to  colonies,  1447,  1448,  1482;  cousin 
to  Lord  Cornbury,  1447,  1558;  did  not 
favor  Nicholson’s  plan  for  consolidating 
American  colonies,  1530;  confirms  com¬ 
mission  of  Lord  Cornbury,  1559;  well 
served  by  Earl  of  Orkney,  1653 ;  ap¬ 
pealed  to  by  Carolina  disasters,  1800, 
1801,  1808. 

Anne,  British  ship,  brings  Oglethorpe  to 
America,  1849. 

“Annie’s  Hoeck,”  house  of  Annie  Hutchin¬ 
son,  1136,  1137. 

Annus  Mirabilis  (1666)  in  London,  1279; 
saved  Massachusetts,  1279,  1280. 

Anson,  Admiral,  defeats  French,  1409, 
1490. 

Anspach-Bayreuth,  England  hires  subjects 
of,  2472. 

Anthony,  Susan  B.,  arrested  for  voting, 
5930. 

Anthony’s  Nose,  2654. 

Anthracite  coal  strike  of  1902,  account  of, 
5809-5815. 

Antiamque,  winter  quarters  of  De  Soto, 
475  I  Ortiz  died  at,  476. 

Anticosti  Island  reached  by  Cartier,  511. 

Antietam,  battle  of,  effect  in  England,  4938, 
5036,  5042-5051 ;  map  of  battle,  facing 
5042 ;  view  of  Dunker  church  at,  facing 
5042 ;  followed  by  the  emancipation 
proclamation,  5058,  5059. 

Antietam  creek,  description  of,  5042,  5043. 


Anti-Federalist  party,  beginning  of  the, 

3300. 

Anti-George,  French  privateer,  3465. 

Antigua  discovered,  323 ;  Balboa  at,  383 ; 
trading-post,  385 ;  government  trans¬ 
ferred  to  Panama,  386;  declared  in  re¬ 
bellion,  1092;  Sir  George  Thomas  in, 
1266. 

Antilia,  fabulous  islands,  275. 

Antilles  restored  to  France,  3732;  United 
States  desires  naval  base  in,  5476. 

Anti-Masons,  William  Morgan  affair,  4211, 
4212:  rise  of,  4212:  carry  Vermont  in 
1832,  4250. 

Antinomians  dreaded  by  Gov.  Winthrop, 
1034;  Gov.  Bull  one  of,  1475. 

Antioch,  crusaders  before,  44. 

Antiquitates  Americans,  by  Rafn,  note,  209. 

Antosee,  sacred  town  of  the  Indians,  4038. 

Antwerp,  Van  Laet  historian  in,  566. 

Aoki,  Viscount,  the  first  ambassador  from 
Japan  to  United  States,  5866. 

Apaches,  Indian  tribe,  portraits,  facing  162; 
atrocities  of,  164;  depend  upon  U.  S. 
government  for  support,  5618. 

Apalachee,  Indian  town,  461,  469. 

Apalachee  Bay  entered  by  Narvaez,  460. 

Apalachi,  Indian  tribe,  in  south,  161 ; 
roused  against  English  and  Spaniards, 
1797;  exterminated,  1798,  1799. 

Apalachicola  river,  boundary  between  east 
and  west  Florida  in  1763,  2336. 

Apia,  Samoa,  German  warships  in,  5637 ; 
hurricane  in,  5639;  views  of,  facing 
5640. 

Apostle  to  the ‘Indians  (John  Eliot),  892. 

Appalachian  Mountains,  1623 ;  near  bound¬ 
ary  of  Georgia,  1841 ;  by  French  con¬ 
sidered  the  limit  of  English  possessions, 
2002,  2005. 

Appomattox,  Indian  tribe,  the  “Queen”  of, 
orders  massacre  of  colonists,  666;  dis¬ 
possessed  by  Dale,  669,  672 ;  reclaims  its 
land,  694;  Grant  and  Lee  at,  1519;  Ber¬ 
keley’s  expedition  at,  1624. 

Appomattox  river  ascended  by  Newport 
and  Virginia  settled,  633 ;  Henricus 
founded  by  Dale  above  the  mouth  of, 
671 ;  tribe  driven  from,  672 ;  view  of,  at 
City  Point,  facing  5242 ;  Confederate 
movements  near,  5285,  5288-5290. 

Appomattox  Station,  Confederates  at,  5291. 

Aquidneck  Island,  Gorton  at,  919,  1042 ; 
British  occupy,  2531. 

Aquia  creek,  Dunmore  at,  2489. 

Arabia  conquered  by  Islam,  46. 

Arabic  spoken  by  mariner  of  Columbus, 
306.  _ 

Arabs  impress  crusaders,  45,  51-54;  their 


10 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


learning,  46-48;  mental  activity  in  dark 
ages,  49;  fine  weapons,  51;  use  compass, 
65 ;  also  gunpowder,  76 ;  introduced  to 
west,  78;  westward  voyages,  244. 

Aragon,  Ferdinand  of,  marries  Isabella,  18; 
unifies  Spain  and  conquers  Granada,  19; 
Santangel  treasurer  of,  291 ;  to  have  no 
share  in  new  world,  293 ;  Pope  Alex¬ 
ander  VI.  born  in,  321 ;  Ponce  de  Leon 
native  of,  387. 

Arahatec,  Indian  werowance,  636. 

Aranbega,  note,  524. 

Aranda,  America  deserted  by,  2556. 

Arapahoes,  Indian  tribe,  in  Colorado,  163; 
depend  on  U.  S.  government  for  sup¬ 
port,  5618. 

Arawaks,  natives  of  West  Indies,  152,  153, 
323,  332,  338. 

Arbella,  The,  John  Winthrop’s  ship,  877. 

Arbitration  in  first  Providence  constitution, 
1024;  between  Indians  and  whites,  orig¬ 
inal  with  Penn,  1198;  treaty  of  Wash¬ 
ington  provides  for  tribunal  of,  5506, 
5507;  congress  on  national  board  of, 
5614;  British  house  of  commons’  me¬ 
morial  on,  5675 ;  treaty  between  England 
and  United  States  on,  5675-5677. 

Arbuthnot,  Admiral,  Clinton  reinforced  by, 
2905 ;  Charleston  harbor  occupied  by, 
2909;  Newport  attacked  by  fleet  of, 
2970;  battle  with  French  fleet,  3068. 

Arbuthnot,  Scotch  trader,  ordered  exe¬ 
cuted  by  Jackson,  4109,  4110;  English 
sympathy  for,  41 11. 

Archangel  reached  by  Chancellor,  589. 

Archdale,  John,  governor  of  South  Car¬ 
olina,  account  of  province  in  West’s 
time,  1767;  governor  of  the  Carolinas, 
1791-1794;  returned  to.  England,  1794; 
appoints  Blake  as  his  successor,  1794; 
secures  franchise  for  Huguenots,  1794; 
on  Gov.  Johnson,  1806;  pleaded  for 
rights  of  North  Carolina  colonists,  1807. 

Archer,  Capt.  Gabriel,  Jamestown  colonist, 
wounded  by  Indians,  631 ;  urges  location 
up  the  river,  633,  634;  ringleader  in 
faction,  text  and  note,  641 ;  elected  by 
council,  643 ;  plans  a  democracy,  646, 
655 ;  returns  to  England,  647 ;  arrives 
again  in  Virginia,  658;  dies,  662. 

Archer’s  creek,  site  of  Ribault’s  fort,  480. 

Archer’s  Hopes,  peninsula  on  James  river, 

634. 

Arctic  seas,  voyage  of  Columbus  in,  276, 
277;  Hudson  explores,  548;  Drake  in¬ 
tends  to  sail  through,  592. 

Ardesoif,  Capt.,  in  South  Carolina,  2936; 
James’  altercation  with,  2936. 


Area  of  United  States  and  its  possessions 
in  1905,  5963. 

Argale’s  Gift  entitled  to  representation  in 
house  of  burgesses,  680. 

Argali,  Sir  Samuel,  Virginia  colonist,  tries 
to  exchange  interpreters  with  Indians, 
note,  534;  rapacious  governor,  537; 
tries  to  expel  Dutch  from  Hudson,  557; 
captures  Pocahontas,  note,  645 ;  sends  to 
ascertain  good  sea-route,  657;  reaches 
Jamestown  opportunely,  657;  carries 
dismal  news  to  England,  658;  in  council 
under  Delaware,  665 ;  prominent  in  Vir¬ 
ginia,  673;  ordered  to  drive  off  French, 
673,  676,  725,  1935,  1936;  joins  faction 
of  Robert  Rich,  677 ,  suspended  by  com¬ 
pany,  678,  679;  promotes  future  college, 
685 ;  his  case  reviewed  by  company, 
702 ;  vote  against  company,  705 ;  su¬ 
perior  to  Harvey,  713 ;  in  council  for 
New  England,  789,  797;  in  French  war, 
843;  dies,  note,  843. 

Argenson,  governor  of  Canada,  1984. 

Argus,  U.  S.  brig,  3989;  captured  by  the 
Pelican,  4023. 

Argyle,  Duke  of,  followers  of,  settle  in 
Carolinas,  1745. 

Argyle,  Fort,  Scotch  fort  on  Ogeechee 
river,  1864. 

Ariel,  French  vessel,  Paul  Jones  sails  in, 
2896. 

Ariel,  U.  S.  schooner,  4028. 

Arikarees,  division  of  Sioux  Indians,  163. 

Arista,  Mariano,  in  command  of  Mata- 
moras,  4377 ;  at  Palo  Alto,  4379 ;  at 
Resaca  de  la  Palma,  4380;  court-mar¬ 
tialed,  4381 ;  retreats  to  Linares,  4381. 

Aristotle  teaches  that  the  earth  is  spherical, 
94;  estimates  size  of  earth,  96. 

Arizona,  Indians  in,  164;  territorial  gov¬ 
ernment  in,  favored  by  Buchanan,  4573; 
plan  to  unite  with  New  Mexico,  5871- 
5875. 

Ark,  The,  one  of  Lord  Baltimore’s  ships, 

1069. 

Arkansas,  Indian  tribe,  162. 

Arkansas,  state  of,  pronunciation,  note,  162 ; 
Indians  in,  162;  La  Salle’s  survivors 
rescued  near,  1997;  organized  as  a  ter¬ 
ritory,  4114;  secedes,  4685;  Curtis’  army 
in,  5I33i  Confederates  driven  from, 
5139;  popular  discontent  in,  5216;  Con¬ 
federate  source  of  supplies,  5253 ;  Steele 
in,  5256,  5257;  Price  in,  5257;  recon¬ 
struction  in,  5334,  5383,  5388;  first  se¬ 
ceding  state  to  return  to  Union,  5400; 
ratifies  fourteenth  amendment  to  con¬ 
stitution,  5413. 


/ 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


11 


Arkansas,  Confederate  ship,  4898,  4900. 

Arkansas  post,  McClernand  captures,  5144. 

Arkansas  river  reached  by  La  Salle’s  sur¬ 
vivors,  1997;  Pike  explores,  3759. 

Arkwright,  Sir  Richard,  3125. 

Arlington,  Earl  of,  1459;  receives  grant  of 
Virginia,  1610. 

Arlington,  Va.,  Gen.  Wheeler  buried  at,  5866. 

Arlington,  Fort,  Va.,  4772. 

Arlington  Heights,  Va.,  threatened  by  Con¬ 
federates,  4739;  federals  fortify,  4740. 

Armada,  Spanish,  286;  planned  by  Philip 
II.,  500;  Hawkins  took  part  in  destroy¬ 
ing,  591 ;  also  Drake,  596;  destroyed, 

613. 

Armand,  Charles,  independent  force  organ¬ 
ized  by,  2707;  at  Camden,  2948,  2951, 
2954,  2955 ;  criticism  of  Gates,  text  and 
note,  2950,  2953;  at  the  Graney  Quarter 
creek,  2957;  dismissal  of  troops  of, 
3011. 

Armand’s  “Legion,”  Kalb  joined  by,  2940. 

Armed  neutrality  established  by  chief  Euro¬ 
pean  powers,  3064,  3066 ;  its  effect  on 
England,  3085;  government  instructions 
to  Jay  on,  3512. 

Armenians,  congressional  resolutions  re¬ 
lating  to,  5682. 

Arminianism  debated  in  Leyden,  756. 

Armistead,  Lewis  A.,  led  a  division  in 
Pickett’s  charge  at  Gettysburg,  5091, 
5092. 

Armisted,  Gen.  Walker  Keith,  engaged  in 
Seminole  war,  4312. 

Armour  car-line  company,  5850. 

Armstrong,  Gov.,  of  Nova  Scotia,  repri¬ 
manded  for  humoring  the  Acadians  as 
to  oath  of  allegiance,  2112. 

Armstrong,  James,  electoral  vote  for  vice- 
president  of,  3326. 

Armstrong,  Gen.  John,  in  expedition  on 
Ft.  Duquesne,  2174;  on  Schuylkill  river, 
2622;  at  Germantown,  2631,  2632;  in 
second  battle  of  Saratoga,  note,  2650; 
at  Camden,  2948,  2951,  2954;  judge  of 
the  Northwest  Territory,  3197;  port¬ 
rait  of,  facing  3212;  Newburg  address 
drafted  by,  3212;  expedition  of,  3383, 
3384;  minister  to  France,  3768,  3805, 
3864;  on  the  policy  of  France  toward 
U.  S.,  3866;  on  the  embargo  act,  3881, 
3882;  interview  with  Louis  Bonaparte, 
3920;  Napoleon  to,  3920,  3934,  3935; 
leaves  France,  3935;  notified  Pinkney  of 
the  recall  of  the  Berlin  and  Milan  decree, 
3937 ;  secretary  of  war,  4024 ;  divides  the 
country  into  military  districts,  4025 ; 
plans  vigorous  prosecution  of  war,  4049; 
difficulties,  with  his  generals,  4052;  his 


plan  of  campaign,  4053;  orders  Izard 
to  protect  Lake  Champlain,  4065 ;  ham¬ 
pered  by  Winder  in  the  defense  of 
Washington,  4076. 

Armstrong’s  Pennsylvania  militia,  Pyles’ 
Ford  guarded  by,  2614. 

Army,  U.  S.,  Abenaki  soldiers  fight  in, 
1362;  condition  of,  2467,  2470,  2519,  2527, 
2537,  2680,  2681,  2961 ;  standing  army 
dreaded  by  colonists,  2535,  2968;  new 
system  for,  2536;  Washington’s  enlarged 
powers  over,  2537;  size,  2537,  2707,  2961 ; 
suffering  in,  2678,  2680,  2681,  2965 ;  effect 
of  continental  paper  on,  2691 ;  history 
of,  2692;  Adams’  army  policy,  2692; 
light  infantry  tactics,  2706;  effect  of 
Von  Steuben’s  training,  2706,  2707;  med¬ 
ical  department  of,  2708 ;  Montressor’s 
comment  on  cupidity  of  officers  in,  note, 
2745 ;  desertion  and  mutiny  in,  2902, 
2966,  3056;  unpaid  claims  of,  3208,  3218; 
Washington’s  farewell  address  to,  3223 ; 
attempts  to  reduce,  3439;  increase  pro¬ 
posed  in,  3494;  congress  discusses  in¬ 
crease  of  pay,  3498;  increased,  3624, 
3662;  organization  of  the  army  in  1798, 
3635 ;  Washington  accepts  command  of, 
3635,  3636;  new  officers  for,  in  1798, 
3637;  enlistment  stopped,  36y2\  Adams 
recommends  strengthening  of  the,  3685 ; 
congress  reduces  the,  3717;  Madison’s 
recommendations  for,  3901,  3921 ;  Ran¬ 
dolph  attacks,  3901,  3929;  Macon  on, 
3929;  R.  M.  Johnson  on,  3929,  3930; 
increased,  3967;  strength  of,  in  1812, 
3978,  3979,  3983,  3984,  3996;  demoraliza¬ 
tion  of,  in  war  of  1812,  4001 ;  reorganiza¬ 
tion  of,  in  1812,  4005,  4006;  increased 
(1814),  4047,  4048;  intrigues  and  feuds 
in  1813,  4052 ;  organization  of  the  army 
of  the  Potomac,  4739,  4747,  4748,  4772- 
4774,  4784,  4964,  5003,  5004;  congres¬ 
sional  appropriations  for,  in  1861,  4763- 
4770;  army  of  the  Potomac,  5009,  5026, 
5043,  5056,  5071,  5076,  5086,  5231,  5285, 
5286;  army  of  the  Virginia,  5009,  5011, 
5026,  5028,  5029;  condition  in  1863,  5067; 
army  of  the  Tennessee,  5106,  5107,  5122, 
5254,  5263,  5273;  army  of  the  Ohio, 
5107,  5116,  5126,  5252;  strength  in  1864, 
5231 ;  telegram  of  secretary  of  war  after 
Lee’s  surrender,  5297 ;  number  of  troops 
mustered  out,  5325 ;  losses  during  civil 
war,  5325  ;volunteer  troops  mustered  out, 
5325,  5328;  reduction  of,  after  civil 
war,  5326;  military  power  of  Johnson 
transferred  to  secretary  of  war,  5371, 
5386;  Democrats  block  bill  for  appro- 


12 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


priation,  5559,  5560;  for  military  move¬ 
ments  of,  see  names  of  wars,  as,  Civil 
war. 

Arnold,  Benedict  (1640),  associated  with 
Gorton,  in  Rhode  Island,  920;  tells  story 
of  Gorton’s  riot,  note,  1025. 

Arnold,  Benedict,  sketch  of,  2432;  defies 
Gen.  Wooster’s  injunction,  2432;  forces 
the  town  committee  by  threats,  2433 ; 
arrives  at  Cambridge,  2433;  commis¬ 
sioned  to  capture  Ticonderoga,  2444;  ar¬ 
rives  at  Stockbridge,  2444;  disputes  with 
Connecticut  volunteers,  2444 ;  claims 
command  of  Ticonderoga,  2447;  capture 
of  St.  John  by,  2447,  2448;  returns  to  Ti¬ 
conderoga,  2448;  misguided  patriotism 
of,  2469,  2565,  2645;  Quebec  threatened 
by,  2476;  suffering  of  troop  of,  2476; 
map  of  march  of,  facing  2476;  with¬ 
drawal  of,  2477;  Plains  of  Abraham 
climbed  by,  2477;  meets  Montgomery, 
2477;  Quebec  assaulted  by,  2478;  wound¬ 
ing  of,  2478;  Morgan  succeeds,  2478; 
race  for  control  of  Lake  Champlain  by, 
2522 ;  portrait  of,  facing  2522 ;  fleet 
built  by,  2523;  energy  of,  2523;  at  Val- 
cour  Island,  2524;  Carleton  joins  battle 
with,  2524 ;  Carleton  defeats,  2525 ;  self- 
sacrificing  heroism  of,  2525,  2567 ;  escape 
of,  2525;  Gates’  attitude  toward,  2562; 
congress’  treatment  of,  2564,  2565,  2567; 
brilliant  achievement  of,  2564;  Washing¬ 
ton’s  treatment  of,  2564;  disappointment 
of,  2564;  resignation  withdrawn  by, 
2565;  Tryon’s  retreat  cut  off  by,  2566; 
at  Ridgefield,  2566;  facsimile  of  major- 
general,  commission  of,  illus.,  facing 
2566;  Try  on  routed  by,  2567;  country 
applauds  exploits  of,  2567;  appointed 
major-general,  2567;  refuses  command 
at  Peekskill,  2567;  appointed  commander 
at  Philadelphia,  2567,  2730,  2972;  resig¬ 
nation  of,  2567;  Washington  esteemed 
by,  2568;  fine  spirit  of,  2568;  New 
England  will  not  accept,  note,  2578 ;  re¬ 
inforces  Schuyler,  2579;  marches  to  Ft. 
Dayton,  2595;  Schuyler  rejoined  by, 
2598 ;  position  under  Gates,  2635  ;  country 
surveyed  by,  2637;  position  at  Saratoga, 
2639 ;  action  at  Saratoga,  2640,  2641 ; 
Gates’  action  angers,  2644;  Gates’  spite 
toward,  2644,  2645 ;  Lincoln  and,  2645 1 
Gates  humiliates,  2645,  2646;  enters 
second  battle  of  Saratoga,  text  and  note, 
2650;  battle  of  Saratoga  directed  by, 
2651,  2653;  Gates’  report,  2654;  unappre¬ 
ciated  services  of,  2667;  credit  given  for 
Saratoga  battle,  2694;  Howe  dispute 
over  cartel  of,  2709;  effect  of  treason 


of,  2901;  treason  of,  2972-2988;  char¬ 
acter,  2972;  marries  Miss  Shippen,  2974; 
Joseph  Reed  enemy  of,  2975,  2976;  cor¬ 
responds  with  Clinton,  2977 ;  delay  in 
court-martial  of,  2977,  2978;  meeting 
with  Andre,  2980,  2981 ;  Beverley  Robin¬ 
son’s  headquarters  of,  illus.,  facing 
2980;  British  reward  to,  2981;  Wash¬ 
ington  discovers  plot,  2985 ;  escape  of, 
2984,  2985;  after  life  of,  note,  2988; 
ravages  in  Virginia  by,  3030;  Washing¬ 
ton’s  plan  to  capture,  3068;  Phillips 
succeeded  by,  3069;  Lafayette  refuses 
to  recognize,  3069;  New  London  de¬ 
stroyed  by,  3080,  3081. 

Arnold,  William,  associated  with  Gorton 
in  Rhode  Island,  920;  buys  land  of 
Seconoco,  1042,  1043;  president  of 

Rhode  Island  refuses  to  persecute 
Quakers  and  witches,  1053,  1054. 

Aroostook,  federal  ironclad,  ascends  the 
James,  4920. 

Arran,  Lord,  Wm.  Penn  volunteers  under, 
1189. 

Arroyo  Hondo,  N.  M.,  3832. 

Arsenal,  U.  S.,  at  Lawrenceville,  Pa.,  2038. 

Arthur,  Chester  A.,  Hayes  suspends,  5555 ; 
nominated  for  vice-president,  5565 ; 
president,  5571,  5572;  cabinet,  5572;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  5572;  on  civil  service  re¬ 
form,  5572,  5573 ;  tariff  issue  leading 
question  under,  5574;  vetoes  Chinese 
bill,  5583;  vetoes  Fitz  John  Porter  bill, 
5584,  5585. 

Artillery,  accuracy  of  American,  2508. 

Articles  of  confederation,  see  Confedera¬ 
tion,  articles  of. 

Arundel,  Thomas  of  Wardour,  helped  to 
fit  out  Weymouth’s  expedition,  621 ; 
patentee  of  Plymouth  council,  744. 

Arundel  and  Surrey,  Thomas  Howard, 
Earl  of,  father  of  Lord  Maltravers,  850; 
member  of  New  England  council,  855; 
his  portion  of  land,  856;  grant  given  to 
Maltravers,  858. 

Aryan  race  lands  on  western  shores,  3, 
201 ;  signification  of  word,  197;  first-born 
of,  in  America,  225. 

Asboth,  Gen  Alexander,  in  Fremont’s  cam¬ 
paign,  4723 ;  commands  division  under 
Curtis,  4731 ;  at  battle  of  Pea  Ridge, 
4735,  4736. . 

Asbury,  Francis,  Wesley  appoints,  3112. 

Ashburton,  Lord  (Alexander  Baring),  on 
Percival’s  orders  in  council,  3864,  3865 ; 
on  Maine  boundary,  4349. 

Ashburton,  Lord  (John  Dunning),  chan¬ 
cellor  of  Duchy  of  Lancaster,  3089. 

Ashburton  treaty,  see  Treaties,  U.  S. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


13 


Ashby,  Capt.,  capture  and  hanging  of,  2994. 

Ashe,  John,  represents  dissenters,  1807; 
Lincoln  reinforced  by,  2817,  2818;  Camp¬ 
bell’s  retreat  followed  by,  2819;  Pre- 
vost  destroys  forces  under,  2820. 

Ashland,  Clay’s  home  in  Kentucky,  illus., 
facing  4159. 

Ashland,  Va.,  Warren’s  forces  at,  4965. 

Ashley,  Lord,  1722;  portrait  -of,  facing 
1728;  resigns  appointment  as  governor 
of  Carolinas,  1791. 

Ashley,  James  M.,  in  house  of  representa¬ 
tives,  5334,  5340. 

Ashley  river,  first, attempt  to  found  Charles¬ 
ton  on,  1735 ;  named  for  Earl  of  Shaftes¬ 
bury,  1737;  Scotch  Presbyterians  at, 
1745 ;  Clinton  crosses  the,  2909. 

Ashmun,  George,  proposes  resolution  in 
house  attacking  the  administration’s  at¬ 
titude  toward  Mexican  war,  4419;  mem¬ 
ber  of  Democratic  convention  at  Chi¬ 
cago  in  i860,  4597. 

Asia,  breadth  of,  according  to  Toscanelli 
and  Columbus,  279,  281 ;  Cuba  thought 
to  be,  310,  312;  name  of,  371;  Columbus 
hopes  to  reach,  324,  326,  328,  329,  337; 
Peter  Martyr’s  map,  note,  358;  Cartier 
seeks  route  to,  509;  Dutch  also,  541; 
Australia  company  empowered  to  trade 
in,  576;  sea  route  to,  considered  at 
English  court,  587. 

Asia  Minor,  105,  109. 

Aspinwall,  of  New  York,  advises  Mc¬ 
Clellan,"  5060. 

Aspinwall,  William,  secretary  of  Provi¬ 
dence  colony,  1032;  signer  of  Pocasset 
compact,  1035. 

Assanpink  creek,  plan  to  seize  bridge  at, 
2539l  battle  at,  2545;  triumphal  march 
over,  3329,  3330. 

Assenisipia,  proposed  state  of,  3162. 

Assiniboins,  division  of  Sioux  Indians,  162. 

Assistants  in  government  of  Plymouth  col¬ 
ony,  836,  837;  in  that  of.  Massachu¬ 
setts  Bay,  867,  873 ;  hold  much  power  at 
one  time,  882,  883 ;  Watertown  protests 
against  life  tenure  of,  891,  892 ;  some 
of  their  power  assigned  to  general  court, 
898;  prescribe  oath  of  allegiance,  898; 
hold  office  for  life,  926;  struggle  over 
death  penalty  for  Quakers,  934;  vote 
on  releasing  Newtown,  964;  in  govern¬ 
ment  of  New  Haven  colony,  993 ;  in 
Rhode  Island,  1035,  1037,  1038. 

Assyrian  empire  like  Aztec  in  beginning, 
446. 

Astor,  John  Jacob,  takes  up  government 
loan  of  1813,  4013;  settles  Astoria,  4404. 

Astoria,  settlement  of,  in  1811,  4404. 


Atchison,  David  R.,  president  pro  tern,  of 
senate,  4514,  4521. 

Atchison,  Kan.,  founded,  4550. 

Athapascan,  Indian  tribes,  163. 

Athens,  latitude  of,  compared  with  other 
cities,  note,  280. 

Atherton,  Charles  G.,  denies  right  of  con¬ 
gress  to  interfere  with  slavery,  4319, 
4320. 

Atherton,  Humphrey,  buys  land  in  Rhode 
Island,  1056. 

Atherton  company  owns  land,  1056;  claims 
land  on  west  side  of  Narragansett  Bay, 
1454;  prefers  Connecticut  to  Rhode 
Island,  1454;  purchase  of,  declared  void, 
1460;  put  down  by  Andros,  1474. 

Atkinson,  Edward,  leader  of  the  Liberal 
Republicans,  5517. 

Atlanta,  Ga.,  Stephens  calls  convention  at, 
4659;  effect  of  its  capture,  5211;  the 
Atlanta  campaign,  5253-5270;  Sherman’s 
march,  5259-5264;  strategic  value  of, 
5261 ;  converted  into  a  military  garri¬ 
son,  5264,  5265 ;  Confederate  fort  and 
Potter’s  house,  facing  5266;  Confederate 
line,  illus.,  facing  5266;  public  buildings 
burned  by  Sherman,  5271 ;  the  march 
to  the  sea  from,  5271-5284;  headquarters 
of  society  of  the  united  Confederate 

•  veterans,  5921. 

Atlanta,  Confederate  ram,  4859,  4860,  4901. 

Atlantic  cable,  laying  of,  5485,  5486. 

Atlantic  Monthly,  4691. 

Atlantic  ocean  explored  by  Phoenicians  and 
Greeks,  98;  storms  of,  106,  408;  kitchen- 
middens  on,  139;  crossed  by  Skolnus, 
260 ;  by  Cousin,  260 ;  Columbus  on,  270 ; 
Vespucci  on,  352 ;  Cartier’s  speedy  pas¬ 
sage  of,  508;  British  attempts  to  settle 
on  coast  of,  519;  made  a  boundary  of 
Acadia,  523 ;  passage  of,  becomes  famil¬ 
iar,  526;  European  states  on,  represented 
by  colonies,  575 ;  Massachusetts  Bay 
grant  extends  from,  865. 

Atlantis,  1 1 5,  235. 

Attakapas,  on  Mississippi  delta,  162. 

Attila,  Napoleon  compared  to,  3966. 

Attiwendaronk  destroyed  by  Six  Nations, 
159- 

Atwood’s  Key  (Samana),  305. 

Auckland,  Lord,  see  Eden,  William. 

Augur,  Gen.  Christopher,  wounded  at  Cedar 
Mountain,  5013. 

Augusta,  Ga.,  head  of  navigation,  1878; 
British  plan  against,  2809;  Campbell 
captures,  2816;  Browne  commander  at, 
2816;  Campbell  retreats  to  Savannah 
from,  2819;  British  reoccupies,  2820; 
Cornwallis  sends  force  to,  2914;  Brown 


14 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


commander  at,  2921 ;  men  hung  at,  2993; 
Clarke’s  expedition  against,  2994 ; 
strength  of  British  in,  3038;  Lee  in¬ 
vests,  3049,  3050;  arsenal  at,  seized, 
4649;  threatened  by  Sherman  on  his 
march  to  the  sea,  5 272,  5273;  Con¬ 
federate  council  at,  5310. 

Augusta,  Me.,  Plymouth  colony  post  at, 
820;  visited  by  Polk  and  his  cabinet, 

4417. 

Augusta,  British  ship,  2671. 

Augustin,  governor-general  of  Manila,-  re¬ 
fuses  use  of  telegraph  to  Dewey,  5723. 

Aurora,  U.  S.  brig,  3808. 

Aurora,  newspaper,  Bache  editor  of,  3454; 
attacks  Adams’  administration,  3597; 
Duane  editor  of,  3609;  Talleyrand’s  let¬ 
ter  published  by,  3624;  charged  with 
treason,  3630;  on  the  sedition  bill,  3631. 

Austerfield,  Eng.,  birthplace  of  William 
Bradford,  754. 

Austin,  Mrs.  Ann,  Quaker  companion  of 
Mary  Fisher,  927. 

Austin,  Moses,  obtains  concession  in  Texas, 

4274. 

Austin,  Stephen,  starts  colony  in  Texas, 
4274;  imprisoned  for  treason,  4278. 

Austin,  Tex.,  view  of  city,  in  1840,  facing 
4372.  * 

Austral  Sea,  576. 

Australia,  parcel  post  convention  with 
United  States,  5753;  sends  aid  to  San 
Francisco,  5879. 

Australia  company  established  by  Gustavus 
Adolphus,  576. 

Australian  ballot  system  adopted  by  the 
states,  5640. 

Austria  conquered  by  Napoleon,  3917,  3918; 
controversy  with,  over  Kossuth,  4492- 
4494 ;  attitude  in  Koszta  case,  4523 ; 
reciprocity  treaty  with  United  States, 
5645 • 

Austrian  succession,  war  of,  1385,  1893- 
i895- 

Avalon,  name  of  Baltimore’s  grant  in  New¬ 
foundland,  1061. 

Avavares,  Spaniards  captives  of,  463. 

Averell,  Wiliam  W.,  follows  Stuart,  5053;- 
raids  in  Virginia,  5247. 

Averysboro,  N.  C.,  Hardee  fortifies,  5313. 

Avignon,  pope  at,  30. 

Axacan,  Spanish  mission  in  Maryland,  499. 

Ayala,  Pedro  de,  letter  by,  concerning 
Cabot,  436,  437- 

Ayavalla,  Appalachian  village  destroyed  by 
Moore’s  expedition  in  1701,  1798. 

Ayscue,  Sir  George,  commands  expedition 
to  America,  1093. 


Azilia,  Margraviate  of,  1843,  1844. 

Azores,  parallel  of,  298;  Columbus  at,  315; 
established  as  a  limit,  320,  322;  Cor- 
tereal  governor  in,  381 ;  discovered  by 
Prince  Henry,  402 ;  Sir  Humphrey  Gil¬ 
bert  dies  near,  603 ;  Lord  Delaware 
touches,  678;  in  John  Smith’s  adven¬ 
tures,  738;  Lord  Baltimore’s  expedition 
at,  1069. 

Aztec  club,  5912. 

Aztecs  compared  to  Mandans,  240;  civil¬ 
ization  of,  note,  256,  338,  445-448;  con¬ 
quered  by  Spaniards,  448-451 ;  their  con¬ 
federacy,  448,  456,  456;  religion,  448; 
strange  dishes,  453 ;  make  retribution  on 
Spaniards,  456,  457;  overthrown  by  Cor¬ 
tes,  459. 


B. 

Babcock,  J.  W.,  on  land  fraud  investigation, 
5967,  5968. 

Babcock,  Gen.  Orville  E.,  aide-de-camp  to 
Grant,  5292;  his  account  of  Lee’s  sur¬ 
render  quoted,  5293,  5294 ;  secures  treaty 
with  Santo  Domingo,  5494. 

Bab-el-Mandab,  boundary  of  Arab  learn¬ 
ing,  46. 

Babeque  discovered  by  Columbus,  312. 

Babylon,  Philadelphia  laid  out  like,  1214. 

Babylonian  map  of  earth,  88;  concept  of 
earth’s  shape,  93. 

Baccalaos,  pretended  destination  of  Rober- 
val,  515. 

Bacchus  Island  (now  Island  of  Orleans), 

5il. 

Bache,  A.  D.,  president  of  advisory  board 
of  navy  department,  4872. 

Bache,  B.  F.,  edited  the  Aurora,  3454; 
publishes  Jay’s  treaty,  3555;  his  paper 
abuses  Washington,  3597;  assaulted, 
3598;  charged  with  treason,  3630. 

“Backwater  Men,”  Ferguson  awaits  the, 
text  and  note,  3001. 

Bacon,  Sir  Francis,  1615. 

Bacon,  Nathaniel,  Jr.,  commands  provincial 
force  in  Indian  uprising,  1614;  sketch 
of,  1615;  denounced  by  Gov.  Berkeley, 
1615;  denounced  as  traitor,  1617;  called 
convention,  1617;  dies,  text  and  note, 
1618;  analysis  of  character,  1618-1620; 
extract  from  proclamation,  1619,  1620; 
owned  part  of  site  of  Richmond,  1666. 

Bacon,  Roger,  inventor  of  gunpowder,  79, 
279;  on  earth’s  size,  280. 

Bacon,  Sir  Thomas,  1615. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


15 


Bacon  Quarter  Branch,  estate  of  Nathaniel 
Bacon,  1614. 

“Bacon’s  Laws”  banned  by  royalists  in  Vir¬ 
ginia,  1625. 

Bacon’s  rebellion,  Va.,  1615-1622;  stopped 
Berkeley’s  second  exploration,  1625. 

Badajoz,  congress  of,  Sebastian  Cabot  at, 
441. 

Badger,  George  E.,  secretary  of  navy  under 
Harrison,  4333;  resigns  from  Tyler’s 
cabinet,  4346. 

Baez,  Buenaventura,  president  of  San  Do¬ 
mingo,  desires  annexation  to  United 
States,  5494. 

Baffin,  William,  tries  to  find  northwest 
passage,  597. 

Baffin’s  Bay,  fish  in,  432. 

Bagdad,  sphericity  of  earth  taught  at,  95. 

Bagiev,  Ensign  Worth,  death  of,  5 727. 

Bagot,  Charles,  on  naval  forces  on  great 
lakes,  5870. 

Bagot-Rush  agreement,  5870,  5871. 

Bahama  Islands,  San  Salvador,  307;  com¬ 
pared  with  Cuba,  310;  described  in 
Spain,  319;  de  Leon  at,  389;  left  by  de 
Leon,  390 ;  private  colony  on,  1822 ; 
Hopkins  sails  for,  2864;  capture  of 
governor  of,  2864. 

Bahia-Honda,  Cuba,  U.  S.  naval  station  at, 
5806. 

Bailey,  Capt.  Theodorus,  at  New  Orleans, 
4888-4891,  4893. 

Baily,  Dixon,  leader  of  settlers  against  the 
hostile  Creeks,  4036. 

Bainbridge,  William,  commodore  of  U.  S. 
navy,  3624;  mission  to  Algiers,  3711; 
portrait,  facing  3770;  operations  against 
Tripoli,  3771;  sent  to  the  Mediterranean, 
4°93- 

Baird,  Absalom,  at  Missionary  Ridge,  5156; 
at  Chickamauga,  5163;  his  telegram  on 
situation  in  New  Orleans,  5373,  5403. 

Baird,  Frank  W.,  leader  of  the  Liberal 
Republicans,  5517- 

Baker,  E.  C.,  candidate  for  judge  in  South 
Carolina,  5437. 

Baker,  Edward  D.,  declares  dissolution  of 
the  union  impossible,  4449;  senator  from 
California,  4769;  death,  4769,  4779;  at 
Ball’s  Bluff,  4779. 

Baker,  Remember,  resolves  to  capture  Ti- 
conderoga,  2443 ;  at  the  Winooski,  2447 ; 
ordered  to  Ticonderoga,  2447;  assists 
in  capture  of  Crown  Point,  2447. 

Baker’s  tavern,  illustration  of,  facing  3358. 

Bakewell,  Thomas,  drew  view  of  New  York 
as  it  was  in  1746,  1594. 

Balboa,  Vasco  Nunez  de,  ill-treated,  368; 
early  life,  382;  portrait,  facing  382; 


discovers  Pacific,  383 ;  character,  384 ; 
persecuted,  385,  386;  dies,  386;  bent  on 
exploration,  400. 

Balcarras,  Earl  of,  at  the  battle  of  Sara¬ 
toga,  2646,  2648,  2650,  2652. 

Bald  Hill,  attack  on,  5023. 

Baldwin,  Abraham,  delegate  to  the  Phila¬ 
delphia  convention,  3270;  sketch  of, 
3270. 

Baldwin,  Lieut.  J.,  commander  of  Wasp, 
2866 ;  enters  the  senate,  3668. 

Baldwyn,  Miss.,  Confederate  forces  at, 
5108;  Price  at,  5132. 

Balfour,  Fort,  Harden  captures,  3039. 

Balfour,  Nisbit,  commands  at  Charleston, 
2996;  reinforces  Nelson’s  Ferry,  3008. 

Ballot  introduced  in  Massachusetts,  897; 
introduced  in  America,  1202;  given  up 
by  Penn,  1202. 

Ball’s  Bluff,  Va.,  battle  of,  4779. 

Balston,  William,  1037. 

Baltic  company,  Theophilus  Eaton  member 
of,  867,  985. 

Baltic  sea,  boundary  of  Arab  learning,  46; 
amphibious  character  of  dwellers  on, 
1 15;  barbarians  on,  202;  Swedes  the 
head  of  sea-power  on,  576;  English 
endangered  on  by  death  of  Gustavus 
Adolphus,  896;  Paul  Jones  routs  the 
English  fleet,  2887. 

Baltimore,  Md.,  first  settlers,  1075 ;  found¬ 
ing  of,  1709,  1710;  first  lines  of  stage¬ 
coaches  and  sailing-vessels  from,  1711; 
population,  1774,  1712;  incorporated, 

1712;  continental  congress  sits  in,  1712; 
congress  moves  to,  2530;  early  social 
life,  3126;  Fountain  Inn,  3136;  Light 
Street  Methodist  church,  3136;  French 
revolution  successes  celebrated  in,  3456; 
1812  war  riots  in,  3976-3978,  4686-4688; 
threatened  by  British  in  war  of  1812, 
4039,  4076,  4077;  filibustering  expedi¬ 
tions  fitted  out  in,  4105 ;  great  bank 
failure  in,  4119;  convention  nominates 
Van  Buren  for  president,  4302 ;  Demo¬ 
cratic  convention,  4426;  Democratic 
convention  in  1852,  4503-4505 ;  Whig 
convention  in  1852,  4505-4507;  adjourned 
meeting  of  Democratic  convention  held 
at,  4594;  Constitutional  Union  party 
holds  convention  at,  4595 ;  held  by  Con¬ 
federates,  4688,  4689 ;  Republican  con¬ 
vention  at,  in  1864,  5195 ;  Gen.  Early 
attacks  Wallace  at,  5248;  Democratic 
convention  at,  in  1872,  5520;  railroad 
strike  at,  5552;  ruins  after  great  fire, 
illus.,  facing  5826;  great  fire,  5826;  the 
new  city,  5827 ;  immigrant  station,  5980. 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad  system  begun, 


16 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


t 

4196,  4197 ;  Porterfield  attempts  to  de¬ 
stroy,  4742;  Rosecrans  protects,  4797? 
Confederates  plan  to  destroy,  5032,  5033 ; 
guarded  by  federal  troops,  5052 ;  em¬ 
ployes  strike,  5552. 

Baltimore  family,  see  Calverts. 

Bancroft,  George,  secretary  of  navy  under 
Polk,  4369;  minister  to  England,  4370; 
his  estimate  of  Polk,  4437,  4438: 

Bancroft,  Richard,  bishop  of  London  and 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  754;  sup¬ 
ported  James  I.,  983. 

Bangor,  Me.,  Champlain  visits  site  of,  524; 
Indians  attacked  near,  1370. 

Bank,  first  in  United  States,  facing  3402. 

Bank,  U.  S.,  Hamilton’s  plan  of,  3206; 
establishment  and  operation  of,  320 7, 
3208;  Hamilton’s  report  on,  3397,  3398; 
Hamilton  defends,  3398,  3399;  objec¬ 
tions  to,  3398,  3399;  Monroe,  Madi¬ 
son,  Giles  and  Jackson  oppose  the,  3399, 
3400;  Lawrence,  Sherman,  Ames,  and 
Gerry  support,  3400-3402;  Washington 
on,  3402,  3403;  Jefferson  agreement  on, 
3402 ;  federal  argument  on,  3403 ;  organ¬ 
ization  of  first,  3403,  3404;  success  of 
first,  3404;  stockholders  and  directors 
of  first,  3404;  renewal  of  charter  urged, 
393 1 5  3932,  3943,  3944  5  congress  dis¬ 
cusses  renewal  of  charter  of,  3942; 
opposition  to,  3944-3947;  Crawford  and 
Clay  arguments  on,  3945,  3946 ;  bill  to  re¬ 
new  charter  defeated,  3946;  proposed  to 
meet  national  difficulties,  4048;  second 
bank  charter  issued,  4095 ;  mismanage¬ 
ment,  and  reorganization  of,  4116-4119; 
its  growing  prosperity,  4140;  opposition 
to,  by  Jackson’s  administration,  4220, 
4223 ;  charge  of  political  activity  in 
southern  branches  unfounded,  4221 ; 
criticism  of  Portsmouth  branch  not  sup¬ 
ported  by  Jackson,  4221-4223;  new  char¬ 
ter  refused  Portsmouth  branch  by  Jack- 
son,  4222,  4223 ;  re-charter  opposed  by 
South  Carolina  legislature,  4223 ;  at¬ 
tacked  by  Jackson  in  message,  4225; 
upheld  by  congress,  4226;  controversy 
over,  in  congress,  4245-4248;  facsimile 
of  bond,  facing  4246;  bill  for  re-charter 
vetoed  by  Jackson,  4248,  4249;  unpopular 
institution,  4249 ;  enters  fight  against 
Jackson,  4249;  investigation  urged  by 
Jackson,  4256;  active  opposition  of 
Jackson,  4263-4267;  hostility  to  Jackson, 
4265-4267;  directors  reply  to  Jackson’s 
paper,  4266 ;  “Removing  the  deposits,” 
a  political  cartoon,  illus.,  facing  4266; 
attacked  by  Jackson  in  message  to  con¬ 
gress,  4268;  leads  in  bank  struggle 


against  Jackson  taken  by  Clay,  4268, 
4269;  influence  of  bank  on  financial 
conditions,  4270,  4271 ;  new  offenses 
charged  in  Jackson’s  message  (1834), 
4271;  Ewing’s  report,  4342;  bill  to  re¬ 
charter  vetoed  by  Tyler,  4343 ;  second 
bill  to  re-charter  vetoed,  4345. 

Bank  and  trust  company,  Columbia,  S.  C., 
monopoly  of  state  funds  by,  5440. 

Bank  of  England,  result  of  war  with 
France,  1347;  contributed  towards  set¬ 
tlement  of  Georgia,  1847;  protected  by 
Wm.  Paterson,  1881. 

Bank  of  New  York,  3398. 

Bank  of  North  America,  3398. 

Bankhead,  Fort,  Mo.,  4829. 

Bankrupt  law,  congress  enacts,  3672,  3673; 
bankruptcy  act  of  1800  repealed,  3771 ; 
bankruptcy  act  of  1898,  5751,  5752. 

Banks,  Gen.  Nathaniel  P.,  drives  Jackson 
out  of  Winchester,  4797;  at  battle  of 
Kernstown,  4797;  defeated  at  Winches¬ 
ter,  4798;  under  Pope  in  army  of  Vir¬ 
ginia,  5007;  strength  of  his  corps,  5008; 
at  Culpeper,  5012;  at  Cedar  Mountain, 
5013 ;  Pope  on  Banks’  corps,  quoted, 
5014;  in  command  at  Washington,  5031; 
at  Port  Hudson,  5149;  in  Farragut’s 
plan  against  Mobile,  5170;  at  Frederick, 
5184;  plan  for  his  capture  of  Mobile, 
5254;  defeat  at  Sabine  Cross-Roads, 
5258;  in  Louisiana,  5335. 

Banks,  national,  banking  act  of  1863,  4947; 
advocated  by  secretary  of  the  treasury, 
5190,  5191. 

Banks,  state,  number  in  1791-1810,  3944; 
retirement  of  notes  advocated,  5190. 

Banks  and  banking,  statistics  of  progress 
in,  5965- 

Banks’  Ford,  Gen.  Hooker  at,  5079. 

Baptists,  their  first  church  in  America, 
922,  1922;  relieved  from  taxation,  1447; 
in  Rhode  Island  in  1739,  1488;  in 
Georgia,  before  revolution,  1921 ;  history 
and  condition  at  close  of  the  revolution, 
3116. 

Barataria  Bay,  La.,  piratical  settlement  at, 
4078. 

Barbadoes,  Quakers  came  from,  927,  936; 
vines  removed  to,  952;  Samuel  Parris 
in,  1330;  slaves  taken  from,  to  Rhode 
Island,  1483;  Coningsmark  dies  in,  1499; 
planters  from,  settled  in  North  Caro¬ 
lina,  1719-1721 ;  Sayle’s  expedition  stops 
at,  1734;  Yeamans  retires  to,  1740;  slaves 
brought  from,  to  South  Carolina,  1742; 
complains  of  navigation  acts  in  1676, 
2353  5  Admiral  Rodney  at,  3065. 

Barbary  states,  piratical  seizures  of  the, 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


17 


3445,  3446;  war  with  United  States, 
4°93* 

Barbe  Marbois,  see  Marbois,  Francois  de 
Barbe. 

Barber,  Dr.  Luke,  tries  to  arbitrate  in  Mary¬ 
land  county,  1105;  deputy  for  Gov.  Fen- 
dall,  1 1 14. 

Barbosa,  brother-in-law  of  Magellan,  410; 
killed,  417. 

Barbour,  James,  secretary  of  war,  4169; 
minister  to  Great  Britain,  4192;  super¬ 
seded  as  minister  to  Great  Britain,  4220. 

Barbour,  John,  speaks  of  marine  compass, 
64;  of  cannon,  80. 

Barbour,  Philip  P.,  elected  speaker  of  the 
house,  4137. 

Barcelona,  printing-press  at,  61 ;  Columbus 

at,  317,  318. 

Barclay,  appointed  to  treat  with  Algiers, 

3446. 

Barclay,  Capt.  R.  H.,  British  commander 
in  battle  of  Lake  Erie,  4028,  4029. 

Barebones  parliament,  Maryland  appeals 
to,  1079;  appealed  to  by  Lord  Baltimore, 
io97. 

Barentsen,  lieutenant-commissioner,  pla¬ 
cates  Mohawks,  559. 

Barfield,  Capt.,  marines  fight  with,  29 37. 

Bargrave  denounced  popular  government, 
698;  objects  to  government  by  Mercan¬ 
tile  Co.,  709. 

Baring,  Alexander,  see  Ashburton,  Lord. 

Barlow,  Arthur,  one  of  Raleigh’s  captains, 
605,  607. 

Barlow,  Francis  C.,  at  Spottsylvania,  5236. 

Barlow,  Joel,  graduate  of  Yale,  3129;  por¬ 
trait  of,  facing  3452 ;  promoted  Ohio 
settlements,  3520;  attacks  President 
Adams,  3642;  minister  to  France,  3987; 
death,  4013. 

Barnaldez,  Andros,  gives  birth-date  of  Co¬ 
lumbus,  266. 

Barnburners  managed  by  Van  Buren  and 
others,  4329;  secede  from  Democratic 
party  in  1847,  4329>  influence  in  New 
York  politics,  4426;  oppose  extension 
of  slavery,  4430. 

Barney,  Capt.  Joshua,  portrait,  facing  2898; 
the  Hyder  Ally  commanded  by,  2899; 
fight  with  the  General  Monk,  2899,  2900; 
in  charge  of  gunboats  on  Chesapeake, 
4071 ;  his  brave  fight  at  Bladensburg, 
4073,  4074. 

Barnstable  settled  by  Plymouth  men,  829. 

Barnwell,  Col.  John,  expedition  against  the 
Tuscaroras  in  North  Carolina,  1814. 

Barnwell,  R.  W.,  South  Carolina  commis¬ 
sioner,  4631. 

Barossa,  .British  ship,  in  war  of  1812,  4040. 


Barr,  Robert  and  Alexander,  cotton  machin¬ 
ery  made  by,  3125. 

Barrancas,  Fort,  Fla.,  seized  by  Jackson, 
4110;  returned  to  Spain,  4111;  Confed¬ 
erate  states  seized,  4649. 

Barras,  Paul  Dean  de,  arrival,  3069;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  3612;  corruption  of,  3612. 

Barre,  Col.  Isaac,  with  Wolfe  at  Louis- 
bourg  and  Quebec,  2235,  2236,  2267; 
defends  colonies  in  parliament,  2236, 
2370,  3086. 

Barren  Hill,  Lafayette  occupies,  2728. 

Barron,  James,  commodore  in  U.  S.  navy, 
commands  Chesapeake,  3854-3856,  3872, 
3898;  court-martialed,  3857. 

Barron,  Samuel,  commodore  of  U.  S.  navy, 
reinforces  Preble  at  Morocco,  3772. 

Barry,  Capt.  John,  his  work  in  the  revolu¬ 
tionary  navy,  2866,  2880,  2897,  2898. 

Barry,  Maj.  William  F.,  at  Bull  Run,  475 7. 

Barry,  William  T.,  appointed  postmaster- 
general,  4216. 

Bartholdi,  Frederic  Auguste,  sculptor  of 
statue  of  liberty  in  New  York  harbor, 
56i5- 

Bartlett,  Josiah,  portrait,  facing  2500. 

Basle,  council  of,  31. 

Bass,  Bishop,  3108. 

Basset,  Richard,  member  of  the  Phila¬ 
delphia  convention,  3269;  on  senate  ju¬ 
diciary  committee,  3338. 

Bastidos,  Roderigo,  makes  expedition,  382. 

Bastrop,  Baron,  Burr  obtains  lands  of, 
3826,  3828,  3829. 

Batangas,  Philippine  Islands,  hostilities  in, 
5746. 

Bates,  Edward,  unsuccessful  candidate  for 
Republican  nomination  in  i860,  4596; 
appointed  attorney-general,  4669. 

Bath,  Earl  of,  William  Bourchier,  744. 

Batiscan  river,  Quebec,  French  fleet  in, 
1759,  2254. 

Baton  Rouge,  La.,  limit  of  Sioux,  162; 
captured  by  Spaniards,  2337;  Galvez 
captures,  2853;  taken  by  revolutionists, 
3940;  Louisiana  seizes  arsenal  at,  4649; 
federals  occupy,  4895;  Confederates  at¬ 
tack,  4897,  4898;  flood  in,  5664. 

Batt,  Capt.  Henry,  commands  Berkeley’s 
expedition  to  Alleghanies,  1623. 

Batten  Kill,  Burgoyne  at  the,  2608,  2637. 

Battery  Park,  N.  Y.,  first  site  of  city,  556; 
stone  church  on,  1124;  peace  meeting  at, 
between  Indians  and  Dutch,  1142;  Leis- 
ler  occupies,  1547. 

Battle  monument,  Baltimore,  1711. 

“Battle  of  the  Kegs,  The,”  poem  by  Francis 
Hopkinson,  2879,  3119. 


18 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Baum,  Lieut. -Col.  Frederick,  at  battle  of 
Bennington,  2599,  2600,  2602,  2604,  2605. 

Baxter,  general  U.  S.  army,  wounded  in 
battle  of  the  wilderness,  5234. 

Baxter,  George,  arbitrator  for  Dutch  in 
treaty  of  Hartford,  1013;  interpreter  for 
English  colonies  on  Long  Island,  1156, 
II59- 

Baxter,  Thomas,  Rhode  Island  privateers¬ 
man,  1155. 

Bay  Psalm  Book,  facsimile,  912;  when 
made,  913. 

Bay  Verte,  Nova  Scotia,  fortified  by 
French,  2118;  taken  by  English,  2120. 

Bayard,  Anna,  pleads  for  Quakers,  1171. 

Bayard,  James  A.,  campaigning  for  Pinck¬ 
ney,  3680;  Hamilton  to,  3688;  defends 
judiciary,  3719,  3720;  appointed  peace 
commissioner  in  war  of  1812,  4012,  4045. 

Bayard,  Thomas  F.,  on  electoral  commis¬ 
sion  in  1877,  5547;  secretary  of  state, 
559°-  5638 ;  ambassador  to  Great  Britain, 

5677,  5678. 

Bayard,  William,  estates  confiscated,  3139. 

Baylor’s  cavalry  massacred  by  Grey,  2760. 

Bayonets,  lack  of,  during  revolutionary 
war,  2679;  Von  Steuben  teaches  use  of, 
2706;  capture  of  Stony  Point  effected 
by,  2706. 

Bayonne,  Martin  Pinzon  at,  317. 

Bayonne  decree,  issued  by  Napoleon,  3881. 

Bayou  City,  Confederate  steamer,  4865, 
4866. 

Bayou  Pierre,  La.,  Spanish  move  to,  3831 ; 
Burr  intercepted  at,  3835. 

Beacon  Hill,  Boston,  note,  879;  picture, 
880;  signal  of  news  of  revolution,  1319. 

Beal,  John  Y.,  seizes  vessels  on  the  lakes, 
5205 ;  arrested  and  executed,  5206. 

Bear  Bluff,  on  Edisto  river,  1776. 

Bear  Island,  limit  of  Van  Rensselaer’s 
patroonship,  567. 

Bear  Paw  Mountains,  5541. 

Beattie’s  Mill,  battle  at,  3039. 

Beatty,  Gen.  John,  at  Chickamauga,  5163. 

Beauchamp,  John,  one  of  guarantors  of 
Plymouth  debt,  note,  818. 

Beaufort,  S.  C.,  Ribault’s  settlement  near, 
480;  Oglethorpe  at,  1849;  prevost  at, 
2818,  2825,  2827 ;  British  garrison,  2921 ; 
federals  occupy,  4877;  Monitor  ordered 
to,  4922. 

Beaufort  county,  S.  C.,  strike  of  negroes 
in,  5446. 

Beaufort,  Confederate  gunboat,  accom¬ 
panied  the  Merrimac,  4915. 

Beaujeu,  Capt.  Hyacinthe  Marie  Louis  de, 
infused  French  and  Indians  with  cour¬ 


age  to  meet  Braddock,  2068,  2069,  2081 ; 
portrait  of,  2068;  killed,  2073. 

Beaumarchais,  Pierre  A.  C.  de,  Vergennes 
instructs,  2553;  Deane  treats  with,  2553; 
Baron  von  Steuben  assisted  by,  2705 ; 
Washington’s  army  supplied  by,  2762. 

Beauport  (Quebec),  French  at,  22  37; 
storming  of,  not  feasible,  2248;  Mont¬ 
calm  at,  2260. 

Beauregard,  Gen.  P.  G.  T.,  brigadier-gen¬ 
eral,  4661 ;  at  Charleston,  4661,  4674, 
4675,  4858,  4859;  at  Manassas  Junction, 
4744,  4748;  plan  rejected  by  Davis, 
4744,  4745  J  .  at  Bull  Run,  4750,  4755, 
4762;  portrait,  facing  4760;  telegram  on 
garroting  Union  prisoners,  5063 ;  his 
rank  and  plans,  5095,  5096;  Halleck 
plans  to  attack,  5097;  at  Shiloh,  5103- 
5105;  at  Corinth,  5106,  5107,  5133,  5134; 
turns  his  command  over  to  Bragg,  5139; 
near  Richmond,  5242,  5246;  calls  on 
southern  militia,  5274;  has  a  conference 
with  Davis,  5308;  disregarded  by  Sher¬ 
man,  5310;  superseded  by  Johnston,  5312. 

Beauregard,  Confederate  ram,  in  naval 
duel,  4840;  in  battle  of  Memphis,  4841; 
fate  of,  4902. 

Beauregard,  Fort,  S.  C.,  defends  Port 
Royal  harbor,  4873. 

Beau-Sejour,  French  fort,  2118;  taken  by 
English,  2119;  rescued,  2120. 

Beautiful  River  (Ohio  river),  text  and 
note,  2011. 

Beaver,  British  ship,  1546. 

Beaver  Dam  creek,  Va.,  Union  base,  4962; 
battle  of,  4977,  4978,  5004. 

Beckham,  Robert  F.,  in  command  of  bat¬ 
tery  at  Bull  Run,  4758. 

Beckwith,  Maj-Gen.  Sir  Sydney,  attacks 
Craney  Island  (1813),  4041;  pillages 
Hampton,  4042. 

Bedford,  Duke  of,  1765 ;  Spitalfields  riot 
against,  2360. 

Bedford,  Fort,  repels  Indian  attacks,  2315, 
2320. 

Bedford,  Gunning,  member  of  the  Phila¬ 
delphia  convention,  3269. 

Bedford,  Pa.,  English  fort,  2007;  Washing¬ 
ton  at,  2167,  2168;  Howe  at,  2512. 

Bee,  Gen.  Bernard  E.,  at  Bull  Run,  4753, 
4754;  names  Jackson  “Stonewall,”  4754. 

Bee,  New  London  newspaper,  3675. 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward,  death,  5621 ;  presi¬ 
dent  of  American  women’s  suffrage  so¬ 
ciety,  5929. 

Beef  trust,  prosecutions  against,  5973. 

Beer,  tariff  on,  3346. 

Beers,  Capt.,  runs  into  Indian  ambush, 
1292. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


19 


Behaim,  Martin,  astrolabe  of,  281. 

Belcher,  chief  justice  of  England,  decides 
that  Acadians  were  rebels,  2122. 

Belcher,  Jonathan,  sketch  of,  1378;  gov¬ 
ernor  of  Massachusetts,  1379;  of  New 
Jersey,  1380;  of  New  Hampshire,  1380. 

Belgse,  ancestors  of  Walloons,  555. 

Belgium,  Walloons  from,  555. 

Belknap,  William  W.,  secretary  of  war, 
5522.  • 

Bell,  Alexander  Graham,  experiments  with 
the  telephone,  5530;  Dolbear  disputes 
with,  5531 ;  organizes  Bell  telephone 
company,  5940. 

Bell,  Capt.  H.  H.,  proclamation  at  Gal¬ 
veston,  4867;  at  New  Orleans,  4885, 
4888-4891. 

Bell,  James,  nominated  for  president  by 
Constitutional  Union  party,  4595 ;  elec¬ 
toral  and  popular  vote,  4602,  4603. 

Bell,  John,  secretary  of  war  under  Harri¬ 
son,  4333,  4334;  resigns  from  Tyler’s 
cabinet,  4346;  introduces  resolutions  in 
•  senate  in  1850,  4473;  member  of  the 
‘‘grand  committee,”  4474. 

Bell  telephone  company  organized,  5940; 
purchase  Western  Union  interests,  5941 ; 
drives  competitors  from  the  field,  5942; 
attempts  further  control  after  expiration 
of  patent,  5943. 

Bellamy,  in  X.  Y.  Z.  plot,  3613. 

Belle  Isle,  Strait  of,  discovered  by  Cartier, 
508;  sailed  through,  510;  Mary  of  Guil¬ 
ford  reaches,  588. 

Bellingham,  Richard,  governor  of  Massa¬ 
chusetts  Bay  colony,  867 ;  eminent  law¬ 
yer,  872;  very  harsh,  926,  927;  forbids 
Quakers  to  land,  928. 

Bellomont,  Earl  of  (Sir  Richard  Coote), 
royal  governor  of  Massachusetts,  New 
York,  and  New  Hampshire,  arrives  in 
New  York,  1349,  1350;  dies,  1351;  his 
attempts  to  quell  piracy,  1478-1480,  1553, 
1554,  1556;  portrait,  facing  1552;  his 
burial-place  and  character,  1558. 

Bellona,  British  ship,  signals  the  Leopard, 
3855;  British  ship  threatens  Norfolk, 

3856,  3857. 

Belmont,  Mo.,  battle  of,  4721-4723. 

Belt,  Thomas,  prehistoric  skull  found  by, 
T4S- 

Belvidera,  English  frigate,  Rogers’  engage¬ 
ment  with,  3989. 

Bemis  Heights,  fortifications  at,  2637,  2638, 
2646,  2647;  battle  of  (also  called  battle 
of  Saratoga),  note,  2638. 

Benjamin,  Judah  P.,  portrait,  facing  4660; 
Confederate  attorney-general,  4660. 

Bennett,  Richard,  Cromwell’s  commissioner 


to  Virginia,  722;  governor,  722;  com¬ 
missioner  to  Maryland,  1092,  1094-1096; 
overturns  Baltimore’s  government,  1099, 
1100;  governor  of  Virginia,  1112. 

Bennett,  Lake,  shipbuilding  on,  illus.,  fac¬ 
ing  5682. 

Bennington,  battle  of,  criticisms  on,  note, 
2580;  Schuyler’s  supplies  at,  2598;  plans 
of  raid  on,  2599;  account  of,  2603-2607. 

Bentinck,  William,  first  earl  of  Portland, 
on  committee  of  plantations  in  1660, 

1417- 

Bentinck,  Wm.  H.  C.,  third  earl  of  Port¬ 
land,  premier  of  England  in  1783,  3098. 

Bentley,  Charles  E.,  candidate  for  presi¬ 
dent,  5686. 

Benton,  Thomas  Hart,  quoted  in  the  Loui¬ 
siana  purchase,  3761 ;  predicts  that  Van 
Buren  will  become  vice-president,  4241 ; 
opposes  Clay’s  public  lands  bill,  4245; 
becomes  leader  of  opposition  to  bank, 
4246,  4247;  opposes  annexation  of  Texas 
by  force,  4365 ;  declines  commission  as 
lieutenant-general,  4387;  attitude  on  Or¬ 
egon  boundary  question,  4406,  4407 ;  opin¬ 
ion  of  Calhoun’s  resolutions  against 
Wilmot  proviso,  4415;  his  position  re¬ 
garding  slavery  in  territories,  4424,  4425 ; 
member  of  the  31st  congress,  4452; 
his  view  of  the  Missouri  compromise 
line  quoted,  4453,  4454;  altercation  with 
Foote  in  senate,  4473 ;  opposes  compro¬ 
mise  of  1850,  4474;  fails  of  reelection 
as  senator,  4498;  failure  due  to  connec¬ 
tion  with  compromise  of  1850,  4512. 

Benton,  Union  steamer,  4833,  4846. 

Bentonville,  N.  C.,  Sherman  near,  5313. 

Berardi,  Florentine  firm,  fitted  out  Colum¬ 
bian  fleet,  345;  Vespucci  settled  affairs 
of,  346;  note,  351. 

Berbers  rescue  Arab  sailors,  244. 

Berdan,  Col.,  at  Gaines’  Mill,  4979. 

Bering  Strait  traced  by  Sir  John  Franklin, 
548. 

Berkeley,  Lord,  patentee  in  Carolina  col¬ 
ony,  1722. 

Berkeley,  George,  in  Rhode  Island,  i486; 
intends  to  found  college  in  Bermuda, 

1486,  1487 ;  portrait  of,  i486 ;  helps  found 
Redwood  library,  1487;  writings  of, 

1487. 

Berkeley,  George  Cranfield,  commands  the 
British  Atlantic  squadron,  3854;  orders 
Chesapeake  searched  for  deserters,  3855 ; 
recall  demanded  by  United  States,  3858; 
England  enthusiastic  over,  3861,  3908. 

Berkeley,  John,  operates  first  iron  foun¬ 
dries  in  United  States,  684^ 

Berkeley,  Sir  William,  governor  of  Vir- 


20 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


ginia,  civil  war  with  Bacon,  714,  1616- 
1621;  character,  717;  stands  by  Charles 
I.,  719;  harries  Puritans,  720,  721;  re¬ 
signs,  722;  government  after  restora¬ 
tion,  723 ;  degenerates,  724 ;  reinforces 
Gov.  Calvert,  1083;  made  royal  governor 
of  Virginia,  1601 ;  sent  to  England  with 
address  to  Charles  II.,  1603 ;  portrait 
of,  1606;  his  government,  1606,  1607, 
1610;  disbanded  force  against  Indians, 
1612;  convenes  new  assembly,  1616; 
causes  reaction  against  royalists,  1621 ; 
censured  and  recalled  by  Charles  II., 
1622;  dies,  1622;  disapproves  of  the 
printing-press,  1622,  1652;  writings  of, 
1623;  Dictionary  of  National  Biography 
on,  note,  1623 ;  exploration  of  Alle- 
ghanies  by,  1623-1625;  supported  by  Col. 
Beverley,  1630;  patentee  in  Carolina  col¬ 
ony,  1722;  empowered  to  set  govern¬ 
ment  of  Carolinas  in  motion,  1723,  1724; 
hostile  towards  North  Carolina,  1758, 
1759;  complains  of  navigation  acts  as 
destructive  to  commerce,  2353 ;  Gen. 
Prescott,  actions  compared  to,  2754;  on 
silk  culture,  3123. 

Berkshire  county,  Mass.,  riots  in,  3239. 

Berlin,  McKinley  memorial  services  in, 
5791- 

Berlin  decree,  issued  by  Napoleon,  3848, 
3849,  38SB  3863,  3864,  3869,  3876,  3882, 
3920,  3934,  3936-3938,  3947,  3949,  3955, 
3987. 

“Berliner  Transmitter”  case,  5943. 

Bermuda  City,  Va.  (later  Charles  City), 
built  by  Dale,  672;  almost  destroyed  by 
great  massacre,  694. 

Bermuda  Hundred,  Va.,  Butler  at,  5246. 

Bermudas,  the,  Menendez  in,  488;  fleet 
of  “Third  Supply”  wrecked  on,  658; 
ships  built  on,  662;  wild  swine  on,  665; 
Sir  George  Somers  dies  in,  665 ;  in¬ 
cluded  in  grant  to  Virginia,  667,  743 ; 
negroes  sold  in,  682 ;  Capt.  Nathaniel 
Butler  governor  of,  699;  failed  to  keep 
charters,  1474;  Bishop  Berkeley  hoped 
to  found  college  in,  i486. 

Bernard,  Francis,  governor  of  Massachu¬ 
setts,  portrait,  facing  2360;  upholds  writs 
of  assistance,  2361 ;  refuses  to  call  gen¬ 
eral  assembly,  2386;  quarters  troops  in 
Boston,  2390 ;  recalled  to  England,  2392. 

Bernard,  Montague,  British  envoy  in  joint 
high  commission  of  1871,  5506. 

Berrien,  John  M.,  appointed  attorney-gen¬ 
eral,  4216,  4217;  resigns,  4238,  4239; 
obtains  Tyler’s  opinion  on  bank  bill, 
4345 ;  member  of  the  “grand  committee” 
in  1850,  4474- 


Berry,  commander  of  Union  brigade,  4968. 

Bertie  county,  N.  C.,  description  of,  1716. 

Best,  Ellis,  in  council  of  Popham  colony, 
729- 

Bethel,  Confederate  forces  at,  5099. 

Bethlehem,  Pa.,  defended  by  Moravians 
against  Indians,  2084. 

Beveridge,  A.  J.,  advocates  Hamilton  state¬ 
hood  bill,  5871. 

Beverley,  Carter,  letter  on  Clay-Adams  bar¬ 
gain,  4189. 

Beverley,  Col.  Robert,  of  Virginia,  hunts 
down  leaders  of  Bacon’s  rebellion,  1620; 
imprisoned,  1630. 

Biard,  Father,  tells  story  of  Popham  col¬ 
ony,  note,  731. 

Bible,  the,  disbelief  in,  punished  by  law  in 
North  Carolina,  1806. 

Biblia  Pauperum  first  complete  printed  vol¬ 
ume,  56. 

Biddeford  founded  by  Richard  Vines,  739, 
791,  847. 

Biddle,  Capt.  James,  portrait,  facing  4088; 
in  command  of  the  Hornet,  4089. 

Biddle,  Capt.  Nicholas,  his  work  in  the  U. 
S.  navy,  2866,  2877;  his  fate,  2877,  2878. 

Biddle,  Nicholas,  financier,  becomes  presi¬ 
dent  of  the  national  bank,  4141 ;  portrait, 
facing  4220;  president  of  Portsmouth 
branch  of  bank  of  the  United  States, 
4221-4223;  tries  to  gain  Jackson’s  con¬ 
sent  to  re-charter  of  bank,  4245,  4246; 
uses  copies  of  Jackson’s  veto  of  re¬ 
charter  of  bank  as  campaign  literature, 
.  4249- 

Bidwell,  John,  Prohibition  nominee  for 
president,  5648. 

Bienville,  Celeron  de,  tries  to  establish 
French  colony  at  mouth  of  Mississippi, 
1998;  sent  to  take  possession  of  Ohio 
country  for  France,  2010,  2015,  2017, 
2022,  2023. 

Big  Bethel,  Va.,  battle  of,  4746,  4747. 

Big  Black  river,  battle  near,  5406,  5407. 

Big  Bottom,  Indian  outrages  at,  3410. 

Bigelow,  John,  plans  the  centennial  ex¬ 
position,  5526. 

Billerica,  Essex,  English  home  of  Christo¬ 
pher  Martin,  764. 

Billings,  Liberty,  candidate  for  governor  of 
Florida,  5460. 

Billingsport,  N.  J.,  redoubt  at,  2626;  with¬ 
drawal  of  garrison  from,  2668. 

Billington,  John,  behaves  ill  at  Plymouth, 

834- 

Biloxi,  Miss.,  Indian  attacks  on,  162; 
French  fort  built  at,  by  d’Iberville,  1998. 

Bimetallism,  Cleveland  appointed  a  com¬ 
mission  to  establish,  5682,  5683 ;  split 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


21 


in  Republican  party  over,  5687;  in 
Democratic  platform  of  1896,  5689;  na¬ 
tional  silver  party  on,  5692. 

Bimini  Island  sought  by  de  Leon,  387,  390, 
.  392. 

Bingham,  on  house  committee  for  the  im¬ 
peachment  of  President  Johnson,  5406. 

Bingham,  Capt.,  commander  of  the  Little 
.  Belt,  3953. 

Birds,  Island  of,  seen  by  Cartier,  508,  510. 

Birney,  James  G.,  candidate  of  Liberty 
party,  4364;  at  Fair  Oaks,  4970. 

Biscay,  Bay  of,  Martin  Pinzon  in,  317"; 
exploits  -of  United  States  brig  Reprisal 
in,  2870,  2871 ;  Paul  Jones  cruises  in  the, 
2896. 

Bishop,  Abraham,  speech  of,  3709. 

Bishop,  Bridget,  executed  for  witchcraft, 

.  I33S- 

Bishop,  Edward,  and  wife  accused  of  witch- 
.  craft,  1334,  1335. 

Bishop,  Samuel,  appointed  collector  of  New 
Haven,  3708,  3709. 

Bishop  of  London  accused  Lord  Baltimore 
of  upholding  immorality,  1686;  and  de¬ 
sires  to  enforce  Church  of  England  in 
America,  1687. 

Bishopric,  Anglican,  forced  on  colonies, 
1761-1766,  2363;  why  disapproved,  2364. 

Bismarck,  Prince  von,  meets  U.  S.  envoys 
on  Samoan  difficulties,  5639. 

Bissell,  Col.  J.  W.,  at  New  Madrid,  4830; 
canal  of,  at  Island  No.  10,  4834,  4835. 

Bissell,  Wilson  S.,  postmaster-general,  5648. 

Bissels  in  Dutch  land  syndicate,  569. 

Bitter  Root  Mountains,  3757. 

Bitter  Root  river,  Mont.,  3758. 

Bjarne  finds  America,  206,  207,  209,  210. 

“Blackbeard,”  the  pirate,  1822. 

Black,  Jeremiah  S.,  attorney-general,  4564, 
4613;  succeeded  by  Stanton,  4631;  coun¬ 
sel  for  Johnson  in  impeachment  proceed¬ 
ings,  5407. 

Black  Friday,  Sept.  24,  1869,  known  as,  on 
account  of  financial  panic,  5511,  5512. 

Black  Hawk  war,  4250-4254. 

Black  Hills,  Dak.,  gold  discovered  in,  5515. 

Black  Prince,  English  merchant  ship,  2864. 

Black  river,  Wis.,  Wyandots  on,  2298; 
Wemyss  outrages  on,  2995. 

Black  Rock,  N.  Y.,  British  vessels  in  the 
harbor  of,  3997;  projected  attack  on, 
4000,  4001;  burned  by  the  British,  4056; 
Drummond  defeated  at,  4064;  Freneau 
at,  5483- 

Blackstocks,  battle  of,  3010. 

Blackstone,  William,  settled  at  Shawmut 
(Boston),  796,  890;  annoyed  by  Merry- 
Mount,  note,  823 ;  dealings  with  Massa¬ 


chusetts  Bay  colony,  880;  good  influence 
in  Rhode  Island,  1022,  1023 ;  estate 
ravaged  by  Indians,  1287;  died,  1287, 
1288. 

Black  Swamp,  Moultrie  at,  2820. 

Blackwall,  Eng.,  Virginia  colonists  sailed 
from,  631. 

Black  Warrior,  U.  S.  merchantman,  ar¬ 
rested  in  Havana,  4549. 

Black  Warrior  river  reached  by  de  Soto, 
474- 

Blackwell,  Capt.  John,  deputy  governor  for 
Wm.  Penn,  1228,  1229. 

Blackwell's  Island,  N.  Y.,  bought  by  Van- 
twiller,  1120,  2518. 

Bladensburg,  battle  of,  4072,  4074. 

Blaine,  James  G.,  justification  of  Mexican 
war,  4401,  4402;  opinion  concerning 
Wilmot  proviso  quoted,  4410,  4411;  trib¬ 
ute  to  John  Quincy  Adams,  4422,  4423; 
candidate  for  president,  5543,  5544,  5589, 
5646;  amendment  to  bill  removing  po¬ 
litical  disability,  5557;  portrait,  facing 
5566;  secretary  of  state,  5567,  5570,  5624; 
retires  from  office,  5572. 

Blair,  Mrs.,  congress  allows  pension,  5614. 

Blair,  Francis  P.,  Jr.,  keeps  Missouri  from 
seceding,  4685,  4703,  4704,  4712;  quarrel 
with  Fremont,  4727;  disliked  by  Chase, 
5195,  5196;  with  Sherman,  5317;  can¬ 
didate  for  vice-president,  5414. 

Blair,  Francis  P.,  Sr.,  establishes  Globe  as 
Jackson’s  organ,  4234;  editor  of  Globe, 
4370;  interview  with  R.  E.  Lee,  4700, 
note,  4701 ;  passes  through  the  Union 
lines,  5225 ;  a  personal  friend  of  Davis, 
5225,  5226. 

Blair,  James,  founder  of  William  and  Mary 
college,  note,  1633,  1634;  invited  White- 
field  to  preach,  1662;  work  of,  3127. 

Blair,  John,  member  of  Philadelphia  con¬ 
vention,  3264;  sketch  of,  3264;  justice 
of  the  supreme  court,  3339. 

Blair,  Montgomery,  postmaster-general, 
4669,  4727;  opposes  McClellan’s  ap¬ 

pointment,  5030;  objects  to  emancipa¬ 
tion  proclamation,  5059;  disliked  by 
Chase,  5195;  at  National  Union  conven¬ 
tion,  5376. 

Blake,  Joseph,  governor  of  Carolinas,  ad¬ 
ministrates  affairs  wisely,  1794-1796. 

Blake,  Robert,  English  admiral  in  war  with 
Holland,  1016;  portrait,  1144. 

Blake,  U.  S.  ship,  5658. 

Blakely,  Fort,  taken  by  federal  forces  in 
siege  of  Mobile,  5283. 

Blanca,  Florida,  Spanish  foreign  minister’s 
advice  on  French-American  league,  2845  \ 
comments,  3067;  fears  insurrection. 


22 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


3090;  proposition  to  England  regarding 
U.  S.  boundary,  3850. 

Blanco,  Gen.  Ramon,  Spanish  officer,  por¬ 
trait,  facing  5706;  calls  loyal  Cubans  to 
arms,  5717. 

Bland  coinage  bill,  5563. 

Bland,  Richard,  in  first  continental  con¬ 
gress,  2409. 

Bland,  Richard  B.,  author  of  the  Bland 

bill,  5563-  .  ' 

Bland,  Theodorick,  proposals  regarding 
U.  S.  lands,  3157,  3159. 

Blaney,  Capt.,  conveys  Jay’s  treaty  to  the 
United  States,  3544. 

Blasphemy  laws  in  Virginia,  1642;  com¬ 
pared  with  “Blue  Laws,”  1642. 

Blenker,  Gen.  Louis,  under  command  of 
Fremont,  note,  4726 ;  brigade  command¬ 
er,  4748;  at  Centreville,  4760;  retreat 
at  Bull  Run,  4762. 

Blennerhassett,  Harman,  illus.  of  mansion, 
facing  3820;  Burr  visits,  3820;  replies 
in  Ohio  Gazette,  3829 ;  at  Lexington,  3829, 
3830;  flight  of,  3834;  Burr  joins,  3834; 
indicted  for  treason,  3841 ;  facsimile  of 
letter  to  wife,  facing  3844;  facsimile  of 
circular,  facing. 3844;  later  life,  3845. 

Blennerhassett  Island,  Ohio  river,  Burr  at, 
3820,  3827. 

Blessing  of  the  Bay,  ship,  sailed  from  Mas¬ 
sachusetts  to  New  Amsterdam,  955. 

Bliss,  Cornelius  N.,  secretary  of  the  in¬ 
terior,  5695 ;  candidate  for  vice-presi¬ 
dent,  5770. 

Block,  Adriaen,  explores  North  American 
waters,  549;  explored  Hell  Gate  and 
Long  Island  Sound,  550;  said  to  have 
named  Rhode  Island,  550;  goes  to  Hol¬ 
land  to  report,  551 ;  Dutch  claim  to 
Connecticut  rested  on,  953. 

Block  Island  perhaps  visited  by  Verrazano, 
505;  named  by  Adriaen  Block,  550; 
Oldham  murdered  near,  970,  971 ;  cap¬ 
tured  by  French  fleet,  1476;  Paul  Jones’ 
achievements  near,  2868. 

Blockade,  Cuban,  by  United  States,  5715, 
5716,  5727,  5736. 

Blockade,  Union,  Lincoln’s  proclamation 
on,  4848-4850;  on  Atlantic  coast,  4850- 
4858,  4879;  running  of,  4850,  4852,  4868- 
4870;  at  Mobile,  4861-4865. 

Blommaert,  Samuel,  associated  with  Godyn 
in  patroonship  on  Delaware  Bay,  565 ; 
with  Von  Rensselaer  and  others,  566; 
land  held  by,  569 ;  manor  destroyed, 
571 ;  Swedish  consul-general  at  Amster¬ 
dam,  578;  interested  in  founding  New 
Sweden,  578,  579. 

Bloodhounds  brought  by  Spaniards,  466. 


Bloody  assizes  of  James  II.  alarm  colonies, 
1531. 

Bloody  Brook,  Mass.,  Indian  ambush  at, 
1292;  massacre  at,  1353. 

“Bloody  Run,”  near  Detroit,  named  from 
Pontiac’s  atrocities,  2296,  2305,  2306; 
Dalzell  caught  in  Indian  ambush  at, 
2303,  2305. 

Bloomfield,  Gen.  Joseph,  brigadier  in  war 
of  1812,  3980;  in  command  at  Philadel¬ 
phia,  4060. 

Bloomingdale,  2518. 

Blount,  governor  of  Tennessee,  called  upon 
to  furnish  troops,  4033. 

Blount,  James  H.,  commissioner  to  Hawaii, 
5654-5656. 

Blount,  William,  delegate  to  the  Philadel¬ 
phia  convention,  3270 ;  appointed  gov¬ 
ernor  of  southwest  territory,  3389,  3530, 
353 1 1  Spanish- American  filibustering 
expeditions  prevented  by,  3477 ;  sketch 
of,  3531 ;  enters  the  senate,  3534;  leader 
of  plot  to  invade  Louisiana,  3605,  3606; 
attempts  to  impeach,  3607-3609;  expelled 
from  senate,  3608;  death  of,  3608. 

Blue  Island,  Ill.,  strike  at,  5670. 

Blue  Jacket,  Shawnee  Indian  chieftain,  3413. 

“Blue  Laws”  compared  with  laws  in  Vir¬ 
ginia,  1642.  , 

Blue  lodges,  secret  pro-slavery  orders  in 
Kansas,  4550. 

Blue  Mountains,  Franklin’s  military  service 
among,  2083 ;  Montcalm’s  men  surprised 
near,  2190. 

Blue  Ridge,  Va.,  Spotswood  crosses  the, 
3145;  in  civil  war,  5036,  5053. 

Bluestone  river,  Gist  on,  2026. 

Board  of  admiralty  in  New  York  sell 
Spanish  negroes  as  slaves,  1575;  of  Car- 
olinas,  condemns  derelicts  found  by 
Blackbeard,  1824. 

Board  of  commissioners  for  Massachusetts 
Bay,  New  Hampshire,  Maine,  and 
Rhode  Island,  1308. 

Board  of  trade  and  plantations,  Great  Brit¬ 
ain  (entitled  board  of  trade  prior  to 
1695),  objects  to  sending  Quakers  to 
America,  1192;  sends  out  Edward  Ran¬ 
dolph  to  investigate  conditions  in  New 
England,  1436;  disapproves  Burnet’s 
effort  to  suppress  Canadian-French 
trade,  1566;  refuses  land  grant  on  Ohio, 
2765 ;  privy  council  reverses  decision  of, 

2765. 

Board  of  war  and  ordnance  denounces 
charges  against  Arnold,  2565;  plans  at 
Ticonderoga,  2569,  2570;  account  of  or¬ 
ganization,  2692;  reorganized,  2696; 
Gates  president  of,  2699;  Canadian  ex- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


23 


pedition  planned  by,  2702 ;  ignores 
Washington,  2702;  Gates  and  Mifflin 
retire  from,  2704. 

Bobadilla,  Beatriz  de,  pleads  for  Columbus, 
292. 

Bobadilla,  Francisco  de,  supersedes  Colum¬ 
bus,  333;  violence  of,  334;  puts  Colum¬ 
bus  in  irons,  334,  335;  repudiated,  336; 
sent  home,  337;  drowned,  338. 

Boccaccio  born  in  Florence,  344. 

Bodleian  library  owns  chair  made  from 
the  Pelican,  596. 

‘‘Body*  of  Liberties,”  Ward’s  constitution  of 
Massachusetts  Bay  colony,  91 1. 

Bogardus,  Dominie,  offended  Kieft,  1124; 
protested  against  Pavonia  massacre, 
1134- 

Boggs,  C.  S.,  commands  the  Vanina  in  Far- 
ragut’s  fleet,  4889. 

Bohemia,  Moravians  in,  1865. 

Bojador,  Cape,  bounded  by  Prince  Henry, 
402. 

Bo  j  ados,  Gonzalo  de,  explored  Pacific 
coast,  386. 

Bolingbroke,  Lord,  warned  of  colonial  in¬ 
dependence  by  Gov.  Hunter,  1563,  1564. 

Bolivar,  Simon,  desired  union  of  North  and 
South  America,  4172;  hero  to  people 
of  United  States,  4172,  4173;  portrait, 
facing  4172. 

Bolivar,  Miss.,  Ord  at,  5134;  McPherson 
at,  5141- . 

Bolivar  Heights,  federal  troops  at,  5037, 
5038. 

Bollman,  Eric,  arrested  for  treason,  3833; 
granted  writ  of  habeas  corpus,  3836; 
at  Burr  trial,  3838,  3841. 

Bologna,  university  of,  sphericity  of  earth 
taught  at,  95. 

Bombay  Hook,  limit  of  first  purchase  for 
New  Sweden,  579. 

Bompard,  Citizen,  commander  of  the  Em- 
buscade,  3472. 

Bonaparte,  Marquis  of,  Napoleon  so  called 
by  a  history  of  France,  note,  1623. 

Bonaparte,  Charles  A.,  succeeds  Morton  as 
secretary  of  the  navy,  5821. 

Bonaparte,  Joseph,  negotiates  treaty  with 
United  States,  3730;  on  Spanish  throne, 
3939- 

Bonaparte,  Louis,  king  of  Holland,  refuses 
to  close  ports  of  Holland,  3920. 

Bonavista,  Cape,  landfall  of  Cartier,  508. 

Bonham,  Milledge  L.,  at  Bull  Run,  4760. 

Bonhomme  Richard,  U.  S.  ship,  J.  Paul 
Jones  commands,  2883;  description  of, 
2883,  2884;  cruise  of,  2883,  2887;  fight 
with  Serapis,  2888-2894. 


Bonne  Citoyenne,  British  sloop-of-war, 
4020,  4021. 

Bonython,  Richard,  founder  of  Saco,  950. 

Book,  first  in  America,  913;  first  books 
published  in  Philadelphia,  1221. 

Book  of  common  prayer  used  by  part  of 
Massachusetts  Bay  colony,  870. 

“Book  of  Memorable  Providences,”  by  Cot¬ 
ton  Mather,  described  witch  trials,  1332. 

“Book  of  Prophecies,”  by  Columbus,  270. 

Boone,  Daniel,  sketch  of,  2766,  2767;  por¬ 
trait  of,  facing  2766;  Rebecca  Bryan, 
wife  of,  2766;  views  of  cottage,  facing 
2766;  in  Kentucky,  2767;  massacre  of 
party,  2768;  made  captain  of  border 
militia,  2771;  founds  Boonesboro,  2776; 
delegate  to  Kentucky  convention,  2777 ; 
lieutenant-colonel  under  Todd,  2794; 
removal  to  Boonesboro,  2794;  relieves 
Bryan’s  Station,  2800;  fight  with  Ind¬ 
ians  at  Licking  Ford,  2800-2803 ;  ac¬ 
companies  Clark’s  expedition,  2804;  a 
typical  pioneer,  3190,  3191. 

Boone,  Joseph,  carried  the  appeal  of  North 
Carolina  dissenters  to  house  of  lords, 
1807. 

Boone,  Squire,  death  of,  2794. 

Boone  family,  pioneers,  <2016. 

Boonesborough,  Ky.,  founded,  2776 ;  first  leg¬ 
islative  assembly  at,  2776;  convention 
for  independence  held  at,  2777 ;  becomes 
Kentucky’s  capital,  2778;  Boone’s  re¬ 
moval  to,  2794. 

Boonsboro,  Md.,  Hill’s  division  at,  5036; 
see  at  5042. 

Boonville,  Mo.,  battle  of,  4711,  4712. 

Booth,  John  Wilkes,  assassinates  Lincoln, 
5300;  escape  and  death,  5301,  5302. 

Bordeaux,  parliament  of,  9 ;  embargo  at, 
3577,  3578. 

Bordentown,  N.  J.,  Donop  at,  2530. 

Border  settlements,  Indian  wars  in,  2768- 
2771. 

Border  states  defy  Lincoln’s  proclamation, 
4684. 

Border  warfare,  2791,  2793-2795,  2838,  2840. 

Borgia,  Roderigo,  see  Alexander  VI.,  pope. 

Borgne,  Lake,  naval  battle  on,  4080. 

Borie,  A.  B.,  secretary  of  the  navy  under 
Grant,  5419. 

Borie,  Adolph  E.,  secretary  of  the  navy, 
5521,  5522. 

Borneo,  remnant  of  Magellan’s  fleet  sails 

to,  417. 

Boscassi,  Angelo,  curator  of  Columbian 
documents,  note,  292. 

Boscawen,  Admiral,  attacks  French  fleet, 


24 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


2059,  2060;  at  Halifax,  2166;  at  Louis- 
bourg,  2184;  thanked  by  house  of  com¬ 
mons,  2186. 

Bosomworth,  Rev.  Thomas,  married  Mary 
Musgrove,  1924;  defies  law  against 
slaveholding,  1924,  1925;  makes  absurd 
claim  in  wife’s  name,  1925,  1926,  1930, 

1932. 

Bossi  describes  battle  of  Columbus,  270. 

Boston,  Mass.,  Leif  Ericsson  on  site  of, 
213,  229;  Verrazano  lands  near,  506; 
harbor  missed  by  Champlain,  525 ;  first 
English  settlers  in,  777,  797;  “Familists” 
in,  847 ;  contributes  to  Massachusetts 
Bay  colony,  868 ;  largest  settlement  in 
Massachusetts  Bay  colony,  879,  880 ; 
picture  of  Trimountain,  880;  Louisbourg 
square,  880;  preferred  to  Cambridge, 
881 ;  named,  882 ;  Miantonomo  enter¬ 
tained  at,  886,  1007;  Watertown  people 
meet  Winthrop  at,  892 ;  John  Cotton 
rector  of  St.  Botolph’s,  893 ;  recognized 
at  capital,  893 ;  prepared  to  fight  English 
in  1634,  896;  affairs  of  colonial  govern¬ 
ment,  896-899 ;  takes  part  in  represen¬ 
tative  government,  897,  898 ;  Roger  Will¬ 
iams,  899-903 ;  Anne  Hutchinson,  905- 
907;  Hutchinsonians  secure  arms,  909; 
“Body  of  Liberties”  prepared,  910; 
growth  of  city,  912;  Harvard  college 
founded,  912;  printing  and  shipbuilding, 
913;  Cambridge  platform  prepared,  918; 
ministers  decline  to  answer  Baptist 
preacher,  922;  efforts  to  put  down 
Quakers,  927-944;  Mary  Dyre  hanged 
on  Boston  Common,  939,  940;  first  Dor¬ 
chester  company  to  Connecticut  returns, 
961 ;  Pequots  send  embassy  to,  969 ;  Pe- 
quot  expedition  returns,  972;  Narragan- 
setts  send  embassy  to,  973 ;  friction  with 
Connecticut,  1003 ;  conference  on  Mian¬ 
tonomo  and  the  Narrangansetts,  1009; 
early  capitalists,  1283 ;  King  Philip’s 
war,  1286;  puts  down  abrogation  of 
colonial  charter,  1303 ;  Old  South  meet¬ 
ing-house,  1314,  1338;  puts  down  Stuart, 
governor,  after  English  revolution,  1319- 
1321 ;  reverts  to  old  government,  1321 ; 
held  first  place  in  the  new  world  in 
1690,  1324;  population  in  1324,  1350; 
treaty  of  Ryswick  proclaimed  in,  1349; 
customs  of,  avoided  by  Rhode  Island 
smugglers,  1350 ;  expedition  against  Aca¬ 
dia,  1356;  smallpox  in,  1357;  liberty 
tree  in,  note,  1390;  fortifications  at,  note, 
1402;  threatened  by  French  armada, 
T404;  press-gang  riot,  1411-1414;  Sir 
Edmund  Andros  arrived,  1439;  trade 


centre,  1483;  larger  than  New  York, 
1504;  seat  of  government  by  Andros, 
1529;  sends  fleet  against  Quebec,  1544; 
Capt.  Kidd,  1556;  visited  by  Gov. 
Burnet,  1567;  compared  with  New  York 
in  colonial  times,  1597;  attack  on 
d’Aunay,  1949,  1950;  receives  Tour’s 
propositions  of  sharing  Acadia,  1952- 
1954;  receives  Friar  Marie  as  envoy, 
I955  1  Gage  in,  at  outbreak  of  revolution, 
2056;  quarrels  over  billeting  soldiers, 
2161,  2162,  2390;  subscribes  generously 
for  Canada  expedition  (1757),*  2165; 
New  England  Courant  published  in, 
2347 ;  first  stage-coach  route,  2348 ;  a 
centre  of  trade  before  revolution,  2349; 
sends  Otis  to  general  assembly,  2362; 
protests  against  stamp  act,  2367;  riots 
over  stamp  act,  2374;  convention  (1768), 
2390;  state  house  occupied  by  British 
soldiers,  2390;  comes  in  collision  with 
British  garrison,  2392,  2396;  facsimile 
of  newspaper  account  of  massacre,  fac¬ 
ing  2394;  the  “tea-party,”  2403-2405; 
port  bill,  2406;  receives  Gen.  Gage  with 
respect  (1774),  2407;  under  military  con¬ 
trol  of  Gage,  2410,  2415;  plan  of  siege, 
map  facing  2425 ;  British  returns  to, 
2430;  militia  forms  a  cordon  around, 
2432;  patriots  refuse  to  clear  vessels, 
2436;  Washington’s  plans,  2480;  Han¬ 
cock  assented  to  burning,  2480;  Wash¬ 
ington  before,  2481 ;  British  evacuate, 
2483 ;  Washington  enters,  2483 ;  Bur- 
goyne’s  army  at,  2666;  American  sailors’ 
fracas  with  French  seamen,  2759;  part 
taken  by  the  navy  at  the  siege,  2859, 
2862 ;  British  riding-school  in  Old  South 
church,  2917;  description  of,  at  close 
of  the  revolution,  3142,  3143;  convention 
regarding  union  of  states,  3202,  3238; 
general  court  during  1786  and  1787, 
3239;  rejoicing  over  the  adoption  of  the 
constitution,  3318,  3319;  Washington’s 
reception,  3358;  celebrates  French  revo¬ 
lution  successes,  3457;  effect  of  Jay’s 
treaty,  3556;  illustration  of  upper  end, 
facing  3696;  on  violation  of  American 
commerce,  3809;  attitude  toward  Ches- 
apeake-Leopard  affair,  3857;  opposes 
the  enforcement  act,  3887;  declaration 
on  the  Baltimore  riots,  3978;  abolition 
riot,  4292 ;  abolition  meeting  at  Fanueil 
Hall,  4315;  visited  by  Polk  and  his  cab¬ 
inet,  4417*  rescue  of  Shadrach,  a  negro 
slave,  and  attempted  rescue  of  Sims, 
4490,  4492;  reception  of  Webster  in  1852, 
4510,  4511;  attempted  rescue  of  Burns, 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


25 


fugitive  slave,  4544,  4545 ;  draft  riots  in, 
during  1863,  5183;  conflagration  of  1872 
in,  5513,  5514;  prosperity  follows  fire 
in,  5514;  aided  San  Francisco,  5878; 
raid  on  Chinese  quarters,  5904;  Young 
Men’s  Christian  Association  founded  in, 
5924,  5925 ;  immigrant  station,  5980. 

Boston,  British  ship,  fights  with  the  Em - 
buscade,  3472. 

Boston  Centinel,  newspaper,  4091,  4101. 

Boston  Columbian  Centinel,  3896,  3900. 

Boston,  U.  S.  man-of-war,  5631. 

Boston,  U.  S.  ship,  work  of,  2878,  2881 ; 
loss  of,  2896;  built  at  Newburyport, 
311 8. 

Botetourt,  governor  of  Virginia,  opposes  as¬ 
sembly,  2391. 

Botts,  John  M.,  leads  attack  on  Giddings 
resolutions,  4355. 

Boudinot,  Elias,  commissary-general  of 
prisoners,  2709. 

Bougainville,  de,  aide-de-camp  of  Mont¬ 
calm,  2136,  2243,  2254,  2261,  2262. 

Boundaries,  U.  S.,  Spanish  schemes  con¬ 
cerning,  2847-2850;  John  Jay  and  Gou- 
verneur  Morris  on,  2848;  those  proposed 
at  close  of  revolution,  map  showing, 
facing  3094;  claims  of  congress,  3150, 
3151;  states  cede  western  lands  to  fed¬ 
eral  government,  3153-3157;  as  settled 
by  treaty  with  Spain  in  1792,  3535, 
3563;  northeastern  boundary  in  1798, 
3641 ;  map  showing  the  expansion  of 
the  United  States,  facing  3750 ;  dispute 
over  Louisiana,  3752,  3753,  3764,  3766, 
3943 ;  between  the  United  States  and 
Canada  (1815),  4089,  4112,  5510;  map 
of,  under  Ashburton  treaty,  facing  4350; 
treaty  on  Alaska  and  Canada,  5677. 

Bounties  offered  to  recruits,  2536,  2537, 
2544;  to  German  deserters  from  British 
army,  2550;  congress  grants,  2691,  3152; 
land  grants  for,  3158. 

Bouquet,  Col.  Henry,  en  route  to  Duquesne, 
2168;  sends  Grant  to  defeat,  2169,  2171; 
ancestry  and  career,  2320;  expedition 
to  Ft.  Pitt,  2320-2325 ;  stamps  out  Ind¬ 
ian  war,  2326. 

Bourbons,  false  account  of,  during  Napo¬ 
leonic  period,  note,  1623. 

Boutwell,  George  S.,  on  house  committee 
for  the  impeachment  of  President  John¬ 
son,  5406,  5407;  secretary  of  the  treas¬ 
ury  under  Grant,  5419;  secretary  of 
the  treasury,  5511,  5512,  5521,  5522;  on 
silver  coinage,  5562. 

Bowditch,  Nathaniel,  3118. 

Bowen,  C.  W.,  5627. 


Bowen,  Francis,  on  coinage  of  silver,  5562. 

Bowie,  James,  death  of,  4281. 

Bowles,  William,  3393. 

Bowling  Green,  Ky.,  Buckner  occupies, 
4806;  capital  of  southern  Kentucky, 
4809;  importance  as  military  centre, 
4812,  4813;  Buell’s  army  at,  5124,  5125; 
Union  success  at,  5139. 

Bowman,  Capt.,  Cahokia  captured  by,  2781. 

Bowyer,  Fort,  Mobile  Bay,  map  showing 
plan  of  attack  on,  facing  4078;  attacked 
by  the  British  (1814),  4079;  surrendered 
to  British,  4087.  < 

Boxer  movement  in  China,  5773-5783. 

Boycott,  law  of,  5893,  5894;  prohibited  in 
Illinois  and  Wisconsin,  5896;  China  boy¬ 
cotts  American  goods,  5904. 

Boyd,  North  Carolina  Tories  commanded 
by,  2816;  routed  by  Pickens,  2817;  death, 
2817. 

Boyd,  Gen.,  at  Ft.  ^Harrison,  Ind.,  3961 ; 
defeated  by  British  at  Chrysler’s  farm, 
4054. . 

Boyd,  Lieut,  falls  into  ambush,  2841. 

Boyd,  Linn,  speaker  of  the  house,  4409; 
presides  over  house  in  33d  congress, 
4524. 

Boyle,  John,  one  of  the  managers  in  the 
Chase  impeachment  trial,  note,  3788. 

Boyle,  Robert,  endows  William  and  Mary 
college,  note,  1633,  1634,  3127. 

Boylston,  Dr.  Zabdiel,  introduces  inocula¬ 
tion  in  Boston,  1357;  fellow  of  Royal 
society,  1358;  related  to  Adams  family, 
note,  1358. 

Bracken,  English  clergyman,  3108. 

Brackenridge,  Judge  H.  H.,  leader  in  whis¬ 
key  rebellion,  3509,  3510,  3512,  3677. 

Bradbury,  James  W.,  influence  in  Demo¬ 
cratic  convention  in  1852,  4504. 

Braddock,  Gen.  Edward,  not  aided  by 
Quakers,  1240;  defeated  near  Frazier’s 
house,  2038 ;  saved  by  Virginia  com¬ 
panies,  2039;  sketch  of,  2055,  2081; 
his  regiments  and  officers,  2056 ;  con¬ 
ferred  with  colonial  governors,  2057 ; 
map  of  march,  facing  2058;  warned  as 
to  Indians  by  Franklin  and  Washington, 
2063,  2064 ;  plan  of  battlefield,  2072 ; 
defeat  of,  2072-2080;  funeral  rites  of, 
2080. 

Braddock’s  field,  meeting  at,  3510,  351 1. 

Bradford,  David,  leader  in  whiskey  riots, 
35°9- 

Bradford,  William,  governor  of  Plymouth, 
makes  treaty  with  natives,  538;  claims 
New  Amsterdam,  558;  one  of  Pilgrim 
company,  762 ;  governor  of  colony,  778 ; 


26 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


inaugurates  Thanksgiving,  778 ;  replies 
to  Weston’s  abuse,  779;  incident  of 
conscience  on  Christmas  day,  780;  re¬ 
monstrates  against  pillaging  Indians,  785  ; 
pacifies  Gorges,  789;  quoted,  789,  795, 
821 ;  note  on  Pilgrims’  landfall,  798, 
800;  second  wife  of,  802;  assistants 
assigned  to,  803 ;  detects  plot  by  Lyford, 
807,  809,  810;  one  of  eight  to  assume 
colony’s  debts,  note,  818;  trustworthy 
account  of  Merry-Mount,  822;  favors 
removal  to  Connecticut,  829,  955 ;  sells 
his  rights  to  the  colony,  835 ;  offices 
held,  836;  picture  of  monument  and 
signature,  838 ;  dies,  839. 

Bradford,  William,  jurist,  appointed  attor¬ 
ney-general,  3501. 

Bradford,  William  (Quaker  printer),  sets 
up  first  printing-press  in  Philadelphia, 
1220;  facsimile  of  pamphlet  by,  facing 
1220 ;  builds  paper-mill,  1221 ;  arrested 
for  libel,  1221,  1237;  established  first 
printing-press  in  New  York,  1221,  1552; 
account  of  his  controversy  with  Van 
Dam  and  Zenger,  1569,  1572;  issues 
newspaper  in  mourning  for  stamp  act, 
2378. 

Bradford,  Yorkshire,  Eng.,  public  rejoicings 
at,  over  Lincoln’s  emancipation  procla¬ 
mation,  5064. 

Bradley,  Joseph  P.,  on  the  electoral  com¬ 
mission,  5547. 

Bradstreet,  Col.  John,  in  seven  years’  war, 
2140,  2141 ;  distinguished  at  Louisbourg, 
2140;  protects  communication  through 
Iroquois  country,  2140,  2141 ;  brilliant 
work  in  1758.  2194,  2199;  his  expedi¬ 
tion  against  Ft.  Frontenac,  2210-2213; 
attempts  to  stamp  out  Pontiac  war, 
2326. 

Bradstreet,  Simon,  member  of  Massachu¬ 
setts  Bay  colony,  874;  arbitrator  for 
English,  in  treaty  of  Hartford,  1013; 
Massachusetts’  representative  in  London, 
1277;  governor  opposes  Randolph,  1303; 
made  president  of  the  council  in  Boston, 
1321;  ordered  to  release  Andros,  1532; 
joins  in  “Ipswich  letter,”  1948. 

Brady,  Thomas  J.,  indictment  against,  5586. 

Bragg,  Gen.  Braxton,  at  Corinth,  5095, 
5096;  at  Shiloh,  5100,  5102;  confers  with 
Beauregard  on  evacuation  of  Corinth, 
5107;  plans  to  delay  Buell,  5115;  suc¬ 
ceeds  Beauregard,  5116,  5139;  in  Ken¬ 
tucky,  5117,  5125;  at  Murfreesboro,  5126, 
5T5I-5I54 ;  on  Missionary  Ridge,  5155- 
5157;  portrait,  facing  5160;  at  Chatta¬ 
nooga,  5160-5162,  5164;  at  battle  of 


Chickamauga,  5163,  5164;  succeeded  by 
Johnston,  5259. 

Brahmanical  temple  in  Calicut,  404. 

Brainerd,  David,  preached  to  Indians,  1224, 
1225. 

Braintree,  Mass.,  Adams  retires  to,  3689. 

Bramble,  British  schooner,  bears  offer  of 
peace  negotiations,  4044. 

Branch,  John,  appointed  secretary  of  the 
navy,  4216,  4217;  resigns,  4238,  4239. 

Branch,  Gen.  Lawrence  O’B.,  Confederate 
general,  4964;  killed  at  Antietam,  5048. 

Brandenburg,  Ky.,  Morgan  at,  5119. 

Brandywine  creek,  Washington  near,  2613; 
Howe’s  movements  at,  2614;  Washing¬ 
ton’s  manoeuvres  at,  2614,  2616;  flanking 
tactics  at,  2615;  Knyphausen’s  move¬ 
ments  at,  2615;  battle  of,  2615-2621;  plan 
of  the  battle,  facing  2616. 

Branford,  Conn.,  part  of  New  Haven  col¬ 
ony,  958 ;  how  settled,  993 ;  will  not  sub¬ 
mit  to  union  wth  Connecticut,  1428; 
inhabitants  removed  to  Newark,  1428; 
meeting-place  of  ministers  for  founding 
Yale  college,  1444. 

Brant,  Joseph,  Indian  chief  (Thayendan- 
egea),  ravages  border  settlements,  1516; 
sketch  of,  note,  2586;  portrait,  facing 
2586;  Herkheimer  intercepted  by,  2588, 
2589 ;  Mohawks  desert,  2635 ;  headquar¬ 
ters  at  Ft.  Niagara,  2749;  at  massacre 
of  Cherry  valley,  2760-2762;  raids,  2839; 
destroys  Minisink,  2839;  captures  Free¬ 
land’s  Fort,  2839;  ravages  Mohawk  val¬ 
ley,  2843 ;  English  censured  by,  3529. 

Brant,  Molly,  sister  of  the  Mohawk  sachem, 
1592. 

Brattle,  Thomas,  opposed  witchcraft  delu¬ 
sion,  1337. 

Bravo-Murillo,  Juan  Gonzalez,  surrenders 
Chapultepec,  4399. 

Brawnde,  Edward,  goes  to  Cape  Cod  for 
pearls,  739. 

Braxton,  Carter,  portrait,  facing  2500 ;  leads 
states  rights  party,  3231. 

Brazil  assigned  to  Portugal,  322;  Baron 
de  Varnhagen,  of,  note,  346;  Vespucci 
claims  to  have  explored,  364;  name  at 
first  denoted  America,  371 ;  discovered 
by  Cabral,  378;  its  destiny,  404;  British 
mariners  search  for,  436;  Sebastian 
Cabot’s  fictitious  voyage  thither,  438; 
his  real  one,  441 ;  suggested  as  field 
for  Swedish  colonization,  577;  reciproc¬ 
ity  treaty  with  the  United  States,  5645. 

Brazos  Santiagos,  Tex.,  last  conflict  of  the 
civil  war  at,  5323. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


27 


Brearly,  David,  member  of  the  Philadelphia 
convention,  3268. 

Brebeuf,  Father,  influenced  development  of 
Canada,  1934;  studied  Indian  dialects 
in  Canada,  1981 ;  established  mission 
among  Hurons,  1963 ;  at  Ihonatiria,  1963, 
1964;  tortured  to  death  by  Iroquois, 
1971. 

Breck,  Capt.,  captures  the  Ella  and  Emma, 
4869. 

Breckenridge,  John,  on  Kentucky  resolu¬ 
tions,  3646;  attacks  the  law  of  the  ju¬ 
diciary,  3717,  3718;  attorney-general, 

3803;  death,  3803. 

Breckenridge,  John  Cabell,  secures  presi¬ 
dent’s  approval  of  repeal  of  Missouri 
compromise,  4533 ;  Democratic  nominee 
for  vice-president,  4560;  nominated  for 
president  by  seceding  Democrats,  4594; 
electoral  and  popular  vote,  4602,  4603 ; 
on  states  rights  and  slavery,  4768 ;  at 
Shiloh,  5102;  portrait,  facing  5104;  con¬ 
fers  with  Beauregard  on  the  evacuation 
of  Corinth,  5107;  in  command  at  Mur¬ 
freesboro,  5125;  besieges  Nashville,  5125, 
5126;  defeated  Sigel,  5247;  offers  to 
disband  the  Confederate  army,  5317. 

Breda,  peace  of,  formally  cedes  New  York 
to  English,  1498;  broken  by  Charles 
II.,  1500;  returns  Acadia  to  France, 
1 957- 

Breed’s  Hill,  fortifications  at,  2457. 

Breitenfeld  won  by  Gustavus  Adolphus, 
891. 

Bremen,  Adam  of,  writes  “Ecclesiastical 
History,”  234. 

Bremen,  U.  S.  steamship,  in  the  Hoboken 
fire,  5782,  5783- 

Brent,  Giles,  deputy  for  Gov.  Calvert,  1079; 
flees  to  Virginia,  1081. 

Brenton,  William,  deputy-governor  of  New¬ 
port  and  Portsmouth,  1037,  1038; 

snubbed  by  Massachusetts  Bay,  1039; 
mentioned  in  Rhode  Island  charter, 
1456;  tries  to  enforce  laws  of  trade, 
1477,  1478. 

Brereton,  Sir  William,  purchases  Robert 
Gorges’  patent,  note,  796;  buys  land 
of  John  Gorges,  865. 

Breshwood,  John  G.,  treason  of,  4652,  4653. 

Brest,  France,  Ribault’s  expedition  de¬ 
tained  in,  480;  French  fleet  sails  from 
(1775),  2059;  American  naval  captures 
sent  to,  2875;  French  fleet  blockaded  at, 
2971. 

Breton,  Cape,  432;  similar  to  Sebastian 
Cabot’s  map,  432 ;  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert 
coasts,  602. 


Bretons,  Catholic,  spared  by  Menendez, 
494;  visit  Newfoundland  before  Verra- 
zano,  506;  came  to  Acadia,  2110. 

Brewster,  Benjamin  H.,  attorney-general, 
5572. 

Brewster,  William,  founds  Scrooby  congre¬ 
gation,  753,  760;  career  in  England, 
753,  762;  takes  care  of  the  sick,  773; 
one  of  the  guarantors  of  Plymouth  debt, 
note,  818;  corresponds  with  Robinson 
about  administering  sacraments,  note, 
820;  father-in-law  of  Allerton,  831;  pic¬ 
ture  of  chair  and  signature,  838;  death 
and  character,  839. 

Breymann,  Lieut. -Col.  H.  C.,  reinforces 
Baum,  2602 ;  defeated,  2606 ;  losses,  260 7 ; 
position  at  Saratoga,  2639,  2646;  mor¬ 
tally  wounded,  2653. 

Bridgewater,  Mass.,  settled  by  Plymouth 
men,  834- 

“Briefe  and  True  Report,”  by  Hariot,  on 
Virginia,  608. 

Brier  creek,  Prevost  crosses,  2819. 

Bright,  Rev.  Francis,  comes  with  Massa¬ 
chusetts  Bay  colony,  869. 

Bright,  Jesse  D.,  member  of  the  “grand 
committee”  (1850),  4474. 

Bright,  John,  letter  to  Sumner  on  Trent 
affair,  4933. 

Brinton’s  Ford,  Sullivan  at,  2615. 

Brissot,  Jean  Pierre,  surnamed  de  War- 
ville,  cited  on  glass  industry  in  Virginia, 
3122;  cited  on  probable  permanence  of 
the  Union,  3187. 

Bristoe  Station,  Va.,  Gen.  Pope  at,  5016, 
5017;  Gen.  Porter  at,  5019. 

Bristol,  British  flagship,  destroyed,  2508. 

Bristol,  Eng.,  mentioned  by  Columbus,  277; 
John  Cabot  a  merchant  of,  422;  not 
birthplace  of  Sebastian  Cabot,  note,  422; 
John  Cabot  sails  from,  424-426,  431, 
435 ;  maritime  enterprise  of  citizens, 
428,  436;  excited  by  Cabot’s  arrival, 

.  434 ;  charged  with  payment  to  Cabot, 
434;  merchants  disappointed  in  explora¬ 
tion,  437;  Pring  sails  from,  619;  returns 
to,  620 ;  sent  out  large  colony  to  Penn¬ 
sylvania,  1198;  kidnapping  flourishes  in, 
1648,  1649;  Jeffreys’  sham  trial  in,  1649. 

Bristol,  Me.,  950. 

Bristol,  Pa.,  Pennsburg  manor  near,  1240. 

Bristol,  R.  I.,  Wampanoags  at,  1285;  Philip 
flees  from,  1286;  English  naval  raids 
on,  2860;  effect  of  paper-money  law, 
3244. 

Bristow,  Benjamin  H.,  secretary  of  war, 
5522 ;  candidate  for  president,  5543,  5544. 

Britain  (ancient)  invaded  by  barbarians, 


28 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


202,  203,  257;  in  Zeno  story,  249;  for 
England  from  1500  to  date,  see  Great 
Britain. 

British  admiralty  court  condemns  Amer¬ 
ican  shipping,  3951. 

British  Columbia,  see  Canada. 

Brittany,  Verrazano’s  expedition  sailed 
from,  503;  Cartier  a  native  of,  507; 
Marquis  de  la  Roche  leads  French  col¬ 
ony  from,  519. 

Broad  river,  at  Port  Royal,  S.  C.,  1738; 
Ferguson  at  the,  2934;  Americans  at 
the,  2934,  2991 ;  operations  around,  2938 ; 
Morgan’s  movements,  3016,  3019. 

Broadhead,  Daniel,  opens  first  store  in 
Louisville,  Ky.,  3167. 

Brock,  Gen.  Isaac,  governor  of  upper  Can¬ 
ada,  3983,  3984;  attacks  Detroit,  3985- 
3987;  at  Queenstown  Heights,  399  7, 
3998;  illus.  of  monument  of,  facing  3998. 

Brodhead,  Col.,  expedition  along  the  Alle¬ 
ghany,  2842. 

Broglie,  Victor  Frangois  due  de,  2554. 

Broke,  Philip,  commander  of  the  Shannon, 
4021,  4022. 

Broken  Arrow,  council  of  Creek  chiefs  at, 
4179- 

Brook,  Lord  (Robert  Greville),  one  of 
grantees  in  Warwick  patent,  849,  946; 
bought  lands  on  Cocheco,  946. 

Brooke,  Gen.  John  R.,  expedition  to  Porto 
Rico,  5734;  on  Porto  Rico  military  com¬ 
mission,  5736;  governor-general  of  Cuba, 
5738. 

Brookes,  John  A.,  nominated  for  the  vice¬ 
presidency,  5623. 

Brookfield,  Mass.,  exposed  to  Indian  attack, 
1287;  besieged  by  Indians,  1288,  1289. 

Brookline,  U.  S.  warship,  sent  to  blockade 
Galveston,  4867. 

Brooklyn,  U.  S.  man-of-war,  4636,  4648, 
4854,  4904;  at  New  Orleans,  4884,  4885, 
4890,  4891 ;  at  Vicksburg,  4895 ;  in  battle 
of  Mobile  Bay,  5171 ;  in  battle  of  San¬ 
tiago,  5732,  5733. 

Brooklyn  bridge,  completion  and  opening 

of,  5588. 

Brooklyn  Heights,  Dorchester  Heights  com¬ 
pared  to,  2512;  Green  fortifies,  2512; 
bombardment  of,  2513. 

Brooks,  U.  S.  army  at  Allen’s  farm,  4983. 

Brooks,  Gen.  John,  at  Saratoga,  2653;  ap¬ 
pointed  adjutant-general,  3637. 

Brooks,  Preston  S.,  assaulted  Sumner,  4554. 

Broom,  Jacob,  member  of  the  Philadelphia 
convention,  3269. 

Broome,  Capt.,  at  New  Orleans,  4894. 

“Brother  Jonathan,”  origin  of,  note,  2435. 

Brouage,  birthplace  of  Champlain,  520. 


Brown,  Lieut.-Col.,  disperses  Confederates 
under  Price,  4731. 

Brown,  Confederate  general,  wounded  at 
Franklin,  5267. 

Brown,  Aaron  V.,  postmaster-general,  4564. 

Brown,  Alexander,  assigns  Indian  enmity 
to  Spaniards,  note,  659;  thinks  James 
determined  against  popular  government, 
note,  697;  estimate  of  London  company 
records,  709,  note,  743. 

Brown,  Gratz,  candidate  for  president,  5519; 
nominated  for  vice-president,  5519. 

Brown,  Gen.  Jacob,  at  Ogdensburg,  3996; 
defends  Sackett’s  harbor  against  the 
British,  4051,  4060;  major-general,  4057, 
4135;  advances  across  the  Niagara,  4061 ; 
wins  battle  at  Lundy’s  Lane,  4062,  4064; 
portrait,  facing  4096;  killed,  4381. 

Brown,  James,  superseded  as  minister  to 
France,  4220. 

Brown,  Col.  John,  represents  committee  of 
correspondence  in  Canada,  2442 ;  raises 
recruits,  2443;  Mt.  Defiance  captured  by, 
2638. 

Brown,  John,  “of  Ossawatomie,”  leader  of 
Pottawatomie  massacre,  4557;  attacked 
Harper’s  Ferry,  4582,  4584;  sketch  of, 
4583,  4585 ;  defeated  and  captured,  4584, 
4585;  hung,  4585,  4586. 

Brown,  Joseph  E.,  portrait,  facing  4608. 

Brown,  Nicholas,  Brown  university  named 
for,  3132. 

Brown,  Owen,  escapes  after  capture  of  Har¬ 
per’s  Ferry,  4585. 

Brown  university,  early  history  of,  3131, 

3J32- 

Browne,  John,  non-separatist,  councillor  of 
Massachusetts  Bay  colony,  870;  com¬ 
plains  of  colony,  894. 

Browne,  John,  Quaker  preacher  in  Flush¬ 
ing,  L.  I.,  driven  out  by  Stuyvesant  and 
restored  by  directors,  1171,  1172. 

Browne,  Robert,  head  of  Brownists,  752. 

Browne,  Samuel,  non-separatist,  councillor 
of  Massachusetts  Bay  colony,  870;.  com¬ 
plains  of  colony,  894. 

Browne,  Col.  Thomas,  commands  Florida 
rangers,  2812 ;  Augusta  commanded  by, 
2816,  2817,  2921,  2993,  2994;  wounded, 
2994 ;  captured,  3050. 

Browning,  Orville  H.,  secretary  of  the  in¬ 
terior,  5371 ;  at  National  Union  con¬ 
vention,  5376. 

Brownists  try  to  settle  in  America,  615, 
616;  originate  in  Norwich,  Eng.,  752, 
754- 

Brownlow,  William  J. .  governor  of  Ten¬ 
nessee,  5339,  5340. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


29 


Brovvnlow,  W.  S.,  senator  from  Tennessee, 
55ii. 

Brunswick,  Duke  of,  supplies  troops  to 
England,  2473. 

Brunswick,  Me.,  Mrs.  Stowe  writes  “Uncle 
Tom’s  Cabin”  at,  4514. 

Brunswick,  N.  J.,  Washington  at,  2528; 
magazine  at,  guarded  by  Highlanders, 
2530;  military  movements  around,  2548, 
2549 ;  Cornwallis  defeats  Lincoln  near, 
2566;  Howe  concentrates  troops  at, 
2609. 

Brush,  of  Virginia,  member  of  congress, 
on  position  of  Missouri  in  1820,  4131. 

Bryan  family,  pioneers,  2016,  2766. 

Bryan,  loyalist  regiment  of,  2933,  2934. 

Bryan,  Rebecca,  wife  of  Daniel  Boone, 
2766. 

Bryan,  Ruth,  marries  Gov.  Wanton,  note, 
1488. 

Bryan,  William,  father-in-law  of  Boone, 
2766;  delegate  to  Kentucky  convention, 
2777- 

Bryan,  William  J.,  Democratic  candidate 
for  president,  5689,  5690,  5770;  sketch 
of,  note,  5689;  portrait,  facing  5692; 
endorsed  by  Populists,  5692 ;  endorsed 
by  National  Silver  party,  5693;  popular 
vote  for  in  1896,  5694;  in  Spanish- 
American  war,  572 7;  popular  vote  for, 
in  1900,  5772. 

Bryan’s  Station,  Ky.,  founding  of,  2766, 
2792,  3154;  Simon  Girty  besieges,  2798- 
2800;  Logan  at,  2803. 

Bryant,  William  Cullen,  presides  over 
meeting  of  free-trade  Republicans,  5519. 

Buchanan,  of  firm  of  Smith  &  Buchanan, 
great  failure  of,  4119. 

Buchanan,  Franklin,  Confederate  admiral, 
commands  the  Merrimac,  4914. 

Buchanan,  James,  part  in  Jackson-Clay 
controversy,  4189;  minister  to  Russia, 
4220;  opinion  of  Polk,  4369;  secretary 
of  state  under  Polk,  4369 ;  reopens  nego¬ 
tiations  with  Great  Britain  concerning 
Oregon  boundary,  4405,  4406;  unsuccess¬ 
ful  candidate  for  Democratic  nomina¬ 
tion  in  1848,  4427;  unsuccessful  candi¬ 
date  for  nomination,  4503,  4504;  min¬ 
ister  to  England  under  Pierce,  4520; 
helps  draw  up  Ostend  manifesto,  4549* 
4550;  Democratic  nominee  for  president, 
4560;  elected,  4561 ;  portrait,  facing  4562; 
inaugurated,  4563,  4564;  cabinet,  4564; 
first  annual  message  in  1857,  4573,  45741 
special  message  on  Kansas,  45741  mes¬ 
sage  in  1858,  4581 ;  angered  by  investiga¬ 
tion  into  proposed  admission  of  Kansas, 
4587;  temporizes  with  secession  in  mes¬ 


sage  to  congress,  4603,  4604;  urged  to 
strengthen  southern  forts,  4612,  4613 ; 
message  to  congress,  4614,  4615 ;  in¬ 
structions  to  Anderson,  4626;  criticism 
of,  4626,  4629,  4630,  4648,  4698,  4699; 
trouble  with  Floyd,  4628,  4629;  letter 
to  South  Carolina  commissioners,  4630- 
4632;  supports  Lincoln,  4681. 

Buchanan’s  Station,  Indians  attack,  3532, 
3533- 

Buck  Mountain,  Abercrombie’s  army  en¬ 
camped  on,  2189. 

Bucke,  Rev.  Richard,  preaches  to  Lord 
Delaware,  664;  marries  Rolfe  and  Poca¬ 
hontas,  675 ;  first  chaplain  of  Virginia 
house  of  burgesses,  681. 

Buckeystown,  Md.,  Franklin  at,  5034. 

Buckingham,  George  Villiers,  Duke  of,  op¬ 
posed  to  Middlesex,  707 ;  patentee  in 
Plymouth  council,  744;  disliked,  747;  be¬ 
friends  Penn,  1224. 

Buckner,  Col.  J.  F.,  raises  Union  troop  in 
Tennessee,  4805;  defeated  by  S.  B.  Buck¬ 
ner,  4806. 

Buckner,  Gen.  Simon  B.,  invades  Kentucky, 
4804,  4806,  4807;  commands  at  Ft.  Don- 
elson,  4817,  4823;  surrenders  to  Grant, 
4824;  in  Kentucky,  5119;  portrait,  facing 
5160;  reinforces  Bragg  before  Chick- 
amauga,  5162;  nominated  for  vice-pres¬ 
ident,  5694. 

Buck-ong-a-helas,  Delaware  Indian  chief, 
3413. 

Budd,  Francis,  Quaker,  fined  for  libel,  1237. 

Buddhists  in  Chinese  legend  of  Fusang, 
257-259. 

“Budd’s  Long  Row,”  early  houses  in  Phila¬ 
delphia,  1215. 

Buell,  Gen.  Don  Carlos,  carries  instructions 
to  Anderson,  4625,  4626;  appointed  to 
the  department  of  the  Ohio,  4807; 
sketch  of,' note,  4807;  appointed  major- 
general,  4826;  joins  Grant  before  Shiloh, 
5096-5098;  in  battle  of  Shiloh,  5104, 
5105;  before  Corinth,  5107;  orders  Pope 
to  return  to  Corinth,  5108;  organizes 
a  force  to  send  against  Morgan,  5115; 
in  command  of  the  department  of  the 
Ohio,  5116;  in  Tennessee,  5117;  at  battle 
of  Murfreesboro,  5122,  5123;  pursues 
Bragg,  5124;  at  Bowling  Green,  5125; 
succeeded  by  Rosecrans,  5126;  reasons 
for  his  removal,  5127;  portrait,  facing 
5128;  in  army  of  the  West,  5133;  or¬ 
dered  to  resume  his  former  command, 
5139-  . 

Buena  Vista,  Mex.,  battle  of,  4389 ;  view  of 
battle,  facing  4390;  effect  of  news  of 
victory,  4415. 


30 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Buenos  Ayres  revolts  against  Spain  (April, 
iSio),  3939- 

Buffalo  Ford,  Kalb  camps  at,  2939. 

Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Smith’s  troops  at,  3995; 
burned  by  the  British  in  1813,  4056; 
view  of,  in  1827,  facing  4198;  Free-soil 
convention  at,  in  1848,  4430;  celebration 
on  completion  of  the  Pacific  railroad, 
5494;  Pan-American  exposition  at,  5785, 
5786;  McKinley  assassinated  at,  5786, 
5787;  views  of  Pan-American  exposition, 
facing  5786;  McKinley  funeral  at,  5788. 

Buford,  Lieut.-Col.  Abraham,  Tarleton  at¬ 
tacks  and  butchers  forces  under,  2915, 
2916;  Gates  joined  by,  3011. 

Buford,  Gen.  John,  portrait,  facing  5086; 
takes  possession  of  Seminary  Ridge, 
5087. 

Buil,  Bernardo,  undertook  exploration,  321 ; 
mutiny,  326;  starts  with  Cabot,  436. 

Bulkeley,  Gershom,  author  of  “Will  and 
Doom,”  1447. 

Bull,  Henry,  governor  of  Rhode  Island, 

r475- 

Bull,  Capt.  William,  resisted  Andros,  1507, 
1508;  imports  laborers,  1853;  puts  down 
negro  rising  in  South  Carolina,  1893. 

Bull  of  Alexander  VI.,  facsimile,  320;  gives 
lands  to  Spain  and  Portugal,  321 ;  de¬ 
lays  exploration  by  nations  other  than 
Spain,  502. 

Bull  Run,  Va.,  plan  of  the  first  battle,  fac-, 
ing  4750 ;  battle  of,  4750-4766,  4770,  4935 ; 
second  battle  of,  4938,  5020-5024;  Porter 
court-martialed  for  conduct  at,  5026; 
gun  lost  at  first  battle  of,  recovered  at 
Antietam,  5052;  effect  on  Lincoln  of 
second  battle,  5058. 

Bullit,  Capt.,  protects  British  regulars  at 
Grant’s  Hill,  2171. 

Bullock  county,  Ala.,  negro  riots  in,  5465. 

Bunker  Hill,  Louisbourg  drums  beaten  at, 
1402;  Richard  Gridley  lays  out  works, 
1403;  battle  like  Ticonderoga,  2195,  2196; 
picture  of  the  battle,  frontispiece ;  fac¬ 
simile  of  newspaper  account  of  battle, 
2424;  British  occupy,  2430;  number  of 
troops  at,  2453,  2454;  location,  2456; 
fortifications,  2457,  2458;  battle,  2460- 
2462 ;  results  of  battle,  2463,  2464 ;  Brit¬ 
ish  occupy,  2466;  lack  of  lead  and  pow¬ 
der  at,  2467,  2468. 

Bunker  Hill  monument,  ceremonies  at  com¬ 
pletion,  4358. 

Burbank,  Luther,  experiments  with  fruits 
and  flowers,  5956,  5957. 

Burden,  Mrs.  Anne,  Quaker  enthusiast  ini 
Boston,  930,  931. 


Burdett,  George,  placed  in  command  at 
Northam  colony,  947,  950. 

Bureau  courts  in  South  during  reconstruc¬ 
tion,  5358,  5359- 

Burgess,  Col.  Elisha,  governor  of  Massa¬ 
chusetts  Bay  colony,  1358. 

“Burgesses,”  representatives  so  termed  in 
Maryland,  1076. 

Burgesses,  House  of,  Va.,  established,  537, 
580;  hated  by  James  I.,  697;  disregarded 
king’s  order,  706,  707;  petitioned  Charles' 
I.,  71 1 ;  restored  to  authority,  712;  pro¬ 
tested  against  tobacco  monopoly,  714; 
refuses  to  support  posts  against  French, 
1633 ;  refuses  supplies  to  Gov.  Spots- 
wood,  1655 ;  disputes  with  Gov.  Din- 
widdie,  1668;  passes  act  against  Caro¬ 
lina  tobacco,  1758;  votes  supplies  for 
Ohio  expedition,  2040 ;  approves  Wash¬ 
ington’s  report  of  Great  Meadows  cam¬ 
paign,  2052. 

Burghley,  Lord,  father  of  Earl  of  Salisbury, 
627;  kinsman  of  founder  of  Brownists, 
752. 

Burgoyne,  John,  Indians  under,  169 ;  or¬ 
dered  to  America,  2419;  complaints  of, 
2454;  New  York  plan,  2557;  ambition, 
note,  2559;  resources,  2560;  portrait, 
facing  2560;  advance  from  Ticonderoga 
towards  Hudson,  2567 ;  estimated  force 
of,  at  Ticonderoga,  2568;  campaign  of, 
2569;  number  of  troops,  2570;  invests 
Ticonderoga,  2571,  2572;  Americans 

check  advance  to  Ft.  George,  2573 ;  de¬ 
pletion  of  army,  2576;  embarrassments 
of,  2576,  2577,  2579,  2582,  2583;  demand 
for  Indian  outrages  by  commanders 
under,  2580;  Jennie  McCrea  affair,  2581, 
2582,  note,  2582;  outrages  of  Indians, 
2582;  condition  of  army,  2583,  2584; 
result  of  auxiliary  campaign  under, 
2598 ;  expedition  on  Bennington  by,  2598, 
2599;  Baum  reinforced  by,  2602;  anxious 
situation  of,  2607,  2634-2636;  suffering 
and  perilous  state  of  army  under,  2636, 
2643,  2644,  2647,  2660,  2661 ;  Hudson 
river  crossed  by,  2637;  numbers  of  army 
under,  2637 ;  at  Saratoga,  2638 ;  map 
showing  position  at  Saratoga,  facing 
2638;  first  battle  of  Saratoga,  2638-2644; 
faces  despair,  2647;  second  battle  of 
Saratoga,  2648-265 3 ;  barrack  encamp¬ 
ment  of,  facing  2654;  comment  on  the 
battles,  note,  2657,  2658;  retreats  to 
Ticonderoga  and  Canada,  2658,  2659; 
baffled  at  Ft.  Edward,  2659;  ambush  of, 
2660 ;  Americans  surround,  2660 ;  des¬ 
perate  plan,  2661 ;  terms  of  surrender 
asked  for  by,  2661,  2662;  surrender,  2662; 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


31 


hesitancy  of,  2663 ;  results  of,  2664,  2667, 
2669;  Schuyler’s  kindness  to,  2665; 
American  cause  championed  by,  2665 ; 
congress  breaks  faith  with,  2665,  2666; 
fate  of  army  under,  2666. 

Burial  Hill,  Plymouth,  770;  picture,  772. 

Burke,  Aedanus,  facsimile  of  pamphlet  by, 
facing  3220;  hostility  against  order  of 
Cincinnati,  3221 ;  on  location  of  the  cap¬ 
ital,  3357;  on  state  debts,  3369. 

Burke,  Edmund,  portrait,  facing  2380; 
champion  of  colonies,  2381 ;  cited,  2382, 
2396;  proposes  conciliation  of  colonies 

in  1774,  - ;  employment  of  savages 

denounced  by,  2715;  American  policy  of, 
2717;  in  parliament,  3086;  on  treaty  of 
peace,  3098. 

Burksville,  Lee  at,  5287. 

Burlingame,  Anson,  secures  a  treaty  with 
China,  5582. 

Burlington,  N.  J.,  Quaker  society  meets  at, 
1224;  Donop  at,  2530;  American  fleet 
escapes  to,  2673. 

Burnet,  Bishop,  Gilbert,  father  of  Gov.  Bur¬ 
net,  1564. 

Burnet,  William,  governor  of  Massachu¬ 
setts,  1361 ;  succeeded  by  Belcher,  1378, 
1379;  character,  1564;  portrait,  facing 
1566;  tries  to  suppress  French  trade, 
1566;  writings,  1567. 

Burnett,  Peter  H.,  first  governor  of  .  Cali¬ 
fornia,  4447. 

Burns,  Anthony,  a  fugitive  slave,  recap¬ 
tured,  4544,  4545. 

Burnside,  Gen.  Ambrose  E.,  brigade  com¬ 
mander,  4747;  at  Bull  Run,  4753,  4755; 
plan  to  seize  Roanoke  Island,  4874; 
headquarters,  4875;  portrait,  facing  4876; 
declines  to  supplement  McClellan,  5007; 
at  Fredericksburg,  5015;  declines  to  pur¬ 
sue  Lee,  5030;  commands  first  and  ninth 
corps,  5032;  at  Crampton’s  Gap,  5040; 
battle  of  South  Mountain,  5041 ;  at  An- 
tietam,  5047,  5054;  succeeds  McClellan, 
5069;  plans  against  Richmond,  5069, 
5071 ;  at  Fredericksburg,  5072,  5074, 

5075;  interviews  Lincoln,  5075,  5076; 
superseded  by  Hooker,  5076;  at  Knox¬ 
ville,  5157,  5158;  arrests  Vallandigham 
for  expressing  sympathy  with  the  en¬ 
emy,  5186,  5187;  proscribes  disloyal 

books  and  newspapers,  5187;  his  order 
rescinded,  5188;  under  Grant  before  the 
wilderness,  5232,  5233 ;  at  Spottsylvania, 
5236;  blows  up  Confederate  entrench¬ 
ments  at  Petersburg,  5243-5245;  resigns, 
5245. 

Burnside  bridge,  at  Antietam,  5042-5044, 
5047- 

Burr,  Aaron,  sketch  of,  text  and  note, 


3423,  3424;  becomes  senator,  3423;  elec¬ 
toral  vote  for  vice-president,  3449;  po¬ 
litical  schemes  of,  3449,  3450,  3665;  in 
New  York  politics,  3677;  publishes  Ham¬ 
ilton’s  letter,  3682;  electoral  vote  for 
president,  3687;  Hamilton  opposes,  3688; 
Federalist  candidate  for  governor  of 
New  York,  3783,  3784;  portrait,  facing 
3784;  duel  with  Hamilton,  3784-3786; 
negotiations  with  Great  Britain,  3818, 
38i9>.  3824;  starts  for  the  West,  3820, 
3821 ;  negotiations  with  Wilkinson,  3823, 
3826,  3831 ;  negotiations  with  Blenner- 
hassett,  3825,  3827,  3830;  buys  Bastrop 
lands,  3826;  denies  plan  to  divide  Union, 
3828,  3829;  before  Kentucky  grand  jury, 
3830;  expedition  under  way,  3834,  3835 ; 
captured  and  sent  to  Richmond,  3836, 
3837;  trial,  3838-3843;  jury  acquits,  3843 ; 
later  life,  3845. 

Burr,  Aaron,  Sr.,  sketch  of,  text  and  note, 
3423- 

Burr,  William,  on  Panama  canal  commis¬ 
sion  of  engineers,  5829. 

Burras,  Ann,  first  English  bride  in  Ameri¬ 
ca,  649,  650. 

Burrel,  colonel  U.  S.  army,  takes  posses¬ 
sion  of  Galveston,  4865. 

Burrington,  George,  governor  of  North 
Carolina,  1834,  1835. 

Burroughs,  Rev.  George,  accused  of  witch¬ 
craft,  1336;  executed,  1337. 

Burton,  Col.,  Wolfe’s  last  order  to,  2267. 

Burton,  Mary,  testimony  in  “Negro  Plot,” 
1577,  1578;  testifies  against  John  Ury, 
1580. 

Burwell,  Lewis,  president  of  Virginia  coun¬ 
cil,  1 667. 

Bushnell,  David,  first  submarine  boat  in¬ 
vented  by,  2878,  3119. 

Bushy  Run,  Pa.,  Bouquet’s  desperate  en¬ 
counter  with  Indians  near,  2321,  2325. 

Bute,  Fort,  Galvez  captures,  2853. 

Bute,  Lord,  hanged  in  effigy  in  Boston, 
note,  1390,  2374;  throws  away  chance 
of  possessing  Louisiana,  2329 ;  peace 
overtures  to  France,  2332;  accused  of 
bribery,  2336;  unpopular,  2357,  2358, 
2360;  resigns,  2358;  retires,  2365;  in 
English  politics,  2719. 

Butler,  Gen.,  at  Ft.  Hamilton,  3414;  death 
of,  3416. 

Butler,  Andrew  Pickens,  senator  from 
South  Carolina,  4554. 

Butler,  Gen.  Benjamin  F.,  leader  of  Barn¬ 
burners,  4329 ;  supports  Union  cause, 
4681 ;  commands  eighth  Massachusetts, 
4689;  saves  the  ship  Constitution ,  4690; 
opens  communications  with  Washington, 
4690,  4691 ;  assumes  command  of  the 


32 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


department  of  eastern  Virginia,  4745 ; 
slaves  as  contraband,  4745,  4746 ;  at 
Fortress  Monroe,  4746;  commands  vol¬ 
unteers,  4870;  plan  of,  to  capture  Hatter- 
as  Inlet,  4871;  at  New  Orleans,  4884, 
4894;  portrait,  facing  4892;  suggested 
for  president,  5197;  Grant’s  plans  for  his 
command,  5231,  5242;  on  the  James 
river,  5246;  at  Bermuda  Hundred,  5246; 
removed  by  Grant  for  conduct  at  Ft. 
Fisher,  5281 ;  one  of  the  congressional 
managers  of  the  impeachment  of  John¬ 
son,  5407,  5411;  proposes  amendment  to 
bill  restoring  Georgia  to  statehood,  5422; 
nominated  for  president,  5590. 

Butler,  Col.  John,  St.  Leger  joined  by, 
2586;  ruse  of,  at  Oriskany,  2591;  proc¬ 
lamation  signed  by,  2594;  at  Ft.  Niagara, 
2749;  invades  Wyoming,  2750;  unable 
to  restrain  Indian  allies,  2751 ;  his  re¬ 
port  to  Germain,  2752. 

Butler,  Maj.-Gen.  M.  C.,  on  Cuban  military 
commission,  5736. 

Butler,  Capt.  Nathaniel,  removed  from  gov¬ 
ernorship  of  Bermuda,  699;  writes  “Un¬ 
masking  of  Virginia,”  700. 

Butler,  Pierce,  delegate  to  Philadelphia 
convention,  sketch  of,  3271. 

Butler,  Walter,  St.  Ledger  joined  by,  2586; 
secret  mission,  2594;  capture  and  escape, 
note,  2594;  Wyoming  invaded  by,  2749, 
2750;  at  massacre  of  Cherry  valley, 
2760-2762 ;  Lieut.  Boyd  captured  by, 
2841 ;  his  cruelty,  2841. 

Butler,  William  Orlando,  in  command  in 
Mexico  after  Scott’s  recall,  4400;  nom¬ 
inated  for  vice-president  by  Democrats, 
4427. 

Butler,  Col.  Zebulon,  comes  to  Wyoming, 
Pa.,  1271 ;  Wyoming  valley  defenders 
in  command  of,  2749;  escapes,  2751. 

Butterfield,  Daniel,  at  Gaines’  Mill,  4980. 

Butterick,  Maj.  John,  recaptures  North 
bridge,  2426. 

Butts  Hill,  British  detachment  at,  2755; 
Sullivan  retreats  to,  2758 ;  battle  at, 
2758. 

Buzzard’s  Bay,  Norsemen  in,  221 ;  Indians 
near,  make  treaty  with  English,  776; 
Plymouth  colony  establishes  post  on, 
820. 

Bylot  tries  to  find  northwest  passage,  597. 

Byrd,  Col.,  expedition  from  Detroit,  2792, 
2793 ;  outrages  of  Indians  under,  2792, 
2793- 

Byrd,  William,  buys  records  of  London 
company,  note,  709;  founds  Richmond, 
1666;  Petersburg  also,  1666;  portrait, 


facing  1666;  commands  in  attack  on  Ft. 
Duquesne,  2167. 

Byron,  Admiral,  totally  defeats  French  fleet 
in  1760,  2328;  on  track  of  D’Estaing, 
2759;  called  by  sailors  “Foul  Weather 
Jack,”  2759;  ships  scattered  by  storm, 
2759- 

Byzantium,  Greek  fire  introduced  at,  76. 


c. 

Cabell,  Gen.  W.  L.,  captured  at  Little 
Osage  river,  5257. 

Cabeza  de  Vaca,  Alvar  Nunez,  treasurer 
of  Narvaez’s  expedition,  461-465. 

Cabinets  of  Presidents — Of  Washington, 
3336-3338,  3561;  of  John  Adams,  3951, 
3592;  of  Jefferson,  3712,  3713,  3802,  3803; 
of  Madison,  3896,  3897,  4012,  4024;  of 
Monroe,  4101,  4102,  4141 ;  of  John  Quin¬ 
cy  Adams,  4168,  4169;  of  Jackson,  4216, 
4217,  4237-4239,  4264,  4265;  of  Van 
Buren,  4303 ;  of  W.  H.  Harrison,  4333; 
of  Tyler,  4346,  4347;  of  Polk,  4369;  of 
Taylor,  4439,  4440;  of  Fillmore,  44771 
of  Pierce,  4518;  of  Buchanan,  4564;  of 
Lincoln,  4624,  4669,  4670,  5077;  of  John¬ 
son,  5404-5406,  5413;  of  Grant,  5418, 
5419,  5521,  5522;  of  Hayes,  5551;  of 
Garfield,  5567;  of  Arthur,  5572;  of 
Cleveland,  5590,  5648;  of  Benj.  Harrison, 
5624;  of  McKinley,  5695,  5772;  of 
Roosevelt,  5821. 

Cabot,  George,  enters  the  senate,  3423, 
3594;  on  the  separation  of  New  England 
from  the  Union  in  1804,  378i,  3782; 
elected  president  of  Hartford  conven¬ 
tion,  4092. 

Cabot,  John,  a  leading  explorer,  100;  seeks 
East  Indies,  154,  260,  261 ;  his  discover¬ 
ies  of  great  value  to  English,  342,  405, 
420,  423,  429,  430,  432,  433,  438,  525, 
549,  557,  note,  358;  carries  English  flag, 
379,  433  1  contemporary  and  townsman  of 
Columbus,  420,  421 ;  nativity  and  birth, 
421 ;  a  citizen  of  Bristol,  422;  his  passion 
for  discovery,  422;  unfairly  treated  by 
early  historians,  422;  Portuguese  jealous 
of,  423;  contemporary  evidence  of  his 
voyages,  423-438;  entries  of  payments 
from  Henry  VII.,  423,  425,  428,  434; 
Henry  VII.  commissions  him  to  take 
possession  for  England,  423,  425,  426, 
429,  435,  436;  letter  about,  by  Puebla, 
424;  by  Pasqualigo,  424,  425;  of  Soncino, 
425-429 ;  map  of  first  voyage,  facing  430 ; 
equipment  for  his  voyage,  430,  431,  435; 
thinks  he  has  found  Tartary,  431 ;  takes 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


33 


possession  at  Prima  Vista,  432,  433; 
honors  in  England,  434,  435 ;  misrepre¬ 
sented  by  Sebastian,  435,  437,  438; 
Ayala’s  letter,  436;  map  of  second  voy¬ 
age,  facing  436;  imperfect  knowledge  of 
second  voyage,  437. 

Cabot,  Lewis,  son  of  John,  422. 

Cabot,  Sancho,  son  of  John,  422. 

Cabot,  Sebastian,  great  charlatan,  421,  442; 
born  in  Venice,  422  and  note;  included 
in  Henry  VII. ’s  commission,  429  and 
note,  430;  apocryphal  accounts  by,  433, 
435,  437,  438,  44o;  pilot-major  in  Spain, 
439;  double  dealing  with  Venice,  Spain, 
and  England,  439-442;  his  one  certain 
voyage,  441. 

Cabot,  U.  S.  ship,  2866. 

Cabral,  Pedro  Alvarez,  seeks  East  Indies, 
154;  expedition  from  Portugal,  366,  377; 
discovers  Brazil,  378,  405 ;  misfortunes 
in  India,  405. 

Cabusto,  Indian  town  in  Alabama,  474. 

Caddos,  Indian  tribe,  162. 

Cadiz,  Spain,  Columbus  at,  328,  335,  337; 
Vespucci  at,  345,  363;  sailed  from,  376; 
Menendez  sailed  from,  489 ;  Essex’s  ex¬ 
pedition  against,  note,  843 ;  effect  of  its 
surrender  in  1823  on  South  America, 
4150,  4151- 

Cadwalader,  Gen.  John,  reinforces  Wash¬ 
ington,  2534;  at  Bristol,  2534;  part  in 
Trenton  plan,  2539,  2540,  2542,  2543; 
his  duel  with  Conway,  2704;  in  move¬ 
ment  against  Clinton,  2731,  2732. 

Caesar,  negro,  accused  of  conspiracy  against 
New  York,  1577. 

Cahokia,  Ill.,  earthwork  at,  135 ;  Clark  at, 
2780,  2781 ;  Sinclair  expedition  assails, 

2791. 

Cairo,  Ill.,  Confederate  plan  to  capture, 
4803;  Union  base  in  civil  war,  5139; 
McClernand  at,  5143. 

Cairo,  U.  S.  gunboat,  4846. 

Calaveras  skull,  a  noted  prehistoric  relic, 
146. 

Caldwell,  U.  S.  army  officer,  at  Allen’s 
farm,  4983. 

Caledonia,  British  ship,  Elliot  captures, 
3996,  3997- 

Caledonia,  U.  S.  brig,  4028,  4029. 

Calendar  confused  on  Magellan’s  voyage, 
415.  419- 

Calendar  stone,  Aztec,  illus.,  452. 

Calhoun,  John  C.,  his  states’  rights  thesis, 
3649;  on  slavery,  3698;  in  12th  congress, 
3963 ;  on  special  committee  of  foreign 
relations,  3964;  on  war  of  1812,  3966, 
3967,  4007;  on  financial  measures  of 
1812,  4008,  4009;  portrait,  facing  4008; 


offers  bill  repealing  embargo  and  pro¬ 
hibiting  specie  exports  in  1814,  4047; 
supports  second  bank  charter,  4095 ;  ap¬ 
pointed  secretary  of  war,  4102;  loyalty 
to  Monroe,  4102,  4103 ;  his  connection 
with  Jackson  in  the  Florida  invasion, 
4108,  4109,  4111;  his  opinion  of  the 
Missouri  controversy,  4126;  his  strength 
as  a  presidential  candidate,  4137;  his 
position  in  regard  to  the  Monroe  doc- 
trihe,  4150,  4152,  4153;  in  presidential 
campaign  of  1824,  4159,  4160,  4165; 
elected  vice-president,  4162,  4164;  op¬ 
poses  Adams,  4175;  nominated  for  vice- 
president,  4189;  prepares  South  Caro¬ 
lina  exposition,  4192;  opposes  tariff, 
4200;  rivalry  with  Van  Buren,  4232; 
breach  with  Jackson  over  Florida  mat¬ 
ter,  4233,  4234;  opposes  Van  Buren’s  ap¬ 
pointment  as  minister  to  Great  Britain, 
4241 ;  resigns  vice-presidency  to  accept 
Haynes’  seat  in  senate,  4257;  opposes 
force  bill,  4257,  4238 ;  aids  Clay  in  prep¬ 
aration  of  tariff ‘bill,  4258;  quarrels  with 
Clay,  4260 ;  supports  Clay  in  resolutions 
censuring  Jackson,  4269;  proposes  to 
distribute  net  proceeds  from  sale  of 
public  lands,  4297,  4298;  opposes  Van 
Buren  for  president,  4301 ;  supports  inde¬ 
pendent  treasury  bill,  4308;  contest  with 
Clay,  4308;  attitude  toward  Vermont 
anti-slavery  resolutions,  4316,  4317;  sec¬ 
retary  of  state  under  Tyler,  4360 ;  re¬ 
fuses  mission  to  England,  4370;  part  in 
the  sale  of  the  Globe,  4370;  rejects 
Great  Britain’s  proposals  concerning 
Oregon  boundary,  4405 ;  replies  to  Wil- 
mot  proviso,  4413-4415 ;  advises  organ¬ 
ization  of  South  on  slavery  issue,  4417 ; 
his  position  regarding  slavery  in  terri¬ 
tories,  4423,  4424;  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  Democratic  nomination  in  1848, 
4427;  debate  with  Webster  over  exten¬ 
sion  of  the  constitution  to  territories, 
4432,  4433 ;  influence  over  pro-slavery 
sentiment  in  South,  4443-4445 ;  speech 
in  senate,  March,  1848,  4458-4462 ;  view 
of  the  constitution,  4469. 

Caliban,  name  suggested  by  Caribbees,  323. 

Calibee  creek,  Indians  defeated  at,  4057. 

Calicut  reached  by  da  Gama,  333,  404-406. 

California,  Indians  in,  163,  164;  map  of 
lower  part,  facing  458;  coast  of,  traced 
by  Drake,  592,  593,  596;  attempt  to 
hold,  4359;  emigration  to,  4382;  Mon¬ 
terey  and  San  Francisco  taken,  4382 ; 
organization  -  of  territory  brings  up 
slavery  question,  4432,  4433;  erroneous 


34 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


ideas  concerning,  in  1846,  4444;  discov¬ 
ery  of  gold,  4446,  4447;  state  government 
organized,  4447 ;  Clay’s  proposal  to  ad¬ 
mit  California  without  reference  to  sla¬ 
very,  4452 ;  presents  official  copy  of  her 
constitution  to  congress,  4457,  445&; 
Soule  proposes  to  establish  southern 
limits  at  36°  30',  4472,  4473;  act  provid¬ 
ing  for  admission,  passed,  4480;  Fill¬ 
more  recommends  establishment  of  gov¬ 
ernment  mint  in,  4496;  Fremont  in, 
note,  4715;  midwinter  exposition,  5697; 
Chinese  immigration,  5899,  5900. 

California,  Gulf  of,  Mississippi  river 
thought  to  empty  into,  1959. 

Caligula  perhaps  had  gunpowder,  75. 

Callava,  Spanish  governor  of  Florida,  4136. 

Callaway,  Richard,  delegate  to  convention 
on  Kentucky  independence,  2777,  2778. 

Callender,  James  T.,  publishes  Hamilton- 
Reynolds  affair,  3602;  prosecution  of, 
3676,  3677. 

Callinicus,  of  Heliopolis,  perhaps  used 
Greek  fire,  76. 

Calliope,  British  warship,  at  Apia,  5639. 

Callowhill,  Hannah,  second  wife  of  Wm. 
Penn,  1243,  1244;  portrait,  facing  1244. 

Calvert,  Benedict  Leonard  (fourth  Lord 
Baltimore),  dies  in  1714,  1701. 

Calvert,  Sir  Cecil  (second  Lord  Balti¬ 
more),  dispossesses  patroons  on  Dela¬ 
ware  Bay,  572;  enters  the  judgment 
against  Virginia  charter,  708;  favored  by 
Charles  I.,  714;  works  for  and  with 
Harvey,  715;  his  charter  a  model  for 
Gorges,  850;  gained  it  from  Charles  I., 
1059,  1063 ;  question  between  him  and 
Virginia  colony,  1067 ;  portrait  of,  1068 ; 
sends  brother  as  deputy,  1069;  pleased 
with  company  sent,  1069;  Palmer’s  Is¬ 
land  belongs  to,  1074;  prepared  code  of 
laws,  1075 ;  power  overthrown  by  Ingle, 
1081;  conciliates  Protestants,  1086; 
probably  defeats  act  of  toleration,  1086; 
strives  to  retain  control  of  Maryland, 
1086-1089,  1091,  1092,  1095-1098,  1102, 
mo,  mi,  1 1 13,  1 1 14,  1 1 17,  1 1 18;  signs 
agreement  with  Virginia,  1115;  disputes 
claim  with  Penn,  1204;  arms  on  bound- 
stones,  1205;  picture  of,  facing  1206; 
will  not  yield  to  Penn,  1209;  received 
Chesapeake  company,  1210;  dispute 
boundary  adjusted  with  Penn,  1266;  an 
absentee  governor,  1653;  makes  Philip 
Calvert  governor  of  Maryland,  1669; 
appointed  his  son  Charles  governor  of 
Maryland,  1674;  dies,  1679,  1680;  fine 
statesmanship,  1679,  1680 ;  father  of 


Maryland,  1680;  first  to  enforce  tolera¬ 
tion  by  law,  1680. 

Calvert,  Charles  (third  Lord  Baltimore), 
last  of  family  in  America,  1118;  char¬ 
acter,  1 1 18;  disputes  Penn’s  southern 
boundary,  1194;  becomes  governor  of 
Maryland,  1674;  career  of,  1674-1701 ; 
beloved  and  appreciated,  1675;  received 
testimonial  on  departure  for  England, 
1685 ;  visit  from  Penn  for  territorial 
settlement,  1691 ;  divides  power  in  Mary¬ 
land  equally  received  between  Protest¬ 
ants  and  Catholics,  1692;  deposed,  1693. 

Calvert,  Charles  II.  (fifth  Lord  Balti¬ 
more),  succeeds  B.  L.  Calvert  in  his 
proprietary  rights,  1701. 

Calvert,  Frederick  (sixth  Lord  Baltimore), 
portrait  of,  1700;  manor  house  of,  1707; 
sixth  lord,  rules  Maryland,  from  Eng¬ 
land,  2345. 

Calvert,  Sir  George  (first  Lord  Baltimore), 
1059;  sketch  of,  1060;  buys  tract  in 
Newfoundland,  1061 ;  seeks  grant  in 
Virginia,  1061;  rebuffed  there,  1062; 
portrait  of,  1062 ;  gains  grant  north  of 
Potomac,  1063 ;  dies,  1063. 

Calvert,  Gov.  Leonard,  portrait,  facing 
1068;  deputy  for  Lord  Baltimore,  1069; 
notifies  Claiborne  to  leave  Kent  Island, 
1072 ;  captures  island,  1073 ;  consults 
his  brother  in  England,  1079;  flees  to 
Virginia,  1081 ;  receives  sympathy  of 
Brent,  1081 ;  assistance  for  Berkeley, 
1083,  1084;  recognizes  Maryland  as 

Protestant  province,  1084;  dies,  1084. 

Calvert,  Philip,  secretary  for  his  brother, 
Lord  Baltimore,  1114;  withdrawn  from 
assembly,  1116,  1117;  governor  of  Mary¬ 
land,  1 1 17,  1669;  character,  1118;  shows 
such  clemency  to  Fendall,  1669,  1670. 

Calvert  family,  their  record,  1118;  lose 
proprietary  rights  in  Maryland,  1701, 
1702. 

Calvinism  in  Holland,  765,  1167. 

Camara,  Spanish  admiral,  ordered  to  leave 
for  Manila,  5733. 

Camargo,  Mex.,  concentration  of  American 
forces  at,  4409. 

Cambon,  French  ambassador,  negotiates 
Spanish-American  treaty,  5736. 

Cambrai,  Cardinal  bishop  of,  278,  279. 

Cambrian,  British  frigate,  blockades  New 
York  in  1804,  3795,  3796;  Jefferson  closes 
ports  to,  3814. 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  site  of  Leif  Ericsson’s 
settlement,  233 ;  laid  out,  881 ;  first 
printing-press  at,  913;  first  American 
publication,  913;  informed  of  English 
revolution,  1319;  continental  artillery 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


35 


at,  commanded  by  Richard  Gridley,  note, 
1402;  gathering  of  militia  at,  2433,  2434; 
Washington’s  headquarters  at,  2466; 
Baum  at,  2602;  Washington’s  reception 
at,  3358. 

Cambridge  platform,  how  prepared,  918. 

Cambridge  university,  Eng.,  graduates  of, 
in  early  colonies,  616,  753,  754,  869,  874, 
876,  893,  905,  966. 

Camden,  Lord  Charles  Pratt,  portrait,  fac¬ 
ing  2358;  decides  against  general  war¬ 
rants  in  Wilkes  case,  2359;  champion 
of  American  colonies,  2381 ;  cited,  2381, 
2382;  lord  chancellor  in  1766,  2383; 
in  Rockingham’s  cabinet,  3089 ;  member 
of  the  Ohio  colony  company,  3147. 

Camden,  on  site  of  Ft.  Nassau,  582;  Gates’ 
corps  destroyed  at,  2901 ;  Clinton’s 
march  to,  2914;  Lord  Rawdon  at,  2921, 
2932,  2933 ;  operations  around,  2938, 
2941-2944;  battle  of,  2952-2957;  losses 
at,  text  and  note,  2957;  Cornwallis  hangs 
men  at,  2993 ;  Greene  menaces,  3016, 
3037,  3042. 

Camden,  Ark.,  Steele  in,  525 7. 

Cameron,  Simon,  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  Republican  nomination  in  i860,  4596, 
4598;  appointed  secretary  of  war,  4669; 
contest  over  his  appointment,  4670;  in¬ 
vestigates  charges  against  Fremont, 
4728;  suggests  arming  the  negroes  in 
civil  war,  5062 ;  on  political  situation  in 
Pennsylvania  in  1864,  5197. 

Camoens,  Luiz  de,  author  of  “Os  Lusiadas,” 
401,  402,  note,  403;  portrait,  facing  402. 

Camp  Dick  Robinson,  federal  enlisting  sta¬ 
tion  in  Kentucky,  4801,  4805 ;  Thomas 
relieves  Nelson  of  his  command  at, 
4807. 

Campaign  contributions,  Roosevelt  on,  5837, 
583§. 

Campaign  pamphlet  of  1829,  facsimile,  fac¬ 
ing  4190. 

Campan,  Madame,  3462. 

Campbell,  Col.,  captured  by  Marion,  3027; 
opposes  Wayne,  3528. 

Campbell,  Lieut.-Col.  Archibald,  expedition 
of,  2814;  character  of,  2814;  Howe 
routed  by,  2815;  Augusta,  Ga.,  taken  by, 
2816;  facsimile  of  proclamation  by,  fac¬ 
ing  2816;  retreat  from  Augusta,  Ga., 
of,  2819;  arrives  at  Savannah,  2819; 
capture  of,  2881. 

Campbell,  Arthur,  31 73. 

Campbell,  David,  appointed  judge,  3389. 

Campbell,  Maj.  Donald,  treacherously 
treated  by  Pontiac,  2297. 

Campbell,  George  W.,  manages  impeach¬ 
ment  trial  of  Chase,  note,  3788;  on  the 


embargo,  3886;  appointed  secretary  of 
the  treasury,  4046;  appointed  minister  to 
Russia,  4102. 

Campbell,  James,  postmaster-general  under 
Pierce,  4519. 

Campbell,  John  A.,  on  Dred  Scott  case, 
4566;  member  of  Llampton  Roads  con¬ 
ference,  5226;  Confederate  assistant  sec¬ 
retary  of  war,  5229. 

Campbell,  William,  Virginia  patriot,  2926; 
organizes  to  repel  Ferguson,  2998;  posi¬ 
tion  at  King’s  Mountain  of,  3004;  at 
Guilford,  3034;  at  Hobkirk’s  Hill,  3043, 
3044. 

Campbell,  Lord  William,  governor  of 
South  Carolina,  2440;  mortally  wound¬ 
ed,  2508. 

Campeachy  Bay,  disposition  of,  in  French- 
Spanish  negotiations,  284.6. 

Canaan,  N.  H.,  votes  school  admitting 
colored  boys  a  nuisance,  4292. 

Canada,  Indians  in,  163,  165,  166;  Ves¬ 
pucci’s  alleged  course  to,  352 ;  Cham¬ 
plain  left  basis  for  history  of,  521 ; 
Canada  company  plans  to  conquer,  845 ; 
devastated  in  17th  century  by  Five  Na¬ 
tions,  1129;  part  of  territory  left  in  dis¬ 
pute  by  peace  of  Ryswick,  1349;  Abena- 
kis  in,  1362,  1363;  Canadians  in  French 
armies  against  English,  1404,  2132,  2134, 
2135,  2137,  2148,  2241,  2273;  Gov.  Shir¬ 
ley  wishes  to  take  from  France,  1405 ; 
not  connected  with  other  French  settle¬ 
ments,  1933;  developed  by  Jesuit  mis¬ 
sionaries,  1934;  given  back  to  France 
in  1632,  1940,  1941 ;  De  Courcelle  gov¬ 
ernor  of,  in  1665,  1985 ;  population  in 
17th  century,  1988;  in  late  17th  century, 
1989;  change  in  government  of,  1999; 
the  French  in,  2005,  2006,  2028;  might 
have  been  taken  by  Braddock,  2059; 
the  prize  of  seven  years’  war,  2092; 
France  invites  Acadians,  21  n;  forts  in 
communication  with  Acadia,  2118; 
might  have  been  taken  by  Winslow, 
2138,  2140;  threefold  plan  of  English 
attack  on,  2177,  2178,  2214,  2215;  success¬ 
ful  English  campaign  against,  2214,  2276; 
famine-stricken  in  1759,  2222;  gained 
for  English  by  Wolfe,  2260,  2270,  2276; 
remains  loyal  to  England  during  revo¬ 
lution,  2270 ;  penetrated  by  Rogers’ 
rangers,  2278 ;  surrendered  to  England, 
2285,  2328;  suggestion  of  return  to 
France  in  1763,  2333,  2334;  stamp  act 
not  accepted  in,  2376;  Canadian  uprising 
against  English  hoped  for  by  Americans, 
2441,  2442,  2475 ;  Arnold  moves  on, 
2447,  2448;  American  army  in,  2448; 


36 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


2475;  Americans  evacuate,  2479;  Sir 
John  Johnson  iiees  to,  2486;  army  of, 
invades  New  York,  2521;  troops  of, 
with  Burgoyne,  2570;  Burgoyne’s  ex¬ 
pedition  joined  by  Indians  of,  2578; 
failure  of  expedition  to,  2702,  2703 ; 
Gouverneur  Morris  on,  2848;  defences 
in  1812,  3979;  Hull’s  invasion,  3981, 
3982,  3984-3986,  3994,  3995;  activity  of 
Brock,  in  repelling  invasion,  3983,  3984, 
3987;  Van  Rensselaer  invades,  3997- 
3999;  Smyth’s  campaign  in,  4000;  in¬ 
surrection  in,  4309-4311;  refuge  of  fu¬ 
gitive  slaves,  4487,  4489;  Vallandigham 
in,  5187,  5202;  Confederate  agents  in, 
5198,  5203-5208;  attitude  of  its  parlia¬ 
ment  to  United  States  in  civil  war, 
5207;  U.  S.  amnesty  proclamation  ex¬ 
cludes  raiders  from,  5345;  Fenian  attack 
upon,  5482,  5483 ;  second  Fenian  inva¬ 
sion  of,  5499-5502 ;  toll  over  waterways 
proposed,  5644;  Anglo-American  treaty 
of  1895  on  boundary  between  Canada 
and  Alaska,  5677 ;  Montreal,  Ottawa, 
and  Georgian  bay  canal,  5950. 

Canada  company,  English  association  to 
conquer  Canada,  845 ;  gives  rise  to  La¬ 
conia  company,  845. 

Canajoharie,  Clinton  collects  forces  at, 
2840;  Brant  destroys,  2843. 

Canals,  proposed  construction  in  United 
States  of,  3930;  Erie,  opening  and  effect 
of,  4196,  4197;  early  interest  in,  5948; 
requests  sent  to  congress  for  ship  canals, 
5948-5952;  Soo  canal,  5950,  5951;  ad¬ 
vantages,  5951,  5952. 

Canandaigua,  Lake,  Sullivan  expedition  at, 
2841. 

Canandaigua,  U.  S.  warship,  in  Charleston 
blockade,  4858. 

Canarsees  Indians  on  Long  Island,  1138. 

Canary  Islands  on  Toscanelli’s  chart,  275; 
on  Columbus’  map,  279,  280 ;  touched 
by  Columbus,  298-300,  323;  in  Ves¬ 
pucci’s  story,  351 ;  on  old  trans-Atlantic 
routes,  618,  631 ;  yellow  fever  in,  657. 

Canastogas,  Indian  tribe,  destroyed  by  Six 
Nations,  159. 

Canaveral,  Cape,  reached  by  Menendez, 
489;  site  of  forts  by  French  and  Span¬ 
ish,  495. 

Canby,  Gen.  E.  R.  S.,  forces  under,  at  Mo¬ 
bile,  5070;  at  siege  of  Ft.  Gaines,  5170; 
supersedes  Banks,  5258;  at  New  Or¬ 
leans,  5269 ;  plans  to  attack  Mobile, 
5282;  Taylor  surrenders  to,  5323;  suc¬ 
ceeds  Sickles,  5396;  reduces  taxes  in 
South  Carolina,  5397;  murdered  by  Ind¬ 
ians,  5514. 


Cancer,  Father  Luis,  murdered  by  Indians, 
486. 

Candler,  Maj .,  2999. 

Cannibals,  Caribs  found  to  be,  323,  324, 
332;  among  Aztecs,  446,  453;  Verrazano 
perhaps  a  prey  to,  507;  in  Virginia, 
661. 

Canning,  George,  British  secretary  for  for¬ 
eign  affairs,  3850;  on  the  Chesapeake 
affair,  3860-3862 ;  portrait,  facing  3862 ; 
his  policy,  3903-3905,  39ii,  4143,  4144; 
disavowed  Erskine’s  agreement,  3904- 
3906,  3909,  3910 ;  sends  F.  J.  Jackson  to 
the  United  States,  3906,  3907,  3909; 
Madison  distrusted,  3911;  succeeded  by 
Wellesley,  3935 ;  his  position  in  regard 
to  British  recognition  of  the  South 
American  republics,  4143-4147;  his 
claim  to  the  authorship  of  the  Monroe 
doctrine,  4147,  4155;  American  opinions 
of,  4149,  4150;  on  British  trade  priv¬ 
ileges,  4176. 

Cannon,  Frank  J.,  senator  from  Utah,  at 
Republican  convention  in  1896,  5687. 

Cannon,  Joseph,  advocates  Hamilton  state¬ 
hood  bill,  5871. 

Cannon  in  Florence,  79;  in  England,  80; 
in  Italy,  France,  and  Spain,  80;  effect 
on  chivalry,  82;  help  Jamestown  set¬ 
tlers,  636,  637;  brought  to  Plymouth, 
789;  Braddock’s  superior  to  any  before 
seen  in  America,  2056,  2065,  2067,  2068, 
2074-2076,  2079. 

Cano,  Sebastian,  succeeds  Magellan  and 
Espinosa,  417;  brings  home  remnant  of 
expedition,  419;  death  of,  420. 

Canonchet,  Indian  chief,  death  of,  a  blow 
to  Philip,  1467. 

Canonicus,  Indian  chief,  sent  challenge  to 
Pilgrims,  781,  886,  1007. 

Canseau,  Strait  of  (Canso),  French  ren¬ 
dezvous,  528. 

Canso,  English  settled  at,  1386;  captured 
by  Duquesnel,  1386;  Warren  joined  New 
England  forces  at,  1391 ;  rendezvous  of 
Louisbourg  expedition,  1394,  1395. 

Canso,  Cape,  Paul  Jones’  achievements  at, 
2867,  2868. 

Canterbury,  Archbishops  of,  Richard  Ban¬ 
croft,  754;  William  Laud,  853,  895;  Til- 
lotson  friend  of  Penn,  1224;  attempts 
to  establish  religion  in  South  Carolina 

‘  1795- 

Canterbury,  Conn.,  Prudence  Crandall 
opens  school  to  negro  girls,  4291,  4292. 

Cantino,  map,  358;  note,  359;  note,  375. 

Canton,  O.,  McKinley  attracts  thousands  of 
people  to,  5694. 

Canute,  king  of  England,  235. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


37 


Caonabo,  chief  in  Cuba,  324,  327,  331,  372. 

Capahowasick  recommended  by  Powhatan 
for  settlement,  644. 

Cape  Breton  Island,  Louisbourg  on,  1381, 
1383,  1385;  French-Indian  intrigue,  1383; 
Duquesnel  governor  of,  1385;  militia  at 
Louisbourg  mutinous,  1388;  Gov.  Shir¬ 
ley  wishes  to  keep,  1405 ;  returned  to 
France  after  King  George’s  war.  1410; 
lost  by  France,  2185 ;  given  up  by 
England  in  1748,  2333;  by  France  in 
1763,  2334. 

Cape  Fear,  vicious  savages  on,  1794;  a 
centre  of  piratical  operations,  1823 ; 
British  plan  to  take,  2809. 

Cape  Fear  river,  N.  C.,  early  settlers  on, 
1717,  1719-1722,  1724;  Sherman  expects 
to  meet  Lee  at,  5310. 

Cape  Finisterre,  scene  of  French  fleet’s  de¬ 
feat,  1409. 

Cape  Girardeau,  Mo.,  Confederates  pro¬ 
posed  capture  of,  4803. 

Cape  Henlopen,  limit  of  Penn’s  tract,  1204. 

Cape  May,  Howe’s  fleet  sighted  off  of, 
2611. 

Cape  Rouge,  Quebec,  Wolfe  lands  at,  2253; 
rendezvous  of  boats  for  Wolfe’s  at¬ 
tempt,  2256,  2257. 

Cape  Sable,  U.  S.,  the  La  Tours  at,  1940- 
!942. 

Cape  Verde  Islands  discovered,  244;  Portu¬ 
guese  expedition  to,  -282 ;  the  limit  of 
western  ocean,  320,  322 ;  Columbus 

passed  in  third  expedition,  329 ;  reached 
by  remnant  of  Magellan’s  fleet,  418; 
Cervera’s  fleet  at,  5725. 

Capital  and  labor,  Roosevelt  on,  5836. 

Capital  of  the  United  States,  congress  de¬ 
bates  on  location  of,  3355,  3357,  3374, 
3376;  see  also  Washington,  D.  C. 

Captain’s  Hill,  Plymouth,  view  from,  fac¬ 
ing  828. 

Carabi,  Vespucci’s  error  about,  355,  357, 
note,  363. 

Caracas,  Venezuela,  Miranda  at,  3818;  re¬ 
volts  in  1810,  3939. 

Caramanli,  Hamet,  Eaton  espouses  cause 
of,' 3772,  3773;  facsimile  of  Eaton’s  let¬ 
ter  to,  facing  3774. 

Caravels  of  Columbus,  106,  296,  297;  of 
14th  and  15th  centuries,  114;  illus.,  fac¬ 
ing  296,  298. 

Cardenas,  Cuba,  bombardment  of,  5727. 

Carder,  Richard,  of  Portsmouth,  R.  I., 

1037- 

Cardross,  Lord,  brings  little  colony  to  Port 
Royal,  S.  C.,  1743;  later  career  in 

English  politics,  1746. 


Carew,  Master  Gome,  in  council  of  Popham 
colony,  729. 

Carey,  James,  part  in  plot  to  invade  Loui¬ 
siana,  3605,  3606. 

Carey,  Mathew,  edited  the  American  Mu¬ 
seum,  3453. 

Caribs  or  Caribbees,  in  South  America, 
152;  cannibals,  313,  323;  sketch  of,  fac¬ 
ing  324;  sent  to  Spain  as  slaves,  332, 
333,  338,  39L  397;  not  easily  subdued, 
m  39i. 

Carignan,  soldiers  of,  come  to  Canada, 
1986,  1988. 

Carillon,  Fort,  French  name  for  Ft.  Ticon- 
deroga,  2191 ;  situation  and  fortifica¬ 
tions,  2191 ;  provincial  rangers  ordered 
to  reconnoitre,  2200;  Abercrombie  de¬ 
feated  at,  2213. 

Carleton,  Sir  Guy,  Indians  under,  169;  un¬ 
der  Wolfe  at  Quebec,  2235;  governor  of 
Canada,  2235,  2475 ;  in  the  revolutionary 
war,  2235 ;  wounded  on  Heights  of 
Abraham,  2267;  expedition  to  invade 
New  York,  2475,  2478,  2521-2523;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  2522 ;  battle  with  Arnold 
on  Lake  Champlain,  2523-2525 ;  takes 
Crown  Point,  2525 ;  withdraws  to  Can¬ 
ada,  2525 ;  ambition,  note,  2559 ;  Bur- 
goyne  leaves  troops  with,  2570;  Bur- 
goyne’s  orders  refused  by,  2576;  succeeds 
Clinton,  3083;  British  warned  by,  3411; 
speech  of,  3493 ;  speech  to  the  Indians, 
3525. 

Carlisle,  Frederick  Howard,  Earl  of,  mem¬ 
ber  of  council  for  New  England,  855; 
land  granted  to,  856;  facsimile  memo¬ 
randum  of  what  England  would  have 
left  after  making  concessions  to  Amer¬ 
ica,  facing  2742;  facsimile  of  Lafayette’s 
challenge  to,  facing  2746. 

Carlisle,  John  G.,  secretary  of  the  treas¬ 
ury,  5648. 

Carlisle,  Pa.,  English  fort  at,  2007;  Bouquet 
sends  scouts  from,  2320;  manufacture 
of  arms  established  at,  2526. 

Carmarthen,  Lord,  Sir  John  Temple’s  letter 
to,  3234. 

Carmichael,  William,  U.  S.  minister  to 
Spain,  3447.  . 

Carnegie,  Andrew,  on  immigration,  5982. 

Carolina,  U.  S.  schooner,  assists  in  defense 
of  New  Orleans,  4081,  4082;  its  de¬ 
struction,  4083. 

Carolina  company  incorporated  in  London, 
1720,  1722;  offers  great  inducements 
to  emigrants,  1 722,  1723. 

Carolinas,  the  population  of,  in  1750,  1261, 
1262 ;  contributed  to  expedition  against 


I 


38 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Canada,  1405;  invite  Dutch  New  York¬ 
ers  to  settle,  1500;  Iroquois  hostility  in, 
1523;  produce  few  early  historians,  1713; 
settled  by  Huguenots,  1713;  how  named, 
1714;  general  description  of  surface, 
1714;  patent  in,  granted  to  Sir  Robert 
Heath,  1716;  government  of  early  col¬ 
onies,  1717;  described  in  glowing  terms 
by  promoters  of  colonies,  1721 ;  charter 
of  Charles  II.,  1722;  inducements  to 
settle  in,  1722-1724,  1726;  under  Locke’s 
“grand  model,”  1732;  always  divided 
into  two  parts,  1750;  King  James  and 
the  charters,  1779;  united  by  proprie¬ 
taries,  1785;  dissenters  persecuted  in, 
1799,  1801;  improvement  in,  1817;  pro¬ 
prietaries  annex  Tuscarora  and  Yemas- 
see  lands,  1821;  haunt  of  pirates,  1822; 
become  royal  provinces  in  1719,  1830; 
become  officially  separated,  1836;  take 
no  part  in  seven  years’  war,  1839;  on 
good  terms  with  early  Georgians,  1863 ; 
abandon  Oglethorpe  in  expedition 
against  St.  Augustine,  1900;  vote  sup¬ 
plies  for  Ohio  expedition,  2040;  recruits 
for  Loudon’s  army,  2147;  begin  to  de¬ 
spise  British  government,  2160;  staples 
of,  before  revolution,  2349 ;  spread  of 
colonial  population  in,  2764;  English 
scheme  regarding,  2904;  Tories  of,  2904, 
2905;  guerrilla  warfare  in,  2904;  see 
also  North  Carolina  and  South  Caro¬ 
lina  ;  Grant  plans  to  invade  in  1864  and 
1865,  5270 ;  Sherman  plans  to  isolate 
Confederate  forces  in,  5272. 

Caroline,  queen  of  England,  received  Geor¬ 
gia  chiefs,  1868,  1870. 

Caroline,  Fort,  built,  483,  486 ;  Menendez 
attacks,  491-493;  name  changed,  493. 

“Caroline  Affair,”  4310,  4311;  dispute  with 
Great  Britain,  4349;  settlement  of,  4350. 

Caroline  almanac  for  1840,  facsimile  of 
title-page,  facing  4310. 

Caron,  missionary  with  Champlain,  535. 

Carondelet,  Baron,  intrigues  of,  3534,  35351 
negotiates  with  Wilkinson,  3536,  3603. 

Carondelet  (now  South  St.  Louis,  Mo.), 
good  location,  2782. 

Carondelet,  U.  S.  gunboat,  in  attack  on 
Ft.  Henry,  4814;  bombards  Ft.  Donel- 
son,  4818;  at  Island  No.  10,  4833,  4836; 
attacks  batteries  at  Watson’s  Landing, 
4837;  naval  duel  on  the  Mississippi, 
4839,  4840;  built  by  James  B.  Eads, 
4846. 

Carpenter,  William,  associated  with  Gorton 
in  Rhode  Island,  920. 

“Carpet-bag”  government,  origin  of,  5423; 
in  Alabama,  5424-5426;  origin  of  name, 


note,  5425 ;  Blaine  on,  quoted,  note, 
5425,  5426;  Gov.  Chamberlain  on,  5457, 
5458. 

Carr,  Dabney,  of  Virginia,  proposes  stand¬ 
ing  committees  of  correspondence,  2400. 

Carr,  Gen.  E.  A.,  commands  division  under 
Curtis,  4731;  at  Pea  Ridge,  4735. 

Carr,  Sir  Robert,  commissioner  to  New 
Amsterdam,  1174;  to  Massachusetts, 
1278,  1279;  royal  commissioner  to  New 
England,  1425,  1426,  1459. 

Carrickfergus,  Wm.  Penn  at,  1189. 

Carrickfergus  Roads,  Jones  at,  2875,  2876. 

Carrington,  Col.  Edward,  quartermaster- 
general  under  Greene,  3015,  3165. 

Carroll,  Charles,  of  Carrollton,  organizes 
Maryland  convention,  2498;  portrait, 
facing  2500;  conducted  inaugural  cere¬ 
monies  of  B.  &  O.  railroad,  4197. 

Carroll,  Daniel,  member  of  the  Philadel¬ 
phia  convention,  3269. 

Carroll,  John,  archbishop,  portrait,  facing 
3114;  pope  appoints,  3115,  3116. 

Cartagena,  Central  America,  Columbus  at, 
269;  Drake  at,  610;  Connecticut  sol¬ 
diers  join  expedition  against,  1452; 
Virginians  in  expedition  against,  1659; 
history  of,  1663 ;  fortifications  at,  1902, 
1903- 

Carter,  Confederate  general,  wounded  at 
Franklin,  5267. 

Carter,  Landon,  secretary  of  Jonesboro  con¬ 
vention,  3170. 

Carter,  Lieut.  S.  P.,  enlisted  Tennessee 
troops,  4805. 

Carteret,  Lord,  commissions  Robert  John¬ 
son  governor  of  Carolinas,  1821  ;  refuses 
to  sell  his  lands  to  crown,  1835. 

Carteret,  Sir  George,  receives  grant  of  New 
Jersey,  1173;  with  English  expedition 
against  New  Amsterdam,  1174;  widow 
of,  complains  of  encroachments  by  An¬ 
dros,  1508;  patentee  in  Carolina  county, 
Va.,  1722. 

Carteret,  James,  created  landgrave  in  South 
Carolina,  1739. 

Carteret,  settlement  of  Albemarle,  1722; 
first  called  Cape  Romain,  1725. 

Carthage,  one  of  Mediterranean  states,  105 ; 
leaves  few  records,  154. 

Carthagena,  Juan  de,  mutinies  against  Ma¬ 
gellan,  408-410. 

Cartier,  Jacques,  great  French  explorer, 
note,  504;  portrait,  facing  506;  pro¬ 
poses  expedition  to  Indies,  507;  first 
landfall,  508;  takes  possession  of  Labra¬ 
dor  for  France,  508;  in  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  509,  510;  sets  up  arms  of 
France  at  Point  Gaspe,  509;  gives 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


39 


France  her  claim  to  North  America, 
510;  second  expedition,  5 10-515 ;  dis¬ 
covers  St.  Lawrence  river,  511;  winters 
near  site  of  Quebec,  512-51 7;  ascends 
St.  Lawrence  to  Iiochelaga  and  Mont 
Real,  513,  516;  kidnaps  Indians,  515, 
516;  explores  coast  of  Newfoundland, 
515;  associated  with  Roberval,  515,  518; 
made  captain-general  and  chief  pilot, 
515;  third  expedition,  516,  517;  fourth 
voyage,  518;  last  notice  of,  518;  sees 
Dutch  ships,  541. 

Cartter,  David  Kellogg,  secures  nomina¬ 
tion  for  Lincoln,  4599;  chief  justice  of 
the  District  of  Columbia,  5405. 

Cartwright,  Gov.,  1752. 

Cartwright,  Sir  George,  commissioner  with 
English  expedition  against  New  Amster¬ 
dam,  1174;  commissioner  to  Massachu¬ 
setts,  1278,  1279;  royal  commissioner 
to  New  England,  1425-1459;  instructions 
to,  1426. 

Carvalho,  unworthy  successor  of  Magellan, 
417- 

Carver,  John,  governor  of  Plymouth  col¬ 
ony?  757;  tolerant  principles,  758;  in¬ 
spiring  influence  of,  759;  prepares  for 
Pilgrims’  emigration,  763,  764;  chosen 
first  governor  of  Plymouth  colony,  768; 
reelected,  777;  dies,  778;  character,  778. 

Cary,  Thomas,  in  North  Carolina,  1808- 
1810. 

Casas,  Bartholome  de  las,  concerning  Pin- 
zons,  293;  on  smoking,  31 1;  on  Colum¬ 
bus  expedition,  note,  338 ;  concerning 
Vespucci,  349?  356,  3571  note,  361,  363. 

Casco,  treaty  of,  1302. 

Casco  Bay,  Gosnold  lands  on,  618. 

Casco,  peninsula,  claimed  as  boundary  by 
Massachusetts,  947,  951,  952. 

“Cases  of  Conscience,”  by  Increase  Mather, 
facsimile,  1342. 

Casey,  Gen.  Silas,  under  McClellan,  4774; 
his  ability,  4774;  in  peninsular  cam¬ 
paign,  4963 ;  near  Seven  Pines,  4967 ; 
at  Fair  Oaks,  4967-4970. 

Caslin,  Col.,  in  western  campaign  in  1861, 
4720. 

Cass,  Lewis,  under  Hull  in  war  of  1812, 
3984;  appointed  secretary  of  war,  4239; 
minister  to  France,  4303;  loses  nomina¬ 
tion,  4363 ;  member  of  29th  congress, 
4374 ;  nominated  for  president  by  Demo¬ 
crats,  4427;  defeated,  4431;  member  of 
31st  congress,  4452;  member  of  the 
“grand  committee”  in  1850,  4474;  un¬ 
successful  candidate  for  Democratic 
nomination  in  1852,  4503,  4504;  favors 
seizure  of  Cuba,  4514;  on  popular  sov¬ 


ereignty,  4527,  4539 ;  portrait,  facing 
4528;  secretary  of  state,  4564;  leaves 
Buchanan’s  cabinet,  4647;  Richmond 
Examiner  on,  note,  4682. 

Casson,  Dollier  de,  cited  as  to  Frenchmen, 

1979- 

Casson,  George,  companion  of  John  Smith, 
642,  644. 

Castile  at  war  with  Portugal,  276;  Colum¬ 
bus  in,  287,  288,  291 ;  its  proportion  of 
aid  for  Columbus,  293 ;  flag  of,  hoisted 
by  Columbus,  296,  304;  yields  to  Portu¬ 
gal  about  boundary  line,  322 ;  Balboa 
takes  possession  for,  383. 

Castilla,  Spanish  ship,  destruction  of,  5722. 

Castle  Island,  May  builds  fort  on,  550; 
given  up  for  Albany,  553. 

Castle  William,  Andros  in,  1321 ;  sur¬ 
rendered  to  Bostonians,  1321 ;  British 
troops  removed  to,  2396;  instructions 
for  its  garrisoning,  2397. 

Castlereagh,  Robert  Stewart,  Viscount,  por¬ 
trait,  facing  3902;  decides  the  question 
of  war  in  1812,  3972;  on  Jackson’s  treat¬ 
ment  of  Arbuthnot  and  Ambrister, 
41 1 1 ;  suicide  of,  4143. 

Castleton,  St.  Clair  reaches,  2573. 

Caswell,  Col.  Richard,  Kalb  reinforced  by, 
2940;  at  Pedee,  2942,  2943;  at  battle 
of  Camden,  2944,  2945,  2954,  2955;  re¬ 
treat,  2958. 

Caswell,  Fort,  guards  Wilmington,  N.  C., 
4856. 

Cat  Island,  305. 

Catawba,  S.  C.,  2921. 

Catawba  river,  operations  around  the, 
293L  2934,  2938,  2941,  2998,  3016,  3026. 

Catawbas,  Indian  tribe,  have  confederacy 
in  Virginia,  160. 

Cathay  early  visited,  154;  glories  of,  274, 
310;  destination  of  Columbus,  298,  307, 
324;  West  Indies  mistaken  for,  305,  325. 

Catherine  of  Russia,  on  hiring  foreign 
troops,  2472,  2473 ;  confers  ribbon  of 
St.  Anne  on  Paul  Jones,  2895;  on 
right  of  search,  3064. 

Catherwood,  Mary  Hartwell,  wrote  “Ro¬ 
mance  of  Dollard,”  note,  1978. 

Cathmaid,  George,  tried  to  colonize  in  Car- 
olinas,  1718. 

Catholic  church,  Roman,  existed  prior  to 
modern  governments,  27;  place  in  15th 
century,  28 ;  relations  with  governments, 
28,  29,  33-35;  the  crusades,  29,  30;  at¬ 
titude  towards  free  thought,  30,  33,  36; 
schism  of  the  west,  30;  great  councils, 
31 ;  reformation,  31 ;  priests  not  scien¬ 
tific,  32,  40 ;  gains  by  fall  of  Constan¬ 
tinople,  32;  ambitious,  35-37;  position 


40 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


toward  printing,  63;  Magellan  enthu¬ 
siastic  for,  416;  in  France,  473,  500; 
begins  to  be  ashamed  of  Spanish  cruelty, 
487;  sanctions  Cartier’s  expedition,  510; 
in  the  thirty  years’  war,  538,  1082; 
favored  by  the  Stuarts,  1060;  control 
of  educational  tax  in  Canada,  2276. 

Catholics,  Roman,  in  America :  dominion 
in  West  Indies,  41 ;  attitude  of  Menen- 
dez  to  Protestants,  492;  as  refugee  col¬ 
onists,  599,  600,  621,  622,  845;  benefited 
by  English  quarrels,  691 ;  settle  Florida, 
1059;  also  St.  Lawrence  valley,  1059; 
championed  by  Calverts,  1059;  favored 
by  Stuarts,  1060 ;  Lord  Baltimore  takes 
party  of,  to  Virginia,  1602;  in  Maryland, 
1065,  1 1 18,  1673,  1695,  1696,  1699,  1704, 
1706,  1713;  excluded  from  privileges  in 
Rhode  Island,  1087;  in  Virginia,  1088; 
favored  by  James  II.,  1222;  feared  by 
Pennsylvania  Quakers,  1261 ;  Abenaki 
Indians  become  converts,  1361,  1364, 
1365,  1377 ;  Dutch  and  Puritans  opposed 
to  Catholic  heir  of  English  throne, 
1500;  Dongan  as  governor  of  New  York, 
I5i3>  1527;  protected  by  French  king, 
15  37,  1538;  few  in  English  colonies 
before  revolution,  1596;  in  the  Caro- 
linas_,  1745,  1795,  1796,  1837;  Moravian 
immigrants,  1865;  in  Georgia,  1921; 
French  colonies  in  Canada,  1934,  1952, 
1953,  1983-1985,  2029,  2108,  2110,  2213, 
2121,  2335;  conditions  and  history  of, 
at  close  of  the  revolution,  3115,  3116; 
number  of,  3115. 

Catlin,  George,  theory  about  Mandans,  246. 

Catron,  John,  on  Dred  Scott  case,  4566. 

Caucus  system  broken  up,  4190. 

Caute,  Fort,  Spanish  fleet  protected  by, 
5721 ;  surrender  of,  5723. 

Cavaliers  in  Virginia,  717,  721 ;  in  battle 
of  Severn,  1109;  in  Carolinas,  1739, 
1745,  1756,  1765-1767,  1769. 

Cavendish,  Lord  John,  in  the  London  com¬ 
pany,  700,  702,  704;  in  parliament,  3086; 
as  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  3089. 

Cavendish,  Thomas,  English  navigator,  608. 

Cavite,  Philippine  Islands,  hospitals  estab¬ 
lished  at,  5723 ;  Aguinaldo’s  headquar¬ 
ters  at,  5723;  hostilities  of  lawless  bands, 
5746,  5747- 

Caxton  begins  to  print  in  English,  61. 

Cay  (Key),  meaning  of,  note,  305. 

Cayos,  de  las  Doce  Leguas,  325. 

Cayuga,  Lake,  1517,  2841. 

Cayuga ,  U.  S.  ship,  runs  the  batteries  at 
New  Orleans,  4888,  4890. 

Cayugas,  Indian  tribe,  one  of  the  Six  Na¬ 
tions,  159;  in  Five  Nations,  1515;  ac¬ 


count  of,  1517;  relations  to  English, 
2137,  2585. 

Cebu,  one  of  Philippine  Islands,  416,  417. 

Cecil,  William,  Earl  of  Exeter,  617. 

Cecil  Furnace  on  the  Susquehanna  attacked 
by  British  in  war  of  1812,  4039. 

Cedar  creek,  Va.,  battle  at,  5251. 

Cedar  Mountain,  Va.,  battle  of,  5012,  5014. 

Cedar  Run,  Va.,  Gen.  Banks  at,  5012. 

Cedar  Springs,  S.  C.,  2935. 

Celts  in  Britain,  202. 

Cemetery  Ridge,  important  position  at  bat¬ 
tle  of  Gettysburg,  5087,  5088. 

Cempoala  devastated  by  Cortes,  450,  453. 

Census  in  Rhode  Island  in  1708,  1483;  of 
city  of  New  York  in  1678,  1503;  new 
census  act  of  congress,  3360;  of  United 
States  in  1790,  3422;  of  1870,  5498,  5499; 
of  1880,  5442;  of  1900,  5984,  5986. 

Centennial,  Philadelphia,  account  of,  5526, 
5530. 

Centinel ,  Boston  newspaper,  on  Hartford 
convention,  4091 ;  orginates  phrase  “Era 
of  good  feeling,”  4101. 

Central  America,  temple  builders  of,  122; 
mounds  in,  126;  discovered  by  Colum¬ 
bus,  338;  explored,  382;  under  Pedra- 
rias  Davila,  385;  De  Soto  in,  464;  ex¬ 
pedition  to,  in  war  of  Austrian  succes¬ 
sion,  1663 ;  parcel  post  convention  with, 
5752. 

Central  Pacific  railroad,  builders  of  the, 
5491. 

Central  railroad,  Ga.,  destroyed  by  Sher¬ 
man,  5273. 

Centralization  in  France,  6,  10;  in  Austria 
and  Germany,  10;  in  England,  13;  in 
Italy,  15;  in  Spain,  17,  20;  how  it  af¬ 
fected  Columbus,  17;  in  the  United 
States,  Jefferson  opposes,  3691,  3692. 

Centreville,  Va.,  McDowell’s  headquarters 
during  battle  of  Bull  Run,  4750-4752, 
4755,  476o,  4762;  McClellan  at,  4787; 
battle  of,  5017,  5018;  Union  forces  at, 
5019,  5024. 

Cerf,  U.  S.  cutter,  2883. 

Cerro  Gordo,  battle  of,  4392. 

“Certainty  of  the  World  of  Spirits,”  by 
Baxter,  read  by  New  England  people, 
1328. 

“Certificates  of  Origin”  required  of  neu¬ 
tral  vessels  in  French  ports,  3809. 

Cervera,  Admiral,  in  Santiago  harbor,  5725 ; 
destruction  of  fleet  under,  5731,  5733; 
scene  of  his  naval  defeat  off  Santiago, 
Cuba,  illus.,  facing  5736. 

Cevallos,  Spanish  minister  in  Louisiana 
during  Burr’s  conspiracy,  3745,  3822, 
3834- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


41 


Chaboneau,  Indian  interpreter  in  Lewis 
and  Clark  expedition,  3758,  3759. 

Chabot,  Philippe  de,  admiral  of  France, 
negotiates  with  Verrazano,  506;  with 
Cartier,  507,  510. 

Chadd’s  Ford,  Washington  at,  2614,  2616; 
Wayne  and  Maxwell  at,  2619,  2620. 

Chadwick,  F.  E.,  portrait,  facing  5732. 

Chaffee,  Gen.  Adna  R.,  in  China,  5774. 

Chaffinch,  Tom,  active  in  gaining  rights 
for  Atherton  company,  1454. 

Chain  bridge,  on  the  Potomac,  fortifications 
at,  note,  4773. 

.Chaleo,  Lake,  near  City  of  Mexico,  447,  451. 

Chaldea,  astronomy  studied  in,  91. 

Chaleurs,  Bay  of,  entered  and  named  by 
Cartier,  509. 

Challons,  Capt.  Henry,  sent  out  by  Plym¬ 
outh  company,  727. 

Chalmers,  Gen.  J.  R.,  at  battle  of  Shiloh, 

5103. 

Cham,  Grand,  424. 

Chamberlain,  Judge,  defines  American  rev¬ 
olution,  note,  2339,  2340. 

Chamberlain,  Daniel  H.,  portrait,  facing 
5434;  governor  of  South  Carolina,  elec¬ 
tion  and  inauguration  of,  5435 ;  message 
of,  5435,  5436;  in  the  Whipper  affair, 
5437,  5438;  forces  negro  militia  to  dis¬ 
band,  5439;  distributes  state  funds,  5440; 
courts  sustain,  5441 ;  negro  Republicans 
denounce,  5442 ;  threatened  with  im¬ 
peachment,  5442 ;  conspirators  over¬ 
thrown  by,  5442,  5443;  Democrats  fear, 
5444;  struggle  for  leadership  in  the 
Republican  party,  5444,  5445 ;  negro 

strike  in  Colleton  county,  5445,  5446 ; 
on  the  Hamburg  massacre,  5446,  5447; 

.  Democrats  claim  defeat  of,  5448;  Grant 
sustains,  5448,  5449 ;  legislature  declares 
his  election,  5450;  his  correspondence 
with  Hampton,  5450,  5451 ;  congress  in¬ 
vestigates  his  election,  5451 ;  President 
Hayes  intervenes,  5451,  5454;  resigns, 
5454;  statement  on  evils  in  the  South, 
5457;  on  “carpet-bag”  government,  5457, 
5458. 

Chamberlain,  Joseph,  on  fishery  commission, 
5605,  5606. 

Chambers,  Gen.  Benjamin  A.,  nominee  for 
vice-president,  5566. 

Chambersburg,  Pa.,  McClellan  protects, 
5034;  Stuart  raids,  5053;  Lee  raids, 
5085 ;  burned  by  Confederates  under 
Early,  5248. 

Chambly,  Fort,  capture  of,  2475. 

Champagny,  Count  de,  portrait,  facing 
3916;  dealings  with  United  States  in 
1810,  3934,  3937,  3948. 


Champernown,  Francis,  950. 

Champion  Hills,  Miss.,  engagement  at,  5146. 

Champlain,  Samuel  de,  dealings  with  Ind¬ 
ians,  168;  on  ,.the  St.  Lawrence,  500; 
birth,  520;  education,  520;  portrait,  fac¬ 
ing  520;  his  courage,  patience,  wisdom, 
and  humanity,  520,  528-530,  532,  note,  534, 
535,  538,  54o;  sent  to  prepare  way  for  De 
Chastes,  520,  521 ;  brilliant  talents,  521 ; 
explores  and  charts  St.  Lawrence  and 
Saguenay,  522;  his  narrative  the  basis  of 
French  colonies  in  America,  523 ;  in  De 
Mont’s  expedition,  524;  maps  New  Eng¬ 
land  coast,  524,  525,  527;  founds  Quebec 
(Ft.  St.  Louis),  524,  529;  founds  Annap¬ 
olis,  Nova  Scotia,  525 ;  a  true  explorer, 
526,  528,  532,  537;  great  value  of  his 
sketches  and  maps,  528,  530,  531,  535; 
excites  further  colonization,  528,  529 ; 
lieutenant-governor  of  New  France,  529, 
532,  533,  538,  539 ;  loses  by  sickness,  530 ; 
establishes  friendship  with  Indians,  531, 
537,  54o;  in  battle  with  Iroquois,  531, 
533;  discovers  Lake  Champlain,  531,  532; 
claims  country  for  France,  532;  adds 
Ottawa  valley  to  New  France,  534;  the 
“Father  of  New  France,”  535,  540;  loses 
astrolabe,  note,  535 ;  finds  Lake  On¬ 
tario,  536,  537;  intermediary  between 
fur-traders  and  colonists,  537;  involved 
in  English-French  hostilities,  538,  539; 
dies,  539,  540,  1935;  strengthens  French 
claims,  621 ;  aroused  hatred  towards 
French,  1129;  Iroquois  permanently  es¬ 
tranged,  1522;  colonial  plans,  1933,  1934; 
governor  of  “Hundred  Associates,”  1935 ; 
speaks  of  the  La  Tours,  note,  1938; 
desires  to  explore  western  Canada,  1958, 
1959;  approves  of  site  of  Montreal, 
1968. 

Champlain,  Lake,  discovered  by  Champlain, 
531,  532 ;  northern  shore  a  boundary 
for  London  and  Plymouth  companies, 
627;  regarded  as  one  of  great  lakes, 
note,  845;  crossed  on  ice  by  Frontenac’s 
men,  1540;  on  route  of  expedition 
against  Canada  in  1690,  1544;  French 
force  on,  in  1755,  2902;  English  force 
on,  in  1755,  2092-2094;  to  Canada,  map, 
2444 ;  Arnold  and  Carleton’s  fight  to 
control,  2522;  route  from  Canada,  2559; 
part  taken  by  the  navy  on,  2859;  pro¬ 
posed  canal  to,  3930;  Dearborn  com¬ 
mands  forces  on,  3995 ;  Izard  at,  4065, 
4068;  naval  force  allowed  on,  5871. 

Chancellorsville,  battle  of,  5079-5084. 

Chancellorsville  house,  Grant  at,  5235. 

Chancellor  established  fur  trade  between 


42 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Russia  and  England,  442;  wanderings 
lead  to  the  foundation  of  the  Muscovy 
company,  589. 

Chanco,  friendly  Indian,  warned  whites, 
693,  694. 

Chandler,  Zachariah,  on  war  committee, 
4783 ;  in  Grant’s  cabinet,  5522- 

Channing,  W.  E.,  favors  woman’s  suffrage, 
5928. 

Chantilly,  Va.,  battle  of,  5°25- 

Chapman,  John  G.,  presides  over  Whig 
convention  in  1852,  4505. 

Chapultepec,  Mex.,  fall  of,  4399;  view  of 
battle,  facing  4938. 

Charitas,  ship,  takes  over  third  Swedish 
colony,  584. 

Charity,  ship,  783,  803,  807. 

Charlemagne  sends  embassy  to  Harun  al- 
Rashid,  48. 

Charles  V.,  emperor  of  the  holy  Roman 
empire,  his  great  inheritance,  12 ;  letter 
to  De  Leon,  392;  patron  of  Magellan, 
407;  welcomes  Del  Cano,  419,  420;  re¬ 
calls  Sebastian  Cabot,  442;  Cortes  an 
envoy  of,  449;  makes  Cortes  governor 
of  Mexico,  459;  commissions  Narvaez, 
460;  De  Soto,  465;  makes  Philip  II.  king 
of  Naples  and  Sicily,  486;  captures 
Francis  I.,  506. 

Charles  I.,  king  of  England,  contests  Dutch 
title  to  New  Netherland,  560;  licenses 
free  trade,  561 ;  desires  tobacco  monop¬ 
oly,  714;  favors  Baltimore  colony,  714, 
1059;  reinstates  Harvey,  715;  removes 
him,  716;  supported  by  Virginia,  717; 
beheaded,  721,  984;  against  New  Eng¬ 
land,  854;  portrait,  facing  854;  appoints 
Gorges  governor-general  of  New  Eng¬ 
land,  856;  fails  to  sign  new  charter, 
857;  in  conflict  with  parliament,  863; 
will  not  pardon  John  Venn,  867;  incon¬ 
sistent  towards  Puritan  emigration,  868; 
opposed  by  eastern  England,  876;  fam¬ 
ily,  Roman  Catholics,  890,  1060;  his 
charter  to  Massachusetts  Bay,  916;  to 
Roger  Williams,  1028;  wishes  Lord  Bal¬ 
timore  to  stay  in  England,  1061,  1062; 
grants  charter  to  him,  1063;  headquar¬ 
ters  at  Oxford,  1079;  makes  Claiborne 
treasurer  of  Virginia,' 1080 ;  a  prisoner, 
1083. 

Charles  II.,  king  of  England,  causes  chair 
to  be  made  from  the  Pelican,  505 ; 
upheld  in  Virginia,  721 ;  his  restoration, 
721,  723,  724,  945,  1275;  orders  Quakers 
to  be  tried  in  England,  943;  confirms 
grant  to  Gorges,  949;  gives  Connecticut 
charter,  957,  959,  996;  Christopher  Dav¬ 
enport  chaplain  to,  note,  985;  Connecti¬ 


cut  gains  by  his  accession,  1018;  Narra- 
gansett  colonies  confirmed  in  union  by, 
1041 ;  accession  proclaimed  in  Rhode 
Island,  1056;  favored  Lord  Baltimore, 

1 1 17;  proclaimed  in  Maryland,  in  7; 
friendly  to  William  Penn,  1191-1194; 
conversation  with  William  Penn,  1206; 
persecuted  dissenters,  1221,  1222 ;  Penn’s 
charter  from,  1238;  demands  rendition 
of  regicides,  1277 ;  amused  by  his  ani¬ 
mosity  to  Massachusetts,  1277,  1303 ; 
pine-tree  story,  1304,  1305 ;  influenced 
by  his  brother  James,  1305;  orders 
Maine  patent  canceled,  1307;  dies,  1308; 
dealings  with  Connecticut,  1415,  1417, 
1420,  1424;  dealings  with  Rhode  Island, 
1453,  1462 ;  provoked  war  with  Holland, 
1497;  declared  war  against  Dutch  and 
Swedes,  1500;  gave  to  his  brother  new 
patent,  1506;  favors  Andros,  1508;  suc¬ 
ceeded  by  brother,  James  II.,  1525;  pen¬ 
sioned  by  French  king,  1527;  makes  Sir 
William  Berkeley,  governor  of  Virginia, 
1601 ;  portrait  of,  facing  1602 ;  effect 
of  his  dissolute  court  on  Virginia, 
1609;  censures  Berkeley,  1621,  1622; 
justly  suspected  of  being  a  Catholic, 
1686;  professes  anxiety  about  morals  of 
Maryland,  1688;  ministers  refuse  justice 
to  Lord  Baltimore,  1693 ;  cited  on  cus¬ 
toms  duty,  1693 ;  death  of,  1693 ;  charter 
of,  cancels  patent  to  Sir  Robert  Heath 
for  Carolinas,  1716;  knights  Henry  Mor¬ 
gan  the  pirate,  1773;  writs  of  assistance 
date  from,  2360. 

Charles  VIII.,  king  of  France,  12;  con¬ 
nection  with  Columbus  family,  26,  287, 
292;  portrait,  facing  284;  issues  no  com¬ 
mission  for  exploration,  502. 

Charles  IX.,  king  of  France,  Ft.  Caroline 
named  for,  483 ;  Carolinas  named  for, 

1714. 

Charles  III.,  of  Spain,  declares  war  against 
Great  Britain,  2851 ;  comments  on  war, 
3067. 

Charles,  Edward,  the  young  pretender,  fol¬ 
lowers  go  to  Georgia,  1921. 

Charles,  Cape,  named  for  Prince  Charles, 
633;  Dale’s  Gift  near,  672. 

Charles  City,  Va.,  first  called  Bermuda 
City,  672;  East  India  school  in,  686; 
almost  destroyed  by  great  massacre, 
694. 

Charles,  Fort,  built,  481 ;  abandoned, 
481,  482;  built  on  Hampton  river  by 
Lord  Delaware,  665. 

Charles  estuary,  British  expedition  rowed 
across,  2423. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


43 


Charles  river,  Mass.,  Leif  Ericsson  on,  213, 
223,  233 ;  sachems  on,  allied  with  Eng¬ 
lish,  776;  bounds  Robert  Gorges’  patent, 
796;  basis  of  boundary  in  Massachusetts 
charter,  830,  865 ;  Massachusetts  colo¬ 
nists  explore,  879;  fortified,  881;  on 
Winthrop’s  map,  896. 

Charles  river,  N.  C.,  name  of  Cape  Fear 
river,  1720. 

Charlesbourg  Royal,  Cartier’s  fort,  517. 

Charleston,  S.  C.,  compared  with  New  York 
in  colonial  times,  1597;  several  attempts 
to  found,  1735;  how  named,  1735;  slave 
insurrection  at,  1742;  receives  Hugue¬ 
not  families,  1746,  1747;  in  17th  century, 
1766,  1767;  resents  first  collector  of 
customs,  1779;  rice  first  planted  in,  1790; 
has  all  the  places  of  worship  in  the 
province,  1795;  defended  against  French 
squadron  in  1706,  1802,  1804;  in  dread 
of  pirates,  1823;  in  gala  attire  for  the 
inauguration  of  Moore,  1829;  final  strug¬ 
gle  in,  between  Gov.  Johnson  and  Gov. 
Moore,  1831;  Moravians  arrive  at,  1867; 
supports  non-importation  agreement, 
2398;  seizes  tea  in  1773,  2403,  2404; 
harbor  of,  2505;  defenses  of,  2506;  Brit¬ 
ish  plan  to  capture,  2809;  character  of 
its  population,  2811;  Tories  hung  at, 
2817;  Prevost  marches  toward,  2821, 
2822;  demoralized  condition  of  troops 
at,  2822;  Prevost’s  terms  of  surrender, 
2823,  2824;  Prevost  returns  from,  2824; 
Lincoln  returns  to,  2831 ;  U.  S.  frigate 
Randolph  forced  into,  by  storm,  2873 ; 
ships  lost  at  fall  of,  2896;  surrender  of, 
2901 ;  importance  of,  2905 ;  Clinton’s  ex¬ 
pedition  against,  2905;  view  of,  in  1780, 
facing  2906;  fear  of  smallpox  at,  2907; 
blame  for  the  fall  of,  2908;  Lincoln 
summoned  to  surrender,  2910;  Clinton’s 
investment  of,  2910,  2912 ;  surrender  of, 
2913,  2914,  2939;  British  garrison,  2921, 
3038;  operations  around,  2938;  northern 
relief  party  around,  2938;  Washington’s 
opinion  regarding,  2939 ;  rescue  army 
for,  2939;  confiscation,  proscription  and 
imprisonment  of  citizens  of,  2993 ;  Bal¬ 
four  commands  at,  2996;  Greene  to 
threaten,  3016;  Rawdon  retreats  to,  3047; 
Greene  and  Rawdon’s  movements 
around,  3054,  3055 ;  early  social  history 
of,  3135,  3136;  rejoicing  over  adoption 
of  the  constitution  in,  3319;  Genet’s 
reception  at,  3465 ;  effect  of  Jay’s  treaty 
in,  3556;  Democratic  party  holds  con¬ 
vention  at,  4592,  4594;  effect  of  Lincoln’s 
election  in,  4610,  4611;  the  question  of 


strengthening  the  forts  at,  4613,  4615, 
4625,  4647;  war  preparations  in,  4615; 
secession  convention  meets  in,  4617, 
4621;  Star  of  the  West  expedition  to, 
4649;  Beauregard  at,  4661,  4674;  Con¬ 
federate  liag  raised  at,  4661 ;  condi¬ 
tions  following  the  fall  of  Ft.  Sumter, 
4677,  4678;  blockade  at,  4853-4859;  naval 
attack  upon,  5165-5169;  Beauregard 
leaves,  5246;  Sherman’s  possible  destina¬ 
tion  in  his  march  to  the  sea,  5272;  Har¬ 
dee  retreats  to,  5278,  5310;  Hardee  fires 
and  evacuates,  5311,  5312;  Union  troops 
enter,  5312;  Sherman  at,  5321 ;  state  con¬ 
vention  at,  5349 ;  the  earthquake  at, 
5608,  5609;  interstate  West  Indian  ex¬ 
position  at,  5807,  5808. 

Charleston  and  Memphis  railroad,  impor¬ 
tant  means  of  communication  to  Con¬ 
federates,  severed  by  Mitchell,  5109, 
5110,  5139;  Iuka  on,  5129. 

Charleston  harbor,  description  of,  2505 ; 
defences  of,  2506. 

Charleston  Mercury ,  newspaper,  facsim¬ 
ile  of  the  secession  issue,  facing  4620. 

Charlestown,  Mass.,  Thomas  Walford  at, 
797,  note,  880,  888;  church  formed, 
878,  879;  Gibbons  at,  892;  prepares  to 
fight  England  in  1634,  896;  Reverend 
John  Harvard  in,  912;  receives  signal 
of  English  revolution,  1319;  home  of 
Maj.  Robert  Sedgwick,  1957;  Paul  Re¬ 
vere  in,  2422 ;  inhabitants  desert,  2455; 
set  on  fire,  2461. 

Charlotte,  N.  C.,  Gates  at,  2942,  2945,  2958, 
3009;  Davies  fights  with  Cornwallis  at, 
2996. 

Charlotte  camp,  near  Civileville,  Dunmore 
camped  at,  2775. 

Charlotte,  Fort,  attack  on,  3152;  surrenders 
to  Wilkinson,  4034. 

Charlottesville,  Va.,  Burgoyne  encampment 
at,  illus.,  facing  2564;  Burgoyne’s  army 
at,  2666;  Tarleton  tries  to  capture  legis¬ 
lature  at,  3070 ;  Gen.  Pope  to  attack, 
5007;  Sheridan  at,  5285. 

Charlottiana,  proposed  name  for  north¬ 
western  territory,  3146. 

Charter  oak,  Connecticut  charter  hidden 
in,  picture  of,  1440. 

Chartres,  Fort,  on  Mississippi  river,  com¬ 
mandant  of,  counseled  the  Indians  to 
make  peace,  2307,  2327 ;  photographic 
reproduction  of  magazine  at,  2780. 

Chase,  Samuel  P.,  predicts  fall  of  slavery, 
4468;  senator  from  Ohio,  4499;  appeal 
to  people  for  Missouri  compromise, 
4534;  answers  Douglas  on  Missouri 


44 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


compromise,  4538;  unsuccessful  can¬ 
didate  for  Republican  nomination  in 
i860,  4596;  appointed  secretary  of  treas¬ 
ury,  4669;  accused  of  unsoundness  on 
tariff,  4669,  4670;  charges  against  Fre¬ 
mont  reported  to,  4725,  4 728,  4729;  on 
expenses  of  the  war  in  1861,  4783 ;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  4944;  condition  of  treasury 
under,  4944;  opposes  McClellan’s  rein¬ 
statement,  5029,  5030;  improves  condi¬ 
tion  of  U.  S.  treasury,  5067;  resigns 
from  treasury  department  and  is  re¬ 
called,  5077;  again  tenders  his  resigna¬ 
tion,  5195;  Blair’s  charges  against,  5196; 
his  letter  to  Sherman  on  Lincoln’s  re- 
election,  5212;  administers  oath  of  office 
to  President  Johnson,  5302;  advises 
Johnson  on  negro  suffrage,  5349;  pre¬ 
sides  over  circuit  court  at  Raleigh,  5395 ; 
protests  against  martial  law  in  the 
southern  states  in  1867,  5396;  head  of 
court  of  impeachment  in  1868,  5407, 
5411;  candidate  for  president,  5519; 
death  of,  5539. 

Chase,  Samuel,  in  first  continental  congress, 
2409;  organizes  mass-meetings,  2498; 
portrait,  facing  2500  and  3674;  on  com¬ 
mittee  of  land  grants,  3160;  member  of 
commercial  convention,  3249;  U.  S.  con¬ 
stitution  opposed  by,  3310;  sketch  of, 
3675 ;  presides  at  Cooper  trial  3676 ;  at 
Duane  and  Callender  trials,  3676;  assails 
Republican  principles,  3777;  Randolph 
prosecutes,  3778;  impeached  and  acquit¬ 
ted,  3786,  3790. 

Chastellux,  Marquis  de,  French  officer 
under  Rochambeau,  2970 ;  at  Wethers¬ 
field,  3070;  cited  on  English  church 
service,  3142. 

Chastes,  Aymar  de,  patron  of  Champlain’s 
first  expedition,  520;  surpassed  by  him, 
521;  dies,  522,  523. 

Chateaugay  Four  Corners,  Hampton  en¬ 
camped  at,  4055. 

Chatfield,  Col.  John  L.,  5169;  killed  in 
assault  upon  Ft.  Wagner,  5169. 

Chatham,  Earl  of,  see  Pitt,  William. 

Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  Johnston  near,  5095; 
Halleck  determines  to  capture,  5109; 
Mitchell  attacks,  5110;  Morgan  at,  5112; 
Buell  to  capture,  5117;  Bragg  at,  5118, 
5124, .  5125,  5151,  5160;  army  of  the 
Mississippi  ordered  to,  5119;  Grant  or¬ 
dered  to,  5150;  battle  of,  5I55-5I57 ; 
strategic  value  of,  5161 ;  Bragg  plans 
to  retake,  5162;  invests  the  city  after 
Chickamauga,  5164;  Sherman’s  march 
from,  5260;  military  camp  at,  5727. 


Chattanooga  and  Nashville  railroad,  fed¬ 
eral  plans  to  intercept  traffic  on,  5109. 

Chatterton  Hill,  McDougall  holds,  2521. 

Chaudiere,  Arnold’s  march  to,  2476,  2477. 

Chauncey,  Isaac,  commands  on  lakes  in 
war  of  1812,  3996,  4026,  4062,  4069;  sup¬ 
ports  Dearborn  in  attack  on  Niagara, 
4049,  4050. 

Chautauqua,  Lake,  La  Salle  on,  1991. 

Chautauqua  society,  5923,  5924. 

Chauvin,  de,  revives  idea  of  colonization, 
520. 

Cheat  river  valley,  campaign  in,  4742. 

Cheatham,  Gen.  B.  F.,  at  Belmont,  4722 ; 
at  Shiloh,  5103. 

Chebucto  Bay,  Nova  Scotia,  French  fleet 
arrives  at,  1406,  1407;  Halifax  planted 
on,  2113. 

Cheesman,  Edmund,  hanged  in  Bacon’s  re¬ 
bellion,  1621. 

Chelsea,  Mass.,  formerly  called  Winnisim- 
met,  879. 

Chemung,  Sullivan  on  the,  2840;  Ganse- 
voort  razes  fort  on,  2842. 

Cheraw,  S.  C.,  McArthur  at,  2921 ;  Hardee 
at,  5311;  Sherman  captures  valuable 
stores  at,  5312. 

Cherbourg,  France,  American  naval  prizes 
sent  to,  2874;  Kearsarge  and  Alabama 
fight  at,  4907. 

Cherokee  Ford,  American  camp  at,  2934, 
3003. 

Cherokees,  Indian  tribe,  branch  of  Iroquois, 
157,  160;  picture,  facing  161 ;  have  pho¬ 
netic  alphabet,  1871;  befriended  Soto, 
472;  have  silver  mines,  496;  join  North 
Carolinas  against  Tuscaroras,  1814; 
make  treaty  with  Gov.  Nicholson,  1833; 
chiefs  partly  educated  in  England  in 
the  18th  century,  1838;  kill  Englishmen, 
1858;  relations  with  English  and  Ogle¬ 
thorpe,  1859-1861,  1890,  1891;  aroused 
against  English  by  Spaniards,  1888;  in 
Bienville’s  expedition,  2010;  treaty  with 
South  Carolina,  2108;  treaty  with  Eng¬ 
land,  2328;  land  ceded  by,  2509;  mas¬ 
sacre  of  part  of  Boone’s  party  by,  2768; 
part  in  Dunmore’s  war,  2768,  2769; 
Transylvania  company  purchases  land 
of,  2779;  assemble  at  Chickamauga, 
2789 ;  at  Chickamauga,  2789,  2790 ;  Pre- 
vost  assisted  by,  2821 ;  outrages  at  Au¬ 
gusta,  2994;  Henderson’s  treaty  with, 
3148;  state  of  Franklin  friendly  to, 
3174,  3385;,  in  New  York,  3386,  3532, 
3534 ;  promise  aid  to  the  settlers  against 
the  Red  Sticks,  4037;  progress  in  civil¬ 
ization,  4177;  determined  to  hold  their 
land,  4178;  land  seized  by  Georgia,  4235; 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


45 


refuse  offer  of  lands  west  of  thei  Missis¬ 
sippi  river,  4235,  4236;  in  the  civil  war, 
4732,  4733- 

Cherry  valley,  Tory  outrages  at,  2749;  mas¬ 
sacre  of,  2760,  2762;  government  protec¬ 
tion  for,  2838,  2839. 

Chersonesus,  proposed  state  of,  3162. 

Cherub,  British  ship,  captures  the  Essex , 
4024. 

Cherubusco,  Mex.,  battle  of,  4396. 

Chesapeake,  U.  S.  ship,  English  sailors  en¬ 
list  in  the,  3854;  British  frigate  Leopard 
attacks  and  searches,  3855,  3856;  con¬ 
troversy  over  the  incident,  3854,  3875, 
3898,  3938;  Jackson’s  instructions  re¬ 
garding  the  affair,  3908,  3913;  Clay  on, 
3946;  England  atones  for  the  attack, 
3951;  built  for  war  of  1812,  3967;  ar¬ 
mament  of,  3988,  3989;  captured  by  the 
Shannon,  4021,  4022. 

Chesapeake  Bay,  Algonquins  on,  156;  in 
Vespucci’s  course,  353;  Ayllon  on,  398; 
Verrazano  fails  to  see,  note,  504;  en¬ 
tered  by  Hudson,  545 ;  by  Cornelis  May, 
553;  seen  by  Virginian  colonists,  631; 
Baltimore  arrives  at,  1062;  boundary  of 
his  grant,  1063 ;  Howe’s  fleet  sails  up, 
2612 ;  Matthews’  raid  along,  2832 ;  Leslie 
at,  2971;  Arnold’s  raid  along,  3030;  De 
Grasse  at,  3073 ;  British  fleet  ravages 
shores  of,  in  1813,  4039. 

Chesapeake  Bay  colony,  Menendez  attempts 
to  found,  497,  499;  Lane’s  expedition 
to,  609;  city  of  Raleigh  incorporated, 
61 1 ;  Gilbert’s  expedition  to,  620;  Clai¬ 
borne  in,  1066-1085,  1092-1112;  Lord 

Baltimore’s  colony,  1210. 

Chester,  American  forces  reorganized  at, 
2620;  Howe’s  raid  on,  2622;  Howe  at, 
2622,  2626;  British  at,  2631;  fair  at, 
2873;  Washington  at,  3079. 

Chestnut  Hill,  2627-2629. 

Chetimaches,  Indian  tribe,  on  Mississippi 
delta,  162. 

Chevalier,  his  opinion  of  Lowell,  Mass., 
4202. 

Cheves,  Langdon,  on  financial  measures  of 
1812,  4008-4010;  declines  treasury  port¬ 
folio,  4045 ;  elected  president  of  the 
national  bank,  4118;  resigns,  4141. 

Chew,  Benjamin,  2627. 

Chew  house,  at  Germantown,  2628,  2629; 
fighting  at,  2630;  illustration  of,  facing 
2630. 

Cheyenne,  Indian  tribe  in  Colorado,  163; 
government  supports,  5618. 

Chica,  gold  sought  in,  by  Soto,  472. 

Chicaca  (Chickasaw),  Indian  town,  474, 

475- 


Chicago,  portage  at,  used  by  La  Salle, 
1991,  1996;  negro  residents  meet  to  de¬ 
vise  measures  for  protection  against  fu¬ 
gitive  slave  law,  4488;  common  council 
denounces  fugitive  slave  law,  4488, 
4489;  Douglas  speaks  in  defense  of  fu¬ 
gitive  slave  law,  4489;  Republican  con¬ 
vention  of  i860,  4596-4600;  citizens  con¬ 
demn  Gen.  Burnside  for  suppressing 
Times,  5188;  mass-meeting  of  “Sons  of 
Liberty”  held  in,  5203 ;  Democratic  na¬ 
tional  convention  meets  at,  in  1864,  5204 ; 
Confederate  agents  in,  5204,  5205  >  cele¬ 
bration  in,  5204,  5205 ;  Republican  na¬ 
tional  convention  at,  in  1868,  5413;  cele¬ 
bration  in,  on  completion  of  the  Pacific 
railroad,  5494;  great  fire  of  1871,  5512, 
5513;  railroad  strike  of  1877,  5553;  Re¬ 
publican  convention  of  1880  held  in, 
5564;  strikes  of  1886  in,  5600,  5601 ;  views 
of  Haymarket  square,  facing  5602;  Re¬ 
publican  national  convention  at,  5622 ; 
Columbian  exposition,  5660,  5661 ;  views 
of  world’s  fair  buildings,  facing  5662 ; 
tidal  wave  in  Lake  Michigan  near,  5664; 
railroad  strike  in  1894,  5670-5674;  na¬ 
tional  Democratic  convention  of  1896 
at,  5688;  teamsters’  strike  in  1905,  5827; 
progress  during  past  twenty-five  years, 
5934-5937;  canal,  5951. 

Chicago  Times  suppressed  by  Burnside’s 
order  in  1863,  5187,  5188. 

Chickahominy  creek,  Va.,  battle  of  Cold 
Harbor  near,  5240. 

Chickahominy  river,  John  Smith  on,  621, 
652 ;  in  peninsular  campaign,  4966,  4975, 
4979,  498i. 

Chickamauga,  Cherokees  assemble  at,  2789 ; 
map  of  battle,  facing  5162;  battle  of, 
5162-5164. 

Chickamaugas,  Indian  tribe,  on  the  war¬ 
path,  3532,  3533.  _ 

Chickasaw  Bluff,  point  where  Soto  reaches 
the  Mississippi,  475 ;  fort  built  at,  3536 ; 
Burr’s  expedition  at,  3835. 

Chickasaws,  Indian  tribe,  in  south,  161 ; 
aroused  by  Spaniards  against  English, 
1888;  make  new  treaty  with  Oglethorpe, 
1890,  1891 ;  offended  because  blamed  for 
barbarity,  1900;  desert  Oglethorpe,  1900; 
claim  southern  lands,  3385,  4034,  4035 ; 
in  the  civil  war,  4732,  4733. 

Chickatawbut,  Indian  chief,  886,  887. 

Chickeley,  Henry,  in  command  of  Virginia 
force  against  Indians,  1612 ;  governor  of 
Virginia,  1626,  1627. 

Chicora,  Confederate  ram,  attacks  on  block¬ 
ading  fleet  at  Charleston,  4858. 

Chihuahua,  Mex.,  Pike  taken  to,  3760. 


46 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


«. 

Children,  employment  of,  4201 ;  illiteracy 
among,  5985. 

Chili  promotes  American  congress  at  Pan¬ 
ama,  4172;  revolution  tn,  5639;  Amer¬ 
ican  minister  takes  sides  with  president, 
5639;  United  States  marshal  seizes  war¬ 
ship,  5640 ;  mob  attacks  American  sailors, 
disavowal  and  damages  paid  by,  5640. 

Chillicothe,  O.,  Harmar’s  expedition  at, 
3383,  3384,  .3694;  organization  of  the 
state  of  Ohio  at,  3721. 

China,  block  printing  in,  55 ;  compass  in, 
63 ;  gunpowder  in,  74,  78 ;  has  kindred 
stock  with  North  American  Indians, 
123 ;  varying  size  of  natives,  123 ;  con¬ 
servative,  181 ;  story  of  Fusang,  257 ; 
navigators,  259;  discrepancy  in  calendar, 
415;  coasted  by  Drake,  505;  treaty  of 
commerce  with,  in  1844,  4366;  estab¬ 
lishes  embassy  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
5560;  treaty  with,  in  1868,  5582,  5583; 
supplemented  treaties  with,  in  1882, 
5583;  passage  of  the  exclusion  act,  5584; 
treaty  of  1893  with,  5652,  5653 ;  Boxer 
uprising  in  1899-1900,  5773-5782;  boy¬ 
cotts  American  goods,  5806;  Hay  de¬ 
clines  to  loot  the  Chinese  treasury,  5832, 
5833 ;  sends  aid  to  San  Francisco,  5879; 
protest  against  conditions  for  admission 
to  United  States  of  Chinese,  5902-5904; 
boycotts  American  goods,  5904;  possi¬ 
ble  retaliation  against  United  States, 
5905,  5906. 

Chinese  in  the  United  States,  emigration 
of,  5583 ;  bill  to  restrict,  5584 ;  the  ex¬ 
clusion  act,  5584,  5644,  5651,  5653,  5795; 
crowd  out  white  labor,  5900,  5901 ;  con¬ 
ditions  of  admission,  5901-5904;  change 
in  laws  relating  to,  5907,  5908;  in  1905, 
5964;  Roosevelt  on  the  Chinese  ques¬ 
tion,  5905. 

Ching,  Prince,  appointed  envoy  to  the 
United  States,  5782. 

Chippewa,  battle  of  the,  4062. 

Chippeway,  British  ship,  4028,  4029. 

Chisholm,  Alexander,  suit  of,  against  Geor¬ 
gia,  3501,  3502. 

Chisholm,  John,  part  in  plot  to  invade 
Louisiana,  3605,  3606. 

Chittenden,  governor  of  Vermont,  orders 
state  militia  home,  4044. 

Chivalry  produced  by  mediaeval  warfare, 
81 ;  effect  of  gunpowder  on,  82,  83. 

Choate,  Rufus,  active  in  1840  campaign, 
4326. 

Choctaws,  Indian  tribe,  in  southern  United 
States,  161 ;  Appalachians  mingle  with, 
1799;  join  North  Carolinas,  1814;  in 
Oglethorpe’s  time,  1861 ;  claim  southern 


lands,  3385;  Tecumthe  visits,  4034; 
promise  aid  to  the  settlers  against  the 
“Red  Sticks,”  4037;  in  the  civil  war, 
4732,  4733- 

Cholula,  Aztec  pueblo,  447,  451. 

Choptank  river,  boundary  of  Claiborne’s 
purchase,  1097. 

Chowan  river,  John  Pory  on,  1715,  1716. 

Christiaensen,  Hendrick,  of  Cleve,  builds 
first  house  on  Manhattan  Island,  549; 
builds  Ft.  Nassau,  550;  goes  to  rescue 
Block,  551;  builds  up  fur  trade,  552; 
killed  by  an  Indian,  552 ;  said  to  have 
yielded  New  Amsterdam  to  Argali,  676. 

Christian  Endeavor  society,  5921,  5922. 

“Christian  Quakers,”  adherents  of  George 
Keith,  1235. 

Christiana  creek,  Washington  on,  2614. 

Christianity  in  Iceland,  206;  at  court  of 
Spain,  284;  compared  with  Mohamme¬ 
danism  in  Spain,  291,  292;  in  West 
Indies,  308;  natives  educated  in,  332; 
urged  on  king  of  Cebu  by  Magellan, 
416,  417;  forced  on  Indians  by  Spain, 
460;  Pluguenots  desire  to  spread,  479; 
adopted  by  Pocahontas,  674;  spread  by 
her  among  Indian  women,  note,  675, 
685 ;  good  effect  on  Indians,  693 ;  in 
Maryland  in  early  18th  century,  1704; 
French  missionaries  in  Canada,  1959. 

Christie,  Ensign,  commandant  at  Presqu’- 
isle,  2312,  2314. 

Christie,  Lieut.-Col.,  at  battle  of  Queens¬ 
town  Heights,  3998,  3999. 

Christina,  child  queen  of  Sweden,  5 77; 
first  settlement  in  New  Sweden  named 
for,  580. 

Christina,  Fort,  Swedish  settlement,  580, 
582;  Swedish  stronghold  on  Delaware 
river,  1126,  1127. 

Christison,  Wenlock,  Quaker  before  court, 
940,  941. 

Christobal  Colon,  Spanish  warship,  de¬ 
struction  of,  5732,  5733- 

Chronicle,  Maj.,  2999. 

Chrysler’s  farm,  on  St.  Lawrence  river, 
battle  at,  in  1813,  4054. 

Chubb,  British  ship,  4067. 

Church,  Benjamin,  in  King  Philip’s  war, 
I295,  1300;  goes  to  rescue  of  Kenne¬ 
bec  valley,  1356;  against  Narragansetts, 
1466;  turns  traitor,  2469,  2708;  sails  for 
West  Indies,  2469;  as  director-general 
of  hospitals,  2708. 

Church  of  England  in  America  persecutes 
Brownists,  615;  in  Virginia,  629,  634; 
enjoined  by  law,  681,  718,  752;  promotes 
education,  686;  Laud’s  policy,  717;  re¬ 
lations  with  Puritans,  717,  721,  751,  794, 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


47 


804,  81 1,  844,  854,  861;  difficulties  with 
separatists,  870,  901 ;  anxious  to  gain 
colonies,  890;  severe  towards  Quakers, 
925;  Keith  converted,  1237;  established 
in  Massachusetts,  1278;  forced  on  New 
England  by  Andros,  1314,  1315  ;  witch¬ 
craft,  1343 ;  Clarendon  desires  to 
strengthen,  1421 ;  excluded  by  Massachu¬ 
setts  and  New  Haven,  1421 ;  formally 
acknowledged  in  Connecticut,  1446;  in 
early  New  York,  1505,  1551;  in  Vir¬ 
ginia,  1640,  1643;  drunkenness  of  rec¬ 
tors,  1643,  1644;  in  Maryland,  1673, 
1674,  1683,  1704,  1705;  fugitives  people 
Virginia,  1713;  in  the  Carolinas,  1729, 
1801,  1802,  1805,  1806,  1808,  1837;  in 
Georgia,  1874,  1921 ;  condition  at  the 
end  of  the  revolution,  3107. 

Churchill,  Gen.  T.  J.,  surrenders  Ft.  Hinde- 
man,  5144. 

Chwang,  Prince,  degradation  of,  5782. 

Cibao,  gold  region  in  Cuba,  324. 

Cicero,  Marcus  Tullius,  believes  in  spher¬ 
icity  of  earth,  95. 

Cienfuegos,  Cuba,  bombardment  of,  5727. 

Cilley,  Jonathan,  death  of,  4320. 

Cincinnati,  O.,  not  far  from  Gist’s  route, 
2021 ;  Dunmore  purchases  land  opposite, 
2765 ;  northwest  territorial  legislature 
meets  at,  3641 ;  public  land  office  at, 
3674;  one  of  the  chief  Ohio  towns, 
3694;  Burr  at,  3820,  3827;  alarm  due 
to  Morgan’s  raid,  5112;  Confederate 
plans  against,  in  1862,  5117,  5121;  Mor¬ 
gan’s  movements  near,  5120;  Heth’s  ad¬ 
vance  creates  panic  in,  5122;  failure  of 
Bragg’s  plans  concerning,  5125;  Val- 
landigham  imprisoned  at,  5186;  call  for 
nominating  convention  at,  5196;  Thomp¬ 
son’s  plan  to  fire  city,  5208;  center  of 
population  near,  5498;  national  conven¬ 
tion  of  Liberal  Republicans  at,  5517; 
Republican  national  convention  at,  5544; 
railroad  strike  at,  in  1877-8,  5553 ;  Dem¬ 
ocratic  convention  of  1880  held  in,  5565 ; 
regular  army  and  navy  union  organized 

.  at>  5916.  * 

Cincinnati  Gazette,  editor’s  view  on  Lin¬ 
coln’s  renomination,  5197. 

Cincinnati,  society  of  the,  illus.  of  badge 
for,  facing  3218;  history  of,  3219-3222; 
facsimile  of  pages  of  Burke’s  pamphlet 
against,  facing  3220. 

Cincinnati,  society  of  the,  5911. 

Cincinnati,  U.  S.  gunboat,  attacks  Ft. 
Henry,  4814;  in  attack  on  Island  No. 
to,  4833 ;  in  naval  duel  on  the  Missis¬ 
sippi,  4839,  4840;  built  by  James  B. 
Eads,  4846. 


Cintra,  Columbus  at,  316. 

Cipango,  Japan,  154,  275;  distance  to,  279, 
280;  Columbus  sailed  for,  298,  307,  310; 
thought  he  had  reached,  302,  324,  326, 
358 sought  by  Cabot,  427,  434. 

Circassian,  ship,  capture  of,  4845. 

Circuit  court,  U.  S.  congress  establishes, 
3339;  powers,  3340;  first  sessions,  3341, 
.  334 2. 

Circular  letter  sent  to  colonies  by  Massa¬ 
chusetts  general  assembly  in  1768,  2388, 
_  2389. 

Circumnavigation  of  globe  not  understood 
in  15th  century,  102;  proves  sphericity 
of  earth,  265;  desire  of  Columbus,  329; 
by  Magellan,  375,  401 ;  possibility  of 
sailing  around  Africa  learned  by  mes¬ 
sage,  402;  Francis  I.  aroused  by,  502; 
Drake’s  voyage,  592-596;  map  of  Drake’s 
course,  facing  594. 

City  of  Savannah,  ship,  wrecking  of,  5665. 

City  Point,  Va.,  Grant’s  supplies  stored  at, 
5242 ;  Grant  returns  to,  after  Lee’s  sur¬ 
render,  5296 ;  Lincoln  visits  Grant  at, 
5298;  Lincoln  visits  hospitals  at,  5298. 

Civil  rights  bill,  introduction  into  senate, 
5365;  vetoed  by  president,  5366;  re¬ 
passed  by  congress,  5 366. 

Civil  service,  reform  in,  5486,  5554,  5555; 
history  of,  5486-5488;  Washington  on, 
5486,  5487;  Adams  on,  5487;  Jefferson 
on,  5487;  Jackson  on,  5487;  Carl  Schurz 
enforces  rules  of,  5554;  Hayes  for  en¬ 
forcement  of  rules  of,  5554;  Garfield  on, 
5567;  office-seeking,  5568,  5569;  Greeley 
on  spoils  system,  5569;  Washington, 
D.  C.,  a  mecca  for  office-seekers,  5569; 
contest  of  Conkling  and  Blaine  over 
spoils,  5570,  5571 ;  competitive  system 
provided  for,  5572,  5573 ;  number  of 
office-holders  under,  5573 ;  Cleveland  on, 
5591*  5596,  5597J  objections  to  civil 
service  examinations  in  post-office  de- 
.  partment,  5975,  5976.. 

Civil  war  in  England  divides  colonial  sen¬ 
timent,  71 7,  837;  Warwick  parliament’s 
admiral  in,  844;  eastern  England  for 
Cromwell,  876;  checks  plan  of  Gorges, 
951;  affects  Maryland  especially,  1079; 
in  England  contemporary  with  struggle 
between  D’Aunay,  the  La  Tours,  and 
Massachusetts,  1950. 

Civil  war  in  South  Carolina,  during  the 
revolution,  2921,  2922,  2927,  2928. 

Civil  war,  U.  S.,  military  strength  of  Ind¬ 
ians  after,  170;  Indians  served  in,  1519; 
secession  of  southern  states,  4607-4622, 

4645,  4649-4653,  4657-4660,  4685,  4691, 

4692;  Confederacy  organized,  4653, 


48 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


4660-4664;  surrender  of  Ft.  Sumter, 
4674-4678;  Lincoln’s  war  proclamation, 
4679,  4680;  North  rallies,  4680-4700; 
Missouri  divided  on  secession,  4703- 
4712,  4714;  battle  of  Wilson’s  creek, 
4713;  Fremont  in  Missouri,  4715-4729; 
battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  4735-4738;  Wash¬ 
ington  defended,  4739-4741 ;  McClellan’s 
campaign,  4741,  4798;  battle  of  Big 
Bethel,  4746,  4747;  battle  of  Bull  Run, 
4752-4764,  4770;  congress  appoints  com¬ 
mittee  to  inquire  into  conduct  of  the 
war,  4783;  its  findings,  4783,  4784;  at¬ 
tack  on  Yorktown,  4793-4796;  battle  of 
Kernstown,  4797 ;  campaign  in  Kentucky 
and  Tennessee,  4799-4842;  battle  of 
Mill  Springs,  4810-4812;  Grant  captures 
Ft.  Henry,  4814,  4815;  capture  of  Ft. 
Donelson,  4815-4825;  New  Madrid  and 
Island  No.  10,  4829-4838;  naval  duel  on 
the  Mississippi,  4839,  4840 ;  battle  of 
Memphis,  4841,  4842 ;  Union  navy  and 
blockade  of  southern  ports,  4843,  4898; 
Lincoln’s  blockade  proclamation,  4848; 
Galveston  opened  and  reblockaded,  4865, 
4867;  expedition  against  Port  Royal, 
4872-4874;  capture  of  Roanoke  Island, 
4875,  4876;  Ft.  Marion  taken,  4878;  Ft. 
Pulaski  captured,  4879-4881 ;  capture  of 
New  Orleans,  4881-4894;  operations 
against  Vicksburg,  4895,  4896;  Confed¬ 
erate  navy,  4899-4922 ;  Kearsarge  and 
Alabama,  4908,  4909;  Monitor  and  Mer- 
rimac ,  4910-4921;  Trent  affair,  4928- 
4932;  Lincoln’s  emancipation  proclama¬ 
tion,  4953-4958 ;  battles  of  Fair  Oaks, 
seven  days  and  the  retreat,  4966-4984; 
battle  of  Malvern  Hill,  4984-5004;  cam¬ 
paign  in  Virginia  and  Maryland,  5005- 
5056;  battle  of  Cedar  Mountain,  5012- 
5014;  battle  of  Centreville,  5018;  battle 
of  Groveton,  5020 ;  battle  of  Chantilly, 
5025 ;  Harper’s  Ferry  captured,  5038, 
5039;  battle  of  Crampton’s  Gap,  5040; 
battle  of  Antietam,  5043-5051 ;  reception 
of  the  emancipation  proclamation,  5057- 
5068;  battle  of  Fredericksburg,  5071- 
5076;  Confederate  victory  at  Chancel- 
lorsville,  5083 ;  battle  of  Gettysburg, 
5087-5093 ;  battle  of  Corinth,  5095,  5106- 
5108,  5134-5138;  Pittsburg  Landing  (Shi¬ 
loh),  5096-5098;  Morgan’s  raid,  51 11- 
5121;  Vicksburg,  5141-5150;  battle  at 
Murfreesboro,  5151-5154;  battle  of  Mis¬ 
sionary  Ridge,  5155-5157;  battle  of 
Chickamauga,  5163,  5164;  capture  of 
Charleston,  5165 ;  naval  battle  at  Mo¬ 
bile,  5169-5173;  destruction  of  the  Albe¬ 
marle,  5175,  5176;  peace  conference  be¬ 


tween  Blair  and  Davis,  5225 ;  southern 
demands  for  peace,  5228. 

Civilization  in  Iceland,  204;  in  North  Amer¬ 
ica,  note,  252,  256;  in  Mexico,  256,  445- 
460;  in  Central  America,  339;  brought 
to  America  by  Europeans,  401 ;  the 
rights  of,  vs.  that  of  Indians,  2028 ;  evolu¬ 
tion  of  western,  3191. 

Claiborne,  William,  comes  to  Virginia  with 
Wyatt,  692,  710,  1066;  secretary  of  state, 
71 1,  723;  anti-Maryland  leader,  714; 
supports  parliament,  722;  tries  to  check¬ 
mate  the  Calverts,  1071-1074,  1076; 

treasurer  of  Virginia,  1080;  reoccupies 
Kent  Island,  1080,  1095-1097;  returns  to 
England,  1084,  1085 ;  his  part  in  sub¬ 
jugating  Maryland,  1092-1100;  dismisses 
Roman  Catholic  officers,  1099;  deposed 
from  office  of  secretary  of  state  in  Vir¬ 
ginia,  1603. 

Claiborne,  Wm.  C.  C.,  governor  of  Missis¬ 
sippi  territory,  3725 ;  reports  Mississippi 
river  closed,  3736;  takes  possession  of 
Louisiana,  3752 ;  Burr  entertained  by, 
3821 ;  facsimile  of  his  letter  to  Wilkin¬ 
son,  facing  3832;  ordered  to  occupy 
west  Florida,  3941 ;  portrait,  facing  3942 ; 
in  Indian  campaign  of  1813,  4039; 

guarded  Jackson’s  flank  at  New  Or¬ 
leans,  4084. 

“Claiborne  and  Ingle’s  Rebellion,”  1081, 
1083-1085. 

Clapp,  Thomas,  president  of  Yale  college, 
1451- 

Clarendon,  Edward  Hyde,  first  earl  of,  on 
committee  of  plantations,  1417;  plans 
the  subjugation  of  New  England,  1421; 
warns  Maverick,  1458;  things  New  Eng¬ 
land  too  republican,  1459;  receives  gift 
of  land  in  Rhode  Island,  1462;  grand¬ 
father  of  Lord  Cornbury,  1558;  one  of 
patentees  of  Carolina  colony,  1722;  sold 
his  share  in  North  Carolina  to  Sothel, 
1761. 

Clarendon,  Edward  Hyde,  third  earl  of, 
see  Cornbury,  Lord. 

Clarendon,  Earl  of,  in  Gladstone’s  cabinet 
in  1869,  5503 ;  negotiates  treaty  with 
Johnson,  5504. 

Clark,  Charles  E.,  portrait,  facing  5 732. 

Clark,  Christopher,  manages  impeachment 
trial  of  Chase,  3788. 

Clark,  Daniel,  meets  Burr,  3821 ;  writes  to 
Wilkinson  about  rumor  of  Burr’s  plan, 
3822. 

Clark,  Daniel,  Jr.,  commands  troops  at  New 
Orleans,  3751. 

Clark,  Francis  E.,  founder  of  Christian 
Endeavor  society,  5921,  5922. 

Clark,  George  Rogers,  2712;  portrait,  fac- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


49 


ing  2778;  expedition  of,  2779;  sketch 
of,  2779,  2780;  plan  to  conquer  Illinois 
country,  2780 ;  captures  Kaskaskia,  2781 ; 
captures  Cahokia,  2781 ;  Father  Gibault 
secures  Wabash  towns  for,  2782;  Ham¬ 
ilton  campaign  against,  2783-2786;  hard¬ 
ships  of  men  under,  2784,  2785 ;  fac¬ 
simile  of  terms  of  surrender  to  Hamilton 
by,  facing  2784;  made  brigadier-general, 
2786;  his  views  on  the  capture  of  De¬ 
troit,  2787,  2793 ;  at  Kaskaskia,  2789 ; 
results  of  his  expedition,  2790;  leaves 
Kaskaskia,  2791 ;  revenge  on  Indians  of 
Ohio  and  Kentucky  settlements,  2793 ; 
annihilated  Arnold’s  forces  at  Hood, 
2793,  2794;  expedition  against  Indians 
at  Licking  Ford,  2803,  2804 ;  last  days  of, 
note,  2804;  Illinois  governed  by,  3154; 
expedition  to  relieve  Vincennes,  3189; 
plans  to  invade  Louisiana,  3475,  2376. 

Clark,  William,  portrait,  facing  3756;  ex¬ 
pedition,  3757,  3758. 

Clark,  Fort,  guarded  entrance  to  Hatteras 
Inlet,  4871. 

Clark  at  battle  of  Musgrove’s  Mill,  2991 ; 
expedition  against  Augusta,  2994 ;  at 
battle  of  Long  Cane,  3010;  attacks  Dun¬ 
lap,  3039,  3049- 

Clarke,  Maj.,  operations  of,  with  St.  Clair, 
34l7‘ 

Clarke,  Abraham,  portrait,  facing  2500. 

Clarke,  Elijah,  South  Carolina  patriot, 
2926;  British  routed  by,  2931;  at  Cher¬ 
okee  Ford,  2934,  2938;  expedition  to 
west  Florida  of,  3476. 

Clarke,  Sir  Francis,  death  of,  2649,  2650. 

Clarke,  George,  governor  of  New  York, 
1573,  1574,  1581,  1583. 

Clarke,  Rev.  John,  in  Brownist  colony,  616; 
pastor  of  first  Baptist  church  in  Rhode 
Island,  922 ;  in  trouble  with  magistrates, 
922,  923;  leader  of  Hutchinsonians,  1031 ; 
tries  to  get  patent  for  Newport,  1037; 
sent  to  England,  1049 ;  on  Williams- 
Harris  controversy,  1053 ;  tries  to  secure 
confirmation  of  patent,  1056;  represents 
Rhode  Island  in  London,  1453,  1459; 
protests  against  Winthrop’s  charter, 
1454-1464. 

Clarke,  Mary,  Quaker,  flogged  in  Boston, 
93  r. 

Clarke,  Walter,  governor  of  Rhode  Island, 
declines  reelection,  1475;  objects  to  the 
oath,  1477 ;  succeeded  by  Cranston,  1478. 

Clark’s  Island,  Mass.,  Pilgrims  explored, 
769,  770;  Mayflower  anchored  near,  771. 

Claus,  Col.,  commands  St.  Leger’s  Indians, 
2594- 

Clay,  Gen.  Green,  defeated  at  Ft.  Meigs, 
4020. 


Clay,  C.  C.,  Confederate  agent  in  Canada, 
5206. 

Clay,  Cassius  M.,  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  Republican  nomination  for  vice- 
president  in  i860,  4600. 

Clay,  Henry,  supports  abolition  of  slavery, 
3667;  counsel  for  Burr,  3830;  succeeds 
Thurston  as  senator,  3927 ;  urges  war 
against  Great  Britain  in  1810,  3927;  ar¬ 
guments  on  renewal  of  charter  of  U.  S. 
bank,  3945,  3946;  elected  speaker  of 
house  of  representatives,  3963,  4103, 
4121,  4156;  sketch  of,  3963,  3964;  on  war 
of  1812,  4006,  4007;  on  financial  measures 
of  1812,  4009 ;  on  peace  commission 
(1813),  4045-4088;  supports  second  bank 
charter,  4095 ;  desires  to  be  secretary 
of  state,  4101 ;  refuses  portfolio  of  war 
department,  4102 ;  lays  his  plans  for  the 
presidency,  4103 ;  criticises  the  president, 
4104;  champions  the  South  American 
republics,  4105 ;  on  neutrality  bill,  4105, 
4106;  attacks  Jackson’s  conduct  of  Sem¬ 
inole  war,  4112,  4113;  opposes  the  ad¬ 
mission  of  Maine,  4123;  his  opinion  of 
the  Missouri  controversy,  4126;  desires 
to  recognize  South  American  republics, 
4127;  resigned  speakership,  4130;  his 
strength  as  a  presidential  candidate, 
4137;  on  internal  improvements,  4138; 
advocates  close  relations  with  other 
American  republics,  4155;  successfully 
advocates  his  “American  system,”  4156- 
4158;  portrait,  facing  4157,  4238;  in 
presidential  campaign  of  1824,  4160,  4162, 
4164,  4165 ;  declares  himself  for  Adams, 
4163 ;  charges  against,  4163 ;  appointed 
secretary  of  state,  4164;  his  alleged  bar¬ 
gain  with  Adams,  4167,  4168 ;  appointed 
secretary  of  state,  4168,  4169;  desired 
union  of  North  and  South  America, 
4172;  his  duel  with  Randolph,  4175; 
protective  tariff  policy,  4187;  facsimile 
of  a  letter  of,  facing  4218;  nominated  for 
president,  4239;  opposes  Van  Buren’s 
appointment  as  minister  to  Great  Brit¬ 
ain,  4241 ;  favors  reduction  of  tariff 
duties,  4243 ;  public  lands  bill  passes 
senate,  4244,  4245 ;  in  alliance  with  Cal¬ 
houn  introduces  compromise  tariff  bill, 
4258;  quarrels  with  Calhoun,  4260;  in¬ 
troduces  resolution  asking  Jackson  to 
transmit  copy  of  “paper  read  to  the 
cabinet,”  4268 ;  introduces  resolution  cen¬ 
suring  Jackson,  4269;  opposes  sub¬ 
treasury,  4306,  4307;  contends  with  Web¬ 
ster  for  leadership  of  Whig  party,  4308; 
opposes  subtreasury  plan,  4308;  contest 
with  Calhoun,  4308 ;  attitude  toward 


50 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Vermont  anti-slavery  resolutions,  4316, 
4317;  opposes  drastic  action  on  slavery 
question,  4317,  4320;  candidate  for  Whig 
nomination  in  1839,  4324;  takes  active 
part  in  1840  campaign,  4326;  real  leader 
of  Whig  party,  4327;  asked  by  Harri¬ 
son  to  be  secretary  of  state,  4333 ;  quar¬ 
rel  with  Tyler,  4340;  introduces  act  to 
repeal  subtreasury  act,  4341 ;  plan  for 
national  bank,  4342;  retires  from  senate, 
4352 ;  nominated  for  president,  4353 ; 
Raleigh  letter  on  Texas,  4361 ;  nom¬ 
inated  at  Whig  convention  in  Baltimore, 
4362 ;  his  defeat,  4365 ;  Lexington  speech, 
4416;  unsuccessful  candidate  for  Whig 
nomination  in  1848,  4428,  4429;  supports 
Taylor  in  1848  campaign,  4431 ;  uses 
influence  for  emancipation  in  Kentucky, 
4435 ;  introduces  a  second  compromise 
in  senate,  4452-4454;  speech  in  senate, 
March,  1848,  4454-4457;  discussion  in 
senate  over  his  compromise  bill,  4454; 
member  of  the  “grand  committee”  in 
1850,  4474;  suggests  Webster  for  secre¬ 
tary  of  state,  4477 ;  efforts  to  make  com¬ 
promise  of  1850  popular  in  South,  4486; 
issues  manifesto  urging  adherence  to 
compromise  of  1850,  4497;  unable  to 
take  his  place  in  32d  congress  because 
of  illness,  4500;  view  of  the  Hungarian 
revolution  quoted,  4502,  4503 ;  death, 
4507,  4508;  views  on  Missouri  com¬ 
promise  and  compromise  of  1850,  4525. 

Claypoole,  James,  author  of  first  books 
published  in  Philadelphia,  1221. 

Claypoole,  Sir  John,  married  Cromwell’s 
daughter,  1221. 

Clayton,  Augustine  Smith,  moves  investi¬ 
gation  of  bank,  4246,  4247. 

Clayton,  John  M.,  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  Whig  nomination  in  1848,  4429;  cor¬ 
respondence  with  Hulseman,  4493 ;  posi¬ 
tion  on  repeal  of  Missouri  compromise, 
4539- 

Clayton-Bulwer  treaty  on  construction  of 
trans-isthmian  canal,  5760. 

Clear  river,  N.  Y.,  camping-place  of  Put¬ 
nam  and  Rogers,  2201. 

Cleburne,  Gen.  P.  R.,  in  battle  of  Chatta¬ 
nooga,  5152;  killed  at  Franklin,  5267. 

Cleeves,  George,  administrator  of  New 
Somersetshire,  948,  949;  makes  himself 
deputy  president  of  Lygonia,  952. 

Clermont,  British  at,  2944;  Gates  at,  2946, 
2958.  . 

Clermont,  steamboat,  first  journey  of,  3695, 
3738. 

Cleveland,  Benjamin,  South  Carolina  patri¬ 


ot,  2926;  organizes  to  repel  Ferguson, 
2998;  at  King’s  Mountain,  3004,  3005. 

Cleveland,  Grover,  civil  service  under,  5573, 
5591 ;  presidential  election,  inauguration 
and  cabinet,  5590;  marriage,  5592;  resi¬ 
dence  at  Georgetown,  5592 ;  first  message 
of,  5594,  .5595;  rejects  the  dependent 
pension  bill,  5609,  5610;  opposed  to  pa¬ 
ternalism,  5610;  on  revenue,  5611;  at 
the  celebration  of  the  adoption  of  the 
constitution,  5616;  western  and  southern 
tour  of,  5616;  renomination  of,  5622; 
vote  given,  5624;  withdraws  Hawaiian 
treaty  from  senate,  5636;  nominated  for 
president,  5647;  elected  to  succeed  Harri¬ 
son,  5647,  5648;  inauguration  of,  5648; 
cabinet  of,  5648;  portrait,  facing  5648; 
second  inaugural  address  of,  5649 ;  proc¬ 
lamation  of,  calling  a  special  session  to 
act  on  the  monetary  panic,  5650;  special 
message,  5650,  5651;  on  Hawaiian  af¬ 
fairs,  5654-5656 ;  action  on  railroad  strike 
at  Chicago,  5671 ;  appoints  commission 
on  bimetalism,  5682 ;  on  the  Cuban  ques¬ 
tion,  5703. 

Cleveland,  Rose,  at  White  Houke,  5592. 

Cleveland,  O.,  convention  of  radical  Re¬ 
publicans  at,  in  1864,  5194;  convention 
of  administration  party  at,  in  1866,  5 377; 
President  Johnson’s  visit,  5378;  Gar¬ 
field  buried  at,  5571. 

Clifford,  Nathan,  attorney-general  under 
Polk,  4370;  carries  treaty  of  Guadalupe 
Hidalgo  to  Mexican  government,  4421 ; 
minister  to  Mexico,  4421 ;  on  the  elec¬ 
toral  commission,  5547. 

Clifton,  U.  S.  ship,  in  the  battle  of  Gal¬ 
veston,  4866. 

Clinch  river  settlements,  Boone’s  party  re¬ 
treats  to,  2768. 

Cling,  captain  of  Charitas,  584. 

Clingman,  in  Hamilton-Reynolds  affair, 
360  r. 

Clinton,  DeWitt,  refuses  to  support  George 
Clinton,  3884;  on  Erie  canal  commission, 
3931 ;  presidential  candidate  in  1812, 
4003 ;  in  presidential  election  of  1820, 
4128;  as  a  presidential  candidate,  4138; 
in  presidential  campaign  of  1824,  4161 ; 
refused  appointment  as  minister  to  Eng¬ 
land,  4169;  death,  4190;  portrait,  facing 
4196. 

Clinton,  George,  governor  of  New  York, 
1582;  family  of,  1582;  opposed  by  De 
Lancey,  1583-1587,  1593;  in  King 

George’s  war,  1587,  1589,  1592;  appealed 
to  William  Johnson  for  help  against 
French,  1592;  impeached  for  embezzling 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


51 


public  funds,  1594;  Franklin  on,  1595; 
in  expedition  against  Frontenac,  2211; 
member  of  continental  congress,  2448; 
attacks  British  at  Hackensack,  2549; 
Fts.  Montgomery  and  Clinton  command¬ 
ed  by,  2655,  2656;  nominated  for  vice- 
president,  3798,  3883;  New  York  urges 
him  for  president,  3883;  DeWitt  Clinton 
refuses  to  support,  3884;  opposes  the 
enforcement  of  the  embargo,  3888;  op¬ 
poses  renewal  of  U.  S.  bank  charter, 
3947;  opens  Erie  canal,  4196. 

Clinton,  Sir  Henry,  ordered  to  America, 
2418;  at  Bunker  Hill,  2461;  sails  for 
Fear  river,  2490;  Sir  Peter  Parker  co¬ 
operates  with,  2490;  sails  for  Charleston, 
2504;  Long  Island  movements  of,  2507, 
2508;  seized  Newport,  R.  I.,  2531;  New 
Jersey  invaded  by,  2612;  Washington 
plans  to  repel,  2612 ;  effect  of  raid  under, 
2613 ;  Burgoyne  receives  dispatch  from, 
2643;  Hudson  forced  by,  2654;  captures 
Fts.  Clinton  and  Montgomery,  2654-2656 ; 
in  Vaughan-Wallace  raid  dismantles  Fts. 
Mercer  and  Mifflin,  2669;  evacuates  Phil¬ 
adelphia,  2711;  Howe  replaced  by,  2725; 
Germaine’s  secret  orders  to,  2726;  takes 
command  at  Philadelphia,  2727;  Wash¬ 
ington  threatens  his  march,  2732-2735; 
escapes  from  Washington  at  battle  of 
Monmouth,  2740,  2741 ;  troops  desert, 
2742 ;  on  peace  commission,  2743 ;  writes 
to  Germaine  about  abandoning  New 
York,  2753 ;  arrives  at  Newport,  2758; 
sends  troops  to  West  Indies,  2760;  raids 
of,  2760;  Washington’s  army  surrounds, 
2762;  beginning  of  Savannah-Charleston 
campaign,  2813,  2814;  inactivity  of,  2831 ; 
sends  Matthews  to  Virginia,  2832 ;  move¬ 
ments  on  Stony  Point,  2833 ;  movement 
on  Hudson  river  forts,  2833 ;  sends  Col¬ 
lier  to  raid  Connecticut  coast,  2834; 
instructions  to  Cornwallis,  note,  2903; 
Hudson  forts  and  Rhode  Island  evacu¬ 
ated  by,  2905 ;  expedition  against 
Charleston,  2905,  2912 ;  punishment  of 
T  a  r  1  e  t  o  n’s  dragoons,  note,  2911; 
Charleston,  2905,  2912 ;  punishment  of 
to  Camden,  2914;  portrait,  facing  2918; 
plans  to  return  to  New  York,  2919; 
revokes  terms  of  neutrality,  2920;  Corn¬ 
wallis  enforces  proclamation  of,  2921 ; 
blame  for  civil  war  in  South  Carolina 
given  to,  2922;  arrives  in  New  York, 
2967,  2969;  burns  Springfield,  2967;  at¬ 
tacks  French  at  Newport,  2970;  plans 
Leslie’s  Virginia  campaign,  2971 ;  Arnold 
treats  with,  2977;  efforts  to  save  Andre, 
2986,  2987;  sends  Arnold  into  Virginia, 


3030;  crosses  to  Staten  Island,  3057; 
Cornwallis  remonstrates  with,  3071 ; 
Germaine  praises,  3072;  Washington 
misleads,  3073;  Carleton  succeeds,  3083; 
makes  effort  to  save  Cornwallis,  3083. 

Clinton,  James,  in  Bradstreet’s  expedition 
against  Frontenac,  2211;  expedition 
against  Iroquois,  2839,  2840. 

Clinton,  Fort,  Clinton  captures,  2654-2656; 
plan  of  attack  on,  illus.,  facing  2654. 

Clive  wins  India  with  British  recruits,  note, 
2177. 

Cloth-making,  early  history  of,  3123,  3124. 

Cloyce,  Sarah,  accused  of  witchcraft,  1333. 

Clyfton,  Richard,  Separatist  preacher,  753, 
756. 

Clymer,  George,  portrait,  facing  2500; 
mobbed  at  Philadelphia,  2856;  action  re¬ 
garding  the  constitution,  3303. 

Coahuila  sets  up  state  government,  4275 ; 
refuses  to  emancipate  slaves,  4277;  land 
speculation  in,  4279,  4280. 

Coal  marketed  in  New  York,  Philadelphia, 
and  Baltimore,  4197. 

Coal  miners  threaten  strike  in  1906,  5828. 

“Coalition,”  Fox  and  North,  3097. 

Cobb,  Howell,  member  of  28th  congress, 
4360;  speaker  of  the  house  in  1849, 
4448;  secretary  of  the  treasury,  4564; 
resignation  of,  4647;  Dix  succeeds,  4944. 

Cobbett,  William,  portrait,  facing  3550; 
work  of,  3551;  Yrujo  lampooned  by, 
3608;  sued  for  libel,  3609;  attack  on, 
3632;  on  the  Virginia  resolutions,  3652. 

Cobble  Hill,  American  troops  at,  2481. 

Coga,  Indian  town  on  Coosa  river,  472. 

Cocheco,  Mass.,  settlement,  821 ;  opposed 
to  Merry-Mount,  823. 

Cocheco  river,  Dover  on,  791,  946. 

Cochin  China  sought  by  Columbus,  329, 
338;  Gama  in,  401,  406. 

Cochran,  Gen.  John,  nominated  for  vice- 
president,  5195;  leader  of  the  Liberal 
Republicans,  5518. 

Cochrane,  Sir  Alexander  (British  admiral), 
sails  for  Chesapeake  Bay,  4070;  bom¬ 
bards  Ft.  McHenry,  4077. 

Cockburn,  Alexander,  on  Geneva  tribunal 
of  arbitration,  5507,  5509. 

Cockburn,  Sir  George,  threatens  Washing¬ 
ton,  D.  C.,  in  war  of  1812,  4039;  enters 
Washington,  4075. 

Cocke,  Gen.  P.  St.  George,  in  campaign 
against  the  Indians,  4038. 

Cocke,  William,  first  delegate  to  congress, 
from  Franklin,  3173. 

Cockerell,  Gen.  F.  M.,  wounded  at  Franklin, 
5267. 


52 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Cockspur  Island,  Savannah  river,  Ft.  Pulas¬ 
ki  on,  4899. 

Cod,  Cape,  shell-heaps  on,  129;  probable 
landfall  of  Thorvald,  220;  Champlain  at, 
525;  Block  and  Christiaensen  at,  551; 
Gosnold  tries  to  settle  on,  619;  Indians 
kidnapped  from,  735 ;  Dermer  captured 
on,  741 ;  Pilgrims  on,  766,  820,  953. 

Coddington,  John,  one  of  the  fathers  of 
Rhode  Island,  920. 

Coddington,  William,  leader  of  Hutchin- 
sonians,  1031 ;  chosen  chief  executive  in 
Providence,  1032;  supplanted  by  Wm. 
Hutchinson,  1034;  portrait  of,  1034;  his 
plan  for  colony,  1036;  snubbed  by  Mas¬ 
sachusetts  Bay,  1039;  denied  admission 
to  New  England  union,  1048;  governor 
of  Rhode  Island,  1048;  his  commission 
nullifies  charter,  1048,  1049 ;  usurps  .gov¬ 
ernment  of  Newport,  1453;  mentioned 
in  Rhode  Island  charter,  1456. 

Codland,  pretended  destination  of  Roberval, 
5r5- 

Coehorn,  Baron  Menno  Von,  invents  the 
“coehorn,”  note,  2227. 

Coelho,  Gonzalo,  expedition  of,  366;  Solis 
with,  375 ;  referred  to  in  the  “Lusiad,” 
403- 

Coenties  Slip,  N.  Y.,  Kieft  builds  tavern 
on,  1123. 

Coffee,  Gen.  John,  in  battle  of  Horse  Shoe 
Bend,  4058;  attacks  the  British  flank  at 
New  Orleans,  4081,  4082. 

Coffin,  Maj.,  movements  of,  at  Eutaw 
Springs,  3075. 

Cofitachiqui,  Indian  queen,  captured  by  De 
Soto,  471. 

Coggeshall,  John,  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  1037. 

Cohassett  “runlet,”  a  boundary  of  Plymouth 
colony,  826. 

Coins  and  coinage,  see  Currency,  U.  S. 

Coke,  Thomas,  statement  on  British  peace 
manifesto  by,  2747;  Wesley  ordains, 
3TI3- 

Colbert  organizes  company  of  West  Indies, 
1985- 

Cold  Harbor,  Va.,  Cooke’s  cavalry  at,  in 
peninsular  campaign,  4377;  dash  of 
Sheridan  upon,  5240;  battle  of,  5241. 

Colden,  Cadwallader,  portrait,  facing  1584; 
governor  of  New  York,  1585;  in  New 
York  in  1768,  2393;  leads  loyalist  ele¬ 
ment  in  New  York,  2436. 

Coldstream  guards,  famous  English  regi¬ 
ment,  2055. 

Cole,  Josiah,  Quaker,  active  against  Mary¬ 
land  government,  116;  sheltered  by  Ind¬ 
ians,  1683. 


Cole,  Robert,  associated  with  Gorton  in 
Rhode  Island,  920. 

Coles,  of  Roxbury,  892. 

Coles,  Edward,  against  slavery  in  Illinois, 
4206. 

Colfax,  Schuyler,  nominated  as  vice-pres¬ 
ident,  5413;  elected,  5414. 

Coligny,  Gaspard  de,  plans  Huguenot  colony 
in  America,  479;  threatened  in  France, 
482;  displaced  Ribault,  486;  Spain  hos¬ 
tile  to,  488,  490. 

Coligua,  De  Soto  at,  476. 

Colleges  and  universities,  William  and 
Mary,  proposed,  686;  founded,  1633;  as¬ 
sisted  by  Gov.  Spotswood,  1656;  estab¬ 
lished  in  the  American  colonies  previous 
to  the  revolution,  2347,  3126-3134;  in¬ 
crease  in  attendance,  5957-5959;  institu¬ 
tions  for  the  negro,  5959,  5960. 

Colleton,  James,  governor  of  South  Caro¬ 
lina,  1777,  1778,  1780-1784. 

Colleton,  Sir  John,  patentee  in  Carolina 
colony,  1722. 

Collier,  Sir  George,  Clinton  sends,  to  raid 
Connecticut  coast,  2834;  address  to  the 
people  of  Connecticut  by,  2834,  2835; 
recalled  to  New  York,  2835;  reinforces 
English  naval  force  at  Penobscot,  2882. 

Collins,  Capt.  Napoleon,  commanded  the 
Wachnsett,  4909. 

Collot,  Gen.,  designs  of,  3581,  3582. 

Colombia  promotes  American  congress  at 
Panama,  4172;  negotiations  with,  re¬ 
garding  Panama  canal,  5797,  5798. 

Colonial  dames  of  America,  society  of  the, 
5918. 

Colonial  wars  society,  5913. 

Colonies  in  antiquities,  104,  320,  326;  in 
contact  with  Indians,  153,  156,  158-160, 
327;  of  Protestants  and  Catholics,  1059, 
1060. 

Colonies  in  America,  Dutch :  Land  in  Amer¬ 
ica,  151,  153,  156;  effect  of  fur  trade, 
533 ;  bring  first  cargo  of  slaves  to  Amer¬ 
ica,  537;  East  India  company,  538,  542, 
544 ;  West  India  company,  541 ;  in 
Newfoundland  waters,  541 ;  struggle 
with  Spain  ends  favorably,  541,  542;  in 
Hudson’s  crews,  544;  noted  captains  in 
America,  549;  prepare  to  fortify  claim 
by  trading  stations,  549;  race  with  Eng¬ 
land  for  supremacy,  551 ;  not  magnan¬ 
imous  to  Indians,  552 ;  makes  maps  of  re¬ 
gions  explored,  £52;  merchants  help  to 
open  new  world,  553;  coexistent  with 
French  in  early  New  York,  555;  hold 
claim  to  New  England  with  difficulty, 
555;  temporize  with  English,  557,  558, 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


53 


676;  attacked  by  Mohawks,  559;  possible 
influence  of,  on  existence  of  United 
States,  note,  563;  in  Delaware,  566; 
rights  in  America  respected  by  Swedes, 
578;  befriend  Swedish  vessels,  579,  581; 
Swedes  preferred  by  Indians,  582 ; 
Brownist  colony  in  Newfoundland,  616; 
possibility  of  their  occupying  New  Eng¬ 
land,  748;  gain  from  fisheries,  749;  in 
relations  with  Puritan  colonies,  755,  757; 
encroachments  complained  of  by  Brad¬ 
ford,  825;  wish  to  occupy  Connecticut 
valley,  829;  help  to  cause  New  England 
confederation,  837;  objectionable  to 
Gorges,  851 ;  warned  from  Connecticut 
river,  894;  in  Connecticut,  956;  looked 
on  with  apprehension  by  English,  963 ; 
threaten  the  Pequots,  969;  control  col¬ 
ony  at  Greenwich,  993 ;  in  collision  with 
Connecticut  colony,  1012-1015;  on  the 
verge  of  colonial  war,  1016,  1017;  Dutch 
war  with  England  complicates  colonial 
affairs,  1050;  New  York  under  Van 
Twiller,  1119,  1121;  under  Kieft,  1121- 
1142;  early  buildings  in  New  York,  1123, 
1124;  Connecticut  claims,  1124- 1150, 
1165-1167;  drive  out  Marylanders,  1125; 
treat  Indians  unwisely,  1132-1137;  mas¬ 
sacre  of  Pavonia,  1135-1142;  victory  at 
Stamford,  1139;  give  up  Long  Island, 
1148;  do  not  incite  savages  against  Eng¬ 
lish,  1149,  1159;  yield  New  Netherland 
to  England,  1175-1182;  Penn  in  naval 
war  with,  1189 ;  in  Delaware  colony,  ,’1204, 
1205,  1235 ;  dispute  with  Connecticut 
over  Long  Island  towns,  1430,  1431 ;  re¬ 
lations  with  Massachusetts,  1436;  retake 
New  York,  1465,  1501,  1502;  become 
British  subjects  in  New  Amsterdam, 
1494,  1496,  1497,  1513;  in  southern  col¬ 
onies,  1500,  1503,  1677,  1678,  1743;  1744, 
1756;  in  New  York  surrender  to  Evert- 
son,  1501 ;  build  up  New  York  commerce, 
1503;  customs  in  early  New  York,  1597, 
1598,  2345;  see  also  Dutch  West  India 
company. 

Colonies  in  America,  English :  Settle  Vir¬ 
ginia,  490,  542,  544,  596;  English  claims 
to  the  Atlantic  coast,  551,  2349,  2350; 
conquest  of  New  Amsterdam,  551,  1175- 
1182;  colonial  enterprises  of  the  16th 
century,  587-622;  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert 
an  early  promoter,  597 ;  Raleigh’s  pat¬ 
ent,  604;  first  permanent  settlers  in  Vir¬ 
ginia,  note,  61 1,  630;  interest  in,  in 
England,  618;  Weymouth’s  expedition, 
621,  622;  the  London  company  and  the 
Virginia  colony,  625-672 ;  the  Plymouth 
company,  council,  and  colony,  725- 


860;  Massachusetts  Bay,  861-952;  par¬ 
adox  in  origin  and  outcome  of,  869-873 ; 
first  publication  and  first  book  in,  913 ; 
their  relations  with  the  home  govern¬ 
ment,  916,  917,  944,  945 ;  colonists  prom¬ 
ise  enlargement  of  empire,  1192;  ballot 
introduced  in,  1202;  freedom  in,  ow¬ 
ing  to  Quakers,  1246 ;  Great  Britain  plans 
to  unite  its  colonies,  1247,  1250;  com¬ 
merce  injured  by  parliament,  1260;  pop¬ 
ulation  in  1750,  1261,  1262;  the  Louis- 
bourg  campaign,  1385,  1397,  1398,  1400, 
1402,  1403;  threatened  by  French  fleet, 
1404,  1406;  underlying  cause  of  revolu¬ 
tion  in,  1417;  government  plans  to  sub¬ 
due  New  England,  1435;  New  York  in 
1665-1700,  1497,  1501,  1502,  1513,  1598; 
exports  of  New  York  in  1678,  1504;  fear 
subjection  to  Rome,  1531,  1533;  Vir¬ 
ginia’s  relations  with  the  home  govern¬ 
ment,  1638,  1639;  the  English  reduce 
importation  of  felons  to  America,  1684; 
first  settlement  in  South  Carolina,  1735; 
undesirable  class  in  South  Carolina 
under  “Grand  Model,”  1738,  1740,  1747; 
colonists  refuse  political  rights  to  Hu¬ 
guenots  in  South  Carolina,  1786,  1787; 
slave-holding  promoted,  1837;  exports  of 
Georgia  before  revolution,  1920;  pop¬ 
ulation  in  1755,  2007,  2009;  in  1760, 
2344;  colonial  troops  undervalued  by 
Braddock,  2060,  2064,  2078 ;  respond  to 
Pitt’s  call  for  troops,  2165 ;  loyalty  to 
England,  2218,  2219;  supremacy  in 

America  assured  by  capture  of  Quebec, 
2250;  growing  strength  of  colonies, 
2333,  2339;  causes  of  the  revolution, 
2339-2412;  trade  in,  in  1759,  2340;  peculi¬ 
arities  of  the  different  colonies,  2344, 
2349;  development  of  distinct  national 
character  in,  2344,  2346 ;  education  in, 
2346-2348;  industries  in,  2349,  2351 ,  nav¬ 
igation  acts,  2351-2354,  2357,  2360;  sugar 
act,  2354;  Townshend’s  policy  toward, 
2356,  2357,  2385;  stamp  act,  2357,  2366- 
2382;  writs  of  assistance,  2361,  2362; 
non-importation  movement,  2387,  2397; 
Massachusetts’  circular  letter,  2388, 
2389;  friction  between  colonial  parties, 
2391-2396;  “Boston  massacre,”  2395;  let¬ 
ters  of  instruction,  2396,  2397;  Gaspee 
affair,  2398-2400;  committee  of  corre¬ 
spondence,  2400;  the  “Boston  tea-party,” 
2403-2405 ;  Gage  to  overawe  Boston, 
2407-2409,  2415 ;  first  continental  con¬ 
gress,  2409-2411;  British  contempt  for 
colonists,  2415,  2416,  2419;  Massachusetts 
organizes  for  war,  2417,  2420 ;  Paul  Re- 
vere’s  ride,  2423;  Lexington,  2424-2430; 


54 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Concord,  2425-2528;  colonies  rise,  2431- 
2440;  colonists  hope  to  be  joined  by 
Canadians,  2441,  2442;  Ticonderoga  cap¬ 
tured,  2442-2446 ;  continental  congress, 
2448,  2465,  2494;  George  Washington 
chosen  commander-in-chief,  2450-2452; 
Bunker  Hill,  2457-2464;  Washington’s 
army,  2466-2468,  2470;  petition  of  the 
colonies  to  George  III.,  facsimile,  facing 
2470,  2471 ;  proclamation  of  the  king 
in  answer  to  petition,  facsimile,  facing 
2472 ;  Great  Britain  hires  German  mer¬ 
cenaries  to  fight  against  colonists,  2472, 
2473 ;  Arnold’s  march  against  Quebec, 
2476;  Washington  forces  the  British  to 
evacuate  Boston,  2480-2484;  Dunmore’s 
ravages  in  the  southern  colonies,  2486- 
2489;  Paine’s  pamphlets,  2493,  2494;  col¬ 
onies  hesitate  to  declare  independence, 
2494-2499;  the  declaration  of  independ¬ 
ence,  2499,  2500;  first  flag,  2592;  British 
Florida  in  1778,  2787-2789. 

Colonies  in  America,  French  :  Earliest  deal¬ 
ings  with  Indians,  159,  162,  168,  169; 
Coligny’s  colonial  scheme,  479;  Ribault’s 
colony,  479-482 ;  Laudonniere’s  colony, 
482-492;  French  and  Spanish  clash,  488- 
495;  explorations  under  Verrazano,  502- 
507;  under  Cartier,  507-518;  in  Labrador, 
508;  at  Point  Gaspe,  509,  510 ;  claim  to 
northeast  America,  510,  621 ;  Rober- 
val’s  colony,  515-518;  La  Roche’s 
colony,  519;  Chauvin’s  colony,  520; 
Chastes’  colony,  520,  522;  Champlain’s 
expeditions,  520-540;  De  Mont’s  com¬ 
pany,  523,  524,  527;  map  of  New  France, 
facing  526 ;  Conde’s  company,  533 ; 
French  a  factor  in  early  New  York,  555; 
feudal  system,  561 ;  possible  results  of 
alliance  with  Indians,  note,  563 ;  claim 
to  California  later  than  Great  Britain’s, 
595 ;  Argali  ordered  to  expel  French 
from  coast  of  North  America,  673,  676, 
725;  in  collision  with  John  Smith,  738; 
threaten  the  English  colonies,  748,  749; 
New  France  recovered  by  treaty  of  St. 
Germains,  833,  845 ;  claim  territory  in 
New  England  after  treaty  of  Ryswick, 
1349;  French  in  Nova  Scotia,  1357,  1381, 
2009;  Louisbourg  founded,  1383,  1384; 
in  King  George’s  war,  1385-1410; 
French  fleet  attacks  Rhode  Island  in 
18th  century,  1476;  checked  in  New 
York  by  Andros,  1511;  policy  towards 
northern  Indian  tribes,  1522;  designs  on 
Indian  converts,  1526,  1527;  government 
of  Louis  XV.  outwitted  James  II.  in 
American  affairs,  1528,  1529;  Nicholson’s 
attitude  toward  the  French,  1529,  1530; 


Protestants  in  New  York  to  be  sent 
back  to  France  if  captured  by  Louis 
XV.,  1538;  claimed  most  of  North  Amer¬ 
ica  in  1689,  1538;  hope  to  establish  em¬ 
pire  in  Mississippi  valley,  1623;  acquire 
vast  region  around  Mississippi  river, 
1657;  capture  Cartagena,  Central  Amer¬ 
ica,  1663;  fail  in  attack  on  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  in  1706,  1802,  1804;  settlements 
in  America  not  connected,  1933 ;  heroism 
of  French  at  Long  Saut,  1980-1983;  debt 
to  La  Salle,  1990;  developed  by  explo¬ 
rations  of  Joliet  and  Marquette,  1993; 
expedition  to  claim  mouth  of  Missis¬ 
sippi,  1996;  not  fond  of  emigration, 
2002 ;  weakness  as  colonists,  2002 ;  ex¬ 
plore  country  west  of  Appalachians, 
2003 ;  establish  forts  and  settlements, 
2004,  2007;  boundaries  in  1755,  2006; 
population  in  1755,  2007;  military  advan¬ 
tages  over  England  in  1755,  2008,  2009; 
try  to  forestall  English  in  Ohio,  2010, 
2028;  in  French  and  Indian  war,  2028- 
2338;  campaign  around  Ft.  Duquesne, 
2028-2081 ;  campaign  around  Crown 
Point  and  Lake  George,  2091-2106;  the 
Acadian  deportation,  2108-2131 ;  Mont¬ 
calm  at  Oswego,  2131-2137;  Montcalm’s 
attacks  on  Ft.  William  Henry,  2144- 
2159;  famine-stricken  in  1758,  2179, 
2180;  outnumbered  at  each  point  by 
English  in  1759,  2216;  defeated  in  naval 
battle  by  Putnam,  2221;  Ft.  Niagara 
under  the  French,  2224-2226;  great  forti¬ 
fications  at  Quebec,  2231,  2237;  Wolfe 
and  the  St.  Lawrence  campaign,  2250- 
2272;  nearly  recapture  Quebec,  2272, 
2275 ;  keep  Louisiana  and  Mississippi 
valley  in  1760,  2276;  Pontiac’s  war, 
2285-2328;  treaty  of  Paris  in  1763  closes 
war,  2334-2336;  result  of  war  to  France. 
233.8. 

Colonies  in  America,  Spanish :  Character  of 
early  Spanish  colonists,  326,  327;  their 
settlements  transient,  398;  intertwined 
with  exploration,  399;  the  founding  of 
Spanish  North  America :  conquest  of 
Mexico,  445-459;  Narvaez’s  expedition, 
459-463 ;  Soto’s  expedition,  464-478 ;  ef¬ 
forts  to  colonize  Florida,  487 ;  Menen- 
dez’s  expedition,  489-500;  St.  Augustine 
founded,  490;  Spanish  colonies  precede 
those  of  France  and  England,  501 ;  at¬ 
tacked  by  Dutch,  541,  542;  feudal  policy, 
561 ;  commerce  and  settlements  devas¬ 
tated  by  Hawkins,  590,  591,  596;  Spanish 
Jesuits  in  west,  595;  pillaged  by  Drake, 
596;  Florida  effectively  colonized  by 
Spanish,  598;  in  Virginia,  662,  695; 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


55 


effect  of  Spanish  match  for  Charles  II. 
on  colonies,  691,  70 7,  751,  790;  threaten 
New  England,  748;  in  Guinea,  758; 
founded  Cartagena,  Central  America, 
1663,  1665 ;  urge  insurrection  in  South 
Carolina,  1742;  driven  off  from  St.  He¬ 
lena  Island,  1742,  1743;  destroy  settle¬ 
ments  in  South  Carolina,  1746,  1776; 
burn  Gov.  Moreton’s  brother,  1 777; 
make  peace  with  Gov.  Archdale,  1793 ; 
relieved  St.  Augustine  in  1701,  1797; 
fight  against  Yemassees,  1818;  in  Flor¬ 
ida,  1832,  1837,  1839;  claim  region  be¬ 
tween  Savannah  river  and  Albemarle 
river,  1844,  1845,  1884,  1885  ;  not  liked 
by  southern  Indians,  1864;  confer  with 
Oglethorpe,  1884;  threaten  war  in  1737, 
1885 ;  arouse  slave  insurrection  in  South 
Carolina,  1891,  1892 ;  in  war  of  Austrian 
succession,  1895 ;  bribe  Oglethorpe’s  sol¬ 
diers,  1895,  1896;  repel  Oglethorpe’s  at¬ 
tack  on  St.  Augustine,  1899,  1900;  ready 
to  yield  to  Admiral  Vernon  at  Havana, 
1902,  1903;  fortify  Cartagena,  1902;  plan 
revenge  on  English  in  Georgia,  1903, 
1904;  invaded  Georgia  in  1742,  1904- 
1915;  defeated  at  Frederica  in  1742, 
1908-1913;  deceived  by  Oglethorpe’s  de¬ 
coy  letter  at  Frederica,  1914,  1915;  flee 
to  St.  Augustine,  1915;  permanently 
driven  from  Georgia,  1915;  protested 
against  settlement  of  New  Hanover, 
2142;  Florida,  2787-2789,  2808,  2853; 
Mississippi  river  posts,  2791 ;  Spanish 
claims  in  America,  2847-2850,  3094,  3180- 
3182;  Mississippi  schemes,  3186,  3387, 
3388,  3443;  Nootka  Sound,  3441-3443; 
Genet  and  Spanish  America,  3474-3477; 
western  intrigues  against  the  United 
States,  3534-3536,  3562,  3602-3604;  Span- 
ish-American  treaty  in  1795,  3561-3563; 
Burr’s  scheme  to  invade  Spanish  Amer¬ 
ica,  3604-3608,  3639,  3640. 

Colonies  in  America,,  Swedish :  Attempt  to 
colonize  the  Delaware  river  country, 
575-586 ;  their  struggle  with  the  Dutch, 
1126,  1127;  dealings  with  Penn,  1204, 
1205,  1209,  1214;  oppose  slavery,  1235; 
rise  against  Lovelace  in  Delaware,  1499; 
fail  to  convert  Delaware  Indians,  2019. 

Colorado,  Indians  in,  164;  enabling  act  for, 
5190;  admitted  to  the  Union,  5538;  pop¬ 
ulation  of,  5538;  yield  of  gold,  5538. 

Colorado ,  U.  S.  frigate,  4843. 

Colton,  Walter,  description  of  effect  of 
news  of  discovery  of  gold  in  California, 
4446,  4447- 

Columbia,  S.  C.,  Sherman’s  plans  concern¬ 
ing,  5310;  Sherman  enters,  5311;  burn¬ 


ing  of,  5311;  relief  afforded  citizens  of, 
5311;  struggle  in,  over  governorship  of 
Chamberlain  and  Hampton,  5448-5450. 

Columbia,  Tenn.,  Forrest’s  headquarters  in 
1863,  5160. 

Columbia,  U.  S.  frigate,  4696. 

Columbia  river,  Lewis  and  Clark  at  the, 
3758;  discovered  by  Capt.  Gray,  4403. 

Columbia  university  (formerly  King’s  col¬ 
lege),  founded  before  the  revolution, 
2347;  early  history  of,  3130,  3131. 

Columbian  Centinel,  Boston  newspaper, 
criticism  of  Madison’s  message,  3896;  on 
repeal  of  the  embargo,  3900. 

Columbian  era,  Europe  in  the  15th  century, 
3-26;  the  religious  motive,  27-42;  condi¬ 
tion  of  priesthood,  32,  33;  greed  of 
gold,  37,  41 ;  increase  of  knowledge,  43, 
51,  52;  influence  of  crusaders,  44;  in¬ 
ventions,  57,  58,  61,  63 ;  mariner’s  com¬ 
pass,  69;  gunpowder,  73,  81,  83;  demands 
of  commerce,  84. 

Columbian  exposition,  Chicago,  Columbian 
caravels  at,  note,  296,  297 ;  account  of, 
5659-5663. 

Columbian  Magazine,  American  magazine, 
3453;  facsimile  of  title-page,  facing  3454. 

‘‘Columbian  March,”  composed  by  J.  K. 
Paine,  5660. 

Columbian  Observer,  Philadelphia  news¬ 
paper,  attacks  Clay,  4163. 

Columbine,  British  ship,  3859. 

Columbus,  Bartholomew,  brother  of  Christ¬ 
opher,  with  Bartholomew  Diaz,  286; 
seeks  aid  in  England,  286;  in  France, 
287;  governor  of  Hayti,  326;  ships 
seized,  327;  deserted  by  Roldan,  331; 
controls  mutiny,  334,  340 ;  imprisoned  by 
Bobadilla,  334;  comrade  of  Christopher 
Columbus,  337. 

Columbus,  Christopher,  product  of  his  time, 
4,  378;  unsupported  in  Italy,  16,  17; 
“gave  a  new  world,”  etc.,  19;  con¬ 
temporary  monarchs,  23;  recalled  from 
France,  26;  relations  to  church,  35,  40; 
religious  motive,  39,  40,  291,  294,  308; 
caravels,  106,  296,  297,  illus.  of,  facing 
296;  seeks  the  Indies,  154,  295,  305,  310, 
3il,  324-326,  329,  330,  336-339;  true  place 
in  history,  261,  262;  date  of  birth,  265, 
266;  birthplace,  266,  267;  parents,  266- 
268;  forms  of  name,  268;  occupations, 
268-270,  278,  283,  284;  adventure  off 
Sardinia,  269;  early  voyages,  269,  271, 
276-278;  education,  270;  his  brother  Bar¬ 
tholomew,  271 ;  in  Lisbon,  271-283, 
286 ;  origin  of  desire  to  reach  India,  272 ; 
solicits  Genoa  and  Venice,  273,  284; 
writes  to  Toscanelli,  275;  arctic  voy- 


56 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


ages,  276,  277 ;  tropical  voyages,  278 ; 
books  read  by,  278-280 ;  changes  made  by 
on  Toscanelli’s  chart,  279,  280;  negoti¬ 
ates  with  Portugal,  280-283 ;  appeals  to 
Spain,  283-286;  guest  of  Medina-Celi, 
287;  favored  by  Quintanilla,  288;  de¬ 
parts  for  France,  289,  292;  at  La  Rabida, 
289,  290;  before  the  Spanish  council, 
290-292;  facsimile  of  first  commission, 
facing  292;  first  expedition,  292-319; 
jewel  story,  293,  294;  portraits,  facing 
294,  322,  328;  sets  forth  from  Palos, 
297;  course,  297,  298;  hindered  by  mu¬ 
tinies,  298,  299,  301,  312;  falsifies  log, 
300;  sees  land,  301;  lands  in  new 
world,  303,  304;  thinks  himself  in  East 
Indies,  302,  305 ;  dealings  with  natives,- 
306,  314,  318;  explores  islands,  307-314; 
disappointed  in  gold,  308-314;  discovers 
Cuba,  310;  finds  tobacco,  31 1;  corn  and 
potatoes,  312;  builds  fort,  314;  returns 
to  Spain,  314;  escapes  from  Portugal, 
316;  anchors  at  Palos,  317;  received  by 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  318;  facsimile 
of  Columbus’  “triumph,”  facing  318; 
royal  rewards,  319;  joined  by  brother 
Diego,  320;  second  expedition,  320-328; 
by  brother  Bartholomew,  326;  third  ex¬ 
pedition,  328-340,  452;  discovers  South 
America,  329,  370,  405 ;  superseded  by 
Bobadilla,  333 ;  ill  treatment  accorded  to, 
by  Spain,  333,  334,  340;  discovered  Cen¬ 
tral  America,  338;  dies,  341;  will,  341; 
estimate  of  work,  341,  342;  priority,  343; 
compared  with  Vespucci,  344,  351,  352; 
commercial  concession  revoked,  345 ;  and 
restored,  347;  son  sues  to  recover,  349; 
wrongly  quoted  by  Vespucci,  357; 
Ojeda  insubordinate  to,  363;  accurate 
navigator,  367;  visited  by  Vespucci,  368; 
gives  Ojeda  letter  to  Diego  Columbus, 
368;  facsimile,  facing  368;  contemporary 
navigators,  371-400;  Ojeda,  372;  suc¬ 
cessors,  381,  386;  De  Leon  with,  387; 
plants  one  wital  settlement,  399 ;  contem¬ 
porary  of  Cabot,  420,  421,  424;  inter¬ 
national  celebration  in  New  York  har¬ 
bor  in  his  honor,  5657,  5658. 

Columbus,  Diego,  brother  of  Christopher, 
joins  Christopher,  320;  governor  of  col¬ 
ony,  324;  imprisoned,  334;  in  conflict 
with  Ojeda,  376. 

Columbus,  Diego,  son  of  Christopher,  goes 
with  father  to  Cordova,  289;  becomes 
a  royal  page,  294;  sues  for  royalties, 
349;  letter  from  father,  368. 

Columbus,  Domenico,  father  of  Christopher, 
266,  268. 

Columbus,  Ferdinand,  son  of  Christopher, 


277,  286;  writes  life  of  father,  277,  360; 
sails  with  father,  337,  note,  338;  as  to 
V espucci,  360. 

Columbus,  Ga.,  captured  by  Wilson,  5284. 

Columbus,  Ky.,  Polk  seizes,  4719;  Grant 
moves  on,  4720,  4721 ;  fortified,  4802- 
4804;  Mississippi  river  controlled  by 
works  at,  4813 ;  federal  plans  to  secure 
possession  of,  4813;  Polk  evacuates, 
4827. 

Columbus,  O.,  Lincoln  at,  4666;  Morgan 
imprisoned  at,  5120;  escape  from  peni¬ 
tentiary,  5120;  railroad  strike  at,  in 
1877-8,  5553- 

Columbus,  U.  S.  warship,  2866,  4696. 

Colville,  Lord,  breaks  siege  of  Quebec, 

2275- 

Comanches,  Indian  tribe,  in  western  United 
States,  163 ;  invited  to  attend  a  confer¬ 
ence  at  St.  Louis,  3759. 

Come-outers,  sect  in  Rhode  Island,  1035. 

Commerce,  the  object  of  Columbus’  voy¬ 
ages,  85;  promotes  discovery,  115;  of 
Norsemen,  207,  220,  228,  239,  240;  causes 

•  urgency  for  new  routes,  271-273; 
with  West  Indies,  345;  trading-posts  in 
Central  America,  385,  386;  Portugal’s 
endeavor  to  extend,  403-406;  Moors 
oppose  European  merchants,  404;  Brit¬ 
ish  merchants  seek  Indies,  435 ;  Spanish 
company,  441 ;  fur  trade  between  Eng¬ 
land  and  Russia,  442 ;  leads  to  Dutch 
settlement  of  New  York,  553-557,  560; 
vitally  affected  by  Muscovy  company, 
589;  between  England  and  America  in 
1602,  618;  prominent  in  English  col¬ 
onizing  plans,  625;  begins  early  in  New 
England,  912,  913;  of  New  York  in 
1678,  1504,  1511,  1512,  1596;  of  northern 
Indian  tribes  at  first  secured  by  French, 
1522;  then  by  English,  1524;  in  Virgin¬ 
ia,  1636;  in  Maryland,  1670,  1690,  1691; 
first  line  of  sailing  vessels  between 
Baltimore  and  Philadelphia,  1711;  be¬ 
tween  Spain  and  American  colonies, 
1894;  of  Georgia  before  the  revolution, 
1920;  between  England  and  colonies 
after  seven  years’  war,  2340;  injured 
by  stamp  act,  2375,  2379 ;  interstate, 
3226;  condition  of,  at  close  of  the  rev¬ 
olution,  3226,  3229;  retaliation  of  states 
on  English  commerce,  3231 ;  convention 
at  Alexandria,  3249,  3250;  discussion  in 
the  Philadelphia  convention  on,  3291 ; 
England  controls  American,  3445;  Jef¬ 
ferson’s  report  on,  3488-3490;  debate  in 
congress  on,  3490,  3491 ;  as  affected  by 
rule  of  1756,  3791 ;  increase  of  American 
trade,  3792,  3796,  3797;  England’s  posi- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


57 


tion  regarding  American  trade,  3808- 
3810;  non-importation  act,  3813;  Ran¬ 
dolph  opposes  retaliation,  3813;  Mason 
bill  No.  1,  3925-3927;  Napoleon  con¬ 
fiscates  American  ships,  3932,  3933; 
British  condemn  American  shipping, 
3951 ;  relation  of  consular  service  to, 
5840,  5841 ;  Philippine  Islands  trade, 
5857-5859- 

Commerce  and  labor,  department  of,  or¬ 
ganized,  5803,  5804;  report  of  wealth 
for  1905,  5964;  investigation  of  Standard 
Oil  Co.,  5973 ;  bureau  of  manufacturers 
organized,  5973. 

Commercial  museum  of  Philadelphia,  5750. 

Commissioner  of  labor,  duties,  5892,  5893. 

Commissioners  for  foreign  plantations,  952. 

Committee  on  ways  and  means  (U.  S. 
congress),  creation  of,  3566;  first  mem¬ 
bers  of,  3566. 

Committee  of  correspondence,  for  defeat¬ 
ing  plans  of  British  ministry,  2368;  New 
York  sends  delegates  to  stamp  act  con¬ 
gress,  2376,  2377 ;  standing  committees 
proposed  to  colonies  by  Dabney  Carr, 
2400 ;  adopted  by  six  colonies,  2400 ; 
prepare  way  for  self-government  in  col¬ 
onies,  2408. 

Committee  of  safety  appointed,  2418;  guards 
Concord  stores,  2421 ;  circular  letter 
drafted  by,  2431;  attack  on  Ticonderoga 
authorized  by,  2444;  receives  news  of 
capture  of  Northern  Fort,  2448;  organ¬ 
izes  an  army  to  invade  Canada,  2448. 

“Common  Sense,”  pamphlet  by  Thomas 
Paine,  2493. 

“Commonwealers,”  armies  of,  5674,  5675. 

Communism,  under  Virginia  company,  629, 
655,  670;  in  Plymouth  colony,  802,  803, 
817. 

Company  of  New  France  established  by 
Richelieu,  1934;  represented  at  Cape 
Sable  by  Charles  de  la  Tour,  1942. 

Company  of  the  Isles  of  America  estab¬ 
lished  by  Richelieu,  1934. 

“Company  of  the  West”  formed  to  colonize 
Louisiana,  1999. 

Compass,  mariner’s,  picture  of  mediaeval 
instruments  of  navigation,  facing  62; 
origin  of,  63;  primitive  form,  64;  as- 
scribed  to  Flavio  of  Amalfi  and  Marco 
Polo,  65 ;  to  Arabs,  65 ;  improved  in 
14th  century,  66;  importance  of,  67-69, 
73,  378;  superior  to  astrolabe  and  sex¬ 
tant,  67,  68;  that  of  Columbus  veets, 
3°o. 

Compensation  act,  regulating  pay  of  mem¬ 
bers  of  congress,  4098. 

Compromise  of  1850,  compromise  measures 


introduced  by  Clay,  4452;  Clay’s  com¬ 
promise  measures  discussed,  4453-4473 ; 
omnibus  bill,  4474;  opposition  to,  4474, 
4475 ;  bills  pass  separately,  4480 ;  recep¬ 
tion  of,  4485,  4486;  adherence  to,  urged 
in  manifesto,  4497;  popularity  with  peo¬ 
ple  shown  by  state  elections,  4498,  4499; 
endorsed  in  Democratic  platform  of 
1852,  4504,  4505 ;  endorsed  in  Whig  plat¬ 
form  of  1852,  4505-4507;  blights  careers 
of  men  most  prominently  connected  with 
it,  4512,  4525;  supersedes  Missouri  com¬ 
promise,  4530;  . third  Nebraska  bill,  4533. 

Compromise  tariff,  repeal  urged  by  Tyler, 
4351. 

Conanicut  Island,  D’Estaing  lands  troops 
at,  2755. 

Conant,  Roger,  at  Cape  Ann,  812;  at  Nan- 
tasket,  862,  863,  892;  gives  way  to  Endi- 
cott,  865. 

Concepcion,  one  of  Magellan’s  ships,  417. 

Concord,  Mass.,  munitions  of  war  collected 
at,'  2418;  attempt  of  Gage  to  capture 
stores,  2426;  British  retreat  from,  2428, 
2429;  results  of  battle,  2430;  provincial 
congress  assembles  at,  2434. 

Concord,  N.  H.,  Hannah  Dustin  taken  to, 
by  Indians,  1348. 

Concord,  Gosnold’s  ship,  618;  cargo  con¬ 
fiscated,  619. 

Conde,  Prince  of,  533,  2552. 

Conestoga,  Indian  village,  1267. 

Conestoga,  U.  S.  gunboat,  in  attack  on  Ft. 
Henry,  4814;  at  Nashville,  4826;  origi¬ 
nally  a  river  steamer,  4846. 

Conestogas,  Indian  tribe,  1247. 

Conesus,  Sullivan’s  expedition  at,  2841. 

Conewawah  (Elmira),  2749. 

Confederate  army,  reception  in  Maryland, 
5028;  reverses  in  1862,  5117;  final  sur¬ 
render,  5323;  losses  during  war,  5325. 

Confederate  congress,  action  on  emancipa¬ 
tion  proclamation,  5063 ;  attitude  toward 
people,  5216;  organization  of  provisional 
congress,  5217;  efforts  to  reinforce  army, 
5219;  law  authorizing  negro  soldiers  for 
rebel  service,  5224,  5225;  peace  negotia¬ 
tions,  5226-5229. 

Confederate  states  of  North  America,  se¬ 
cession  and  organization,  4607;  in  South 
Carolina,  4609-4622 ;  motion  in  U.  S. 
congress  to  recognize,  4635,  4636;  or¬ 
ganizes  government,  4653,  4654;  first 
congress,  4660,  4661 ;  commissioners  ap¬ 
pointed  to  negotiate  with  United  States, 
4660,  4661 ;  flag  of,  4661 ;  constitution, 
4661-4663 ;  condition  and  resources,  4663, 
4664 ;  Seward  declines  to  receive  com¬ 
missioners,  4672,  4673 ;  declares  war, 


58  GENERAL  INDEX. 


j 


4673;  the  question  of  Ft.  Sumter,  4675; 
effect  of  Lincoln’s  war  proclamation  in 
the,  4681,  4682;  North  Carolina  and 
Tennessee  join  the,  4684;  Virginia  joins 
the,  4692;  loses  Missouri  by  the  battle 
of  Boonville,  4712;  navy,  4899-4922;  de¬ 
stroys  U.  S.  merchant  marine,  4901 ; 
Davis  issues  letters  of  marque,  4901; 
Great  Britain’s  attitude  toward,  4935- 
4939;  injury  to  cause  of,  caused  by 
Morgan’s  raid,  5120;  resources,  5218; 
diminution  of  resources  by  opening  of 
Mississippi  river,  5253;  repudiation  of 
war  debt,  5349-535.2. 

Confederacy,  U.  S.  frigate,  loss  of,  2898. 
Confederation,  necessity  for  colonies,  3199; 
Thomas  Paine  on,  3199;  Patrick  Henry 
on,  3199;  popular  views  of,  3200;  in 
war  and  peace,  3200;  Washington  on, 
cited,  3222;  English  and  French  view 
on  efforts  to  secure,  3255. 
Confederation,  articles  of,  weakness  of, 
2677,  3059,  3060,  3200-3202;  objects 

of,  3058,  3059;  position  of  the  states 
under,  3059;  signed  by  states,  3060; 
working  of,  3060-3062 ;  amendments, 
3152,  31531  failure,  3199-3252;  revenue 
difficulties  under,  3201. 

Condance,  British  flagship,  4067,  4068. 
Confiscation  act,  1862,  congress  passes,  4947, 
4948. 

Congaree  river,  3038;  Stuart  advances  to¬ 
ward  the,  3073. 

Conger,  Edwin  Hurd,  minister  to  China, 
in  Boxer  outbreak,  5773-5783. 
Congregational  church,  beginning  of,  in 
America,  752 ;  detested  by  council  of 
New  England  and  James  I.,  805;  in 
Rhode  Island,  1488;  in  Connecticut, 
3363 ;  condition  of,  at  end  of  revolution, 

3107. 

Congress,  U.  S. 

1st.  2683-2692,  2702,  2703,  2709,  2710, 
2730,  2731,  2744,  2823,  2861-2864,  2880, 
3214-3218,  3232,  3256-3258,  3301,  3302, 
3326-3328,  3335-3357,  3360,  3361,  3374- 
3379,  3395-3405- 
2d.  3422-3425,  3428-3437. 

3d.  3484,  3487-3491,  3494-3502. 

4th.  3564,  3567,  3568,  3588,  3595. 

5th.  3616-3618,  3620-3622. 

6th.  3667,  3668,  3670-3674,  3750,  3751 
7th.  3714-3722. 

8th.  3760,  3761,  3769-3771. 

9th.  3803-3806. 

10th.  3870,  3875,  3877-3879,  3885-3887. 
nth.  3901,  3902,  3944-3946,  3948. 

1 2th.  3963-3967,  397B  4005,  4006,  4009- 
4013. 


13th.  4043,  4044,  4046,  4049,  4093- 
14th.  4094-4098. 

15th.  4097,  4103,  4105,  4106,  4112,  4115, 
4116,  4118-4121. 

16th.  4121-4129. 

17th.  4137,  4138. 

18th.  4156-4158,  4165,  4166. 

19th.  Measures,  4171 ;  second  session, 

4!76- 

20th.  First  session,  4184;  measures, 
4192,  4193. 

2 1st.  4223-4226,  4228-4231,  4235. 

22d.  424O,  424I,  4243-4249,  4256-4259. 
23d.  4267-4273,  4296. 

24th.  4284,  4296-4299. 

25th.  4305-4308,  4315-4317,  4319-4321. 
26th.  4322,  4323,  4327,  4328. 

27th,  4335,  4340,  4342,  4344,  4345,  4350, 
4353-4356. 

28th.  4359,  4363,  4365. 

29th.  4374,  4378,  4406-4415. 

30th.  4418-4425,  4431-4434. 

31st.  4448-4475,  4480,  4483,  4484,  4496- 
4498. 

32d.  4499,  4500,  4502,  4513,  4514. 

33d.  4524-4543. 

34th.  4555,  4561. 

35th.  4572, '4574,  4582. 

36th.  4587,  4590,  4591,  4603,  4635,  4636, 
4640-4647,  4698,  4699,  4765-4770,  4910. 
37th.  4783,  4784,  4943-4953,  5061,  5065- 
5068,  5177,  5178. 

38th.  5189-5194,  5213,  5331-5340,  5357- 
39th.  5361-5371,  5382-5387,  5389-5393, 

5400. 

40th.  5402,  5403,  5408,  5415,  5416. 

41st.  5417,  5419-5422,  5486-5490,  5504. 
42d.  5497,  5498,  5505,  5558,  5559- 
43d.  5510,  5511,  5524-5526. 

44th.  5561. 

45th.  5536,  5537,  5559. 

47th.  5583,  5584. 

49th.  5592-5598. 

50th.  5606-5613. 

51st.  5641-5644,  5646. 

52d.  5644,  5645. 

53d.  5650-5654,  5675-5682. 

55th.  5710-5716,  5718,  5747-5752. 

56th.  5755,  5756,  5761-5764. 

57th.  5794-5799,  5803-5806. 

58th.  5821-5825. 

59th.  5834,  5840,  5845,  5846,  5853-5856, 
5858-5862,  5877,  5878,  5882-5884. 
Congress,  U.  S.  frigate,  carried  thirty- 
eight  guns,  3988;  Confederate  steamers 
attack,  4916;  Merrimac’s  fight  with,  4916. 
Congressional  library,  Washington,  D.  C., 
completion  and  opening  of  the,  5784; 
description  of,  5784,  5785. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


59 


Congressmen,  rate  of  pay,  4098,  4106;  ‘‘back 
pay  grab,”  5510,  5511. 

“Congress’s  Own,”  regiment  named,  2536. 

Coningmark,  leader  in  Delaware  rising,  dies 
in  Barbadoes,  1499. 

Conkling,  Roscoe  B.,  candidate  for  pres¬ 
ident,  5543  5  portrait,  facing  5566;  re¬ 
signs  from  senate,  5570 ;  contest  with 
Blaine  over  spoils  of  office,  5570,  5571 ; 
death,  5621. 

Connasauga  river,  found  by  De  Soto,  472. 

Connecticut,  Indians  in,  158,  159;  Norse¬ 
men  near,  217;  coast  explored  by  Dutch 
and  English,  550;  Warwick  patent,  677, 
849,  946;  Winslow  and  Bradford  wish 
to  remove  to,  829 ;  grants  of  Carlisle  and 
Hamilton,  855,  856;  three  founders  of, 
893,  899;  contributes  to  found  Harvard 
college,  912;  rapidly  settled,  912;  Pequot 
war  in,  914;  suggests  New  England 
confederacy,  914,  915;  desired  by  Dutch 
and  English,  953 ;  Indian  alliances,  954 ; 
William  Holmes  establishes  first  English 
permanent  post  in,  956;  three  centres 
of  colonization  in,  957;  founded  inde¬ 
pendently,  958 ;  refuge  for  Puritans,  958 ; 
earliest  settlers  in,  959;  attracts  people 
of  Newton,  963;  Indians  offer  to  give 
up,  969;  Oldham  murdered,  970;  first 
general  court  of,  972;  principles  bf 
government,  982;  career  of  prosperity, 
983,  994;  Dutch  occupation,  995,  1120, 
1124,  1127;  absorbs  Saybrook,  996;  gains 
favorable  charter,  997 ;  an  ideal  common¬ 
wealth,  998,  1002,  1018;  friction  with 
Massachusetts  Bay,  1003 ;  codifies  laws, 
1003-1007;  affected  by  restoration,  1018; 
disposed  to  annex  Narragansett  colonies, 
1027;  wins  in  Pennamite  wars,  1249; 
struggle  over  Wyoming  territory,  1249, 
1268,  1273;  population  of,  in  1750,  1261; 
Wyoming  and,  1268,  1269;  charter  ex¬ 
tended  to  Pacific,  1269,  1270;  legal  and 
equitable  rights,  1270 ;  tries  to  colonize 
on  Susquehanna  and  Delaware,  1270; 
caused  Vermont  to  be  created,  1270;  did 
not  relinquish  her  territory  in  Pennsyl¬ 
vania,  1270;  settlers  at  Forty  Fort,  1271; 
ownership  of  Wyoming,  1272 ;  received 
Western  reserve,  1273 ;  Andros  governor 
of,  1318;  forces  at  Louisbourg,  1394, 
1395 ;  expedition  against  Canada,  1405 ; 
petition  Charles  II.,  1415, ,  1416;  shows 
apparent  zeal  in  capturing  regicides, 
1419 ;  charter  of,  1420,  1422 ;  general  court 
hastens  to  annex  New  Haven  towns, 
1421,  1427,  1428;  south  and  west  bound¬ 
aries  decided,  1428;  united  with  New 
Haven  colony,  1429 ;  aids  Nicholls  against 


French,  1429;  eulogizes  the  dead  at  Nar¬ 
ragansett  Fort,  1434;  described  by  Ed¬ 
ward  Randolph,  1436;  sends  address  to 
Charles  II.,  1436;  to  James  II.,  1438; 
threatened  with  forcible  union  with  New 
York,  1438,  1439;  sends  address  to  Will¬ 
iam  and  Mary,  1441 ;  aided  Leisler,  1442 ; 
prosperity  at  beginning  of  18th  cen¬ 
tury,  1443,  1444;  desired  a  college,  14441 
population  in  1714,  1444;  raised  forces 
for  Queen  Anne’s  war,  1447;  “Great 
Awakening”  spreads  to,  1450 ;  opposes 
plan  of  Albany  congress,  1452 ;  char¬ 
acter  of,  1452;  early  opinion  of,  in 
Rhode  Island,  1457;  claims  the  Nar¬ 
ragansett  company,  1464;  population 
compared  with  Rhode  Island,  1470;  ob¬ 
jects  to  Phips’  command  of  her  militia, 
1477;  quarrels  over  Westerly,  1480;  set¬ 
tles  boundary  dispute  with  Rhode  Is¬ 
land,  1481 ;  in  danger  of  having  royal 
governor,  1482;  dispute  with  New  York, 
1495,  1511,  1526,  1550;  resists  Andros  at 
Saybrook,  1507,  1508;  commercial  rela¬ 
tions,  1596;  in  1755,  2009;  in  1760, 
2344;  in  1790,  3422;  troops  at  Ticon- 
deroga,  2196;  protests  against  stamp 
act,  2368 ;  “Sons  of  Liberty”  organize 
in,  2375 ;  responds  favorably  to  Massa¬ 
chusetts  in  1768,  2389;  assembly  takes 
action  on  revolutionary  war,  2435 ; 
troops  in  revolution,  2453,  2467,  2754, 
2966 ;  vote  on  independence,  2497 ; 
spread  of  population  in,  2765 ;  Collier 
raids  coasts  of,  2834;  action  on  “new 
tenor”  money,  2964;  Knyphausen  drives 
Americans  from,  2967;  condition  at 
close  of  the  revolution,  3104;  action 
upon  slavery,  3106;  religion  in,  3111; 
ship-building  in,  3119;  paper-making  in, 
3121;  position  on  land  claims,  3153; 
lands  ceded  to  the  Union  by,  3155, 
3156;  soldiers  pay  convention  of,  3217, 
3218;  in  the  Philadelphia  convention, 
3284;  United  States  constitution  ratified 
by,  3305 ;  first  election  for  congress  in, 
3326;  on  state  rights,  3651;  local  politics 
in  1806,  3817;  represented  in  the  Hart¬ 
ford  convention,  4091,  4092;  requests 
representatives  in  congress  to  secure 
recognition  of  independence  of  Texas, 
4284;  favors  colonization  of  negroes, 
4287. 

Connecticut,  U.  S.  steamer,  4845. 

Connecticut  Courant,  indictment  for  libel 
against,  3817. 

Connecticut  river,  western  boundary  of 
devastation  by  King  Philip’s  war,  1302; 


60 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


assigned  as  boundary  of  New  York, 
1427,  1432;  Stark’s  troops  guard,  2601. 

Connolly,  John,  Dunmore’s  land-jobbing 
agent,  2766,  2769. 

Connyngham,  Capt.  Gustavus,  commands 
U.  S.  cutter  Surprise,  2872,  2873. 

Conoys,  Indian  tribe,  in  Maryland,  160. 

Conquest  of  Mexico,  445-510. 

Conquistador,  name  of  Cortes,  458. 

Conrad,  Charles  M.,  secretary  of  war,  /(477- 

Conscience  Whigs,  anti-slavery  tendencies, 
4430. 

Conscription  act,  effect  of,  5005 ;  enforce¬ 
ment  of,  5123;  commutation  clause  re¬ 
pealed,  5190. 

Conspiracy  committee,  action  of,  2520;  Jay 
heads,  2520. 

Constance,  council  and  martyrdom  of  Huss 
at,  31. 

Constantinople,  U.  S.  diplomatic  service  at, 
5842. 

Constellation,  U.  S.  frigate,  3624,  3967,  3988, 
4040. 

Constitution,  Fort,  Lee  erects,  2511;  aban¬ 
donment  of,  2656. 

Constitution,  British,  writs  of  assistance  op¬ 
posed  to  principles  of,  2361 ;  colonial 
rights  established  by,  2368. 

Constitution,  U.  S.,  work  of  the  Philadel¬ 
phia  convention,  3253-3320;  Madison’s 
work  on,  3261-3263 ;  Virginia  plan,  3275, 
3278,  3279;  New  Jersey  plan,  3280,  3281 ; 
Hamilton’s  plan,  3282,  3283;  state  ratifi¬ 
cations,  3302-3320;  illus.  of  a  parade  in 
honor  of  its  adoption,  facing  3320; 
question  of  amendments,  3323,  3354> 

3355  5  Jefferson’s  proposed  amendment 
to,  3746-3749 ;  Louisiana  purchase  amend¬ 
ment  to,  3761 ;  amendment  on  method 
of  choosing  a  president,  3770,  3771 ; 
Marshall  on  the,  3776;  the  twefth 
amendment,  3797,  3798 ;  Calhoun  de¬ 
clares  that  the  “constitution  follows  the 
flag,”  4423-4425;  Calhoun  and  Webster 
debate  over  extension  of,  to  territories, 
4432,  4433 ;  four  views  held  by  southern 
statesmen  in  1850,  4469,  4470;  thirteenth 
amendment,  adoption  of,  5213,  5362; 
text  of,  5214;  ratified  by  southern  states, 
5352;  necessitates  further  legislation, 
5367;  original  form  and  provisions, 
5367;.  opposition  to,  5369,  5381,  5413; 
adoption  demanded,  5377,  5400 ;  power 
of  president  under,  5386,  5390,  5404, 
5405 ;  fifteenth  amendment,  text,  5416 ; 
bill  for  enforcement  of,  5420;  Geor¬ 
gia  ratifies,  5422;  celebration  on  the 
anniversary  of  its  adoption,  5616,  5617; 
fourteenth  amendment,  5748,  5749. 


Constitution,  U.  S.  frigate,  added  to  the 
navy  in  1798,  3624;  in  operations  against 
Tripoli,  3771;  in  battle  with  the  Java, 
3943>  3944  4020,  4021;  carried  44  guns, 
illus.  of,  in  battle  with  Guerriere,  fac¬ 
ing  3988;  battle  with  Guerriere,  3989- 
3992 ;  captured  the  Cyane  and  Sevant, 
4089;  Confederates  try  to  capture  the, 
4689,  4690. 

Constitution  of  Carolinas,  “grand  model,” 
1727-1734. 

Constitution  of  Connecticut,  evolution  of, 
996-1002;  Fiske’s  opinion  of,  996; 
facsimile  of  signatures,  facing  998; 
Hooker’s  sermon  on  principles  of  gov¬ 
ernment,  999;  Jefferson  on,  1002. 

Constitutional  Union  party,  convention  at 
Baltimore,  4595. 

Consular  service,  U.  S.,  need  of  reorgani¬ 
zation,  5840-5845 ;  congressional  action 
on,  5883. 

Continental  army,  see  Army,  U.  S. 

Continental  congress,  in  Baltimore,  1712, 
2530;  meets  first  in  Philadelphia,  2409; 
its  objects  and  measures,  2410,  2411; 
delegates  appointed  to,  2435-2440;  meet¬ 
ing  of,  2448;  its  membership,  2448; 
parties  within,  2449 ;  hesitating  action  of, 
2449,  2450,  2454;  deliberates  in  choosing 
a  commander-in-chief,  2450-2453 ;  ap¬ 
points  generals,  2452 ;  increase  of  army 
by,  2470;  sends  petition  to  king  and 
receives  his  answer,  2471,  2474;  takes 
decisive  action,  2494;  instructs  colonies 
to  establish  governments,  2496;  debate 
on  independence  by,  2496,  2497,  2499 ; 
independence  carried  by,  2499;  por- 
traits  of  signers  of  declaration  of  inde¬ 
pendence,  facing  2500 ;  publishes  Howe’s 
circular,  2510;  appoints  committee  to 
consult  with  Howe,  2517;  leaves  Phila¬ 
delphia,  2530,  2621 ;  Washington  receives 
dictatorial  power,  2530,  2537,  2621 ;  regi¬ 
ment  of  cavalry  raised  by,  2531 ;  Ger¬ 
mans  given  bounty,  2550;  Silas  Deane 
sent  to  France,  2553 ;  treaties  sought  by, 
2555  i  Schuyler’s  resignation  refused, 
2561,  2562;  Gates  sent  to  command  Ti- 
conderoga,  2563 ;  reasons  for  their  treat¬ 
ment  of  Arnold,  2565 ;  facsimile  of 
Arnold’s  commission  as  major-general, 
2566 ;  treatment  of  Arnold,  2567 ;  at  fall 
of  Ticonderoga,  2575;  Schuyler  and  St. 
Clair  recalled  by,  2578;  Gates  appointed, 
2578;  admission  of  Vermont  refused, 
2599;  New  Hampshire  assembly  cen¬ 
sured,  2601;  adjourns  to  Lancaster  and 
York,  262i;ibad  faith  toward  Burgoyne, 
2665,  2666;  Gates  awarded  medal,  2667; 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


61 


Washington  hampered,  2672 ;  weakness 
of,  2677 ;  bad  condition  of  army  due  to 
congress,  2681,  2682;  financial  system, 
2682. 

Continental  paper  money,  see  Currency, 

U.  S. 

“Continental  system,”  4045. 

Contraband,  under  international  law,  3063 ; 
France  on,  3063,  3064;  Frederick  the 
Great  on,  3063 ;  Catherine  of  Russia  on, 
3064;  England  enforces  rules  of,  3539; 
Jay’s  treaty,  3545;  treaty  of  1792  regard¬ 
ing,  3563 ;  Boitler’s  decision  on  slaves 
as,  4745,  4746;  laws  relating  to  traffic, 
4850,  4851;  in  Trent  affair,  4930,  4931. 

Contrecoeur,  Capt.,  at  Ft.  Duquesne,  2041, 
2042,  2047,  2059,  2067,  2068,  2081,  2082. 

Contreras,  battle  of,  4396. 

Convention  of  Saratoga,  see  note,  2638, 
2662. 

Convicts  sent  to  early  colonies,  note,  728. 

Conway,  Gen.  Thomas,  wounded,  2618; 
at  Germantown,  2628,  2630,  2632 ;  char¬ 
acter,  2696;  his  cabal  against  Washing¬ 
ton,  2696-2704;  his  duel  with  Cadwal- 
lader,  2704;  apologizes  to  Washington, 
2704;  in  British  parliament,  3086;  in 
Rockingham’s  cabinet,  3089. 

Conway  cabal,  parties  of,  2696;  action  of, 
2701,  2702;  end  of,  2703. 

Coode,  John,  leads  revolt  in  Maryland, 
1698;  holds  power  for  three  years,  1699, 
1700;  character,  1703. 

Cook,  Lieut.-Col.,  unjustly  accuses  Ogle¬ 
thorpe,  1916. 

Cook,  Capt.  James,  in  naval  battle  at  Louis- 
bourg,  in  1758,  2184;  subsequent  career, 
2184-2195;  in  Wolfe’s  Quebec  expedi¬ 
tion,  2236-2254. 

Cooke,  U.  S.  army  officer  at  Cold  Harbor 
in  peninsular  campaign,  4977. 

Cooke,  Rev.  Elisha,  popular  leader  in  Mas¬ 
sachusetts,  1322,  1346-1350. 

Cooke,  Jay,  failure  of,  5523,  5524. 

Cooper,  Col.  Douglas  H.,  attempts  to  im¬ 
press  the  Cherokees  in  the  Confederate 
army,  note,  4732,  4733. 

Cooper,  James,  member  of  the  “grand  com¬ 
mittee,”  in  1850,  4474. 

Cooper,  Thomas,  prosecution  of,  3675. 

Cooper  river,  second  settlement  of  Charles¬ 
ton  on,  1735;  named  for  Shaftesbury, 
1737;  Lincoln  at,  2910,  2911;  Watson 
advances  to,  3041. 

Coosa  river,  Soto  at,  472 ;  Luna’s  colony  at, 
487. 

Coosawattie,  Tenn.,  Soto  at  site  of,  472. 

Copeland,  John,  Quaker  preacher,  932-936. 


Copenhagen,  bombardment  of,  3867;  Mc¬ 
Kinley  memorial  services  in,  5790. 

Copland,  Rev.  Patrick,  interested  in  educa¬ 
tion  in  Virginia,  686. 

Copley,  John  S.,  owes  much  to  Smibert, 

1487. 

Copp’s  Hill,  Boston,  note,  879;  story  of 
Anne  Pollard’s  landing,  880. 

Copper  mines,  false  reports  of,  522-526;  of 
Lake  Superior,  1991. 

Copyright  law  amended,  5822. 

Coquimbacoa,  Ojeda’s  province,  376. 

Corbett,  Sergt.,  shoots  Booth,  5302. 

Corbin,  Francis,  3313. 

Corbitant,  Indian  chief,  hostile  to  Pilgrims, 

776. 

Corcoran,  Col.  Michael,  Davis  threatens  to 
hang,  4902. 

Cordero,  Spanish  governor  connected  with 
Burr  plot,  3831. 

Cordillo,  Francisco,  discovered  St.  John’s 
river,  397. 

Cordova,  Francisco  Hernandez  de,  expedi¬ 
tion  to  Florida,  391,  393,  394;  in  Yuca¬ 
tan  and  Nicaragua,  464. 

Cordova,  Arabs  of,  use  compass,  65 ;  spher¬ 
icity  of  earth  taught  at,  95;  Columbus  at, 
284,  286-289. 

Corey,  Giles,  executed  for  witchcraft,  1334. 

Corey,  Martha,  accused  of  witchcraft  by 
Parris  children,  1332-1334. 

Corinth,  Miss.,  Van  Dorn  retreats  to,  4737; 
Johnston  joins  Polk  at,  4827;  opera¬ 
tions  around,  5095 ;  evacuated  by  Beau¬ 
regard,  5107,  5108;  battle  of,  5133-5136. 

Corn  taken  from  Virginia  to  England,  61 1; 
taken  from  Indians,  653 ;  cultivation  in 
Virginia,  670-684;  large  quantity  ob¬ 
tained  from  Indians,  673 ;  whiskey  made 
from,  685 ;  found  buried  by  Pilgrims, 
769;  taxes  paid  in,  818;  in  Maryland, 
1071-1077;  important  product  in  north¬ 
ern  colonies,  2349. 

Corn  Island,  Clark  at,  2781,  2794. 

Cornbury,  Edward  Hyde,  Lord,  governor 
of  New  York,  1447;  character  and 
career,  1558-1563,  1834;  portraits,  facing 
1558;  embezzles  New  York  funds,  1559, 
1561 ;  confiscates  dissenting  church  prop¬ 
erty,  1560,  1561;  imprisoned,  1561;  re¬ 
turns  to  England,  1561. 

Cornell,  Alonzo  B.,  Hayes  suspends,  5555- 

Cornplanter,  Seneca  sachem,  1519,  3523. 

Cornstalk,  Shawnee  chief,  defeated  by  Lew¬ 
is,  2171 ;  gerleralship  of,  2772. 

Cornwallis,  Lord,  in  South  Carolina,  1840; 
at  battle  of  Long  Island,  2512-2514; 
invades  New  Jersey,  2527,  2528;  Howe 


62 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


reinforces,  2529 ;  about  to  return  to  Eng¬ 
land,  2544;  march  to  Trenton  by,  2545; 
repulsed  at  Assanpink  creek,  2545 ; 
Washington  outgenerals,  2546,  2548, 

2549;  Lincoln  surprised  by,  2566;  battle 
of  Brandywine,  2616-2620;  at  German¬ 
town,  2632;  at  battle  of  Monmouth, 
2735;  British  southern  campaign  to  be 
under,  2809;  Clinton’s  instructions  to, 
note,  2903 ;  South  Carolina  and  Georgia 
campaign  of,  2914,  2921,  2922,  2926;  map 
of  route,  facing  2914;  approves  mas¬ 
sacre  of  Buford’s  force,  2916;  portraits 
of,  facing  2918;  map  of  route  in  Vir¬ 
ginia  and  the  Car^inas,  facing  2938; 
at  Camden,  2950,  2951,  2989;  battle  of 
Camden,  2954-2957;  defeated  at  King’s 
Mountain,  2988,  3006;  his  situation  and 
policy  in  the  South,  2992,  2993,  2996; 
Ferguson’s  movements  towards,  3000, 
3001,  3007 ;  defeated  at  the  Cowpens, 
3019-3025 ;  effect  of,  3025 ;  pursues  Mor¬ 
gan  and  Greene,  3026,  3028,  3029 ;  the 
battle  of  Guilford,-  3032-3035 ;  reaches 
Wilmington,  3037 ;  Clinton  orders  to. 
Yorktown,  3070;  fight  at  Green  Springs 
farm,  3071 ;  camps  at  Yorktown,  3072; 
Washington’s  rapid  march  on,  3078, 
3079;  Lafayette  blocks,  3080;  Yorktown 
surrendered  by,  3082. 

Cornwallis,  Col.  Edward,  commands  at 

Halifax,  N.  S.,  205 7,  2113-2116. 

Cornwallis,  Thomas,  councillor  in  Lord 

Baltimore’s  expedition,  1069. 

Cornwallis,  British  ship,  4089. 

Cornwallis,  Fort,  at  Augusta,  Ga.,  3050. 

Corporation,  bureau  of,  5804. 

Corpus  Christi,  Tex.,  Taylor  at,  4373;  fed¬ 
eral  post  at,  4864;  Farragut  takes  pos¬ 
session  of,  4898. 

Corregidor,  Fort,  Manila,  surrender  of, 

5723. 

Corrientes,  Cape,  doubled  by  Ponce  de 

Leon,  389. 

Corse,  Gen.  J.  M.,  wounded  at  Allatoona, 
5266. 

Cortelyou,  George  B.,  succeeds  Wynne  as 
postmaster-general,  5821. 

Cortereal,  Gaspar,  expeditions  to  America, 
379-38i. 

Cortereal,  Miguel,  379,  381. 

Cortereal,  Vasqueanes,  379,  381. 

Cortes,  Hernando,  in  contact  with  Pineda, 
394;  way  prepared  for,  by  Velasquez, 
395;  seeks  to  colonize,  400;  mistaken 
for  a  god  by  Aztecs,  448;  place  and 
date  of  birth,  448;  in  Hayti  and  Cuba, 
449;  sent  to  Mexico,  449;  unfaithful  to 
Velasquez,  449,  458;  politic  and  vigorous 


in  Mexico,  449-459;  founds  Vera  Cruz, 
449;  takes  Cempoala,  450;  crushes  Cho- 
lula,  451;  vengeance  of  Aztecs,  451,  454; 
captures  Montezuma,  453 ;  overwhelms 
Narvaez,  455;  nearly  ruined  by  Alvara¬ 
do,  455,  456;  survives  La  Noche  Triste, 
457;  adds  Mexico  to  Spanish  crown, 
459,  503;  governor  of  new  province, 
459;  dies,  459;  great  fame,  469. 

Cortlandt,  mayor  of  New  York,  1535,  1536. 

Corwin,  Thomas,  takes  active  part  in  1840 
campaign,  4326;  secretary  of  the  treas¬ 
ury,  4477;  loss  of  popularity  in  Ohio 
due  to  connection  with  compromise  of 
1850,  4512;  U.  S.  minister  to  Mexico, 
4923- 

Cosa,  Juan  de  la,  explorer,  296;  accom¬ 
panies  Columbus,  321 ;  map  of,  facing 
356;  probabilities  of  Cabot’s  voyage  ac¬ 
cording  to  Cosa’s  map,  358;  Vespucci 
preferred  to,  369;  with  Ojeda,  372; 
killed,  376. 

Cosby,  Col.  William,  royal  governor  of 
New  York,  1568,  1569. 

Cosmographise,  Introductio,  by  Waldsee- 
muller,  370. 

Cottineau,  Capt.,  Pallas  commanded  by, 
2888,  2894. 

Cotton,  Rev.  John,  rector  of  St.  Botolph’s, 
893 ;  portrait,  facing  894 ;  election  ser¬ 
mon,  897 ;  differs  from  Roger  Williams, 
902;  teaches  and  defends  Anne  Hutchin¬ 
son,  905,  906;  draws  up  biblical  code, 
910;  "Father  and  Glory  of  Boston,” 
965 ;  leader  of  political  party,  997 ;  his 
opinion  of  a  democracy,  998. 

Cotton  cultivated  in  Georgia,  1920;  a  staple 
in  Carolinas  and  Georgia  before  revolu¬ 
tion,  2349 ;  early  history  of  its  manu¬ 
facture,  3124,  3125;  production  of,  in 
1800,  3695;  price  of,  in  1861-1865,  4868. 

Cotton  gin,  effect  of  its  invention,  3695. 

Cotton  mill,  the  first,  illus.,  facing  3358. 

Cotton  states,  Gist’s  letter  to  governors  of, 
4607;  their  response,  4607,  4608;  or¬ 
ganize  for  secession,  4608,  4609. 

Cotton  states  and  international  exposition 
at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  5697. 

Couch,  Gen.  Darius  N.,  at  Seven  Pines, 
4967,  4968;  at  Malvern  Hill,  4988,  4990; 
in  Maryland  campaign,  5031,  5032. 

Couche’s  Fort,  whiskey  rioters  at,  3508. 

Counterfeiting  of  continental  paper,  2690. 

Countess  of  Scarborough,  British  ship, 
2887,  2888,  2894. 

Counties  of  England  reflected  in  spirit  and 
name  in  New  England,  876. 

Courcelle,  de,  governor  of  Canada,  1985; 
successful  against  Iroquois,  1986,  1987; 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


63 


permits  La  Salle  to  visit  Senecas,  1990; 
recalled  to  France,  1992. 

Courcol,  Michel  J.  C.,  Canadian  judge,  dis¬ 
charges  St.  Albans  raiders  from  cus¬ 
tody,  5207 ;  suspended  from  office  by 
Canadian  parliament,  5207. 

Court  of  chancery,  British,  decided  against 
Massachusetts  charter,  1307,  1308. 

Court  of  exchequer,  British,  grants  writs 
of  assistance,  2361. 

Court  of  king’s  bench,  British,  decides 
against  Virginia  charter,  708. 

Courts  of  Indian  offenses,  establishment  of, 
5621. 

Courts,  U.  S.,  establishment  of,  in  1789, 
3338-3342 1  new  circuit  courts  created, 
3685;  Federalists  control  judiciary  in 
1803,  3774- 

Covenanters,  Scotch,  settle  Carolinas,  1745. 

Covington,  Ky.,  Heth’s  advance  creates 
panic  in,  5122;  fortification  of,  5122. 

Covode,  John,  on  war  committee,  4783 ; 
motion  for  impeachment  of  President 
Johnson,  5405. 

Cowan,  Edgar,  at  National  Union  conven¬ 
tion,  5376. 

“Cowboys”  and  “Skinners,”  names  adopted 
by  revolutionary  guerrillas,  note,  2583, 
2928,  2982,  2983. 

Coweta,  Ga.,  Indian  chief  of,  1859 ;  Indian 
council  at,  1888. 

Cowpens,  British  defeated  at,  1840,  2057 ; 
location,  2999 ;  troops  at,  3003 ;  plan  of 
the  battle,  map,  facing  3018;  battle  of, 
3019-3025. 

Cox,  Gen.  J.  D.,  at  battle  of  South  Moun¬ 
tain,  5041 ;  commands  under  Burnside 
at  Antietam,  5047;  on  conditions  at 
Knoxville  during  siege,  5158;  selected 
as  secretary  of  interior,  5419;  in  Grant’s 
cabinet,  5521. 

Cox,  Samuel  S.,  offers  resolution  in  house 
concerning  arrest  of  citizens,  5065. 

Cox,  Zachariah,  3387. 

Coxe,  Tench,  3124,  3372,  3677. 

Coxendale,  Va.,  massacre  at,  694. 

“Coxey’s  Army,”  5674,  5675. 

Crab  Orchard,  Ky.,  Morgan  at,  5113. 

Cradock,  Matthew,  summoned  before  coun¬ 
cil  of  New  England,  note,  860;  con¬ 
nected  with  Endicott,  note,  864 ;  gov¬ 
ernor  of  Massachusetts  Bay  association, 
867,  868 ;  shrewd  manager,  873 ;  con¬ 
nection  with  Ratcliffe,  888;  answers 
charges  against  colony,  894;  does  not 
yield  charter,  895 ;  advises  against  union 
of  Massachusetts  and  New  Somerset¬ 
shire,  949. 

Craig,  Sir  James,  facsimile  of  credentials 


given  John  Ilenry  by,  facing  3968; 
in  affair  of  John  Henry  letters,  3969. 

Craik,  Dr.  James,  physician  of  Washington, 
2077  5  appointed  assistant  general  of 
hospitals,  2708. 

Crampton’s  Gap,  Va.,  location,  5036;  battle 
of,  5039,  5040. 

Cranbury,  Washington’s  main  army  near, 
2734- 

Cranch,  William,  administers  oath  to  Tyler, 
4336. 

Crandall  persecuted  for  his  religion,  923. 

Crandall,  Prudence,  her  school  for  negro 
girls  at  Canterbury,  Conn.,  4291,  4292. 

Craney  Island,  Va.,  suited  for  colonization, 
609;  attacked  by  British  in  war, of  1812, 
4041 ;  Merrimac  run  ashore  at,  4919. 

Cranfield,  governor  of  New  Hampshire, 
1470,  1471. 

Cranston,  Samuel,  governor  of  Rhode  Is¬ 
land,  1478,  1484,  i486. 

Craven,  Capt.,  commands  Mississippi  river 
fleet,  4895. 

Craven,  Earl  of,  patentee  in  Carolina  com¬ 
pany,  1722;  palantine  of  Albemarle 
district,  1739. 

Craven,  Adm.  T.  R.,  in  battle  of  Mobile 
Bay,  5171. 

Craven,  Thomas  T.,  commander,  succeeds 
Ward,  4855. 

Crawford,  George  Washington,  connection 
with  the  Galphin  scandal,  4441,  4442. 

Crawford,  Martin,  Jr.,  Confederate  com¬ 
missioner  to  the  United  States,  4661, 
4672,  4673. 

Crawford,  Gen.  S.  W.,  wounded  at  Antie¬ 
tam,  5047. 

Crawford,  Col.  William,  Indian  expedition 
of,  2806. 

Crawford,  William  H.,  leader  in  congress, 
3867,  3901 ;  portrait,  facing  3944 ;  on 
renewal  of  charter  of  U.  S.  bank,  3945; 
appointed  minister  to  France,  4013 ;  as 
presidential  candidate,  4098;  on  effect 
of  Monroe’s  tour,  4101 ;  reappointed  sec¬ 
retary  of  the  treasury,  4102;  his  opposi¬ 
tion  to  the  administration,  4102 ;  attacks 
Jackson’s  conduct  of  Seminole  war, 
4112,  4113;  his  strength  as  a  presidential 
candidate,  4137 ;  stricken  with  paralysis, 
4159;  in  presidential  campaign  of  1824, 
4159-4164;  involved  in  A.  B.  plot,  4160; 
declines  treasury  portfolio  and  retires, 
4165 ;  his  position  in  the  Adams  admin¬ 
istration,  4169. 

Crazy  Horse,  Indian  chief,  escapes  into 
Canada,  5516. 

Crecy,  cannon  used  at  battle  of,  80. 

Credit  mobilier  scandal,  5522,  5523. 


64 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Creeks,  Indian  tribe,  in  southern  states,  161 ; 
phonetic  alphabets,  187;  against  Tus- 
caroras,  1814;  treaty  with  Nicholson, 
1832;  look  down  on  Yamacraws,  1855; 
dealings  with  Oglethorpe,  1855-1859; 
early  history,  1856;  government  and 
society,  1856,  1857;  offered  to  avenge 
death  of  Englishmen,  1858;  represented 
in  England  by  Tomo-Chichi,  1869;  Mo¬ 
ravian  mission  schools  among,  1876; 
aroused  against  English  by  Spaniards, 
1888;  defeat  French  invasion,  1890;  new 
treaty  with  Oglethorpe,  1890,  1891 ;  Mary 
Musgrove,  1924;  in  Georgia  under  Bos- 
omworth,  1926-1932;  claim  southern 
lands,  3385 ;  treaties  of,  3390,  3392,  3393 ; 
negotiations  for  lands  of,  3390,  3391 ; 
war  with,  3532-3534;  outbreak  in  1813, 
4034-4036;  promise  aid  to  the  settlers, 
4037;  as  allies  in  1813,  4038;  defeated  at 
Horse  Shoe  Bend,  4058;  escape  to  Flor¬ 
ida,  4059 ;  compelled  to  cede  land  to 
United  States,  4059;  sign  treaty,  4077; 
difficulty  over  land  cessions,  4177-4180; 
leave  Georgia,  4180;  in  the  civil  war, 
note,  4732,  4733. 

Creole  case,  dispute  with  Great  Britain, 
4349;  settlement  of,  4350;  Webster’s 
attitude  in,  4354. 

Cresap,  Michael,  noted  Indian  trader,  fight 
with  Indians,  2769;  Logan’s  charges 
against,  2770;  Logan’s  revenge,  note, 
2776. 

Cresson,  Hilborne  T.,  discovers  palaeolithic 
relics,  143. 

Creswell,  J.  A.  J.,  postmaster-general,  5419; 
in  Grant’s  cabinet,  5521. 

Crete,  one  of  the  Mediterranean  states, 

J°5- 

Crevecceur,  Fort,  built  by  La  Salle  and 
Tonty,  1894;  destroyed  by  mutineers, 
1995. 

Crew  house,  McClellan’s  headquarters,  4989. 

Crillon,  Count  Edward,  in  connection  with 
the  John  Henry  affair,  3969,  3970. 

Crittenden,  George  B.,  Confederate  gen¬ 
eral,  in  Tennessee  under  Zollicoffer, 
4809;  at  battle  of  Mill  Springs,  4811. 

Crittenden,  John  J.,  attorney-general  under 
Harrison,  4333;  office-seekers,  4334; 
resigns  from  Tyler’s  cabinet,  4346; 
attorney-general,  4477;  portrait,  facing 
4638;  his  compromise  proposition,  4639- 
4644. 

Crittenden,  Gen.  Thomas  L.,  commands  di¬ 
vision  in  battle  of  Pittsburg  Landing, 
5105;  at  Murfreesboro,  5113;  commands 
division  of  army  of  the  Ohio,  5116;  at 
Perryville,  5123,  5124. 


Crocker,  acting-master,  commands  expedi¬ 
tion  against  Sabine  City,  4864;  raids 
Sabine  river,  4865. 

Crockett,  David,  in  campaign  against  the 
Indians,  4037 ;  death  of,  4281. 

Croes,  Bishop,  3108. 

Croghan,  George,  aids  Gist  at  Muskingum, 
2017,  2018;  slighted  by  Braddock,  2060, 
2065 ;  member  of  the  Ohio  colony  com¬ 
pany,  3147;  in  command  of  Ft.  Stephen¬ 
son,  4025;  defeats  Proctor,  4026;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  4026. 

Cromwell,  Oliver,  takes  control  of  Virgin¬ 
ia,  722 ;  supported  by  eastern  counties, 
876;  does  not  require  surrender  of  Mas¬ 
sachusetts  charter,  917;  appealed  to  by 
Rhode  Island,  932;  proposed  to  remove 
Massachusetts  colony  to  Jamaica,  944, 
945 ;  absorbed  in  struggle  at  home,  952 ; 
orders  recruits  from  Massachusetts, 
1016;  suppressed  theocracy  in  England, 
1035 ;  effect  of  his  death  on  Rhode 
Island,  1055;  does  not  settle  dispute 
between  Lord  Baltimore  and  Virginia, 
1097;  becomes  protector,  1098;  pro¬ 
claimed  protector  in  Maryland,  1098, 
1100;  requests  religious  tolerance,  1100; 
protects  Lord  Baltimore,  mo,  mi, 

*  hi 7;  listens  to  Bennett,  1112;  referred 

Maryland  matter  to  council,  1113;  death 
leads  to  restoration,  1275 ;  enforced  sub¬ 
mission  from  Virginia,  1638. 

Cromwell,  Richard,  resigned,  723 ;  not 
equal  to  his  father,  945 ;  accession  of, 
1055;  proclaimed  in  Maryland,  1117. 

Crook,  Gen.  George,  at  Antietam,  5047, 
5048;  at  Hancock,  5053,  5054;  in 

Shenandoah  campaign,  5247 ;  in  battle  of 
Fisher’s  Hill,  5250;  in  battle  of  Cedar 
creek,  5251;  sent  against  the  Sioux 
Indians,  5515. 

Cross,  Bay  of  the  (Apalachee  Bay),  460. 

Cross  creek  (Fayetteville),  N.  C.,  2904, 
2921,  3036. 

Cross  Keys,  Va.,  Jackson  defeats  Shields 
and  Fremont  at,  4798. 

Crossness,  Thorwald’s  burial-place,  218. 

Crosswicks,  Maxwell  and  Morgan  at,  2732. 

Croton  river,  Andre  at,  2982. 

Crowden,  John,  speaker  of  Pennsylvania 
general  assembly,  1238. 

Crown,  William,  receives  a  grant  in  Acadia 
from  Cromwell,  1957,  1958. 

Crown  Point,  N.  Y.,  Richard  Gridley  in 
expedition  against,  note,  1402 ;  aimed 
at  by  Gov.  Shirley,  1405 ;  unsuccess- 
fulfy  attacked  by  Sir  Wm.  Johnson, 
1592;  in  plan  of  Braddock’s  campaign, 
2058;  threatened  by  English  in  1755, 


1 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


65 


2090;  Dieskau  defends,  2091,  2092,  2094, 
2095,  2131 ;  Johnson  loses  chance  of 
capturing,  2104;  sketch  of,  facing  2106; 
strengthened  by  French  in  1756,  2107; 
threatened  by  Loudon,  2148;  airtied  at 
by  Abercrombie,  2178,  2200;  Montcalm 
evacuates  in  1759,  2200;  capture  of, 
assigned  to  Amherst,  2215;  Amherst  in, 
2221 ;  held  by  Haviland,  2276 ;  capture 
of,  2447;  troops  at,  2522;  magazines  es¬ 
tablished  by  Burgoyne  at,  2571. 

Crowninshield,  B.  W.,  reappointed  secretary 
of  the  navy,  4102. 

Crows,  Indian  tribe,  division  of  the  Sioux, 
163. 

Cruger,  Rawdon  reinforced  by,  2946;  at 
Ninety-six,  2994,  3047,  3052;  Augusta 
reinforced  by,  2994;  Ferguson  appeals 
to,  3000;  at  battle  of  Long  Cane,  3010; 
Ninety-six  defended  by,  3052;  at  Eutaw 
Springs,  3076. 

Crum’s  Mill,  Miss.,  Gen.  Van  Dorn  at,  5137. 

Crusades  stimulate  civilization,  44,  45 ;  give 
opportunity  for  seeing  other  countries, 
44-46;  picture  of  battle  in,  facing  44; 
duration  of,  45 ;  advantages  of  contact 
with  Arabs,  46,  47,  51,  52;  end,  53;  idea 
of  printing  brought  to  Europe  by,  55 ; 
Norsemen  in,  232. 

Crystal  Palace,  New  York,  4521. 

Cub  Run,  Va.,  blockade  and  panic  at,  dur¬ 
ing  battle  of  Bull  Run,  4760,  4761 ; 
bridge  destroyed,  5018. 

Cuba  in  time  of  Columbus,  153,  307;  na¬ 
tive  name,  310;  explored  by  him,  312, 
324,  325;  native  customs,  313,  319;  in¬ 
habitants,  323,  338 ;  how  found  to  be 
an  island,  358;  Ojeda  wrecked  on,  376; 
Diego  Miruelo  in,  391 ;  visited  by  Diego 
Velasquez,  395;  Cortes  in,  449;  Nar¬ 
vaez  wrecked  on,  460;  Soto  governor  of, 
465,  466;  renews  supplies  for  Soto,  46.8, 
469;  given  back  to  Spain  in  1763, 
2335,  2336;  revolts  in  1811,  3939; 
Lopez’  expedition  to,  4494-4496 ;  pro¬ 
posals  for  tripartite  convention  to 
discourage  annexation  of,  by  any  nation, 
refused  by  United  States,  4512,  4513; 
seizure  of,  favored  by  Cass  and  Doug¬ 
las,  4514;  Pierce  on  acquisition  of,  4518; 
United  States  desires  to  obtain,  4549 ; 
congress  requests  Spain  to  grant  self- 
government,  5681,  5682;  Cleveland’s 

message  on,  5703 ;  insurrection  begun 
in  1895,  5703,  5704;  destruction  of  the 
Maine,  5704;  McKinley  on  affairs  in, 
5705>  5706;  result  of  Weyler’s  decree  of 
reconcentration  in,  5706;  frightful  mor¬ 


tality,  5707;  McKinley’s  reasons  for  in¬ 
tervention,  5707;  note  to  McKinley  from 
continental  powers,  regarding,  5708,  5709 ; 
congress  decides  to  intervene,  5709; 
McKinley’s  message  to  congress  on, 
5710;  congress  recognizes  the  independ¬ 
ence  of,  5713,  5714;  demands  of  congress 
on  Spain  regarding,  5713;  McKinley 
proclaims  blockade  of,  5715;  Blanco 
calls  the  loyalists  to  arms,  5717;  U.  S. 
army  invades,  5725 ;  Hobson  sinks  the 
Merrimac,  5725,  5726;  blockade  runners, 
5727;  number  of  Spanish  soldiers  in, 
5727;  forces  sent  to,  5727,  5728;  views 
of  American  battlefields,  facing  5728, 
5736;  campaign  around  Santiago,  5728- 
5733  i  destruction  of  Cervera’s  fleet, 
573I_5733;  treaty  of  peace  with  Spain, 
5735)  5736;  commission  superintends 

evacuation  of,  5735,  5736;  Gen.  Brooke 
appointed  governor-general  of,  5738;  Gen. 
Leonard  Wood  succeeds  Brooke,  5738, 
5739;  police  work,  5738;  schools,  5738; 
mail  service,  5738;  public  improvements, 
5739;  finances,  5739;  McKinley’s  mes¬ 
sage  on  affairs  in,  5755;  Roosevelt  on, 
5793)  5794;  congress  on  reciprocity  with, 
5803 ;  commercial  treaty  negotiated  with, 
5805,  5806;  United  States  imports  sugar 
from,  5858. 

Cuba  bill  reported  by  Slidell,  4581. 

Cubagua  discovered  by  Columbus,  330. 

Cubanacan,  310. 

Cuenca,  Ojeda  in,  321. 

Cuff,  negro  of  Col.  Philipse,  in  “Negro 
Plot”  in  New  York,  1576. 

Cuitlahuatzin,  brother  of  Montezuma,  454, 
456,  459- 

Cullom,  Senator  Shelby  M.,  on  Hawaiian 
commission,  5763. 

Cullom,  William,  position  on  repeal  of  Mis¬ 
souri  compromise,  4540. 

Culpeper,  Lord,  receives  grant  of  Virginia, 
1610;  governor  of  Virginia,  1626; 
encroaches  on  liberties  of  Virginia, 
1627;  proposes  foolish  schemes  for  rais¬ 
ing  prices  of  tobacco,  1629,  1630;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  1630;  disapproves  of  the 
printing-press,  1652. 

Culpeper,  John,  leader  in  North  Carolina, 
1756,  1759)  1760,  1805. 

Cumberland,  Duke  of,  suggested  as  sover¬ 
eign  of  united  American  colonies,  2106; 
signs  convention  of  Closter-Seven,  2355, 
2662. 

Cumberland,  Fort,  Pa.,  2317. 

Cumberland,  Md.,  meeting-place  of  Wash¬ 
ington  and  Gist,  2031. 


66 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Cumberland,  R.  I.,  William  Blackstone’s 
home  on  site  of,  1022. 

Cumberland,  U.  S.  frigate,  at  Gosport  navy- 
yard,  4696;  at  Vera  Cruz,  4843;  in  Hat- 
teras  Inlet  expedition,  4872;  destroyed 
by  the  Merrimac,  4915,  4916. 

Cumberland  Gap,  massacre  of  Boone’s  party 
in,  2768;  Morgan  at,  5110;  Bragg  moves 
to,  5124. 

Cumberland  Island,  Ga.,  visited  by  Ogle¬ 
thorpe,  1883;  Spanish  fleet  at,  in  1742, 
1905,  1906. 

Cumberland  Mountains  on  route  of  Wash¬ 
ington  and  Gist,  2031,  2032. 

Cumberland  river,  pigmy  skeletons  near, 
123;  Zollicoffer  and  Thomas  at,  4809; 
Grant  proposes  to  take  Ft.  Donelson  on, 
4813;  Morgan  escapes  over,  5111,  5113. 

Cumberland  road,  see  National  road. 

Cumberland  Sound,  Spaniards  at,  in  1742, 

T9°5- 

Cuming,  Sir  Alexander,  takes  Cherokee 
chief  to  England,  1859,  i860. 

Cumming,  Alfred,  governor  of  Utah,  4575. 

Cumming’s  Point,  view  of,  facing  4676. 

Cunningham,  Maj.  John,  at  the  Cowpens, 
3021. 

Cunningham,  Gen.  Robert,  fight  at  Little 
river,  3017. 

Curacoa,  Ojeda  at,  363;  Peter  Stuyvesant 
governor  of,  1143;  centre  of  slave  trade, 
1164. 

Currency,  U.  S.,  tobacco  as  legal  tender 
in  colonial  times,  716,  717;  among  early 
settlers  and  Indians,  918,  919;  pine-tree 
coinage,  1304;  illus.,  facing  1304;  paper 
money  in  colonial  Connecticut,  1452;  in 
Rhode  Island,  1483,  1484,  1490;  objected 
to  by  home  government,  1489 ;  almost 
valueless,  1490;  mint  established  at  An¬ 
napolis,  1672 ;  in  South  Carolina  in  early 
18th  century,  1797;  depreciation  of  cur¬ 
rency  in  Carolinas  in  18th  century,  1839; 
facsimile  of  continental  paper  money, 
2654;  revolutionary  war  issue  of  paper 
money,  2682-2691,  2723,  2808,  2853-2857, 
2962-2966,  2990,  3057,  3058;  United 

States  acts  on  paper  money,  3244-3246; 
specimens  of  first  U.  S.  coins,  illus.,  fac¬ 
ing  3432;  description  of  first  coins,  3432, 
3433 ;  large  issue  of  paper  currency 
(1857),  4572;  act  providing  national  cur¬ 
rency  passed  by  congress,  5192;  con¬ 
gress  on  legal  tender  in  1874,  5524,  5525, 
5529;  paper  money  made  legal  tender, 
5560 ;  silver  the  standard  of  value,  5561 ; 
gold  becomes  sole  standard  of  value,  5561 ; 
Bland  bill,  5563,  5564;  Harrison  on,  5625, 
5626;  silver  certificates  ordered  issued 


by  congress,  5643,  5644;  congress  pro¬ 
hibits  coinage  of  certain  pieces,  5644; 
Sherman  act  on,  5646,  5649,  5651 ;  con¬ 
gress  restores  the  coinage  of  silver,  5680; 
Cleveland’s  commission  on  bimetalism, 
5682,  5683 ;  congress  act  on  standard  of 
value,  5755,  5756;  Roosevelt  on  elastic 
currency,  5837 ;  kinds  legalized  by  United 
States,  5976;  as  legal  tender,  5977;  coin¬ 
age  of  gold,  5977;  coinage  of  silver, 
59/8. 

Curtin,  Andrew  G.,  portrait,  facing  4686; 
candidate  for  president,  5519. 

Curtis,  commissioner  for  Maryland,  1092, 
1094. 

Curtis,  Benjamin  R.,  on  Dred  Scott  case, 
4566-4568;  on  slavery  in  the  territories, 
4569;  counsel  for  Johnson  in  impeach¬ 
ment,  5407. 

Curtis,  Gen.  Samuel  R.,  criticises  Fremont, 
4728;  supersedes  Sigel,  4731 ;  marches 
from  Rolla  to  Springfield,  4732 ;  at  bat¬ 
tle  of  Pea  Ridge,  4734-4737;  in  command 
in  Kansas,  5257 ;  moves  against  Gen. 
Price,  5257. 

Cusack,  Adam,  hanging  of,  2995. 

Cushenoc,  Me.,  832. 

Cushing,  subordinate  officer  to  Wilkinson 
in  Burr  plot,  3831,  3832. 

Cushing,  Caleb,  mission  to  China,  4366 ; 
attorney-general  under  Pierce,  4519; 
supports  the  Union  cause,  4681 ;  counsel 
in  the  Geneva  tribunal  of  arbitration, 

5507. 

Cushing,  Thomas,  speaker  of  general  as¬ 
sembly  in  Massachusetts,  2387;  in  first 
continental  congress,  2409. 

Cushing,  W.  B.,  plans  for  destruction  of 
the  Albemarle,  5174,  5175;  destroys  Al¬ 
bemarle,  5175;  escape,  5175,  5176. 

Cushing,  William,  justice  of  the  supreme 
court,  3339. 

Cushman,  Richard,  Puritan  leader,  goes  to 
Holland,  757;  tries  to  get  patent  for 
colony,  758,  760;  peacemaker,  763,  764; 
on  the  Speedwell,  766;  goes  to  New 
England,  778 ;  in  England,  779 ;  agent 
in  purchase  of  Cape  Ann  region,  795 ; 
death,  816. 

Custer,  Gen.  George  A.,  delegate  at  con¬ 
vention  of  administration  party,  5 377; 
portrait,  facing  5514;  view  of  his  monu¬ 
ment,  facing  5514;  massacre  of,  5515. 

Custom-house,  first  in  Baltimore,  1712. 

Customs  officers,  salaries  of,  5559. 

Cutina,  Indian  chief  in  Florida,  484. 

Cutler,  Ephraim,  opposes  the  organization 
of  the  state  of  Ohio,  3721. 

Cutler,  Manasseh,  efforts  to  secure  ordi- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


67 


nance  of  1787,  3193-3198;  his  connection 
with  the  Ohio  company,  3520. 

Cutler,  Timothy,  rector  of  Yale  college, 
1451. 

Cutts,  John,  at  battle  of  Severn,  1108. 

Cuttyhunk,  Mass.,  Gosnold’s  settlement  at, 
619,  627. 

Cuyahoga  river,  rangers’  camp  at,  visited 
by  Pontiac,  2280. 

Cuyler,  Lieut.,  commands  relief  fleet  for 
Detroit  and  escapes  to  fort,  2300. 

Cuyler ,  U.  S.  vessel,  4845. 

Cuzco,  riches  of,  465. 

Cyane,  British  ship,  4089. 

Cyclones  in  year  1893,  5663,  5664. 

Cynthiana,  Ky.,  Morgan  at,  5121. 

Cypress  Hills,  2512-2515. 

Czolgosz,  McKinley  assassinated  by,  5787. 


D. 

Dacres,  Capt.,  commands  British  ship 
Guerriere,  3952,  3990,  3991. 

Dade,  Francis  Lanhorne,  killed  by  Indians, 
4312. 

Dahlgren,  John  A.,  succeeds  Dupont  in  com¬ 
mand  of  the  Charleston  fleet,  4854,  5165. 

Daily  Union  succeeds  the  Globe,  4371. 

Daiquiri,  Cuba,  landing  of  U.  S.  troops  at, 
5728. 

Dakotas,  Indian  tribe,  division  of  the  Sioux, 
162;  Soto  among,  476. 

Dale,  Richard,  first  lieutenant  of  Bon- 
homme  Richard,  2885,  2898;  sent  to 
Triooli,  3711;  portrait  of,  facing  3770. 

Dale,  Sir  Thomas,  deputy-governor  in  Vir¬ 
ginia,  668-670;  establishes  Henricus,  671 ; 
makes  Dutch  Gap  canal,  671,  and  note, 
671 ;  drives  out  the  Appomattox  tribe, 
672,  694;  names  New  Bermudas,  672; 
uses  Pocahontas  as  a  peacemaker,  674, 
675 ;  Pocahontas’  son  named  for,  675 ; 
successful  administration,  676;  retires 
to  England,  676. 

Dale’s  Gift,  Va.,  named  for  Sir  Thomas 
Dale,  672. 

Dallas,  Lieut.  A.  J.,  in  command  of  a  divi¬ 
sion  on  the  President,  3953. 

Dallas,  Alexander  James,  on  committee  to 
receive  Genet,  3467 ;  appointed  district 
attorney,  3708 ;  nominated  for  secretary 
of  treasury,  4045;  portrait,  facing  4094; 
his  plan  for  relieving  the  national  treas¬ 
ury,  4094,  4095- 

Dallas,  George  M.,  presents  petition  of  bank 
for  re-charter,  4246 ;  nominated  vice- 
president,  4363;  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  Democratic  nomination  (1848),  4427. 


Dallas,  Ga.,  retreat  of  Gen.  Johnston  to, 
5260. 

Dalton,  Ga.,  Bragg’s  movements  through, 
5162;  Confederates  in  winter  quarters 
at,  5253 ;  march  of  Sherman  upon,  5260. 

Dalzell,  Capt.  James,  one  of  Rogers’  ran¬ 
gers,  plans  surprise  of  Pontiac,  2302, 
2303;  defeated  and  killed,  2303-2305. 

Dam,  Jan  Jansen,  abettor  of  Pavonia  mas¬ 
sacre,  1132. 

Dam,  Rip  Van,  acting  governor  of  New 
York,  sketch  of,  1568;  in  controversy 
with  Cosby,  1568;  portrait,  facing  1568; 
with  Clarke,  1573. 

Dan,  Cape,  206. 

Dana,  member  of  congress  from  Connecti¬ 
cut,  3867. 

Dana,  Francis,  declines  appointment  to 
France,  3595. 

Danbury,  Conn.,  Tryon  destroys,  2566; 
Washington’s  army  extends  to,  2762. 

Dane,  Nathan,  portrait  of,  facing  3192; 
facsimile  of  Dane’s  anti-slavery  addition 
to  ordinance  of  1787,  facing  3194;  author 
of  slavery  clause  in  ordinance  of  1787, 
3195,  3196. 

Danforth,  Thomas,  opposed  witchcraft  de¬ 
lusion,  1337. 

Daniel,  Book  of,  Gov.  Burnet’s  book  on, 

1567. 

Daniel,  Father,  Jesuit  missionar}'  killed  by 
Iroquois  at  St.  Joseph,  1970.  » 

Daniel,  Peter  V.,  opinion  on  Dred  Scott 
case,  45 66. 

Daniel,  Senator,  at  centennial  celebration 
of  Washington’s  inauguration,  5628. 

Dante’s  opinion  of  ocean,  330,  355 ;  birth¬ 
place,  344. 

Dantzic  opened  to  American  vessels,  2715. 

Danvers,  Mass.,  Salem  witchcraft  began  in, 

,  T33?- 

D’ Any  file,  French  commander,  death,  1407. 

Danville,  Ky.,  statehood  convention  at,  3178, 
3179. 

Danville,  Va.,  operations  against,  5285; 
Davis  in,  5289;  Lee  retreats  to,  5303; 
Confederate  capital,  5307 ;  flight  of  Davis 
from,  5308;  Lee  attempts  to  reach,  5315. 

Dare,  Ananias,  father  of  first  English  child 
born  in  America,  612. 

Dare,  Virginia,  first  English  child  born  in 
America,  613;  lost,  615. 

Darien,  Ga.,  Scotch  settled  in,  1864;  fort 
built  at,  1881. 

Darien,  Isthmus  of,  passed  by  Columbus, 
3391  Ojeda’s  settlement  on,  376,  377; 
Balboa  on,  382,  383;  Soto  and  Pedrarias 
on,  385,  464. 

Darling,  Fort,  Va.,  Union  fleet  arrives  at, 


68 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


4920;  outer  defenses  captured  by  Gen. 
Butler,  5246. 

Dartmouth,  Earl  of,  cited  on  disfranchise¬ 
ment  of  negroes,  1650. 

Dartmouth,  Lord,  colonial  secretary,  2416, 
2479;  plans  Vandalia  colony,  3148. 

Dartmouth,  Eng.,  Hudson  put  into,  547; 
Mayflower  and  Speedwell  put  back  to, 
765. 

Dartmouth,  Mass.,  devastated  in  King  Phil¬ 
ip’s  war,  1287. 

Dartmouth  college  established  in  colonial 
times,  2347 ;  early  history  of,  3132. 

Daston,  Sarah,  acquitted  of  witchcraft,  1341. 

D’Aubery,  Capt.,  defeats  Grant  in  1758, 
2170;  tries  to  relieve  Ft.  Niagara,  2228; 
defeated,  2228,  2229. 

Daughters  of  the  American  revolution,  so¬ 
ciety  of  the,  5919. 

Daughters  of  the  Cincinnati,  5918,  5919. 

Daughters  of  the  revolution,  society  of  the, 
5919. 

Daulac,  Adam,  sieur  des  Ormeaux,  heroic 
defender  of  Canada,  1978;  account  of  his 
exploit,  1978-1983. 

Daulon,  Adam,  1978-1983. 

D’Aunay,  father  of  Charles,  attends  to  his 
son’s  claims,  1945 ;  is  persuaded  to  sign 
away  son’s  property,  1956. 

D’Aunay,  Charles  de  Menou,  seigneur 
Charnisay,  1941 ;  at  Port  Royal,  1942, 
1943 ;  captures  Penobscot  factory,  1943, 
1944;  trouble  with  La  Tour,  1947-1955; 
death  of,  1956. 

Dauphin  Island,  Ala.,  entrance  to  port  at 
Mobile,  5169;  Union  troops  landed  on, 
5UO. 

Danphine  (Delfina),  Verrazano’s  ship,  503, 
505. 

Davenport,  Christopher,  text  and  note,  985. 

Davenport,  Rev.  John,  founder  of  New 
Haven,  984,  986-992;  portrait,  facing 
984 ;  sketch  of,  985 ;  comes  to  Boston, 
986;  explains  failure  to  apprehend  regi¬ 
cides,  1418;  opposes  merging  of  New 
Haven  with  Connecticut  colony,  1422; 
draws  up  able  defense  of  New  Haven, 
I425. 

Davidson,  John,  interpreter  for  Washing¬ 
ton  on  Ohio  journey,  2031. 

Davidson,  William  L.,  retreats  before  Corn¬ 
wallis,  2996,  5028;  at  Providence,  3009; 
joins  Morgan,  3016. 

Davidson  county,  as  Tennessee,  3169. 

Davie,  William  Richardson,  portrait,  facing 
2924;  sketch  of,  2925;  in  campaign  in 
Carolinas  during  revolution,  2933,  2038, 
note,  2959,  2960,  2996,  3009 ;  appointed  to 
commissary  department,  3014;  member 


of  the  Philadelphia  convention,  3270; 
appointed  brigadier-general,  3637;  ap¬ 
pointed  French  commissioner,  3659. 

Davies,  Thomas  A.,  brigade  commander  in 
army  of  the  Potomac,  4748;  at  Cen- 
treville,  4760. 

Daviess,  Joseph  H.,  accuses  Burr  of  con¬ 
spiracy,  3828-3830;  at  battle  of  Tippe¬ 
canoe,  3961. 

Davila,  Pedrarias,  385,  386. 

Davis,  English  clergyman,  3108. 

Davis,  Charles  C.,  attorney-general,  5551. 

Davis,  Capt.  Charles  H.,  commands  Union 
fleet  on  the  Mississippi,  4839s  4840; 
on  battle  of  Memphis,  4841,  4842;  ap¬ 
proves  plans  of  new  war  vessels,  4910. 

Davis,  Cushman  K.,  member  of  Paris  peace 
commission,  5757. 

Davis,  David,  candidate  for  president,  5518, 
55!9. 

Davis,  Garrett,  letter  to  president  on  Fre¬ 
mont’s  proclamation,  4718. 

Davis,  Gen.  George  B.,  governor  of  Panama 
canal  strip,  5801. 

Davis,  George  R.,  address  at  the  Columbian 
exposition  in  1893,  5660. 

Davis,  Henry  Winter,  offers  resolution 
about  Mexico,  5068;  reconstruction  bill 
of,  5331 ;  portrait,  facing  5332;  issues 
protest  against  Lincoln,  5333 ;  loses  re¬ 
nomination  to  congress,  5334. 

Davis,  Col.  J.  C.,  commands  division  under 
Curtis,  4731 ;  at  battle  of  Pea  Ridge, 
4735,  4736. 

Davis,  J.  C.  Bancroft,  agent  of  the  United 
States  before  the  Geneva  tribunal,  5507. 

Davis,  James,  tries  to  find  northwest  pas¬ 
sage,  597 ;  in  council  of  Popham  colony, 
729;  goes  to  Jamestown,  733. 

Davis,  Jefferson,  member  of  senate,  4418, 
4452;  opposes  Clay’s  compromise  res¬ 
olutions  (1850),  4453;  view  of  the  con¬ 
stitution,  4469;  declines  leadership  of  the 
Lopez  expedition  to  Cuba,  4494;  de¬ 
feated  for  governor  of  Mississippi,  4498; 
defeat  due  to  feeling  over  compromise 
of  1850,  4512;  secretary  of  war  under 
Pierce,  4519;  secures  president’s  ap¬ 
proval  of  repeal  of  Missouri  compromise, 
4533 ;  attacks  Freeport  interpretation  of 
popular  sovereignty,  4587 ;  interview  with 
Buchanan,  4628 ;  on  secession,  4645,  4646, 
4653 ;  elected  president  of  the  Confed¬ 
eracy,  4654;  sketch  of,  4654,  4655;  in¬ 
augural  message,  4655,  4656;  portrait, 
facing  4656;  cabinet,  4660;  instructions 
on  Ft.  Sumter,  4675 ;  message  to  Gov. 
Letcher  regarding  Baltimore,  4689 ; 
sends  artillery  to  Missouri,  4704,  4705; 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


69 


rejects  Beauregard’s  plans  at  Manassas, 
4744,  4745;  at  Bull  Run,  4762;  plans  to 
fortify  Columbus,  Ky.,  4802;  opinion  of 
Sidney  Johnston,  4828;  issues  letters  of 
marque,  4901 ;  letter  to  Lincoln  threat¬ 
ening  retaliation,  4902 ;  orders  Col.  Cor¬ 
coran  in  irons,  4902 ;  issues  proclama¬ 
tion  in  retaliation  upon  Gen.  Pope,  mes¬ 
sage  to  Confederate  congress,  Son, 
5012;  concerning  emancipation  procla¬ 
mation,  5063 ;  proclaims  martial  law  in 
Richmond,  5066;  gives  Pemberton  com¬ 
mand  of  Mississippi,  5138;  appoints 
Bragg  to  succeed  Beauregard,  5139;  de¬ 
mands  independence  as  only  basis  of 
peace,  5200;  sends  Thompson  as  com¬ 
missioner  to  Canada,  5203 ;  proposal  to 
arm  negroes,  5223,  5224;  interview  with 
F.  P.  Blair,  Sr.,  5225;  letter  to  Blair 
regarding  peace  negotiations,  5226;  ap¬ 
points  peace  commissioners,  5226;  speech 
after  return  of  commissioners,  5227;  re¬ 
fuses  to  abandon  idea  of  independence, 
5229;  report  of  Judge  Campbell  to, 
5229;  opposes  peace  negotiations,  5229; 
Lord  Lyons’  remonstrance  to,  5230; 
answer  to  Lord  Lyons,  5231 ;  orders 
Hood  to  invade  Tennessee,  5266; 
warned  to  evacuate  Richmond,  5289 ; 
receives  news  of  Lee’s  retreat,  5303 ; 
leaves  Richmond,  5307 ;  reaches  Danville, 
5307;  proclamation  of,  5307,  5308; 

goes  to  Greensboro,  5308 ;  interview  with 
Johnston  and  Beauregard,  5308;  retreats 
farther  south,  5308;  capture,  5309;  im¬ 
prisoned  in  Fortress  Monroe,  5310;  set 
at  liberty,  5310;  congress  on  removing 
political  disability  of,  5557;  body  re¬ 
moved  to  Richmond  for  burial,  5665, 
5666. 

Davis,  Mrs.  Jefferson,  captured  with  her 
husband,  5309. 

Davis,  John,  upholds  constitutionality  of 
the  embargo,  3881. 

Davis,  Nicholas,  banished  from  Massachu¬ 
setts  Bay  colony,  936. 

Davis,  Robert,  in  council  of  Popham  col¬ 
ony,  728,  729;  went  to  Jamestown,  733. 

Davis’  Mill,  Miss.,  engagements  at,  5136. 

Davis  Strait,  in  Icelandic  explorations, 
206. 

Davison,  William,  Puritan,  753. 

Dawes,  William,  ride  to  Lexington,  2423. 

Dawes  bill  on  Indian  reservations,  5619. 

Dawson  City,  Klondike,  view  of,  facing 
5682 ;  growth  since  1900,  5684. 

Day,  Luke,  in  Shay’s  rebellion,  3240. 


Day,  William  R.,  member  of  Paris  peace 
commission,  5 737. 

Daye,  Stephen,  first  printer  in  America,  913. 

Dayton,  Jonathan,  member  of  the  Philadel¬ 
phia  convention,  3268;  sketch  of,  3268, 
3269;  in  house  of  representatives,  3423, 
3564;  on  sequestering  British  debts,  3494/ 
appointed  brigadier-general,  3637;  enters 
the  senate,  3668;  in  Burr  conspiracy, 
3820,  3830;  indicted  for  treason,  3841. 

Dayton,  William  L.,  nominated  for  vice- 
president,  4558. 

Dayton,  Fort,  Arnold  reaches,  2595. 

Dayton,  O.,  Hull’s  forces  assemble  at,  3981. 

Deane,  Silas,  in  Ticonderoga  expedition, 
2443;  his  missions  to  France,  2494,  2553- 
2555,  2713;  with  D’Estaing’s  fleet,  2752; 
on  naval  committee,  2861 ;  proposed  sale 
of  lands  for  war  funds,  3149,  3150. 

Deane,  U.  S.  ship,  2881,  2900. 

Dearborn,  Gen.  Henry,  at  Saratoga,  2639, 
2640,  2644,  2654;  appointed  secretary  of 
war,  3712;  sketch  of,  3980;  plan  for  the 
invasion  of  Canada,  3981,  3983,  3987;  on 
Lake  Champlain,  3995 ;  portrait,  facing 
4000;  his  failure  to  invade  Canada,  4001, 
4002;  plans  to  take  York  and  Niag¬ 
ara,  4049 ;  ill  and  depressed  by  his  fail¬ 
ures,  4051 ;  retired  by  the  president, 
4052;  in  command  at  Boston,  4060; 
nominated  for  vice-president  by  Native 
Americans,  4425. 

Dearborn,  Fort  (Chicago),  illus.  of,  facing 
3978;  strength  of,  in  1812,  3979;  surren¬ 
dered  and  burnt,  3986. 

“Death  Angle”  in  battle  of  Spottsylvania, 
5238- 

Death  penalty  in  England  and  New  Eng¬ 
land,  1005. 

Deborre,  Maj.-Gen.,  at  Brandywine,  2617, 
2618;  congress  recalls,  note,  2618;  re¬ 
turns  to  France,  note,  2618. 

Debs,  Eugene  V.,  president  of  American 
railway  union,  5671 ;  in  Pullman  .strike 
of  1894,  5671-5673 ;  arrested  and  impris¬ 
oned,  5673,  5674;  nominee  of  Social 
Democrats  for  president,  5765. 

Debt,  national,  of  England,  increased  by 
wars  in  18th  century,  2341. 

Debt,  national,  U.  S.,  Hamilton’s  report  on 
the,  3361,  3364;  Hamilton’s  plan  on 
liquidation  of  the,  3365,  3500 ;  in  1861, 
4943,  4944;  amount  of,  in  1864,  5192; 
congress  on  refunding  the,  5542,  5543. 

Debt  laws  in  England  in  17th  century, 
1749- 

Debts  contracted  in  England  not  paid  in 
Carolinas,  1748,  1749. 


70 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Debts,  state,  in  1778,  2723. 

“Decades  of  the  New  World,"  by  Richard 
Eden,  note,  422. 

Decatur,  Stephen,  portrait,  facing  3770; 
destroys  the  Philadelphia ,  377b  3772» 
defends  Norfolk,  3857;  hemmed  in  by 
British  blockade  (1813),  4042;  defeated 
in  naval  battle  off  Sandy  Hook,  4089; 
punishes  the  Barbary  states  for  depre¬ 
dations  on  American  commerce,  4093. 

Decatur,  Stephen,  Sr.,  captures  French  pri¬ 
vateer,  3622. 

Decatur,  Ala.,  Turchin’s  brigade  at,  5109; 
Col.  Palmer’s  cavalry  at,  5269. 

Decatur,  Ill.,  first  post  of  Grand  Army 
organized  at,  5916. 

Declaration  of  independence,  connection 
with  Hooker’s  sermon,  999;  voted  on, 
2499;  Jefferson  drafts,  2499,  2500;  re¬ 
ception  of,  2500,  2501 ;  South  Carolina’s 
attitude  toward,  2823.  - 

Declaration  of  indulgence  granted  by 
James  II.,  1222. 

Declaration  of  rights  in  New  York  legis¬ 
lature  in  1683,  1514;  by  first  continental 
congress,  2410. 

Dedham,  Mass.,  punishes  Quakers,  932. 

Deep  river,  Kalb  at,  2939;  Cornwallis  at, 
3031,  3036. 

Deerfield,  Mass.,  outlying  settlement,  1287; 
attacked  by  Indians,  1292;  occupied  by 
Indians,  1296;  scene  of  conflicts,  1297, 
1298;  second  massacre  at,  1353. 

Deerhound,  British  yacht,  saves  crew  of 
the  Alabama,  4909. 

Defense,  U.  S.  cruiser,  2867. 

“Defense  of  American  Charters,”  by  Jere¬ 
miah  Dummer,  1485. 

Defiance,  Fort,  3526,  3529. 

De  Fleury,  heroism  of,  2618,  2619. 

Defoe,  Daniel,  commemorated  annus  mi- 
rabilis,  1279. 

De  Golyers,  U.  S.  army  officer  at  New 
Madrid,  4830. 

De  Gray,  Earl,  British  envoy,  on  high  joint 
commission  of  1871,  5506. 

DeKalh,  U.  S.  ironclad  gunboat,  4846. 

Delacroix,  French  minister,  refuses  to  re¬ 
ceive  Pinckney,  3583. 

DeLancey,  James,  governor  of  New  York, 
leader  of  liberals  in  New  York  in  1743- 
53,  1583 ;  friend  of  the  people  rather 
than  governor,  1583-1585;  received  com¬ 
mission  from  Gov.  Clinton,  1593;  at 
Alexandria  conference  in  1755,  205 7. 

DeLancey,  James,  cousin  of  governor,  loy¬ 
alist  in  revolutionary  war,  3139. 

DeLancey,  Oliver,  2994. 


DeLancey,  Stephen,  connected  by  marriage 
with  William  Johnson,  1590. 

Delano,  Columbus,  secretary  of  the  interior, 
5522. 

Delaplace,  Capt.,  commander  at  Ticonder- 
oga,  2444;  surrenders  to  Allen,  2446. 

Delaware,  Thomas  West,  Lord,  chosen  lord- 
governor  of  Virginia,  656,  657 ;  arrives 
in  Virginia,  663,  664;  portrait,  facing 
664;  improves  conditions  of  Jamestown, 
665;  dies,  667,  668;  plans  for  reinforcing 
colony,  678;  title  of,  derived  from  Seig¬ 
neur  de  la  Tour  and  La  Vuarre,  note, 
1936. 

Delaware  (state),  Norsemen  near,  217;  pa- 
troonships  of  Godyn  and  Blommaert  in, 
565,  578 ;  included  in  grant  to  second  Vir¬ 
ginia  company,  656;  included  in  Balti¬ 
more’s  first  patent,  1063  ;  first  state  to  rati¬ 
fy  constitution,  1205 ;  part  of  Pennsylva¬ 
nia,  1205  ;  annexed  to  Pennsylvania,  1209; 
David  Brainerd  preached  to  Indians  in, 
1225 ;  secured  separate  executive  offices, 
1232;  secured  right  of  independence  from 
Penn,  1248;  finally  separates  from  Penn¬ 
sylvania,  1251 ;  first  iron  furnace  built 
in,  1264;  sends  delegate  to  stamp  act 
congress,  2377;  appoints  delegates  to 
continental  congress,  2438;  favors  inde¬ 
pendence,  2497 ;  state  government  at 
close  of  revolution,  3104,  3105;  forbids 
slavery,  3106;  signs  articles  of  confed¬ 
eration,  3153-3158;  ratifies  United  States 
constitution,  3302,  3303 ;  population  in 
1790,  3422;  action  on  Kentucky  resolu¬ 
tions,  3651,  3652;  electoral  vote  given  to 
McClellan,  5212. 

Delaware ,  U.  S.  ship,  4696. 

Delaware  Bay  missed  by  Verrazano,  note, 
504,  505  ; 'Walvis  arrives  in,  566;  Swedish 
colony  arrives  in,  579;  New  Haven  col¬ 
ony  driven  from,  584,  585,  992,  1012, 
1014;  prosperous  Swedish  settlements  on, 
1126;  British  fleet  ravages  shores  of,  in 
1813,  4039. 

Delaware  company  formed  in  Connecticut 
for  colonization,  1270. 

Delaware  river,  palaeolithic  remains  in  val¬ 
ley  of,  140;  Dutch  on,  542,  552,  556,  562, 
565,  1059 ;  called  the  “South  River,” 
545;  Swedes  on,  579,  580,  1126,  1127; 
New  Haven  colonies  on,  1012-1014;  Vir¬ 
ginia  and  Maryland  colonies  driven 
from,  1121,  1125;  land  on,  transferred  to 
Penn,  1204;  Mason  and  Dixon  survey 
began  on,  1206;  Pennsbury  manor  on, 
1244;  land  on,  taken  by  Walking  pur¬ 
chase,  1259;  Connecticut  settlements  on, 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


71 


1 272;  Swedish  rising  on,  1499;  com¬ 
merce  with  Indians  on,  diverted  by 
French,  15  22;  fortified  in  war  with 
France,  1594;  Washington  crosses,  2529, 
2538,  2540,  2542,  2543,  2732;  Howe  on, 
2529,  2668-2673 ;  part  taken  by  the  navy 
on,  2859-2863. 

Delawares,  Indian  tribe,  picture  of  type, 
facing  160;  pledged  amity  with  Penn, 
1211;  history  and  names  of,  2019-2021; 
become  widely  scattered,  2020;  take  op¬ 
posite  sides  in  seven  years’  war,  2020; 
regain  independent  spirit  when  they  es¬ 
cape  from  Iroquois  control,  2020;  a  part 
of  them  join  Pontiac  in  his  war,  2021; 
join  in  defeating  St.  Clair,  2021 ;  de¬ 
feated  by  “Mad  Anthony”  Wayne,  2021 ; 
friendly  to  English,  2025 ;  thwarted  in 
efforts  to  entrap  Ft.  Pitt,  2319;  Dunmore 
receives  treaty  with,  2772;  in  Corn¬ 
stalk’s  campaign,  2772 ;  James  Girty 
adopted  by,  2794;  Moravian  settlements 
of,  2805;  oppose  the  Prophet,  3957;  con¬ 
firm  treaty  with  United  States,  3959, 
4°59. 

Delfosse,  Belgian  minister  to  United  States, 
member  of  the  fishery  commission,  5535, 
5536. 

Delft,  “Familists”  founded  in,  847;  Thomas 
Hooker  preached  in,  966. 

Delfthaven,  Pilgrims  sail  from,  745,  764; 
picture,  facing  764. 

Delight,  British  ship,  601 ;  wrecked,  602. 

Democracy,  Connecticut  simplest  form  of, 
982;  Cotton’s  opinion  of,  998;  Ports¬ 
mouth  declares  itself  to  be  a,  1039; 
source  of  its  power,  1611;  Jefferson’s 
theory  of,  3703,  3704. 

Democratic  clubs,  Washington’s  censure  of, 
3547,  3548;  Jefferson  in,  3549,  3550. 

Democratic  party  (formerly  called  Demo¬ 
cratic  Republican  party),  formation  of 
the,  3451-3453;  opposed  to  war  with 
England,  3495,  3496;  on  treaty  making, 
3569;  against  war  with  France,  3621- 
3623 ;  interpretation  of  the  constitution, 
3748;  on  the  Louisiana  purchase,  3750, 
37 51,  3754;  opposition  to  the  judiciary 
of  1803,  3774,  3775 ;  Judge  Chase  assails, 
3777 1  position  on  the  12th  amendment, 
3797 ;  disapproves  embargo,  3880 ;  nom¬ 
inates  Van  Buren  for  vice-president, 
4249;  holds  convention  in  Baltimore  in 
1835,  4302;  loses .  ground,  4306,  4307; 
holds  convention  in  Baltimore  in  1840, 

4325,  4326;  defeated  in  election  in  1840, 

4326,  4327 ;  approves  of  Tyler’s  course 
in  bank  question,  4348;  nominates  Polk, 
4363 ;  incorporates  Oregon  plank  in  plat¬ 


form  of  1844,  4404;  discontented  over 
Whig  successes,  4412;  holds  convention 
in  Baltimore  in  1848,  4426-4428;  factional 
quarrel  in  New  York,  4426;  attitude  to¬ 
ward  slavery  in  1848,  4428;  defeated  in 
1848  campaign,  4431 ;  united  in  1852  by 
compromise  of  1850,  4486-4489;  fusion 
with  Free-soilers  in  Ohio  and  Massa¬ 
chusetts,  4499;  convention  at  Baltimore 
in  1852,  4503-4505 ;  united  in  campaign  of 
1852,  4509;  victorious  in  1852,  4512; 
convention  of  1856,  4560;  controls  senate 
in  36th  congress,  4587;  Charleston  con¬ 
vention,  4592-4594;  Charleston  conven¬ 
tion  adjourns  to  Baltimore,  4594;  seced¬ 
ing  delegates  from  Charleston  convention 
meet  at  Richmond,  Va.,  4594;  opposition 
to  emancipation  proclamation,  5057,  5601 ; 
disaffection  in  Indiana  and  Illinois, 
5200 ;  Democratic  party  national  conven¬ 
tion  at  Chicago,  Aug.  29,  1864,  5204, 
5209,  5210;  nominates  McClellan  for 
president,  5209 ;  favors  thirteenth  amend¬ 
ment,  5368;  National  Union  convention, 
5370;  congressional  election  of  1866, 
5379;  in  election  in  Mississippi,  5399, 
5400;  vote  on  Johnson’s  impeachment, 
5406;  convention  at  New  York  in 
1868,  5414;  reorganized  in  South  Caro¬ 
lina,  5443,  5444,  5447,  5448;  nominates 
Greeley  for  president  in  1872,  5519, 
5520;  nominees  and  platform  in  1876, 
5544,  5545  5  secures  amendment  to  army 
appropriation  bill  of  1872,  5559,  5560; 
convention  in  1880,  5565 ;  on  protection, 
5582;  in  power,  5591-5624;  convention 
and  platform  in  1888,  5622-5624;  con¬ 
vention  and  platform  in  1892,  5646,  5647 ; 
convention  and  platform  in  1896,  5688- 
5690;  convention  and  platform  in  1900, 
5770-5772;  convention  and  platform  in 
1904,  5817,  5818;  oppose  San  Domingo 
treaty  (1905),  5824. 

Denison,  Daniel,  active  in  securing  rights 
for  Atherton  company,  1454. 

Denison,  William,  governor  of  Ohio,  ap¬ 
points  McClellan  major-general  of  Ohio 
militia,  4771. 

Denmark,  a  maritime  nation,  1 1 5 ;  invaded 
by  barbarians,  202 ;  king  of,  describes 
Vinland,  235 ;  in  Zeno  stdry,  249 ;  no  col¬ 
onies  in  America,  575 ;  king  of,  gives 
pension  to  Paul  Jones,  2895 ;  notified 
to  close  ports  to  English  trade,  3867; 
sells  two  of  the  West  Indies  to  United 
States,  5477,  5478,  548i. 

Dennis,  Robert,  commissioner  to  Virginia, 
722 ;  sent  to  Maryland,  1092 ;  lost  at  sea, 
1094. 


72 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Dennison,  William,  opinion  on  negro  suf¬ 
frage,  5347,  5348;  resigns  from  cabinet, 
537I- 

De  Noue,  Jesuit,  established  mission  in 
Quebec,  i960. 

Denver,  Col.,  first  white  visitor  to,  3191. 

Denver,  Janies  W.,  governor  of  the  terri¬ 
tory  of  Kansas,  4590. 

Denys,  Nicholas,  a  trader,  held  Acadian 
lands  on  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  1957. 

“Dependent  Parents  and  Disability  Act,” 
pension  bill  passed  in  1890,  5643. 

De  Pestre,  Col.,  at  Burr  trial,  3842. 

Depew,  Chauncey  M.,  candidate  for  presi¬ 
dent,  5623 ;  oration  at  Washington  cen¬ 
tennial  celebration,  5627,  5628. 

De  Peyster,  Abraham,  portrait,  facing  2996; 
at  King’s  Mountain,  3003,  3005,  3006. 

Dermer,  Thomas,  leads  expedition  to  New 
England,  737;  adventures,  740-742; 
Squanto  restored  by,  775. 

Derne,  Tripoli,  Eaton  besieges,  3773. 

Deseret,  state  of,  organized  by  Mormons, 
4447;  name  given  by  Mormons  to  their 
settlement  in  Utah,  4575. 

Desjardins  secures  a  wife  for  Chas.  de  la 
Tour,  1944;  captured  by  D’Aunay  and 
released,  1944,  1945;  sent  the  St.  Clement 
to  La  Tour,  1945. 

De  Soto,  Hernando,  see  Soto,  Hernando 
de. 

De  Soto,  U.  S.  steamer,  4845. 

D’Estouches,  fleet  under,  3068. 

Detroit,  Mich.,  on  site  of  old  fort,  2005 ; 
Indians  -near,  offended  by  French,  2025 ; 
objective  point  of  Rogers’  rangers  in 
1760,  2279;  description  of  village,  2284, 
2285;  French-Indian  population,  2284; 
surrendered  to  Maj.  Rogers,  2285;  Eng¬ 
lish  built  large  fort  at,  2287;  strongly 
garrisoned,  2315;  Clark  investigates  Brit¬ 
ish  post  at,  2780;  Hamilton  commander 
at,  2782;  Clark’s  desire  to  capture,  2782, 
2787,  2793 ;  Patrick  Henry  suggests  cap¬ 
ture  of,  2786;  ceded  to  United  States, 
2787;  colony  at,  3146;  strength  in  1812, 
3979;  proposed  as  base  for  Canadian 
operations,  3981 ;  Hull  commands,  3981- 
3985;  British  attack,  3985,  3986;  sur¬ 
rendered,  3986;  abandoned  by  Proctor 
(1813),  4031;  vessels  seized  near,  5205; 
Kennedy,  Confederate  agent,  arrested  at, 
5209. 

Detroit,  British  ship,  4028-4030. 

Detroit  river,  La  Salle  probably  on,  1991 ; 
meaning  of  name,  and  description  of, 
2283 ;  Indian  ambush  at,  for  Rogers, 

2283. 

Deux  Ponts,  Count  de,  at  Yorktown,  3082. 


“Devil’s  Elbow,”  in  St.  Simon’s  Bay,  Ga., 
1907. 

Devonshire  interested  in  Puritan  emigra¬ 
tion,  864,  876,  879. 

Dew,  Thomas,  establishes  colony  in  Caro- 
linas,  1717. 

Dewey,  George,  admiral,  ordered  to  Ma¬ 
nila,  5719;  negotiations  with  Aguinaldo, 
5720;  destroys  Spanish  fleet,  5721-5723; 
portrait,  facing  5722 ;  demands  surrender 
of  Manila,  5724;  recommends  the  es¬ 
tablishment  of  a  naval  marine,  5860. 

DeWitt,  Alexander,  appeals  to  people  for 
Missouri  compromise,  4534. 

Dexter,  Samuel,  enters  the  senate,  3668. 

Deza,  Diego  de,  friend  of  Columbus,  285. 

Diaz,  Bartholomew,  discovers  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  286,  321,  402,  403. 

Diaz,  Porflrio,  president  of  Mexico,  sends 
condolences  on  McKinley’s  death,  5789, 
.  5790- 

Dickinson,  Daniel  Stevens,  member  of  29th 
congress,  4374;  member  of  the  “grand 
committee”  in  1850,  4474;  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  senator,  4499;  on  popular 
sovereignty,  4528. 

Dickinson,  John,  writes  “Farmer’s  Letters,” 
2385 ;  cited  on  taxation  by  parliament, 
2386;  approved  by  Franklin,  2386;  in 
first  continental  congress,  2409;  com¬ 
mands  regiment,  2438 ;  carries  petition 
to  the  king,  2449;  on  committee  of  for¬ 
eign  correspondence,  2474 ;  does  not  vote 
on  independence,  2499;  effect  of  Howe’s 
proclamation  on,  2529 ;  at  battle  of  Mon¬ 
mouth,  2734;  chairman  of  Annapolis 
convention,  3251;  sketch  of,  3269. 

“Dictionary  of  Natural  Biography,”  mis¬ 
leading  article  in,  on  Sir  William  Ber¬ 
keley,  note,  1623. 

Dieppe,  France,  home  of  Cousiti,  260;  of 
Ribault,  479;  Verrazano  returns  to,  504- 
506;  De  Chastes  governor  of,  520;  David 
Kirke  from,  845. 

Dieskau,  Baron  John  Erdman,  general  com¬ 
mander  of  French  forces  in  Canada  in 
1755,  2090;  prepares  for  western  cam¬ 
paign,  2090,  2091 ;  diverted  to  Crown 
Point,  2092;  attacks  Ft.  Edward,  2094; 
prepared  ambush  at  Ft.  Edward,  2097; 
disappointed  by  Canadian  troops,  2100; 
wounded  and  defeated,  2102;  later  life, 
2103. 

Digges,  Sir  Dudley,  patentee  in  Plymouth 
council,  744. 

Digges,  Edward,  governor  of  Virginia,  722. 

Digges- Hundred,  Va.,  laid  off  by  Dale,  672. 

Dijon,  France,  parliament  of,  9. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


73 


Diligent,  English  brig,  fight  with  the  Prov¬ 
idence,  2S82. 

Dillion,  Count,  at  Savannah,  2829. 

Dilworthtown,  Pa.,  Howe  at,  2622. 

Dingley  bill  on  the  tariff,  5680,  5747,  5748. 

Dinwiddie,  Robert,  governor  of  Virginia, 
jfis  character,  1667,  1668;  in  connection 
with  Washington,  1667;  interested  in 
Ohio  company,  2010 ;  ordered  to  build 
forts  on  Ohio,  2028;  appealed  to  by 
Ohio  company,  2030;  sends  Washington 
on  mission  to  Ft.  Duquesne,  2030;  sends 
rough  letter  to  St.  Pierre  by  Washing¬ 
ton,  2034,  2035 ;  claims  lands  on  Ohio, 
2034;  altercation  as  to  terms  with  gov¬ 
ernor  of  Canada,  2052 ;  received  Brad- 
dock,  2057;  at  Alexandria  conference, 

2057. 

Diogenes  Laertius  quotes  Pythagoras  on 
shape  of  earth,  94. 

Diplomacy  born  in  Italy,  25,  26. 

Diplomatic  service,  U.  S.,  need  of  reorgani¬ 
zation,  5840-5846. 

Disability  act,  congress  renews  the,  5749. 

“Discourse  and  View  of  Virginia,”  by  Sir 
William  Berkeley,  1623. 

“Discourse  of  the  Damned  Art  of  Witch¬ 
craft,”  by  Perkins,  1328. 

Discoverer,  British  ship,  under  Pring,  620. 

Discovery,  age  of,  conditions  in  Europe,  3- 
26;  causes,  201,  202. 

Discovery,  British  ship,  under  Hudson,  548. 

Discovery  and  exploration,  importance  of, 
3,  12,  26;  conditions  in  Europe  antece¬ 
dent  to,  3-26;  Norsemen  in,  201-242; 
legends  of,  243-262.  For  England :  John 
Cabot,  420-438;  Sebastian  Cabot,  439- 
442.  For  France:  Verrazano’s  expedi¬ 
tion,  502-507;  Cartier,  507-518;  Roberval, 
515-518;  Chastes,  520-522;  Champlain, 
521-540;  DeMonts,  423-528.  For  Hol¬ 
land:  Usselinx,  541;  Hudson,  544-549; 
C.  J.  May,  549;  Block,  549-551 1  Chris- 
tiaensen,  549,  551,  552.  For  Portugal: 
Da  Gama,  401-406.  For  Spain :  Colum¬ 
bus,  265-342;  Vespucci,  343-369;  Ojeda, 
372,  373,  376,  377;  Guerra  and  Nino, 
373;  the  Pinzons,  373,  374;  Solis,  375, 
376;  Cabral,  377,  378,  405 ;  the  Corte- 
reals,  379-381 ;  Balboa,  382-386;  Davila, 
385,  386 Ponce  de  Leon,  387-393;  Cor¬ 
dova,  393,  394;  Pineda,  394,  395;  Velas¬ 
quez,  395;  Garay,  396;  Ayllon,  396-399; 
Magellan,  406-420;  Sebastian  Cabot,  439- 
442;  Cortes  in  Mexico,  445-460;  Nar¬ 
vaez’s  expedition,  460-464;  Soto,  464- 
477 ;  Ribault,  479-495 ;  Laudonniere,  482- 
486;  Menendez,  488-500. 


Disease,  army  losses  from,  during  civil 
war,  5325. 

Dissenters  refuse  to  accept  declaration  of 
indulgence,  1222;  denounced  by  Gov. 
Gooch,  of  Virginia,  1662;  settle  in  Caro- 
linas,  1745;  dissenting  minister  fined  for 
a  sermon  by  Gov.  Colleton,  1783;  re¬ 
mitted  by  proprietaries,  1783;  persecuted 
by  Gov.  James  Moore,  of  Carolinas,  1796; 
deprived  of  all  civil  rights  in  the  Caro¬ 
linas,  1800;  secure  bare  toleration,  1800, 
1801 ;  pay  double  taxes  for  support  of 
churches,  1801,  1802;  put  down  in  Caro¬ 
linas  in  early  18th  century,  1804,  1807, 
1808;  allowed  some  concessions  in  North 
Carolina  in  1714,  1810;  opposed  to  sla¬ 
very  in  South  Carolina,  1837;  English 
hatred  of,  2917;  in  America,  2917,  3108. 

Distilling  promoted  by  congress,  ^104 ;  re¬ 
port  of  D.  A.  Wells,  5194. 

District  court,  congress  establishes,  3339. 

District  of  Columbia,  opposition  to  slavery 
in,  4433-4435 ;  Clay  maintains  that  con¬ 
gress  has  power  to  control  slavery  in, 
4456;  introduction  of  bill  to  abolish  slave 
trade  in,  4474;  bill  providing  for  aboli¬ 
tion  of  slave  trade  passed,  4480;  slavery 
abolished  in,  4947;  congress  provides 
,  government  for,  5531,  5532. 

Dix,  John  Adams,  leader  of  Barnburners, 
4329;  member  of  29th  congress,  4374; 
appointment  as  secretary  of  state  under 
Pierce  not  sanctioned,  4519;  loyalty  of, 
4633,  4634,  4681 ;  secretary  of  the  treasury, 
4633-4644;  on  Crittenden  compromise, 
4644;  portrait,  facing  4652;  facsimile  of 
letter,  facing  4652 ;  instructions  to  W. 

H.  Jones  at  New  Orleans,  4653;  arrests 
members  of  Maryland  legislature,  5184; 
Stanton’s  letter  to,  5319;  at  National 
Union  convention,  5376. 

Dix,  Rev.  Dr.  Morgan,  conducts  Gen. 
Wheeler’s  funeral  services,  5867. 

Dixie,  Fort,  N.  C.,  federals  take,  4876. 

Dixon,  Col.,  at  battle  of  Camden,  2955. 

Dixon,  James,  votes  against  impeachment 
of  Johnson,  5412. 

Dixon,  Jeremiah,  one  of  “seven  pillars”  of 
New  Haven,  991 ;  surveys  boundary  be¬ 
tween  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania,  1205, 
1206. 

Dixon,  Nathan  F.,  amendment  to  repeal 
Missouri  compromise,  4532. 

Dixwell,  John,  one  of  judges  of  Charles 

I. ,  1162. 

Doak,  Rev.  Samuel,  founds  Martin  acad¬ 
emy,  3174. 


74 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Dobbin,  James  C.,  secretary  of  navy  under 
Pierce,  4519. 

Dobbs,  governor  of  North  Carolina,  at 
Alexandria  conference,  2057. 

Dobbs  Ferry,  Howe  at,  2526;  mutiny  place 
of  Andre  and  Arnold,  2980. 

Dock  creek,  Hill’s  house  in  Philadelphia 
near,  1215. 

Dodd,  commander  of  Sons  of  Liberty  in 
Indiana,  5204;  secretes  arms  for  Con¬ 
federates,  5204. 

Dodge,  Augustus  C.,  bill  for  organization 
of  Nebraska,  4525. 

Dodge,  Gen.  G.  M.,  surveys  for  the  Rock 
Island  railroad,  5491,  5492. 

Doegs,  Indian  tribe,  said  to  have  under¬ 
stood  Welsh  language,  1247;  probably 
murdered  colonist  in  Virginia,  1613. 

Dogs  used  for  food  by  Soto,  472;  by 
Roanoke  settlers,  609. 

Dolbear,  Amos  E.,  dispute  with  Bell  over 
invention  of  the  telephone,  5531. 

D’Olbeau,  missionary  with  Champlain,  535. 

Dole,  Sanford  B.,  provisional  president  of 
Hawaii,  5654,  5655 ;  surrenders  Hawaii 
and  takes  oath  of  allegiance  to  United 
States,  5763. 

Dollard,  Adam,  1978-1983. 

Dolliver,  J.  P.,  candidate ,  for  president, 

5769- 

Dolphin,  U.  S.  cutter,  note,  2871,  4696,  5658, 

5659. 

Domagaya,  Indian  chief,  511-513. 

Dominica  Islands  named  by  Columbus,  323. 

Dominican  friars,  Vespucci’s  uncle  one  of, 
345 ;  failures  in  America,  486,  487. 

Don  Antonio  de  Ulloa,  Spanish  ship,  5722. 

Don  Carlos  IV.,  king  of  Spain,  3729,  3730. 

Donderberg  mountain,  Hudson  passes,  546, 
2655;  Wayne  stationed  near,  2835. 

Donelson,  Andrew  Jackson,  charge  d’  af¬ 
faires  in  Texas,  4371 ;  nominated  for 
vice-president,  4558. 

Donelson,  Col.  John,  founds  Nashville,  3168. 

Donelson,  Fort,  Tenn.,  erected,  4813-4816; 
map  of,  facing  4814;  attacked  by  Grant, 
4817-4825;  Grant  demands  “uncondi¬ 
tional  surrender,”  4824;  view  of,  facing 
4824 ;  surrendered,  4825. 

Dongan,  Col.  Thomas  (later  Earl  of  Lim¬ 
erick),  governor  of  New  York,  inter¬ 
mediary  for  Penn  and  Five  Nations, 
1247;  his  good  offices  solicited  by  Con¬ 
necticut,  1439;  sketch  of,  1512;  success¬ 
ful  in  Indian  affairs,  1514;  arranges 
Albany  congress,  1522-1524;  liberal 
measures  of,  1524,  1525;  complained  of 
encroachments  on  New  York,  1526;  sus¬ 


pected  by  New  Yorkers,  1531;  justified 
penetration  of  James  II.,  1546. 

Don  Juan  de  Austria,  Spanish  ship,  5722. 

Donnaconna,  Indian  chief,  512;  kidnapped 
by  Cartier,  514;  dies  in  France,  516. 

Donnelly,  Ignatius,  People’s  party  nominee 
for  vice-president,  5768. 

Donop,  Count,  Hessians  commanded  by, 
24731  at  Bordentown  and  Burlington, 
2530;  plan  of  assault  on,  2539;  instruc¬ 
tions  of,  note,  2539;  at  Warrens  Tavern, 
2623 ;  attack  on  Ft.  Mercer,  2669,  2670 ; 
mortal  wounding  of,  2670,  2671. 

Don  Quixote,  382,  469. 

Doolittle,  James  R.,  at  National  Union  con¬ 
vention,  5376 ;  votes  against  impeach¬ 
ment  of  Johnson,  5412. 

Dorchester,  Conn.,  first  name  of  Windsor, 
967,  968. 

Dorchester,  Eng.,  home  of  Rev.  John  White, 

861. 

Dorchester,  Mass.,  founded,  879;  prospers, 
880;  named,  882;  on  Winthrop’s  map, 
facing  896;  home  of  Mather,  913;  in¬ 
habitants  go  to  Connecticut,  960-962; 
Capt.  John  Mason  from,  972. 

Dorchester  Heights  (South  Boston),  Gage 
to  occupy,  2456;  Howe  neglects,  2479; 
Washington  seizes,  2480,  2481 ;  Brooklyn 
Heights  compared  to,  2512. 

Dorchester  Neck,  militia  extends  to,  2432. 

Dorr,  Thomas  W.,  portrait,  facing  4356. 

Dorr  rebellion  caused  partly  by  fixed  repre¬ 
sentation,  1457;  in  Rhode  Island,  1457. 

Dorsey,  Stephen  W.,  indictment  against, 

5586. 

Dorsheimer,  William,  leader  of  the  Liberal 
Republicans,  5518. 

Dort,  Holland,  helps  to  re-establish  Dutch 
West  India  company,  553. 

Doubleday,  Gen.  Abner,  at  battle  of  Antie- 
tam,  5045,  5046. 

Dougherty,  Col.  H.,  U.  S.  army,  4720. 

Douglas,  captain  of  the  Bellona,  threatens 
Norfolk,  3856,  3857. 

Douglas,  Stephen  A.,  member  of  28th  con¬ 
gress,  4360;  member  of  senate,  4418- 
4452;  speaks  in  behalf  of  Clay’s  com¬ 
promise,  4467 ;  defends  fugitive  slave  law 
in  Chicago  speech,  4489;  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  Democratic  nomination  in 
1852,  4503,  4504;  favors  seizure  of  Cuba, 
4514;  portrait,  facing  4526;  sketch  of 
life,  4526;  on  popular  sovereignty,  4528; 
second  Nebraska  bill,  4530;  third  Ne¬ 
braska  bill,  4533 ;  defends  position  on 
repeal  of  Missouri  compromise,  4536- 
4540;  his  position,  4541-4543;  Kansas- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Nebraska  bill  passed,  4543;  hissed  by- 
crowd  in  Chicago,  4547 ;  meets  Lincoln 
again,  4547,  4548 ;  on  the  Dred  Scott 
decision,  4569,  4570;  “Freeport  heresy/’ 
45/0,  4580,  4581 ;  opposed  the  Lecompton 
constitution  of  Kansas,  4574;  senatorial 
campaign  of,  4575,  4576;  defense  of 
slavery,  4577 ;  debate  with  Lincoln  at 
Freeport,  4579,  4580;  returned  to  the 
senate,  4580,  4581 ;  attitude  in  36th  con¬ 
gress,  4587;  nominated  for  president  by 
Democratic  party,  4594;  Chicago  ad¬ 
dress  in  1861,  4596,  4597 ;  electoral  and 
popular  votes  for,  4602,  4603;  on  Crit¬ 
tenden  compromise,  4641,  4642 ;  debate 
with  Lincoln,  4666;  Lincoln’s  friend, 
4667,  note,  4682,  4683. 

Douglas  Camp,  Ill.,  companies  from,  take 
possession  of  Chicago  Times  office,  5188; 
plan  to  liberate  prisoners  at,  5205,  520 7, 
5208. 

Dove,  British  ship,  1069,  1070. 

Dover,  Eng.,  Charles  II.  landed  at,  1275 ; 
treaty  signed  at,  between  Great  Britain 
and  France,  1500;  Moravians  at,  in  1733, 
'1867. 

Dover,  N.  H.,  settled  by  Hilton,  791 ;  at¬ 
tacked  by  Indians,  1373 ;  Quakers  in, 
murdered  or  captured,  1373;  Lovewell 
returns  to,  with  Indian  scalps,  1374. 

Dover  Neck,  946. 

Downes,  John,  commander  of  the  Nuhant, 
4860. 

Downie,  Capt.  George,  in  command  of  the 
British  fleet  at  Plattsburg,  4067. 

Downs,  Solomon  W.,  member  of  the  “grand 
committee,”  in  1850,  4474. 

Doyle,  Sir  John,  sent  against  Marion,  3040. 

Draft  act  passed  March  3,  1863,  5177; 
provisions  of,  5178;  Lincoln  refuses  sus¬ 
pension  of,  5183. 

Draft  riots  in  New  York,  5179-5183;  Gov. 
Seymour’s  remarks,  5178;  comments  of 
newspapers,  5178;  mob  attacks  colored 
orphan  asylum,  5180;  attack  on  Tribune 
office,  5182;  murder  of  Col.  H.  T. 
O’Brien,  5182;  riots  in  other  cities,  5183. 

Dragon,  U.  S.  tug,  blown  up  by  the  Merri- 
mac,  4918. 

Dragonnades  desolate  Protestant  France, 
1706. 

Dragon’s  Mouth  passed  through  by  Colum¬ 
bus,  330;  by  Ojeda,  363. 

Drake,  a  hostage  in  Montcalm’s  camp  in 
1756,  2136. 

Drake,  Lieut.-Col.,  with  St.  Clair,  3416. 

Drake,  Sir  Francis,  22;  destroys  St.  Au¬ 
gustine,  500;  expedition  with  Hawkins, 


75 

591;  on  the  Pacific,  592;  portrait,  facing 
592;  discovers  San  Francisco  Bay,  593- 
595 ;  takes  possession  for  Elizabeth,  593, 
594;  map  showing  circumnavigation  of 
the  world,  facing  594;  applauded  in  Eng¬ 
land,  595 ;  ravages  Spaniards  in  Florida, 
596,  626;  takes  part  in  defeat  of  armada, 
596 ;  in  parliament,  596 ;  rescues  Roanoke 
colony,  596,  610;  death,  596;  Drake’s 
conquest,  picture  facing  596;  takes  Car¬ 
tagena,  1663. 

Drake,  English  sloop-of-war,  Jones’  fight 
with,  2875,  2876. 

Drapers’  and  mercers’  guilds  (London), 
439- 

Drawbaugh,  Daniel,  claims  invention  of 
telephone,  5941,  5942. 

Drayton,  Capt.  Percival,  commands  the 
Hartford  in  Mobile  Bay,  5246. 

Drayton,  Gen.  Thomas  F.,  commands  Con¬ 
federates  at  Port  Royal,  4873. 

Dred  Scott  case,  4565 ;  decision,  4566-4569 ; 
opinions  of,  4566-4570. 

Dress  of  Indians,  325,  338,  380;  of  abo¬ 
rigines  of  Labrador,  380;  homespun  the 
prevailing  material  in  Maryland  in  18th 
century,  1708;  in  United  States,  at  close 
of  revolution,  3140-3142. 

Drewry’s  Bluff,  Va.,  view  of,  illus.,  5246. 

Drinking  in  New  York  in  colonial  times, 
1598;  in  North  Carolina,  1817. 

Driver,  British  sloop,  blockades  New  York, 
3795 1  Jefferson  closes  U.  S.  ports  to, 
3814;  defies  proclamation  of  Jefferson, 
3853. 

Drogeo,  mythical  country,  251,  252. 

Dropetock,  Iceland,  206. 

Droucour,  French  commandant  at  Louis- 
bourg  in  1758,  capitulates,  2185. 

Drugs,  bill  to  prevent  adulteration  or  wrong 
labeling  of,  5861,  5862. 

Druid,  English  ship,  destruction  of,  2873. 

Drummond,  Lieut.-Gen.,  reinforces  Riall 
at  Lundy’s  Lane,  4062,  4063 ;  defeated  at 
Black  Rock,  and  in  his  attack  on  Ft. 
Erie,  4064. 

Drummond,  Wm.,  hanged  in  Bacon’s  re¬ 
bellion,  1621 ;  deputy  governor  of  Albe¬ 
marle,  1724;  superseded,  1726. 

Drury’s  Bluff,  Va.,  retreat  of  Butler  from, 
5246. 

Dry  Tortugas,  Grenfell  sentenced  to  im¬ 
prisonment  at,  5208. 

Dryden,  John,  commemorates  annus  mi- 
rabilis,  1279. 

Drylas,  Capt.,  in  Ticonderoga  expedition, 
*2445. 


7G 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Drysdale,  Sir  Hugh,  governor  of  Virginia, 
succeeds  Spotswood,  1661. 

Duane,  James,  on  Indian  question,  3159 ; 
district  judge,  3341. 

Duane,  William,  portrait,  facing  3550;  at¬ 
tack  of,  3673 ;  prosecution  of,  3677 ;  ed¬ 
itor  of  the  Aurora ,  3817;  at  Burr  trial, 
3838. 

Duane,  William  J.,  appointed  secretary  of 
treasury,  4264;  opposes  removal  of  de¬ 
posits  from  bank,  4264,  4265;  removed 
from  treasury,  4265. 

Dublin,  Ga.,  Col.  Harnden  at,  5309. 

Dublin,  Ireland,  Wm.  Penn  distinguishes 
himself  in  civil  life  in,  1188-1190. 

Duck  river,  position  of  Bragg’s  forces  near, 

5153- 

Du  Coudray  nominated  major-general,  2554. 

Dudingston,  Lieut.,  commander  of  Gaspee, 
attacks  colonial  rights  in  Rhode  Island, 
2399. 

Dudley,  Joseph,  governor  of  Massachusetts 
Bay,  1308;  portrait,  facing  1308;  of  short 
stay,  1309,  1310;  declared  oppressive  by 
Cotton  Mather,  1320;  imprisoned  in 
Boston,  1321 ;  double  dealing  of,  1351 ; 
Mather  disappointed  in,  1351 ;  American 
in  birth,  1351;  royalist  in  feeling,  1352; 
in  lasting  controversy  with  colony,  1352, 
1353;  engaged  in  illicit  trade,  1353; 
tricked  by  Indians  as  to  peace  meeting, 
1 355 ;  planned  to  infringe  on  Connecti¬ 
cut,  1447;  on  commission  for  king’s 
province,  1470,  1471 ;  seized  in  Rhode 
Island  on  news  of  revolution  in 
Boston,  1475 ;  found  Rhode  Island  Qua¬ 
kers  insubordinate,  1481 ;  fails  to  coerce 
them,  1481 ;  worked  against  colonies, 
1481. 

Dudley,  Paul,  son  of  Gov.  Joseph  Dudley, 
attorney-general  of  Massachusetts  Bay, 
royalist  ideas  of,  note,  1352;  bequests  to 
Harvard,’  1352. 

Dudley,  Thomas,  advocates  removal  to 
America,  873 ;  manages  estates  of  Earl 
of  Lincoln,  874;  helps  to  form  church, 
878;  displeased  with  Winthrop,'  88i,  962; 
elected  governor,  897;  deputy-governor' 
908. 

Duer,  Col.  William,  land  purchases  of,  3198; 
portrait  of,  facing  3410;  speculations  of, 
3421,  3520,  3521 ;  plot  to  invade  Louisi¬ 
ana,  3605. 

Duffield,  Col.  W.  W.,  surrenders  to  Forrest 
at  Murfreesboro,  5114. 

Duke,  captain  in  Confederate  army,  4705. 

Duke’s  Land,  province  of  New  York,  1524. 


Duluth,  half-breed  Indian,  text  and  note, 

2582. 

Duluth,  Minn.,  view  of  ship  canal  at,  5948. 

Dumas,  French  officer,  at  Braddock’s  de¬ 
feat,  2074. 

Dummer,  Jeremiah,  publishes  “Defense  of 
the  American  Charters,”  1485. 

Dummer,  William,  lieutenant-governor  of 
Massachusetts  Bay  colony,  1361. 

Dunbar,  Capt.,  drives  off  Spaniards  from 
Ft.  William,  Ga.,  in  1742,  1905. 

Dunbar,  Col.  Thomas,  inefficient  comman¬ 
der  under  Braddock,  2056;  commands 
second  detachment  of  Braddock’s  army, 
2067;  makes  disorderly  retreat,  2080, 
2082. 

Duncan,  Gen.  J.  K.,  in  command  of  Con¬ 
federate  exterior  defenses,  4900. 

Duncan,  James,  quarrel  with  Scott,  4400. 

Dunkers,  paper-making  by,  3121. 

Dunkirk,  harbor  of,  2846,  2872. 

Dunlap,  Maj.,  at  Prince’s  Fort,  2931;  at 
Wofford’s  iron  works,  2935 ;  battle  with 
McCall  and  Clarke,  3039 ;  death  of,  3039. 

Dunmore,  Lord,  in  Virginia,  2438;  ravages 
of,  2486,  2487,  2489;  portrait  of,  facing 
2486 ;  creates  slave  regiment,  2487 ;  at 
Norfolk,  2487-2489;  part  in  Virginia  land 
claims,  2765,  2766;  Boone  encouraged 
by,  2766;  in  Dunmore’s  war,  2768,  2769, 
2771;  treaties  with  Indians,  2772,  2775; 
Llopkins  seeks  fleet  of,  2864. 

Dunmore’s  war,  2768-2771 ;  Simon  Girty’s 
service  in,  2795. 

Dunning,  John  (Lord  Ashburton),  in  Rock¬ 
ingham’s  cabinet,  3089. 

Duplessis,  heroism  of,  2618,  2619. 

Duponceau,  Peter,  3467. 

DuPont,  Samuel  F.,  rear-admiral,  com¬ 
mands  south  Atlantic  squadron,  4854; 
sends  the  Weehawken  to  the  Savannah 
river,  4860 ;  organizes  expedition  to  Port 
Royal,  4872,  4873 ;  attacks  batteries  at 
Charleston,  5165;  relieved  by  Dahlgren, 
5i6S- 

Du  Portail,  French  engineer,  2733,  2913. 

Duquesne  de  Menneville,  Marquis,  governor 
of  Canada  in  1754,  2039. 

Duquesne,  Fort,  built,  2006,  2040-2042 ; 

English  plan  to  attack,  2049,  2058-2060; 
Braddock  defeated  near,  2067-2082;  pic¬ 
ture  of,  in  1830,  facing  2080;  capture 
undertaken  by  Pennsylvania,  2165,  2166; 
Pitt  plans  attack  on,  2166;  taken  by  Eng¬ 
lish,  2173,  2174;  renamed  for  Pitt,  2174. 

Duquesnel,  governor  of  Cape  Briton  Island, 
at  Louisbourg,  1385;  captures  fort  at 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


7-7 


Canso,  1386;  defeated  at  Placentia  and 
Annapolis  (Nova  Scotia),  1387;  at¬ 
tacked  English  merchantmen,  1387;  died, 
1388. 

Durand,  William,  Puritan  leader  in  battle 
of  Severn,  1106. 

Durant,  Dr.,  places  last  spike  in  the  Pacific 
railroad,  5493. 

Durant,  George,  establishes  Durant’s  Neck 
on  Albemarle  Sound,  1717. 

Durant’s  Neck,  N.  C.,  one  of  oldest  Caro¬ 
lina  settlements,  1718. 

Duras,  India  merchant  ship,  French  court 
grants  Jones  the,  2883. 

Durham,  Bishop,  palatine  rights  of,  1064. 

Durham  Station,  N.  C.,  Johnston  and  Sher¬ 
man  meet  at,  5315,  5316. 

Durkie,  Lieut.,  under  Putnam  in  fight  at 
Sound  Bay  in  1758,  2208. 

Dustin,  Hannah,  heroic  escape  of,  1348, 
1 349- 

Dutch  Gap,  Va.,  cut  by  Dale,  671 ;  view  near, 
facing  5246. 

Dutch  in  America.  See  Colonies  in  Amer¬ 
ica,  Dutch ;  Discovery  and  exploration 
for  Holland. 

Dutch  Point,  Conn.,  954. 

Dutch  West  India  company  planned  to  in¬ 
jure  Spain’s  colonies,  541,  578;  organi¬ 
zation,  542 ;  charter  granted,  553 ;  consti¬ 
tution,  554;  sends  emigrants  to  New  Am¬ 
sterdam,  555 ;  appoints  Peter  Minuit 
governor  of  New  Netherland,  557;  pros¬ 
perous  in  trade,  560;  policy  in  New 
Netherland,  561,  563-565;  Van  Renssel¬ 
aer,  one  of  its  incorporators,  567;  vetoes 
joint  company  with  Swedes,  578 ;  loses 
claim  to  southern  Connecticut,  959, 
1013;  employs  Van  Twiller  as  agent, 
1120,  1121 ;  advocates  peace  with  Indians, 
1129;  Leisler  enlisted  for,  1533. 

Duties.  See  Tariff. 

Duvivier  sent  to  France  for  aid  for  Louis- 
bourg,  1388;  reversed  his  course  on  news 
of  capture  of  Louisbourg,  1403. 

Duxbury,  Mass.,  view  from  Captain’s  Hill 
in,  facing  828. 

Dwight,  Theodore,  on  the  election  of  1800, 

3699. 

Dwight,  Rev.  Timothy,  the  elder,  president 
of  Yale  college,  1451 ;  portrait,  facing 
3452;  on  New  England’s  position  in  a 
war  with  England,  note,  3780. 

Dwina  river,  Russia,  reached  by  Chancellor, 
589- 

Dyer,  collector  of  New  York,  in  collision 
with  colonists,  1509,  1510;  supported  by 


Charles  II.  and  returned  to  America, 
1510.  . 

Dyer,  Mrs.  Mary,  Quaker  enthusiast  in 
Boston,  930,  931 ;  struggle  with  magis¬ 
trates,  936-940;  victim  of  persecution  of 
Quakers,  1055. 

Dyer,  William,  clerk  of  Providence  colony, 
1032;  prominent  Quaker  in  Rhode  Is¬ 
land,  1055. 


Eads,  James  B.,  has  government  contract 
for  seven  gunboats,  4846;  plans  to  deepen 
channel  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi 
river,  5539,  5540;  designed  jetties  for 
Mississippi  river,  5954,  5955. 

Eagle,  U.  S.  ship,  4067. 

Earle,  Mrs.,  starts  panic  in  “Negro  riot” 
in  New  York,  1575,  1577. 

Early,  Gen.  Jubal  A.,  at  Bull  Run,  4758; 
at  Cedar  Mountain,  5013 ;  at  Antietam, 
5044;  ordered  to  seize  York,  5085; 
driven  from  Shenandoah  valley,  5212; 
reinforced  by  Lee,  5245 ;  threatens  Wash¬ 
ington,  5247;  attacks  Gen.  Wallace  at 
Frederick,  5248;  retreats  to  Virginia, 
5248;  attacked  and  defeated  by  Sher¬ 
idan,  5249;  retreats  to  Fisher’s  Hill, 
5249;  battle  of  Fisher’s  Hill,  5249,  5250; 
reaches  Port  Republic,  5250;  battle  of 
Cedar  creek,  5251,  5252;  retreats  to  New 
Market,  5252;  battle  of  Waynesboro, 
5252. 

Early,  Peter,  manages  impeachment  trial  of 
Chase,  note,  3788. 

Earthquake  in  New  Engand,  988. 

East  Bay,  Fraser  sails  up,  2574. 

East  Beverly,  Mass.,  first  cotton  factory  at, 
3I25-. 

East  Bridgeport,  Mass.,  cotton  manufacture 
at,  3125. 

East  Bygd,  scene  of  Eskimo  massacre,  239. 

East  Carroll  Parish,  La.,  breaking  of  the 
levee  at,  5664. 

East  Greenwich,  R.  I.,  settled  in  1748,  1491. 

East  Haven,  Conn.,  Tryon  sacks,  2834. 

East  India  company,  tea  tax  devised  to  aid, 
2403 ;  must  be  reimbursed  for  tea,  2406. 

East  Indies,  westward  course  to,  34;  un¬ 
certainty  as  to  extent,  37 ;  a  sea  route  to, 
sought  by  explorers,  85,  400;  claims  in, 
by  Isabella  and  Columbus,  293;  dreamed 
of  by  Columbus,  295 ;  Columbus  thinks 
he  has  found,  305,  310,  311,  318,  325, 
338,  371;  Cortereal  tries  to  find,  379; 


78 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Da  Gama  finds  sea  route  to,  403-405 ; 
Magellan’s  expedition,  407;  the  straits 
of  Magellan  a  passage  to,  412;  Cabot 
does  not  find,  457;  Spanish  council  of, 
487;  expedition  of  Verrazano,  502;  of 
Cartier,  507,  509-51 1;  of  Hudson,  543, 
544,  546,  548;  Vassall  brothers  traders 
in,  867 ;  see  also  India. 

East  river  named  by  Block,  550 ;  De  Vries 
sails  through,  573;  also  Dermer,  741. 

Eastchurch,  Thomas,  misrepresented  North 
Carolina  in  England  in  1676,  1752,  1753. 

Eastern  Islands,  early  Portuguese  name  for 
Philippines,  415. 

Eastham,  Mass.,  settled  by  Plymouth  colo¬ 
nists,  834. 

Easthampton,  L.  I.,  part  of  Connecticut 
colony,  957. 

Easton,  Col.  James,  raises  recruits  for  Ti- 
conderoga  expedition,  2443. 

Easton,  Nicholas,  assistant  in  Portsmouth 
colony,  1037. 

Easton,  William,  endeavors  to  get  patent 
for  Newport,  1037. 

Easty,  Mary,  executed  for  witchcraft,  1335* 

Eaton,  J.  H.,  advocates  “tariff  of  abomina¬ 
tions”  (1828),  4185. 

Eaton,  John  N.,  appointed  secretary  of  war, 
4216,  4217;  resigns  from  cabinet,  4238; 
governor  of  Florida,  4239. 

Eaton,  Rev.  Samuel,  objects  to  restricting 
franchise,  991 ;  Branford  granted  to,  993. 

Eaton,  Theophilus,  member  of  Massachu¬ 
setts  Bay  company,  867,  874,  985 ;  death, 
926;  sketch  of,  985,  986;  in  New  Haven, 
987 ;  one  of  “seven  pillars,”  991 ;  gov¬ 
ernor  of  New  Haven  colony,  992;  in 
Indian  troubles,  1039. 

Eaton,  William,  negotiations  in  Tripoli, 
3772-3774;  portrait,  facing  3774;  fac¬ 
simile  letter  to  Hamet  Caramanli,  facing 
3774;  and  Burr,  3825,  3833,  3838;  fac¬ 
simile  of  letter  to  Commodore  Preble, 
facing  3836. 

Ebenezer,  Ga.,  Moravians  thronged  to,  1872 ; 
visited  by  Oglethorpe,  1882;  silk  culture 
at,  3123. 

Ebenezer  creek,  Ga.,  removal  of  pontoon 
bridges  at,  5275. 

“Ecclesiastical  History,”  by  Adam  of  Bre¬ 
men,  234;  by  Ordericus  Vitalis,  236. 

Ecuyer,  Capt.,  commander  at  Ft.  Pitt,  used 
first  American  steam  engine,  2316;  un¬ 
derstands  Indian  cunning,  2318;  holds 
out  till  relief  comes,  2320. 

Eden,  governor  of  North  Carolina,  offers 
pardon  to  pirates,  1824;  suspected  of 
complicity  with  pirates,  1824,  1825. 


Eden,  Richard,  note,  422. 

Eden,  Robert,  governor  of  Maryland,  2438; 
loyalist,  2498. 

Eden,  William  (Lord  Auckland),  member 
of  British  peace  commission,  2725 ;  ne¬ 
gotiates  with  Monroe  and  Pinckney, 

3847,  3848. 

Edes  and  Gill,  printing-office  of,  headquar¬ 
ters  of  Boston  agitators,  2404. 

Edgefield  county,  S.  C.,  riots  in,  5438, 
5439,  .5447,  5448;  struggle  over  repre¬ 
sentatives  from,  5449,  5450. 

Edinburgh,  Scotland,  troops  raised,  2714; 
Jones  foiled  at,  2886. 

Edison,  Thomas  A.,  telephone  invention, 
5531,  .5940. 

Edisto  river,  S.  C.,  Spanish  outrages  near, 

1776. 

Edmunds,  Senator,  on  the  electoral  com¬ 
mission,  5547. 

Edmundson,  Wm.,  Quaker  preacher  in 
North  Carolina,  1764. 

Edrisi,  Arabian  geographer,  243. 

Education,  influence  of  Pocahontas  in  Vir¬ 
ginia,  685 ;  Henricus  university  proposed 
in  Virginia,  685,  686;  begins  in  Pennsyl¬ 
vania,  1220;  in  Rhode  Island  in  18th 
century,  1479;  in  Virginia,  1655,  1656; 
free  schools  universal  in  New  England 
before  revolution,  2346;  in  southern  col¬ 
onies,  2346,  2347 ;  private  schools  in 
colonial  times  taught  by  European 
scholars,  2346;  led  by  New  England, 
2346;  in  Hawaii,  5764;  of  Indians,  5910; 
increase  in  higher  educational  institu¬ 
tions,  5957-5959;  of  negro,  5959,  5960. 

Edward  V.,  king  of  England,  pensions  S. 
Cabot,  442 ;  sends  out  Willoughby  and 
Chancellor,  589. 

Edward,  Fort,  on  Hudson  river,  situation, 
2094;  Dieskau  tries  to  take,  2094,  2095, 
2105;  exposed  to  capture,  2106;  Wins¬ 
low’s  provincial  army  a*,  2138-2140;  left 
exposed  to  London,  2144;  well  garri¬ 
soned  under  Webb,  2150;  clung  to  by 
Webb,  2151,  2154,  2157;  reinforced  by 
Johnson,  2154;  refuge  for  Ft.  William 
Henry  survivors,  2156,  2157;  threatened 
with  destruction  by  Webb,  2157;  refuge 
for  rangers,  2206,  2209;  St.  Clair  at, 
2574;  Schuyler  at,  2576,  2577;  Burgoyne 
at,  2608,  2659,  2660. 

Edwards,  Jonathan,  “Great  Awakening”  be¬ 
gan  in  church  of,  1449,  1450 ;  the  grand¬ 
father  of  Aaron  Burr,  note,  3423. 

Edwards,  Ninian,  burns  Indian  towns,  4003; 
author  of  “A.  B.  plot”  against  Crawford, 
4160. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


79 


Edwards,  Pierrepont,  3817. 

Eel  river,  3413. 

Eel  river  Indians,  treaty  with  Gov.  Harri¬ 
son,  3959. 

Eelkens,  Jacob,  exploring  expedition  of, 
552;  founds  Albany,  553;  is  removed, 
559;  enters  English  service,  572; 
threatens  Ft.  Orange,  572,  573. 

Eendragt,  Dutch  ship,  567. 

Effingham,  Lord,  complained  against  by 
Virginians,  1785. 

Effingham,  U.  S.  ship,  2880. 

Egremont,  Earl  of,  English  southern  sec¬ 
retary  in  1762,  2331. 

Egypt  invaded,  45,  46;  knowledge  of  geog¬ 
raphy,  88,  98-100;  watercraft  of,  106-109. 

Eight-hour  law,  congress  restricts  all  gov¬ 
ernment  labor,  5644,  5645. 

Elberon,  Garfield  died  at,  5571. 

Elbert,  Col.,  2813. 

El  Caney,  Cuba,  view  of  battlefield,  facing 
5728;  attack  on,  5729. 

Election  by  ballot,  first  in  United  States, 
680. 

Electoral  college  proposed,  3293;  modifica¬ 
tions  in,  3434  3435. 

Electoral  commission,  congress  creates, 
5546,  5547;  members,  5547;  work  of, 
5547-5549- 

Electoral  vote,  counting  of  the  first,  3328; 
of  1792,  3449;  count  of  contested  votes, 
3673;  of  1800,  3686,  3687. 

Electors,  states  appoint,  3324. 

Electricity,  introduction  of  electric  lighting, 
5531;  incandescent  lamps,  5939;  used 
in  smelting  iron  and  steel,  5939. 

El  Ghtanam,  Island  of,  Arabs  on,  244. 

Eliot,  Charles  William,  at  centennial  cele¬ 
bration  of  Washington’s  inauguration, 
5628. 

Eliot,  John,  reaches  America,  892,  893;  as¬ 
sists  Hooker,  892,  966 ;  helps  make  Bay 
State  psalm-book,  913. 

Elisa,  ship,  Pickering’s  impeachment  based 
on  decisions  in  the  case  of,  3778. 

Elizabeth,  queen  of  England,  grants  land 
to  Raleigh,  558 ;  makes  England  peer  of 
Spain,  587;  inspires  maritime  adventure, 
590-596;  Drake  possesses  California  in 
queen’s  name,  593,  594;  knights  him, 
595 ;  commissions  him  to  prey  on  Span¬ 
ish  commerce,  596;  treatment  of  Cath¬ 
olics,  599,  600;  Raleigh  and  Virginia, 
605,  607,  610,  611;  death,  617-625,  1060; 
Lord  Delaware  in  privy  council,  656 ; 
persecutes  Puritans,  752;  makes  scape¬ 
goat  of  Davison,  753. 

Elizabeth  Island,  Gosnold  tried  to  settle 
on,  619. 


Elizabeth  river,  Matthews’  raid  along,  2832. 

Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  Maxwell  surprises, 
2549;  Washington  at,  2762,  3330;  Knyp- 
hausen  drives  Americans  from,  2967. 

Elk  Ridge,  Md.,  location  of,  5037. 

Elk  river,  Tenn.,  boundary  of  Claiborne’s 
Maryland,  1097;  Rosecrans  seizes  rail¬ 
road  bridge  at,  5160. 

Elkins,  S.  B.,  secured  passage  of  bill  against 
rebates,  5849. 

Ella  and  Emma,  Confederate  blockade  run¬ 
ner,  captured,  4869. 

Ellerson  Mills,  Va.,  Union  base,  4962,  4977, 
4978. 

Ellery,  William,  portrait,  facing  2500. 

Ellett,  Col.  Charles,  at  battle  of  Memphis, 
4841,  4842. 

Ellicott,  Andrew,  U.  S.  commissioner  on 
southern  boundary,  3607. 

Elliot,  Matthew,  aids  Girty  to  incite  the 
Indians,  2797 ;  movement  against  the 
Moravians,  2805. 

Elliott,  Andrew,  estate  confiscated,  3139. 

Elliott,  Lieut.  Jesse,  on  Lake  Erie,  3996, 
3997- 

Ellis,  John  W.,  portrait,  facing  4608. 

Ellis,  Seth  H.,  nominated  by  Union  Reform 
party  for  president,  5767. 

Ellis,  Fort,  N.  C.,  federals  take,  4876. 

Ellmaker,  Amos,  nominated  for  vice-pres¬ 
ident,  4240. 

Ellsworth,  Elmer  E.,  portrait,  facing  4740; 
captures  Alexandria,  4740;  assassination, 
burial,  4740,  4741 ;  portrait,  facing  4740. 

Ellsworth,  Oliver,  graduate  of  Princeton, 
3130;  member  of  the  Philadelphia  con¬ 
vention,  3267;  sketch  of,  3268;  portrait 
of,  facing  3284;  on  slavery,  3290;  ap¬ 
pointed  French  commissioner,  3659. 

Elzey,  Arnold,  Confederate  brigadier,  at 
Bull  Run,  4758. 

Emancipation  of  slaves  accomplished  by 
Pennsylvania  Quakers,  1246 ;  Lincoln 
urges  compensated  emancipation  for  the 
border  states,  4949-4951 ;  bill  fails  to 
pass  congress,  4952. 

Emancipation  proclamation,  Lincoln  reads 
it  to  cabinet,  4953 ;  Seward’s  suggestion 
on,  4953,  4954;  Lincoln  determined  on, 
4957 1,  effect  of,  5057 ;  made  public,  5059 ; 
goes  into  effect,  5060;  declared  unconsti¬ 
tutional  by  Democrats,  5061 ;  Lincoln’s 
reply,  5062-5064;  effect  on  Confederacy, 
5063 ;  action  of  Confederate  congress, 
5063 ;  sympathy  in  England,  5064,  5065. 

Emanuel,  king  of  Portugal,  invites  Ves¬ 
pucci,  364 ;  sends  out  explorers,  378- 
381,  403 ;  portrait,  facing  404 ;  treachery, 


80 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


408;  owns  chart  showing  Strait  of  Ma¬ 
gellan,  note,  41 1. 

Emanuel  college,  Cambridge,  Eng.,  893, 
966. 

Emanuel,  ship,  ruling  in  the  case  of,  3808. 

Embargo,  American,  2484 ;  congress  au¬ 
thorizes,  3494;  Jefferson  urges,  3812, 
3846,  3869,  3870;  passes  congress,  3870, 
3871 ;  evasion  of,  3875,  3876;  the  second 
supplement  to,  3877;  enforced,  3878; 
cartoon  on  the,  facing  3878;  country  re¬ 
bels  against  the,  3879,  3880;  effect  in 
Europe  of  the,  3881,  3882;  congress 
considers  repeal  of  the,  3884-3890;  New 
England  rejoices  over  repeal  of,  3900; 
Napoleon  on  the,  3917-3934;  of  1813, 
4044,  4045;  opposed  by  New  England 
4046;  repealed  (1814),  4047. 

Emerilon,  French  galley,  510. 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo,  tribute  to  John 
Brown,  4586;  on  the  unity  of  the  North, 
4681 ;  favors  women’s  suffrage,  5928. 

Emigrant  aid  company  organized  to  settle 
Kansas,  4550. 

Emmet  collection,  New  York  public  li¬ 
brary  has  original  warrant  for  sending 
stamps,  2368;  has  portrait  of  stamp 
agents,  2374;  has  portrait  of  Edmund 
Burke,  2380;  has  caricature  of  funeral 
of  stamp  act  (Miss  Americ  Stamp), 
2382. 

Emory,  Gen.  W.  H.,  mentioned  in  im¬ 
peachment  of  Johnson,  5408,  5409. 

Emott,  lawyer,  fails  to  secure  safe  conduct 
for  Kidd,  1556. 

Employes’  liability  law,  5883. 

Empress  of  China,  U.  S.  ship,  first  voyage, 
3J  2°. 

Enciso  supplanted  by  Balboa,  382;  retali¬ 
ates,  385. 

Endicott,  John,  leader  in  Massachusetts 
Bay  colony,  863,  864;  sent  to  Naum- 
keag,  865,  866 ;  local  governor  of  Massa¬ 
chusetts  Bay  colony,  868;  in  sympathy 
with  church  organization,  869,  870;  has 
court  at  Salem,  882,  883 ;  independent  of 
Winthrop,  900;  mutilates  English  flag, 
902;  magistrate  for  life,  908;  collision 
with  Baptist  ministers,  922;  bigoted 
treatment  of  Quakers,  926-943 ;  dies,  943 ; 
sent  to  punish  Indians  on  Block  Island, 
971,  972;  protests  against  Winthrop’s 
aid  to  the  La  Tours,  1948;  considers  La 
Tour’s  request,  1950. 

Endicott,  Adm.  M.  T.,  favors  sea-level 
canal  at  Panama,  5829. 

Endicott,  Wm.  C.,  secretary  of  war,  5590. 

Endymion,  British  ship,  4089. 


Engineers’  regiment  of  the  West,  at  New 
Madrid,  4830. 

England,  see  Britain  (ancient)  ;  Great  Brit¬ 
ain. 

English,  Wm.  H.,  nominated  for  vice-presi¬ 
dent,  5566. 

English  in  America,  see  Colonies  in  Amer¬ 
ica,  English ;  Discovery  and  exploration, 
for  England. 

Englishtown,  N.  J.,  Lafayette  at,  2734. 

Enoree  river,  2991,  3010. 

Enriquez,  Beatriz,  286. 

Enterprise,  U.  S.  ship,  3772,  3989. 

Epenow  (Indian)  kidnapped  by  Harlow, 
734;  escaped,  734;  revenge,  741. 

Epervier,  ship,  illus.,  facing  3992. 

Episcopal  church  demands  control  of  Penn¬ 
sylvania  colony,  1225 ;  services  en¬ 
forced  in  Boston,  1314,  1315;  in  Rhode 
Island  in  1739,  1488;  minister  of  New 
York  before  revolution  supported  by 
general  tax,  1597;  only  sect  which  held 
charter  in  New  York  before  revolution, 
1597;  have  one  place  of  worship  in 
South  Carolina,  1795 ;  colonial  clergy 
want  a  bishop  of  America,  2362;  con¬ 
dition  at  end  of  the  revolution,  3107, 
31 1 1,  3142;  position  of  clergy,  3108. 

Episcopius,  theologian  in  Leyden,  756. 

Eppes,  member  of  house  'of  representa¬ 
tives,  3901 ;  on  non-intercourse  bill,  3948; 
quarrel  with  Randolph,  3949. 

Epworth  league,  5922. 

‘‘Era  of  good  feeling,”  origin  of  phrase, 
4101. 

Eratosthenes  on  shape  and  size  of  earth, 
95,  96. 

Eric,  bishop  of  Greenland,  235,  note,  41 1. 

Eric  the  Red,  of  Norway,  establishes  set¬ 
tlements  in  Iceland,  206,  note,  207; 
visited  by  Bjarne,  209,  210. 

Ericsfiord,  220-227. 

Ericsson,  Capt.  John,  plans  the  Monitor, 
4910;  portrait,  facing  4916;  unveiling  of 
monument  in  memory  of,  5657. 

Ericsson,  Leif,  expedition  to  new  world, 
150,  210-215;  at  Brattahlid,  219,  220; 
dear  to  Icelanders,  241 ;  honor  due,  261. 

Ericsson,  Thorvald,  expedition  to  Vinland, 
216-218. 

Erie,  Fort,  Canada,  Brock’s  forces  at,  3997; 
Drummond  defeated  at,  4064. 

Erie,  Lake,  not  well  known  by  French, 
1986;  in  French  chain  of  defenses,  2005; 
Bienville’s  expedition  on,  2010;  Perry’s 
great  victory  on,  4028-4030. 

Erie,  Pa.,  bloody  Indian  battle  on  site  of, 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


81 


1973;  on  site  of  Ft.  Presqu’  Isle,  2005, 
2279. 

Erie  canal  owed  its  inception  to  Clinton, 
4161;  opening  and  effect,  4196,  4197;  ad¬ 
vantage  to  New  York,  5950,  5951. 

Eries,  Indian  tribe,  159. 

Erlendsson,  Hauk,  Norwegian  author,  237. 

Erskine,  David  Montague,  efforts  to  main¬ 
tain  peace  between  United  States  and 
England,  3851,  3852,  3886,  3898,  3899;  on 
the  non-intercourse  act,  3890;  on  Eng¬ 
land’s  change  of  policy,  3903 ;  agreement 
with  United  States  disavowed  in  Eng¬ 
land,  3904,  3905 ;  Canning  on,  3906 ;  de¬ 
fense  of,  3909,  3910. 

Erving  reappointed  minister  to  Spain,  4102. 

Esdras,  Book  of,  280. 

Eskimo,  picture  of  Kayak,  facing  106;  im¬ 
plements,  142 ;  meaning  of  name,  165 ; 
not  connected  with  North  American 
Indians,  165,  166;  language,  note,  195; 
called  Skraellings,  note,  218;  Norse  col¬ 
ony,  240. 

Eslaba,  Gen.  Sebastian,  viceroy  of  New 
Granada,  makes  Cartagena  impregnable, 
1663. 

Esopus  (Kingston)  destroyed,  2657. 

Espanola,  first  name  of  Hayti,  312-314. 

Espinosa,  officer  under  Magellan,  410;  suc¬ 
ceeds  him,  417;  returns  to  Spain,  418. 

Espiritu  Santo  Bay  named  by  De  Soto 
(now  Tampa  Bay),  467. 

Espiritu  Santo  river,  first  name  of  Missis¬ 
sippi,  471- 

Essequibo  river,  372. 

Essex,  Earl  of,  expedition  against  Cadiz, 
note,  843. 

Essex,  Conn.,  shipbuilding  at,  3119. 

Essex,  U.  S.  warship,  decision  in  case  of, 
3804,  3808-3810 ;  captures  the  Alert,  3992; 
exploits  under  Porter,  4023,  4024 ;  at¬ 
tacks  Ft.  Henry,  4814,  4815;  in  western 
flotilla,  4846-4898. 

Essex  county,  Eng.,  name  repeated  in,  876; 
Haynes  from,  893,  965;  Hooker  a  fa¬ 
vorite  in,  966. 

Essex  Junto,  3681. 

Estaing,  Charles  Henry  d’,  arrived  off  Del¬ 
aware  Bay,  275 2;  in  Rhode  Island  cam¬ 
paign,  2753-2759;  portrait,  facing  2754; 
naval  battle  prevented  by  storm,  2755, 
2756 ;  bitterness  of  Americans  toward, 
2757-2759;  course  approved  by  congress, 
2759;  sails  for  West  Indies,  2760;  islands 
of  Sir  Vincent  and  Grenada  conquered 
by,  2827 ;  movement  against  Savannah, 
2827-2830;  wounded,  2830;  fleet  of,  re¬ 
turns  to  West  Indies,  2831 ;  returns  to 


France,  2831 ;  results  of  experience  of, 
2969;  plan  regarding  Moorish  pirates, 
3446. 

Estotiland,  mythical  island,  251,  252,  254. 

Estournelles,  D’,  commander  of  French  ex¬ 
pedition  against  New  England,  kills  him¬ 
self,  1407,  1408. 

Estremadura,  Spain,  birthplace  of  Cortes, 
448- 

Estridsen,  king  of  Denmark,  235. 

Etherington,  Capt.,  in  command  at  Ft. 
Michillimacinac,  2311;  treacherously 
captured,  2312. 

Etiquette,  discussion  over  presidential,  3332- 
3334- 

Etruria,  king  of,  3729-373 B  3734- 

Europe,  pre-Columbian  conditions,  201-204, 
243-282;  Columbus  plans  to  expel  Mos¬ 
lems,  292;  famous  storm  in,  315;  inter¬ 
ested  in  Oriental  legends,  333 ;  reads 
Vespucci’s  letters,  347,  349-370;  old  and 
new  transatlantic  route,  618,  631 ;  colo¬ 
nial  theory  of  Europe,  3790,  3791. 

Eustis,  George,  secretary  to  Confederate 
envoy  to  England,  4926. 

Eustis,  William,  secretary  of  war,  3896;  ap¬ 
proves  plan  for  invasion  of  Canada, 
3980;  resigns  his  portfolio,  4024;  reap¬ 
pointed  minister  to  Holland,  4102. 

Eutaw  Springs,  battle  at,  3074-3078;  map 
of  the  plan  of,  facing  3074. 

Euxirie  Sea  known  by  Phoenicians,  98. 

Evans,  Gen.  George,  at  Bull  Run,  4753;  at 
Leesburg,  4778. 

Evans,  John,  deputy-governor  of  Pennsyl¬ 
vania,  125 1 ;  bad  influence  on  William 
Penn,  Jr.,  1251;  opposed  Quakers,  1252; 
alarms  people  by  trick,  1252,  1253. 

Evans,  Oliver,  inventions,  3120. 

Evans,  Robley  D.,  portrait,  facing  5732. 

Evarts,  William  Maxwell,  counsel  for 
Johnson  in  impeachment,  5407;  counsel 
for  United  States  in  the  Geneva  tribunal, 
5507 ;  negotiations  with  England  on  the  * 
fishery  award,  5537,  5538;  secretary  of 
state,  5551;  at  centennial  celebration  of 
Washington’s  inauguration,  5628. 

Everard,  Sir  Charles,  last  proprietary  gov¬ 
ernor  of  North  Carolina,  1834. 

Evertsen,  Admiral,  captures  New  York  in 
1672,  1501,  1502. 

Everett,  A.  H.,  appointed  minister  to 
Spain,  4169 ;  urges  peace  between  Spain 
and  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico,  4173;  super¬ 
seded  as  minister  to  Spain,  4220. 

Everett,  Edward,  active  in  1840  campaign, 
4326;  secretary  of  state,  4512;  on  settle¬ 
ment  of  Cuban  question,  4512,  4513;  on 


82 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Crittenden  compromise,  4644;  supports 
Union  cause,  4681 ;  on  the  firing  on  Ft. 
Sumter,  4684;  orator  at  Gettysburg,  5093. 

Ewell,  Gen.  Richard  S.,  defeats  Banks,  4798; 
at  Dispatch  Station,  4982;  at  Malvern 
Hill,  4989;  commands  under  Lee  on  the 
peninsula,  5012;  'at  Cedar  Mountain, 
5013;  skirmish  with  Hooker,  5017;  at 
battle  of  Centreville,  5018;  wounded, 
5018;  at  Harper’s  Ferry,  5038;  at 
Sharpsburg,  5043,  5044;  in  the  Shenan¬ 
doah  valley,  5084,  5085 ;  orders  Early  to 
seize  York,  5085;  at  battle  of  Gettys¬ 
burg,  5087;  on  Rapidan,  5232,  5233; 
captured  in  retreat  to  Appomattox, 
5290;  in  evacuation  of  Richmond,  5304. 

Ewing,  Gen.,  at  Cleveland  convention,  5 377. 

Ewing,  Gen.  James,  at  Trenton,  2539, 
2540. 

Ewing,  Thomas,  Sr.,  secretary  of  treasury 
under  Harrison,  4333;  report  on  national 
bank,  4342;  resigns  from  Tyler’s  cabinet, 
4346;  Johnson  recommends  as  secretary 
of  war,  5406. 

Examiner,  Richmond,  Va.,  newspaper  on 
northern  Democrats,  note,  4682. 

Excise  law,  congress  on,  3395-3397;  riots 
caused  by,  3503. 

Exclusion  act  passed  by  congress,  5584. 

Exeter,  N.  H.,  founded,  947;  joined  Mas¬ 
sachusetts,  948;  rebellion  at,  3243. 

“Exodus  Order,”  5465. 

Experiment,  British  ship,  at  Sullivan 
Island,  2509. 

Exploration  of  America,  see  Discovery  and 
exploration. 

Exports,  New  Netherland,  570. 

Expositions,  international,  see  names  of 
places  where  held. 

Express  from  New  York  to  Philadelphia 
in  1766,  2348. 

Extradition  law,  origin  of,  3435 ;  interstate, 
3436,  3437- 

Eyrbyggja  Saga  mentioned  Vinland,  237. 


F. 

Fair  Forest  creek,  S.  C.,  British  routed  at, 
2931. 

Fair  Haven,  N.  Y.,  Grey  burns,  2759. 

Fair  Oaks,  Va.,  battle  of,  4966-4972,  5004; 
view  of,  facing  4968;  illus.  of  battle 
near,  facing  4968;  abandoned,  4982. 
Fairbank,  Calvin,  rescues  fugitive  slaves, 
4545,  4546. 

Fairfax,  Lieut.  D.  M.,  arrests  Confederate 


envoys  to  England  and  France,  4927, 
4928. 

Fairfax,  Lord  Thomas,  972. 

Fairfax,  Va.,  Hooker  at,  5024. 

Fairfield,  Conn.,  957;  Tryon  burns,  2834. 

Fairmount  park,  Philadelphia,  John  Penn’s 
country  estate  in,  1274. 

Fallen  Timbers,  battle  of,  3527-3529. 

Falls  Church,  Va.,  military  camp  at,  5727. 

Falmouth,  Eng.,  Goswold  sailed  from,  618; 
also  Gates,  657. 

Falmouth,  Ky.,  Col.  Byrd  arrives  at,  2792. 

Falmouth  (Portland),  Me.,  burnt,  2474, 
2861. 

“Familists,”  a  religious  sect,  847,  848,  919, 
921 ;  in  Rhode  Island,  1035. 

“Family  Compact”  in  1761,  between  France 
and  Spain,  against  England,  2330. 

Faneuil  Hall,  Boston,  occupied  by  British 
soldiers  in  1768,  2390;  sympathizers  with 
French  revolution  meet  in,  3457. 

Farewell,  Cape,  206. 

Farmer,  Father,  first  mass  in  New  York 
after  revolution,  3116. 

Farmers’  alliance  and  industrial  union 
meeting  in  1900,  5765-5772. 

“Farmer’s  Letters”  by  John  Dickinson,  on 
Townshend  acts,  2386,  2438. 

Farmers’  national  congress,  5927. 

Farmington,  Conn.,  957. 

Farms  increase  in  value,  5965-5972. 

Farnum,  Joseph,  member  of  fourth  con¬ 
gress,  3564. 

Faroe  Islands  visited  in  early  times,  202- 
205;  trade  in,  239;  Frislanda,  note,  256, 
277- 

Farragut,  David  G.,  admiral  U.  S.  navy, 
portrait,  facing  4862 ;  blockade  policy, 
4864,  4867;  at  New  Orleans,  4884,  4887, 
4888,  4893,  4894,  4897;  at  Vicksburg, 
4895-4897;  at  Port  Hudson,  5150;  battle 
of  Mobile  Bay,  5169-5173;  lashed  to  the 
rigging,  5172;  effect  of  victory  on  pub¬ 
lic  sentiment,  5211,  5212;  siege  of  Mobile, 
5282,  5283;  accompanies  Johnson  on 
electioneering  tour,  5378;  death,  5539. 

Farragut,  U.  S.  ship,  4891. 

Farrand,  Com.  Ebenezer,  commands  at 
siege  of  Mobile,  5283. 

Farrar’s  Island,  Va.,  in  Appomattox  river, 
671. 

“Father  of  Maryland,”  name  given  to  Lord 
Cecilius  Baltimore,  1680. 

Fauchet,  Claude,  French  minister  to  United 
States,  3477;  fails  to  secure  alliance  of 
United  States,  3538;  dispute  with  Ran¬ 
dolph,  3558-3561 ;  on  whiskey  riots,  3559; 
opinion  of  American  character,  3559. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


83 


Faulkner,  Capt.,  3506. 

Fayette,  Fort,  2833. 

Fayette  county,  Ky.,  3154. 

Fayetteville,  N.  C.,  heart  of  southern  Tory¬ 
ism,  2942;  Cornwallis  at,  3036;  Sherman 
at,  5312,  5313- 

Fear,  Cape,  504,  506;  boundary  of  London 
and  Plymouth  company,  627. 

Federal  Republican,  Baltimore  newspaper, 
opposes  war  of  1812,  3976;  mobbing  of 
the,  3977,  3978. 

Federalist,  The,  facsimile  pages,  facing 
3302;  contributors,  3302. 

Federalist  party,  organization,  3300;  meas¬ 
ures  in  first  congress,  3394,  3395 ;  senti¬ 
ments  of,  3482-3484;  opposed  war  with 
England,  3495,  3496;  increased  army  ad¬ 
vocated  by,  3496 ;  on  treaty-making,  3569 ; 
Jefferson  on,  3595,  3599,  3688,  3716;  war 
against  France  advocated,  3621 ;  parti¬ 
san  laws  enacted  by,  3625 ;  on  immigra¬ 
tion,  3627;  Hamilton  on  the  doctrine  of, 
3649;  breach  in  the,  3674;  campaigning 
of  the,  3680-3682;  judiciary  controlled 
by  the,  3686;  end  of,  3689,  3690;  on  the 
Louisiana  purchase,  3754;  control  judi¬ 
ciary  in  1803,  3774;  rally  in  New  Eng¬ 
land,  3779-3781,  3884;  indorse  Burr  for 
governor  of  New  York,  3783,  3784;  loses 
leader  in  death  of  Hamilton,  3786;  on 
the  twelfth  amendment,  3797 ;  charges 
against  Jefferson’s  administration,  3883; 
on  commercial  restrictions,  3925 ;  on  war 
of  1812,  3971 ;  “Blue-light  Federalist,” 
4042 ;  see  also  Whigs,  Republicans. 

Felix,  pope,  elected  at  Basle,  31. 

Fell,  Wm.,  bought  Fell’s  Point,  Baltimore, 
1710. 

Fellows,  Gen.,  at  Saratoga,  2659,  2660. 

Fellowship,  British  man-of-war,  1186. 

Felons,  importation  into  English  colonies, 
1684,  1685. 

Fendall,  Josias,  in  Maryland,  1113-1117; 
convicted  of  treason,  1668,  1669,  1689; 
treated  with  clemency  by  Lord  Balti¬ 
more,  1670,  1689;  persecutes  Quakers, 
1683 ;  banished,  1689. 

Fenian  Brotherhood  invade  Canada,  5483, 
5499-5503 ;  portraits  of  leading  members, 
facing  5502. 

Fenno’s  Gazette,  Federalist  organ,  3453, 
3454- 

Fenwick,  Col.  George,  sells  Saybrook  to 
Connecticut  colony,  958;  in  Saybrook, 
994-996. 

Ferdinand  V.,  king  of  Castile,  marries 
Isabella,  18,  19;  character,  23,  24;  ap¬ 
pealed  to  by  Columbus,  284;  portrait, 


facing  284;  lends  money  to  Isabella,  293; 
new  world  held  in  his  name,  304,  308; 
receives  Columbus,  317,  318,  340,  347,  368, 
384;  asks  pope  for  grant,  321;  favors 
Margarite,  324;  grants  free  trade,  328; 
patron  of  Vespucci,  348;  in  connection 
with  De  Leon,  387,  390;  frowns  on  slave 
trade,  397 ;  informed  of  Cabot’s  discover¬ 
ies,  424,  436. 

Ferdinand,  king  of  Spain,  explains  non-rati¬ 
fication  of  Florida  treaty,  4121. 

Ferdinand  of  Brunswick,  2719. 

Ferdinando,  Simon,  sent  to  America,  600, 
61 1 ;  denounced  as  a  traitor,  note,  612. 

Ferguson,  Dr.  Adam,  secretary  of  British 
peace  commission,  2726. 

Ferguson,  Maj.  Patrick,  at  Charleston, 
2911;  successful  policy  of,  2930;  sketch 
of,  note,  2930;  march  through  Spartans- 
burg  region,  2934,  2935 ;  advance  checked, 
2938 ;  Sumter  pursued  by,  2959 ;  at  battle 
of  Musgrove  Mill,  2991 ;  camps  at  Gil¬ 
bert  Town,  2997;  effort  to  overwhelm, 
2998-3000;  battle  of  King’s  Mountain 
fought  by,  3001-3006;  death  of,  3006; 
with  St.  Clair,  3415. 

Fernandez,  Garcia,  befriends  Columbus,  289, 
290. 

Fernandina,  Fla.,  pirates  at,  4106;  expedi¬ 
tion  against,  4877-4879. 

Fernandina  Island  named  by  Columbus, 
308. 

Fernow,  Prof.,  on  Dutch  possession  of  the 
Hudson  valley,  note,  563. 

Ferrar,  John,  in  London  company,  702. 

Ferrar,  Nicholas,  acting  head  of  London 
company,  700-702,  note,  709;  in  parlia¬ 
ment,  707,  710.  3. 

Ferrara,  Italy,  council  at,  31. 

Ferro  Island,  299,  329. 

Ferryland,  first  name  of  Baltimore  grant  in 
Newfoundland,  1061 ;  map  of,  facing 
1061. 

Fessenden,  William  P.,  on  legal  tender  act, 
4945 ;  appointed  secretary  of  treasury 
by  Lincoln,  5196;  votes  against  impeach¬ 
ment  of  Johnson,  5412. 

Feudalism,  effort  to  transplant  to  new 
world,  561,  562;  planned  by  New  Eng¬ 
land  council,  792;  Wollaston  meant  to 
establish,  820;  in  Maryland,  1076;  in 
provincial  Georgia,  1878,  1879;  in  Can¬ 
ada,  1988;  disastrous  to  American  col¬ 
onies,  1999. 

Few,  Col.  Benjamin,  at  battle  of  Long 
Cane,  3010. 

Few,  William,  delegate  to  the  Philadelphia 
convention,  3270. 


84 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Fiat  money,  theory  of,  2683. 

Fiedmont,  Capt.,  French  officer,  against 
surrender  of  Quebec,  2270. 

Field,  Cyrus  W.,  portrait,  facing  5484; 
inventor  of  Atlantic  cable,  5485. 

Field,  David  Dudley,  a  leader  of  the  Liberal 
Republicans,  5518. 

Field,  James  G.,  nominated  for  vice-pres¬ 
ident,  5647. 

Field,  Stephen  J.,  on  the  electoral  commis- 
.  sion,  5547. 

Fifth  monarchy  men,  1035. 

Figaro,  character  in  Beaumarchais’  plays, 
.  2553- 

Fillmore,  Millard,  nominated  for  vice-pres¬ 
ident  by  Whigs  in  1848,  4429;  vice- 
president,  4442 ;  president,  4477 ;  signs 
fugitive  slave  bill,  4483 ;  message  to  last 
session  of  31st  congress,  4496;  special 
message  with  regard  to  calling  out  mili¬ 
tia  in  cases  involving  fugitive  slave  law, 
4497;  unsuccessful  candidate  for  Whig 
nomination  in  1852,  4505-4507 ;  appoints 
Edward  Everett,  secretary  of  state,  4512; 
last  message  to  congress,  4513,  4514; 
administration  of,  4515,  4516;  nominated 
for  president,  4558;  supports  the  Union 
cause,  4681 ;  Richmond  Examiner  on, 
note,  4682 ;  death  of,  5525. 

Fillmore  Whigs,  4498. 

Financial  conditions  in  United  States :  In 
New  York  in  1678,  1505;  state  debts  in 
1778,  2723;  panics  in  the  West  and  South 
(1818,  1819),  4118;  congress  besought  to 
end  general  distress,  4127;  in  1821, 
4132,  4133;  in  1824,  4156;  depression  in 
the  South  in  1831,  4242;  financial  depres¬ 
sion  resulting  from  attack  on  bank, 
4267;  affected  by  bank,  4270,  4271; 
under  Jackson,  4297,  4298;  effect  of 
“specie  circular,”  4299;  panic  in  Van 
Buren’s  administration,  4303-4305 ;  coun¬ 
try  begins  to  recover  from  panic,  4307 ; 
specie  payments  resumed,  4309;  condi¬ 
tions  in  1839,  4321 ;  continued  financial 
depression,  4351 ;  state  indebtedness  and 
repudiation,  4351 ;  panic  of  1857,  4571, 
4572 ;  in  1861,  4943-4949 ;  condition  of  re¬ 
constructed  states,  5397 ;  paper  money  as 
legal  tender,  5560 ;  gold  becomes  stand¬ 
ard  of  value,  5561 ;  creation  of  monetary 
commission,  5561,  5562;  panic  in  1893, 
5650;  statistics  of  wealth  in  1905,  5964, 
5965;  see  also  Treasury,  U.  S. 

Finch,  Moses,  insurgent  leader,  3243. 

Finch,  British  ship,  4067. 

Findley,  Charles,  ex-secretary  of  state,  ar¬ 
rested,  5754.' 


Findley,  William,  in  house  of  representa¬ 
tives,  3423. 

Fingal,  British  ship,  4859. 

Finisterre,  Cape,  46. 

Finley  family,  famous  pioneers,  2016. 

Finnbogi,  expedition  to  Vinland,  228-230. 

Finney,  Fort,  treaty  of,  3189,  3379. 

Finns  urged  to  go  to  New  Sweden,  584. 

Fire-ships  at  Quebec  in  1759,  2238-2243. 

Fish,  Hamilton,  senator  from  New  York, 
4499 ;  succeeds  Washburne  as  secretary 
of  state,  5419;  on  purchase  of  Danish 
West  Indies,  5482;  on  joint  high  com¬ 
mission,  5505,  5506 ;  on  war  claims,  5508 ; 
secretary  of  state,  5521;  objects  to  Del- 
fosse  on  fisheries  commission,  5535. 

Fish  creek  (Schuylersville),  Burgoyne  at, 
2637,  2659. 

Fishdam  Ford,  Sumter  at,  3009. 

Fisher,  Mary,  Quaker  preacher,  927,  928; 
facsimile  of  letter,  facing  926;  in  Tur¬ 
key,  927. 

Fisher,  Fort,  N.  C.,  situation  and  strength 
of,  5280 ;  first  expedition  against,  5281 ; 
failure  of  first  expedition,  5281 ;  second 
expedition  against,  5281 ;  capture  of, 
.  5282. 

Fisheries  predicted  in  New  America  by 
Cabot,  427-432;  French  in  America,  502, 
518,  526;  schemes  for  monopoly,  746, 
749-751 ;  Gorges  endeavors  to  enforce 
monopoly,  793-795;  at  Turner’s  Falls  de¬ 
stroyed,  1298 ;  excepted  in  privileges  to 
Richelieu  trading  companies,  1934;  fell 
to  England  after  seven  years’  war,  2328; 
in  Newfoundland,  2848,  2849,  3096; 

mackerel  fisheries,  3118;  U.  S.  treaty 
with  Great  Britain  conferring  mutual 
rights  in,  4548;  dispute  between  United 
States  and  Great  Britain  on,  5533-5538, 
5603,  5604,  5667,  5668;  treaty  of  1783 
on,  5533 ;  treaty  of  1814  on,  5533 ;  treaty 
of  1818  on,  5533,  5534;  treaty  of  1854 
on,  5534,  5603;  commission  on,  5534- 
5538,  5604;  Cleveland’s  message  on  the, 
5594;  trouble  with  Canada  over,  5606; 
Alaska,  5685. 

Fisher’s  Hill,  Va.,  battle  of,  5249,  5250. 

Fishing  creek,  losses  at,  note,  2957,  2959, 
2960. 

Fishkill,  N.  Y.,  Putnam’s  headquarters, 
2656 ;  Washington  at,  2984. 

Fisk,  Tames,  Jr.,  cause  of  financial  panic 
in  New  York,  5511,  5512. 

Fiske,  Gen.  Clinton  B.,  nominated  for  pres¬ 
ident,  5623,  5624. 

Fiske,  John,  thinks  Vinland  was  on  Massa¬ 
chusetts  Bay,  note,  213;  supports  Zeno 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


85 


narrative,  note,  256;  on  Vespucci,  346; 
on  La  Noche  Triste,  note,  458;  on  John 
Smith’s  stories,  note,  646;  on  Connecti¬ 
cut  constitution,  996. 

Fitch,  Rev.  James,  pastor  in  Saybrook,  996. 

Fitch,  John,  facsimile  of  letter  by,  facing 
3120;  plan  of  steamboat  by,  facing  3120; 
experiments  of,  3120,  3121,  3695. 

Fitcher  at  Merry-Mount,  821. 

Fite,  Jacob,  his  building  at  Baltimore  occu¬ 
pied  by  continental  congress,  1712. 

Fitzherbert,  Alleyne,  3093. 

Fitzpatrick,  an  English  colonist  in  the  Car- 
olinas,  1743. 

Fitzsimmons,  Thomas,  member  of  the  Phil¬ 
adelphia  convention,  3267  ;  on  tariff,  3343, 
3344 ;  on  state  debts,  3369. 

Five  Forks,  Va.,  battle  of,  5287,  5288. 

“Five  Habitable  Zones,”  book  by  Colum¬ 
bus,  278. 

Five  Nations,  Indian  confederacy,  semi- 
civilized,  155;  dealings  with  Dutch,  1129, 
1130;  sell  land  to  Penn,  1247;  sell  land 
to  Susquehanna  company,  1270;  de¬ 
tached  from  French  alliance,  1 5 1 1 ;  his¬ 
tory,  1514;  make  treaty  with  Gov.  Don- 
gan,  1518;  supremacy,  1521-1523;  warned 
against  Jesuits,  1527;  make  war  on  tribes 
unfriendly  to  them,  1528;  wage  war 
against  French,  1530;  show  military 
genius,  1531 ;  quieted  by  Frontenac’s  di¬ 
plomacy,  1538;  allied  with  English 
against  Canada  in  1690,  1544;  renew 
English  alliance  during  Sloughter’s  term, 
1549;  becomes  Six  Nations,  1657;  re¬ 
lated  to  Tuscaroras,  1811;  held  in  check 
by  French,  1986;  see  also  Six  Nations. 

Flag,  U.  S.,  first  adopted  by  English  col¬ 
onies,  2592 ;  first  American,  in  foreign 
waters,  2870;  French  admiral  recognizes 
American,  2875 ;  congress  discusses 
American,  3499;  its  design  agreed  upon, 
4106,  5920. 

Flag  day,  5920. 

Flags,  Confederate  and  Union  battle  flags 
returned  to  states,  5824. 

Flamborough  Head,  naval  fight  off,  2887. 

Flatbush,  Cornwallis  at,  2512. 

Flateyar  Bok  (Flat  Island  Book),  237. 

Flax,  staple  in  Virginia  in  18th  century, 

2349- 

Fleet,  Capt.  Henry,  Indian  interpreter,  1071. 

Fleming,  American  officer  killed  at  battle 
of  Princeton,  2547,  2548. 

Fleming,  Chas.,  promoter  in  New  Sweden, 

579-581. 

Fleming,  Thomas,  at  battle  of  Point  Pleas¬ 
ant,  2773,  2774. 


Fletcher,  Chaplain,  594. 

Fletcher,  Benjamin,  governor  of  New  York, 
placed  over  Penn’s  provinces,  1232-1238; 
asks  Quakers  for  help  in  war,  1239; 
foiled  in  attempt  to  take  command  of 
Connecticut  militia,  1442,  1443 ;  char¬ 
acter,  1550;  authorized  to  command  mili¬ 
tia  of  Connecticut,  the  Jerseys  and  New 
York,  1550;  tries  to  establish  church  of 
England  in  New  York,  1551 ;  warned 
not  to  trespass  on  Connecticut  rights, 
1551 ;  appoints  Markham  deputy-gover¬ 
nor  of  Pennsylvania,  1552 ;  believed  to 
take  tribute  from  pirates,  1553 ;  intro¬ 
duces  universal  taxation  to  support 
Episcopal  minister,  1597. 

Fletcher,  Thomas,  814. 

Flintoph,  Lieut.  John,  commander  of  Brit¬ 
ish  schooner,  3853. 

Florence,  council  in,  31 ;  Vespucci  in,  344- 
347,  362. 

Florence,  Tenn.,  movements  of  Hood  to¬ 
ward,  5266. 

Florentine  Gazette,  Mazzei  letter  published 
by,  3598. 

Florida,  Indian  tribes  in,  161 ;  coasted  by 
Vespucci,  352,  353,  356,  359;  Ponce  de 
Leon  explores,  359,  386,  388-393 ;  dis¬ 
covered  on  Easter  Sunday,  380;  ori¬ 
gin  of  name,  388;  early  explorers,  394, 
397,  398,  437,  460,  462,  464;  Soto  in,  465, 
467,  468;  French  colonists,  479,  480, 
482,  489,  490;  early  Spanish  colonists, 
486-488,  497,  1059;  first  intercolonial 
war,  495,  558;  De  Gourgues  surprises  St. 
Matthew,.  498;  Hawkins’  account  of, 
591 ;  coast  harried  by  Drake,  596 ;  ef¬ 
fectively  colonized  by  Spaniards  in  16th 
century,  598 ;  first  permanent  name  of 
North  American  colony,  607;  threat¬ 
ened  by  Carolinas,  1777;  condition  of 
Indians  in,  in  early  18th  century,  1797; 
Spanish  lure  negroes  to,  1891,  1892; 
part  claimed  by  English,  2002 ;  ceded  to 
England  in  1763,  2335;  limits  of,  aS 
English  province,  2336 ;  emigration  to,  in 
1764,  2337;  retroceded  to  Spain  in  1783, 
2337;  ceded  to  United  States  in  1819, 
2337 ;  privateering  from,  during  Amer¬ 
ican  revolution,  2337;  after  treaty  of 
Paris,  2364;  Willing  in,  2787;  boundary 
of,  2787;  Galvez  reconquers,  2789;  Brit¬ 
ish  hold,  2811;  Lee  and  Howe’s  expedi¬ 
tion  against,  2812,  2813;  disposition  of, 
in  French-Spanish  negotiations,  2846; 
Pollock  plots  attack  on,  3151 ;  Spain  re¬ 
occupies,  3151,  3152;  map  of  Spanish 
Florida,  facing  3562 ;  boundary  of,  3563 ; 


86 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


France  fails  to  obtain  from  Spain, 
3730;  congress  approves  plan  to  buy, 
3739-3741 ;  United  States  asks  Spain  for, 
3745,  3754 ;  Mobile  act,  3765,  3766 ;  Mon¬ 
roe  negotiates  for,  3767,  3768,  3804,  3805 ; 
congress’  action  on,  3806,  3807;  revolts 
and  asks  annexation  to  United  States, 
3940,  394b  3973;  England  protests 

against  seizure  of,  3954;  Jackson  in¬ 
vades,  4033,  4034,  4079;  international 
complications  concerning,  4107,  41 11- 

4113;  ceded  to  United  States  by  Spain, 
4113,  4114,  4126,  4127,  4132;  prelim¬ 
inaries  for  admission,  4366;  delegates 
of,  withdraw  from  Charleston  conven¬ 
tion,  4593;  secession  of,  4608,  4649,  4660, 
4674;  federal  operations  along  the  coast 
of,  4879;  convention  for  reconstruction, 
5351 ;  ratifies  anti-slavery  amendment, 
5351 ;  military  control  provided  for,  5383 ; 
Pope  assigned  command  of,  5388;  rati¬ 
fies  state  constitution,  5399 ;  ratifies  four¬ 
teenth  amendment,  5413 ;  conditions  in, 
during  reconstruction,  5459-5461. 

Florida,  Confederate  ship,  4901-4909,  5509. 

Florida  rangers,  Tory  refugees  compose, 
2812. 

Florin,  name  for  Verrazano,  503;  note,  504, 
507. 

Flower,  Enoch,  establishes  first  school  in 
Philadelphia,  1220. 

Flowerdieu  Hundred  represented  in  Vir¬ 
ginia  house  of  burgesses,  680. 

Floyd,  Davis,  witness  against  Burr,  3830; 
joins  Burr’s  expedition,  3834;  indicted 
for  treason,  3841. 

Floyd,  John,  delegate  to  convention  on 
Kentucky  independence,  2 777. 

Floyd,  John,  on  position  of  Missouri  in 
1820,  4131. 

Floyd,  Gen.  John  B.,  in  Indian  campaign, 
4038,  4057;  secretary  of  war,  4564;  sec¬ 
retary  of  war,  4628;  official  career,  note, 
4629;  at  Ft.  Donelson,  4817,  4820,  4823; 
orders  stores  in  Nashville  distributed  to 
the  poor,  4825 ;  denounced  and  relieved 
of  command,  4826. 

Floyd,  William,  portrait  of,  facing  2500. 

Flushing,  Underhill  at,  1153;  Anabaptists 
at,  1168. 

Flusser,  Capt.  C.  W.,  killed  at  Plymouth, 
5174. 

“Flying  Camp,”  2528;  Washington  loses, 
2529. 

Folch,  Don  Vicente,  Spanish  governor  of 
Florida,  3941. 

Folger,  Charles  J.,  secretary  of  the  treas¬ 
ury,  5572. 


Folly  Island,  S.  C.,  attack  upon,  5166. 

Folsom,  Frances,  Grover  Cleveland  mar¬ 
ries,  5592. 

Folsom,  Nathaniel,  brigadier-general  of 
New  Hampshire  troops,  2436. 

Fonseca,  Juan  Rodriguez  de,  head  of  Span¬ 
ish  bureau  for  West  Indies,  319;  enemy 
of  Columbus,  327,  328,  332-336;  tri¬ 
umphant,  340. 

•ntanarossa,  Susanna,  mother  of  Colum¬ 
bus,  268. 

Food  adulteration,  bill  to  prevent,  5861, 
5862. 

Foot,  Samuel  A.,  offers  resolution  on  sales 
of  public  lands,  4227.' 

Foote,  Andrew  H.,  rear-admiral,  attacks 
Ft.  Henry,  4814,  4815;  wounded,  4820; 
attacks  Ft.  Donelson,  4820-4825 ;  attacks 
Island  No.  10,  4833,  4834,  4837;  portrait, 
facing  4840;  in  command  of  western 
flotilla,  4847. 

Foote,  Henry  S.,  protests  against  Clay’s 
compromise  resolutions  in  1850,  4453 ; 
altercation  with  Benton  in  senate,  4473 ; 
proposes  that  the  resolution  of  Clay  and 
Bell  be  taken  under  advisement,  4473, 
4474;  organizes  Union  party  in  Missis¬ 
sippi  and  is  elected  governor,  4479; 
contest  with  Davis  for  governorship  of 
Mississippi,  4498. 

Foraker,  J.  B.,  at  the  Republican  conven¬ 
tion  in  1896,  5687. 

Forbes,  Gen.  John,  commands  second  expe¬ 
dition  against  Ft.  Duquesne,  2166,  2178; 
illness  impedes  his  progress,  2166,  2167, 
2173;  gives  up  campaign  against  Ft. 
Duquesne,  2173. 

Force  bill  asked  for  by  Jackson,  4257;  in¬ 
troduced  and  debated  in  congress,  4257- 
4259 ;  becomes  a  law,  4259. 

Ford  at  Hobkirk’s  Hill,  3043,  3044. 

Ford’s  Theatre,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Lin¬ 
coln  assassinated  at,  5299,  5300;  view 
of,  facing  5300;  facsimile  of  programme, 
facing  5300. 

Forefathers,  origin  of  name,  803. 

Foreign  contract  labor  bill,  5593. 

Foreign  corps  of  artillery  absorbed  by  so¬ 
ciety  of  the  war  of  1812,  5911. 

Foreign  relations  of  United  States,  see 
Treaties,  also  names  of  other  countries. 

Forestry,  congress  enacts  bill  on,  5815-5817. 

Forman,  militia  under,  2629. 

Forrest,  Mrs.,  gentlewoman  in  Jamestown 
colony,  649. 

Forrest,  Gen.  Nathan  B.,  escape  from  Ft. 
Donelson,  4823;  at  battle  of  Shiloh,  5105; 
at  Murfreesboro,  5113,  5114;  advances 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


87 


to  Lebanon,  5114,  5115;  at  McMinnville, 
5115;  in  siege  of  Nashville,  5125;  raids 
in  Mississippi,  5143;  in  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee,  5154;  headquarters  at  Colum¬ 
bia,  5160;  in  northern  Mississippi,  5254; 
defeats  Gen.  Smith  at  Okolona,  5255; 
raid  through  Kentucky  and  Tennessee, 
5255 ;  fails  to  seize  Ft.  Anderson,  5255 ; 
capture  of  Ft.  Pillow,  5255,  5256;  massa¬ 
cre  of  troops,  5256;  pursued  by  Gen. 
Sturgis,' 5256;  in  retreat  of  Hood,  5269; 
at  Selma,  5284. 

Forsyth,  John,  U.  S.  minister  to  Spain, 
4121 ;  representative  sent  by  the  Con¬ 
federate  states  to  Washington,  4661, 
4672,  4673. 

Fort  Hill,  Boston,  note,  879. 

Fort  Hill,  O.,  earthwork  in,  133. 

Fort  King,  Fla.,  massacre  at,  4312. 

Fort  of  the  Holy  Spirit  built  by  S.  Cabot, 
441- 

Fort  Plain,  N.  Y.,  Whigs  meet  at,  3139. 

Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  Ft.  Miami  located  near, 
23io,  3383,  3530;  Harrison  concludes 
Indian  treaty  at,  3959 ;  strength  of,  in 
1812,  3979 ;  Indians  threaten,  3995- 

Forts,  for  names  of  forts  see  the  distinctive 
part  of  the  name. 

Fortune,  Dutch  ship,  brings  Dutch  colo¬ 
nists  to  America,  549-551,  778,  779. 

Fortune  Bay,  fishery  dispute  of,  5604,  5605. 

“Forty  Fort,”  built  in  Wyoming  by  Con¬ 
necticut  men,  1271 ;  scene  of  famous  con¬ 
flict,  1271 ;  Butler  demands  surrender  of, 
2750,  275 1; 

Forward,  Walter,  secretary  of  treasury 
under  Tyler,  4347. 

Foster,  Augustus  J.,  British  minister  to 
the  United  States,  3938,  3951,  3953,  3954, 
3970. 

Foster,  Gen.  George  B.,  arrests  O’Neil,  5501, 
5502. 

Foster,  Gen.  J.  G.,  in  command  at  Savan¬ 
nah,  5310. 

Foster,  S.  S.,  favors  woman’s  suffrage,  5928. 

“Foul  Weather  Jack,”  sailors  name  Admiral 
Byron,  2759. 

Fountain  of  youth  said  to  be  on  island 
of  Bimini,  387 ;  Ponce  de  Leon’s  search 
for,  387,  390,  392. 

Four  Mile  Point,  N.  Y.,  landing-place  of 
Montcalm’s  Oswego  expedition,  2132. 

Fowler,  Senator,  votes  against  impeachment 
of  Johnson,  5412. 

Fowler,  William,  magistrate  of  New  Haven, 
994- 

Fox,  Charles  James,  favors  cause  of  Amer¬ 
ican  colonies,  2484,  2495,  2717,  2719,  3084, 


3086;  George  III.  loathes,  3087 ;  portrait 
of,  facing  3088;  appointed  foreign  sec¬ 
retary,  3089;  Shelburne  at  odds  with, 
3090;  parleying  with  the  Dutch,  3090; 
coalition  with  North,  3097,  3098;  policy 
towards  United  States,  3846;  death,  3848. 

Fox,  George,  founder  of  Quaker  sect,  visits 
America  and  interests  Penn,  923,  1185; 
portrait,  facing  924;  avoids  debate  with 
Roger  Williams,  1465;  in  Maryland, 
1673. 

Fox,  Gustavus  V.,  plan  to  reinforce  Ft. 
Sumter,  4674;  assistant  secretary  of  the 
navy,  4883. 

Fox,  John,  edition  of  his  “Book  of  Mar¬ 
tyrs”  used  for  cartridge  paper,  3121. 

Fox  river  explored  by  Jean  Nicolet,  1959; 
ascended  by  Joliet  and  Marquette,  1992. 

Foxes,  Indian  tribe,  overcome  by  Ojibways, 
2282. 

France,  Norsemen  in,  205 ;  aroused  to  im¬ 
portance  of  colonies,  501-503,  519;  pros¬ 
trate  before  Charles  V.,  506;  Richelieu’s 
influence  in,  538;  disasters  in  thirty 
years’  war,  539;  claims  the  Penobscot, 
833;  Quakers’  aid  in  1846,  1240-1242;  in 
war  of  Austrian  succession  (King 
George’s  war),  1385-1387;  loses  Louis- 
bourg,  1388,  1403 ;  planned  to  conquer 
all  English  colonies,  1404-1409;  war 
declared  against,  by  England  (1702), 
1447;  in  treaty  of  Ryswick,  1552;  drives 
Huguenots  to  America,  1686;  at  war 
with  England  in  1628,  1935 ;  grants 

land  to  Charles  de  la  Tour,  1941 ;  inter¬ 
ested  in  Jesuit  missions  in  Canada,  1967, 
1968;  American  trade  routes  of,  1986; 
La  Salle  plants  colony  for,  at  mouth  of 
Mississippi,  1996;  quarrels  with  England 
over  boundaries  in  America,  2002 ; 
severely  defeated  in  seven  years’  war, 
2003 ;  allied  with  Spain  against  England 
in  colonial  period,  2003 ;  too  much  occu¬ 
pied  with  Europe  to  protect  her  interests 
in  America,  2166;  in  treaty  of  Paris, 
2302;  last  effort  for  her  American  col¬ 
onies,  2328;  joins  Spain  in  “Family 
Compact”  against  England,  2330;  eager 
for  peace  in  1763,  2332-2334;  assists 
America,  2552-2556,  2712,  2969,  2970; 
recognizes  American  independence,  2717; 
declares  war  against  England,  2717; 
French  alliance  unpopular  with  Puritans, 
2722;  Spain’s  attitude  toward,  2844-2846, 
2849;  faithful  to  America,  2846;  result 
of  alliance  with  Americans,  2858; 
Franklin  goes  to,  2870;  England’s  ac¬ 
tion  toward,  regarding  prizes  captured 


88 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


by  American  warship,  2870,  2871 ;  Paul 
Jones  in,  2877,  2883,  2895,  2896;  French 
troops  placed  at  Washington’s  disposal, 
2969,  2970;  sea  power  of,  3063,  3066, 
3068;  rejoices  over  surrender  of  Corn¬ 
wallis,  3084;  limits  the  United  States, 
3094;  map  of  North  America  showing 
boundaries  as  proposed  by,  facing  3094; 
American  revolution  and,  3099,  3150; 
Morris,  U.  S.  minister  to,  3447,  3576; 
French  revolution,  cause  and  effect, 
3455-346i,  3557;  desires  alliance  with 
United  States,  3538,  3539;  effect  of  Jay’s 
treaty  on,  3556,  3576,  3580 Monroe 
sent  to,  3577-3580;  complaints  and 
intrigues  of,  3581,  3582;  Pinckney  sent 
to,  3583;  U.  S.  missions  to,  3594,  3595, 
3610,  3611,  3620-3622;  X.  Y.  Z.  plot  of 
French  directory,  3611;  United  States 
prepares  for  war  against,  3622,  3623 ; 
Gerry  in,  3654-3656;  Logan’s  mission  to, 
3656,  3657;  Adams  appoints  new  com¬ 
missioners  to,  3659;  treaty  of  Morfon- 
taine  signed  by,  3683 ;  Spain  cedes  Loui¬ 
siana  to,  3725-3728,  3751 ;  reinstated  in 
West  Indies,  3732,  3734;  Livingston,  U. 
S.  minister  to,  3735,  3736,  3740,  3741 ; 
decides  to  sell  Louisiana,  3741-3744, 
3753 ;  Florida  negotiations  of,  3753,  3804, 
3805 ;  U.  S.  commerce  with,  3807,  3920- 
3925,  3938,  3954,  3955,  397i ;  effect  of 
the  embargo  in,  3881,  3882;  U.  S.  re¬ 
lations  with,  3916-3920,  3932,  3934,  3935 ; 
on  Berlin  and  Milan  decrees,  3972; 
fails  to  pay  spoliation  claims,  4271, 
4272;  payment  insisted  on  by  Jackson, 
4272;  offers  to  pay  if  Jackson  apologizes, 
4273 ;  accepts  mediation  of  Great  Britain 
and  pays  part  of  award,  4273 ;  proposes 
tripartite  convention  to  discuss  Cuban 
question,  4512,  4513;  policy  toward  Unit¬ 
ed  States  during  the  civil  war,  4901,  4924, 
4940,  5679;  interference  in  Mexico  in 
1863,  5067,  5068,  5258;  endorses  U.  S. 
plan  of  bimetalism,  5682;  demands  mon¬ 
ey  indemnity  for  Boxer  outrages,  5833. 

France  Royal,  name  of  Roberval’s  camp, 
5*8. 

Francis  I.,  king  of  France,  sends  out 
Verrazano,  502,  503;  a  prisoner  of 
Charles  V.,  506;  approves  of  Cartier’s 
expedition,  507,  508,  516;  sends  out 
Roberval,  515. 

Francis,  British  commander,  2573,  2574. 

Francis,  Cape,  480. 

Franciscans  have  seminary  at  Port  Royal, 
N.  S.,  1943. 


Frankfort  Diet  confirms  charter  of  South 
company,  577. 

Frankfort,  Ky.,  Morgan’s  plans  concerning, 
5112;  alarm  at,  5112;  Gen.  Heth  at,  5122; 
provisional  governor  of  Kentucky  in¬ 
augurated  at,  5122. 

Frankfort  on  the  Main,  Moravians  in,  1866. 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  quoted  as  to  Quakers, 
1241 ;  suggestion  as  to  buying  a  fire- 
engine,  1241 ;  in  public  life  in  Philadel¬ 
phia,  1268 ;  colonial  agent  in  London, 
1268;  opposed  by  John  Penn,  1268; 
friend  of  James  Alexander,  note,  1569; 
declines  to  be  colonel  of  militia,  1594; 
describes  interview  with  Gov.  George 
Clinton,  1594,  1595;  appointed  postmas¬ 
ter  of  Philadelphia,  1659;  aids  Braddock 
in  his  disastrous  expedition,  2060-2065 ; 
commanded  frontier  troops  against  Ind¬ 
ians,  2083-2085 ;  urges  the  keeping  of 
Canada  in  1763,  2334;  publishes  Hutch¬ 
inson  letters,  2401 ;  loses  office  as  post¬ 
master-general,  2402;  established  New 
England  Courant  (1721),  2347 ;  on  stamp 
act,  2371 ;  explains  working  of  stamp  act 
to  house  of  commons,  2378;  chairman 
of  Pennsylvania  committee  of  safety, 
2438;  member  of  continental  congress, 
2448;  facsimile  of  letter  to  Wm.  Stratan, 
facing  2464 ;  plan  for  government  re- 
jected,  2471;  on  foreign  correspondence 
committee,  2474;  on  acts  of  congress  of 
1776,  2494;  on  committee  to  draw  up 
declaration  of  independence,  2497 ;  por¬ 
trait  of,  facing  2500,  facing  3088,  facing 
3378;  Howe  negotiates  with,  2511,  2517; 
as  French  commissioner,  2555,  2556, 
2713;  America’s  debt  to,  2556;  theory  of 
fiat  money,  2683,  2684;  reply  on  bill  of 
Lord  North,  2717;  friend  of  Lord  Shel¬ 
burne,  2722,  3094 ;  comment  on  Phila¬ 
delphia  situation,  2727;  pamphlet  on 
Ohio  land  grant,  2765;  went  to  France, 
2870;  suggests  American  fleet  in  English 
waters,  2870;  opinion  of  Pierre  Landais, 
2884,  2885 ;  peace  negotiated  by,  3091, 
3092 ;  member  of  Ohio  colony  company, 
3147;  at  Philadelphia  convention,  3265, 
3287,  3296-3298;  sketch  of,  3265;  last 
public  service  of,  3378 ;  death  of,  3378 ; 
facsimile  of  letter  of  French  assembly 
on  death  of,  facing  3378;  letter  to  Jay 
on  the  Mississippi  river,  3723,  3724. 

Franklin,  James,  printed  first  newspaper 
in  Rhode  Island,  1488. 

Franklin,  Gen.  William  B.,  brigade  com¬ 
mander,  4748;  at  Bull  Run,  4755-4757; 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


89 


commands  sixth  provisional  corps,  4692; 
at  Malvern  Hill,  4988;  commands  sixth 
corps  under  McClellan,  5031,  5032;  at 
Buckeyestown,  5034;  at  battle  of  South 
Mountain,  5039,  5040;  at  battle  of  An- 
tietam,  5044;  commands  division  under 
Burnside,  5070;  opposes  Burnside,  5075; 
relieved  of  command,  5076. 

Franklin,  William,  governor  of  New  Jer¬ 
sey,  assists  father  in  defense  of  north¬ 
ern  Pennsylvania,  2083;  summons  New 
Jersey  assembly,  2437;  colonization  plan 
of,  3146. 

Franklin  (state),  organization,  3172,  3173; 
represented  in  congress,  3173;  Washing¬ 
ton  county  desires  union  with,  3174; 
laws,  3174;  dissolution,  3175,  3177. 

Franklin,  Tenn.,  battle  of,  5266;  attempt  of 
Hood  to  make  a  stand  at,  5268. 

Franklin,  U.  S.  warship,  2861-28 63. 

Fraser,  North  Carolina  settler,  saved  by 
friendly  Indians,  1819,  1820. 

Fraser,  Mrs.,  wife  of  North  Carolina  set¬ 
tler,  saved  by  Sanute,  1819,  1820. 

Fraser,  Gen.  Simon,  leads  British  regulars, 
2570;  at  Ticonderoga,  2574;  at  Ben¬ 
nington,  2599;  at  Saratoga,  2639-2641, 
2648,  2651,  2652;  mortal  wounding  of, 
2652;  death  and  burial  of,  2654. 

Frazier,  pioneer,  shelters  Washington  and 
Gist,  2038. 

Frear,  Walter  F.,  on  Hawaiian  commission, 

5763. 

Frederic  III.,  emperor  of  Germany,  10,  23; 
portrait,  facing  284. 

Frederic,  Fort  (Crown  Point),  illus., 
facing  2106. 

Frederica,  Ga.,  Christianity  at,  1871 ;  laid 
out  by  Oglethorpe,  1882,  1883;  Ogle¬ 
thorpe’s  expedition  returns  to,  1901 ;  in 
Spanish  invasion  in  1742,  1904,  1907- 
1909,  1913;  Col.  Elbert  captures  British 
vessels  at,  2813. 

Frederick  the  Great  defeated  at  Kolin, 
2355 ;  refuses  aid  to  England,  2472, 
2473;  Hessians  refused  passage,  2714; 
port  of  Dantzic  opened  to  America 
by,  2715;  Earl  of  Chatham  assists,  2719; 
comment  on  the  battle  of  Monmouth  by, 
2740,  2741 ;  on  right  of  search,  3063 ; 
armed  neutrality  joined  by,  3066. 

Frederick,  Md.,  Burgoyne’s  army  at,  2 666; 
Lee  goes  into  camp  near,  5027;  army 
of  the  Potomac  near,  5034;  Jackson  at, 
5037;  Hooker  marches  to,  5085;  member 
of  Maryland  legislature  arrested  at, 
5184;  Gen.  Early  arrives  at,  5248; 


Gen.  Lew  Wallace  advances  toward, 
5248. 

Fredericksburg,  Va.,  Washington  at,  in  1753, 
2031;  McDowell  at,  4798,  4964;  McClel¬ 
lan’s  army  at,  5027;  Burnside’s  plans 
concerning,  5069;  campaign  of,  begun, 
5071;  battle  of  Dec.  13,  1862,  5072-5076; 
view  of  Marie  Heights,  facing  5072 ; 
Union  and  Confederate  losses,  5074, 
5075; 

Fredericksburg,  Confederate  ironclad,  4901. 

Fredericktown,  on  the  Susquehanna,  pil¬ 
laged  in  war  of  1812,  4040. 

“Free  Ships  Make  Free  Goods,”  advocated 
by  Frederick  the  Great,  3063;  in  treaty 
of  1792,  3563. 

Free-soil  party,  represented  by  Van  Buren 
and  C.  F.  Adams,  4329;  Buffalo  conven¬ 
tion  in  1848,  4431 ;  candidate  receives  no 
electoral  votes,  4431;  holds  balance  of 
power  in  31st  congress,  4448;  fusion 
with  Democratic  party  in  Ohio  and  Mas¬ 
sachusetts,  4499  ;  Pittsburg  convention  in 
1852,  4507;  third  Nebraska  bill,  4534; 
meeting  in  Kansas,  4553 ;  leaders  at¬ 
tacked  by  mob  in  Kansas,  4556. 

Free  trade,  see  Tariff. 

Freeborn,  U.  S.  steamer,  4855. 

Freedmen’s  bureau,  U.  S.,  organized,  5357, 
5358;  object,  5358,  5359;  work  accom¬ 
plished,  5358-5360;  congress  passes  bill 
to  enlarge  powers  of,  5364,  5365;  bill 
vetoed  by  president,  5365;  amended  bill 
vetoed  by  president,  5370;  re-passed  over 
veto  by  congress,  5371,  5460-546 7. 

Freehold,  N.  J.,  Clinton  at,  2733;  Lee  at, 
2735- 

Freeman,  Lieut-Col.,  in  command  at  New 
Orleans,  3832. 

Freeman’s  farm,  battle  of,  note,  2638,  2640. 

Freemasons,  kidnapping  of  Morgan,  4212; 
rise  of  anti-Masonic  party,  4212;  prog¬ 
ress  in  Mexico,  4274,  4275. 

Frelinghuysen,  1  rederick  T.,  on  electoral 
commission,  5547;  secretary  of  state, 
5572. 

Frelinghuysen,  Theodore,  nominated  by 
Whig  convention  in  Baltimore,  4362. 

Fremont,  John  C.,  in  California,  4382;  nom¬ 
inated  for  president,  4558;  sketch  of, 
4559>  456o;  governor  of  California  ter¬ 
ritory,  4715  j  nominated  for  president, 
note,  4715;  commands  department  of  the 
West,  4715;  emancipation  proclamation 
of,  4717-4719,  4953;  campaign  in  Missou¬ 
ri,  4723,  4724;  removed  from  command, 
4724,  4725;  charges  against,  4726-4728; 


90 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


quarrel  with  F.  P.  Blair,  4727;  defense 
of,  4729;  at  battle  of,  4729;  battle  of 
Cross  Keys,  4798;  commands  corps  in 
army  of  Virginia,  5007;  refuses  to  serve 
under  Pope,  5008;  succeeded  by  Sigel, 
5008;  nominated  for  president  by  rad¬ 
ical  Republicans,  5195;  withdraws  from 
presidential  contest,  5212. 

French,  Gen.  S.  G.,  attack  on  Allatoona, 
5266. 

French,  Gen.  W.  H.,  in  battle  of  Freder¬ 
icksburg,  5073. 

French  and  Indian  war,  duration  of,  1378; 
Gov.  Shirley  prominent  in,  1381 ;  Con¬ 
necticut’s  part  in,  1452 ;  affected  colonies 
for  a  long  time,  1476;  costs  England 
more  than  exploration,  1657,  1658;  unites 
colonies,  1668,  2015;  also  called  seven 
years’  war,  2001 ;  causes  and  results, 
2002-2054;  surrender  of  Ft.  Necessity, 
2049-2051 ;  Braddock’s  campaign,  2055- 
2080;  expedition  against  Acadians,  2108- 
2131 ;  campaign  against  Louisbourg, 
2176-2186;  campaign  against  Ticonder- 
oga  and  Niagara,  2188-2230;  campaign 
against  Quebec,  2231-2276;  bearing  on 
war  of  independence,  2338. 

French  in  America,  see  Colonies  in  Amer¬ 
ica,  French  discovery  and  exploration 
for  France. 

French  river  explored  by  Jean  Nicolet, 
!958. 

Frenchtown,  Ind.,  American  defeat  at,  in 
1813,  4016-4019. 

Freneau,  Philip,  portrait,  facing  3452 ;  edits 
National  Gazette,  3454,  3455- 

Fresh  Water  river,  953. 

Freydis,  wife  of  Thorvard,  225 ;  intimidates 
Indians,  226;  leads  a  colony,  228-230. 

Friends,  see  Quakers. 

Friends  of  the  rights  of  man,  society  in 
Baltimore,  3456. 

Fries,  John,  leads  Pennsylvania  riot,  366 6; 
conviction  and  sentence,  36 66 ;  Adams 
pardons,  3666. 

Friesland,  Holland,  553. 

Frisians  land  in  England,  203;  influence  in 
America,  240. 

Frislanda,  mythical  island,  249-253,  note, 
256,  277. 

Frobischer,  Sir  Martin,  English  navigator, 
22;  seeks  northwest  passage,  597. 

Frolic,  British  brig,  fight  with  the  Wasp, 
3992 ;  illus.,  facing  3992. 

Fromentin,  Eligius,  4136. 

Frontenac,  Count  de,  portrait,  facing  1536; 
in  command  in  Canada,  1536;  sends 
three  expeditions  against  English,  1539; 
attacks  Iroquois,  1552,  1553;  governor  of 


New  France,  1992;  built  Ft.  Frontenac, 
1994. 

Frontenac,  Fort  (now  Kingston,  Canada), 
established,  1994;  French  garrison  at, 
2089;  starting-point  of  Montcalm’s  Os¬ 
wego  expedition,  2132;  Bradstreet  at¬ 
tacks  and  captures,  2210-2213;  never  re¬ 
built,  2213. 

Frothingham,  Thomas,  prosecution  of,  3675. 

Fry,  Col.  Joshua,  in  command  of  Virginia 
expedition  to  Ohio,  2040-2042 ;  dies,  2048. 

Fry,  Speed  S.,  at  Mill  Springs,  4810,  4811; 
kills  Zollicoffer,  4811. 

Frye,  William  P.,  member  of  Paris  peace 
commission,  2737. 

Fugill,  Thomas,  one  of  “seven  pillars”  of 
New  Haven,  991 ;  magistrate,  992. 

Fugitive  slave  law,  origin  of,  3435,  3436; 
congress  passes  in  1792,  3436;  effect 
of,  3618;  proposed  revision  in  1819,  4120, 
4639,  4644;  discussed  by  Seward,  4466; 
proposed  in  compromise  of  1850,  4474; 
passed,  4480;  history  traced  beginning 
with  law  of  1793,  4480-4484;  North  pro¬ 
tests  against,  4483;  effect,  4486,  4487; 
northern  opposition,  4487-4489;  under- 
'  ground  railroad,  4489,  4490;  rescue  of 
negroes  by  northerners,  4490-4492;  ref¬ 
erence  to,  in  Fillmore’s  message,  quoted, 
4496;  denounced  in  Free-soil  platform  in 
1852,  4507;  declared  invalid  by  free 
states,  4544;  enforced  in  Ohio  in  1859, 
4582 ;  repeal,  5189. 

Fuller,  Capt.,  commissioner  to  Maryland, 
1108-1110;  leads  Providence  party  in 
Maryland,  1114. 

Fulton,  Robert,  facsimile  letter  of,  facing 
3694;  invents  steamboat,  3756. 

Fundy,  Bay  of,  copper  mines  reported  near, 
522 ;  crossed  by  Champlain,  526 ;  crossed 
by  Catholics  during  the  struggle  with 
the  La  Tours,  1953;  Messagouche  river 
flows  into,  2118;  English  fleet  in,  2119. 

Funston,  Gen.  Frederick,  captures  Aguinal- 
do,  5743,  5744;  preserves  order  in  San 
Francisco  after  earthquake,  5876,  5877. 

Fur  trade  of  French  colonists,  518,  523, 
526-528,  532;  English  and  Dutch  com¬ 
peted,  533;  Dutch  engaged  in,  541,  550, 
552,  563-570;  English  engaged  in,  727, 
731,  734,  845;  controls  Dutch  policy  to¬ 
wards  Five  Nations,  1129;  in  Pennsyl¬ 
vania  province,  1260;  in  New  York  in 
1678,  1505;  in  Georgia  before  revolution, 
1920;  monopoly  is  given  to  Richelieu’s 
trading  companies,  1934;  cause  of  strife 
in  Acadia,  1936;  of  La  Tour  supported 
by  the  Micmacs,  1942,  1943;  monopoly 
of,  given  to  D’Aunay,  1955 ;  privilege  of, 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


91 


denied  to  founders  of  Montreal,  1968; 
to  be  extended  on  account  of  French 
explorations,  1993 ;  northern  falls  to 
England  after  seven  years’  war,  2328; 
England’s  policy  toward,  in  1763,  2765. 
Fusang,  mythical  country,  257-260. 


G. 

Gabarus,  Bay  of,  harbor  for  Louisbourg, 
1395,  2181,  2182. 

Gaboto,  Giovanni,  421,  note,  430. 

Gadsden,  Christopher,  resists  stamp  act, 
2383;  in  first  continental  congress,  2409; 
on  naval  committee,  2861 ;  in  Charleston 
during  its  investment  by  the  British, 
2910-2912;  Clinton  tries  to  exchange  An¬ 
dre  for,  2987;  his  imprisonment,  2993. 

Gadsden  treaty  between  United  States  and 
Mexico,  4548. 

Gage,  Lyman  J.,  in  McKinley’s  cabinet, 
5695,  5772. 

Gage,  Gen.  Thomas,  returned  to  England  in 
I777>  l9J7  >  officer  under  Braddock,  later 
British  commander-in-chief,  2056,  2057; 
at  battle  of  Monongahela,  2069;  keeps 
his  men  in  solid  formation,  2071 ;  neg¬ 
lects  cannon,  2074;  can  not  control  his 
troops,  2074,  2075;  courageous,  2076; 
aided  Braddock  when  wounded,  2077; 
fails  to  quarter  soldiers  on  Bostonians 
in  1768,  2390;  assumes  that  Boston  will 
submit,  2406;  becomes  governor,  2407; 
portrait,  facing  2408;  fortifies  Boston, 
2410;  army  occupies  Boston,  2415;  ef¬ 
fect  on  New  England,  2415;  estimate 
of  troops  necessary  to  control  the  colo¬ 
nies,  2416;  ordered  to  seize  John  Han¬ 
cock  and  Samuel  Adams,  2417;  declares 
action  of  Massachusetts  treasonable, 
2418;  attempt  to  capture  stores  at  Con¬ 
cord,  2421 ;  attempt  to  capture  Hancock 
and  Adams,  2422 ;  his  timid  policy,  2432 ; 
patriots  confiscate  his  supplies,  2436;  his 
policy  opposed  by  New  York  loyalists, 
2437;  England  criticises,  2441 ;  reinforce¬ 
ments  for,  2453 ;  condition  of  his  army, 
2454;  receives  Connecticut  deputation, 
2455- 

Gagmegue,  a  name  of  Mohawks,  1516. 

Gaines,  Gen.  Edmund  P.,  in  Indian  troubles 
on  Florida  frontier,  4107-41 10;  portrait, 
facing  4110;  investigates  Indian  affairs 
in  Georgia,  4179;  proceeds  against  Sem- 
inoles,  4313. 

Gaines,  Fort,  Ala.,  location,  5169;  siege  of, 
5T70- 

Gaines’  Mill,  Va.,  location,  4962;  McClellan 


at,  4964;  battle  at,  4978-4980;  view  of, 
facing  4984. 

Gainesbo rough,  Eng.,  Separatists  in,  753- 
755- 

Gainesville,  Va.,  Pope  at,  5016,  5017. 

Gainey,  Micajah,  attacked  by  Marion,  2937; 
leads  Tories  against  Marion,  2992; 
Horry’s  fight  with,'  3027. 

Galena,  U.  S.  monitor,  4910;  flagship  of 
Commodore  Rogers,  4920. 

Galissoniere,  Marquis  of,  governor  of  Can¬ 
ada,  sends  Bienville  to  Ohio  country, 
note,  2010,  note,  2011. 

Gall,  Gen.,  at  Saratoga,  2648. 

Gallatin,  Albert,  portraits,  facing  3484,  3596; 
elected  senator,  3485,  3486;  sketch  of, 
3485,  3486;  senate  rejects,  3486;  elected 
to  the  house,  3486;  in  the  whiskey  re¬ 
bellion,  3513-3515;  member  of  fourth 
congress,  3565;  opposes  Jay’s  treaty, 
3.57  L  3572;  in  congress,  3596;  on  sedi¬ 
tion  bill,  3632;  appointed  secretary  of 
treasury,  3712;  ability,  3713;  on  em¬ 
bargo,  3870,  3881 ;  on  the  New  England 
elections,  3884;  on  financial  condition  of 
the  country  in  1808,  3886;  secretary  of 
treasury  in  Madison’s  cabinet,  3896;  de¬ 
clines  to  be  secretary  of  state,  3896; 
opposes  expenditures  for  military  and 
naval  services,  3897 ;  on  financial  condi¬ 
tion  of  the  United  States  in  1809,  3906; 
on  Jackson’s  mission,  3909;  opposed 
in  senate,  3921 ;  his  treasury  report 
in  1809,  3922 ;  reputed  author  of  Ma¬ 
con’s  bill  No.  1,  3925;  report  on 

manufactures,  3931 ;  on  renewal  of 
charter  of  U.  S.  bank,  3931,  3943,  3944; 
offers  to  resign,  3950;  on  the  condition 
of  the  treasury  in  1812,  3968,  4008,  4009; 
appointed  peace  commissioner  in  war 
of  1812,  4012;  senate  refuses  to  confirm 
his  appointment,  4015;  declines  treasury 
portfolio,  4045 ;  appointed  peace  com¬ 
missioner  in  1814,  4046;  his  work  on 
peace  commission,  4087,  4088;  reappoint¬ 
ed  minister  to  France,  4102 ;  proposed 
for  vice-president,  4159,  4160;  appointed 
minister  to  Great  Britain,  4176;  meas¬ 
ures  promoted  by,  4192. 

Gallatin  river,  Lewis  and  Clark  name  the, 
3757- 

Gallipolis,  O.,  founded,  3520,  3521. 

Galloway,  Joseph,  in  first  continental  con¬ 
gress,  2409 ;  introduced  plan  of  union, 
2410;  submits  to  Howe’s  proclamation, 

2529. 

Gallup,  John,  avenged  Oldham,  970,  971. 

Galphin,  George,  claim  against  Georgia, 
4441,  4442. 


92 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Galphin,  Fort,  captured,  3049. 

Galveston,  Tex.,  pirates  at,  4106,  4107; 
occupied  by  federal  troops,  4864,  4865 ; 
attacked  by  Confederates,  4865 ;  block¬ 
ade  resumed,  4867 ;  recaptured,  4898 ; 
disastrous  storm  at,  5783,  5784. 

Galvez,  Don  Bernardo  de,  governor  of 
Florida,  west  Florida  captured  by,  2787; 
supplied  American  armaments,  2788; 
intrigue  with  Willing,  2788;  obtains 
control  of  British  posts  on  Mississippi, 
3I5B  3152. 

Gama,  Vasco  da,  great  explorer,  100; 
finds  sea  route  to  India,  333,  377,  405 ; 
Columbus  hopes  to  surpass,  336,  337; 
birth  and  death,  401 ;  hero  of  “Os  Lus- 
iadas,”  401,  402 ;  confers  honor  on 

Portugal,  402;  inspired  by  Prince  Henry 
and  Diaz,  402;  portrait,  facing  402;  his 
commission,  403 ;  opens  oriental  trade, 
406;  made  admiral,  406. 

Gambier,  Lord,  bombards  Copenhagen, 
3867. 

Gamble,  Hamilton  R.,  appointed  governor 
of  Missouri,  4714. 

Gamelin,  Antoine,  3381. 

Gamlason,  Thorhal,  Norse  explorer,  prays 
for  food,  222 ;  leaves  Vinland,  *  222 ; 
pasquinade,  222,  223. 

Ganniagiwari,  native  name  of  Mohawks, 
1516. 

“Ganowanian,”  name  suggested  for  Amer¬ 
ican  races,  197. 

Gansevoort,  Col.  Peter,  Ft.  Stanwix  com¬ 
manded  by,  2587,  2595 ;  defies  St.  Leger, 
2594;  at  siege  of  Ft.  Stanwix,  2596; 
ordered  to  Albany,  2842. 

Garay,  Francisco  de,  governor  of  Jamaica, 
391 ;  tried  to  find  water  route  to  Pacific, 
394;  endeavored  to  found  Amichel,  396. 

Garcia,  Gen.  Calixto,  to  cooperate  with 
Shafter  in  Cuba,  5728;  evaded  by  Span¬ 
iards  at  Santiago,  5730. 

Gardar  discovers  Iceland,  203. 

Gardenier,  of  New  York,  leader  in  congress, 
3867;  on  the  embargo,  3877,  3878;  fed¬ 
eralist  in  politics,  3901 ;  on  Macon’s  bill 
No.  1,  3927. 

Gardiner,  Sir  Christopher,  adventures  in 
Massachusetts  Bay  colony,  888;  made 
trouble  in  England,  894. 

Gardiner,  Lion,  first  lord  of  Gardiner’s 
Island,  959;  expostulates  with  Endi- 
cott,  971,  972;  opinion  of  provincial 
troops,  974-978. 

Gardiner,  Stephen,  bishop  of  Winchester, 

888. 

Gardiner’s  Island,  first  owner  of,  959. 


Gardner,  Mrs.,  Quaker  in  Rhode  Island, 

1055. 

Gardner,  Gen.  Franklin,  besieged  in  Port 
Hudson,  5149,  5I50;  surrenders  Port 
Hudson,  5150. 

Gardner,  John  L.,  urges  strengthening  of 
Ft.  Moultrie,  4613. 

Gardner,  Thomas,  plantation  overseer  for 
Dorchester  adventurers,  862. 

Gardner,  Gen.  W.  M.,  defeated  by  Stone- 
man,  5270. 

Gardoqui,  Don  Diego,  Spanish  minister 
to  United  States,  3116;  intrigues  of, 

3186,  3187. 

Garfield,  James  A.,  commissioned  brigadier- 
general  for  his  Kentucky  campaign, 
4808;  on  the  electoral  commission  of 
1877,  554 7i  nominated  for  president, 
5565 ;  sketch  of  the  life  of,  note,  5565 ; 
presidential  campaign  and  the  Morey 
forgery,  5566,  5567;  inauguration  of, 
5567;  cabinet  of,  5567;  portrait,  facing 
SS70;  assassination  and  death,  5571; 
unveiling  of  his  memorial  statue  fat 
Washington,  5615. 

Garibaldi,  Giuseppe,  4501. 

Garland,  Augustus  H.,  in  Cleveland’s 
cabinet,  5590. 

Garland,  Hugh  A.,  clerk  of  the  house 
during  organization  contest  of  1839, 
4322,  4323. 

Garnett,  Richard  S.,  at  Cheat  river,  4742; 
McClellan  attacks,  4743 ;  death  of,  4743. 

Garnett,  Robert  B.,  Confederate  general, 
at  battle  of  Cedar  Mountain,  5013; 
commands  division  at  Gettysburg,  5091. 

Gamier,  Father,  in  charge  of  Jesuit  mis¬ 
sion  among  Hurons,  1966;  Indians  prej¬ 
udiced  against,  1966 ;  tries  to  baptize 
Indians  on  the  sly,  1967. 

Garretson,  Freeborn,  organized  Methodist 
circuits,  3114. 

Garrison,  William  Lloyd,  joins  Benjamin 
Sunday  at  Baltimore,  4288;  fined  for 
libel  and  imprisoned,  4289;  founds  the 
Liberator,  4289;  results  of  his  work, 
4289;  threatened  with  lynching  in  Bos¬ 
ton,  4292 ;  favors  women’s  suffrage,  5928. 

Gary,  James  A.,  in  McKinley’s  cabinet, 

5695- 

Gas,  introduction  of,  4198. 

Gaspee,  schooner,  burned  by  Rhode  Island¬ 
ers,  2399,  2400. 

Gates,  Horatio,  under  Braddock,  2057;  char¬ 
acter,  2057 ;  sketch  of,  2450 ;  candidate 
for  commander-in-chief,  2451 ;  at  Ti- 
conderoga,  2522;  feud  with  -Schuyler, 
note,  2522,  2561-2563;  portrait,  facing 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


93 


2522;  forces  join  Washington,  2535; 
expiration  of  army  under,  2537;  refuses 
to  take  part  in  Trenton  attack,  2539; 
character,  2539,  2562,  2607,  2639;  actions 
toward  American  officers,  2562;  Ticon- 
deroga  commanded  by,  2563,  2570;  con¬ 
gress  backs,  2563;  advice  at  Ticonder- 
oga  by,  2570;  succeeds  Schuyler,  2578; 
displaces  Schuyler,  2607;  army  under, 
2635,  2636,  2647;  reinforcements  sent  to, 
2635 ;  Schuyler  assists,  2635 ;  at  Still¬ 
water,  2637 ;  Saratoga,  2639,  2642,  2643  i 
Burgoyne’s  name  for,  2639;  his  quarrel 
with  Arnold,  2644-2646;  his  inefficiency, 
2645;  Lincoln  reinforces,  2647;  his  treat¬ 
ment  of  Sir  Francis  Clarke,  note,  2649, 
2650;  of  Arnold  and  Morgan,  2650,  2651 ; 
at  second  battle  of  Saratoga,  2653, 
2654;  follows  Burgoyne  and  captures 
his  entire  force,  2658-2662;  facsimile  let¬ 
ter  to  congress  of,  facing  2662 ;  criticism 
on,  2663 ;  results  of  Burgoyne’s  surren¬ 
der,  2664,  2666,  2667;  his  political  vic¬ 
tory,  2667;  Washington’s  treatment  of, 
2667;  plans  to  attack  Ticonderoga,  2672; 
his  popularity,  2695 ;  his  part  in  the 
Conway  cabal,  2697-2703 ;  his  affair  with 
Wilkinson,  2700;  congress  realizes  char¬ 
acter  of,  2703 ;  retires  from  board  of 
war,  2704;  plans  Hudson  fortifications, 
2704;  Washington  offers  him  command 
of  expedition  against  Iroquois,  2839; 
his  corps  destroyed  at  Camden,  2901 ; 
march  to  South  Carolina,  2936;  placed 
in  command  of  southern  army,  2940, 
2941 ;  march  to  Camden,  2942-2944 ;  at 
Camden,  2944-2950 ;  Stevens  reinforces, 
2946;  battle  of  Camden,  2951-2958;  his 
retreat,  2957-2959;  subsequent  southern 
campaign,  3009 ;  Greene  supersedes  him, 
3912. 

Gates,  Sir  Thomas,  grantee  of  London 
company,  629;  viceroy  of  New  Virginia 
company,  656 ;  sails  with  “third  supply,” 
657;  wrecked  off  the  Bermudas,  658; 
arrives  at  Jamestown,  662;  abandons 
Virginia,  662 ;  last  to  leave,  663 ;  rescued 
by  Lord  Delaware,  663 ;  severe  code  of, 
664;  one  of  council,  665;  one  of  creators 
of  Virginia,  668;  retaliates  on  Indians, 
669 ;  brings  over  second  company,  671 ; 
employs  Argali,  673 ;  refuses  Powhatan’s 
exchange  for  Pocahontas,  674;  patentee 
in  Plymouth  council,  744. 

Gay  Head,  pyrites  of,  mistaken  for  gold, 

734- 

Gayoso,  Spanish  commander  at  Natchez, 
Wilkinson’s  relations  with,  3184;  in¬ 


trigues  of,  3536;  his  part  in  Spanish 
plot,  3607. 

Gazette  of  the  United  States  (Fenno’s  Ga¬ 
zette),  Federalist  organ,  3453. 

Geary,  John  W.,  governor  of  Kansas,  4557. 
4570;  attacked  at  Cedar  Mountain,  5013; 
wounded,  5013. 

Gellison,  Thorkell,  mentions  in  Vinland, 
236. 

General  Lovel,  Confederate  ram,  in  naval 
duel,  4840;  in  battle  of  Memphis,  4841. 

General  managers’  association  of  railroad 
companies,  in  strike  of  1894,  5 672. 

General  Meigs,  ship,  Duke  of  Veragua 
views  naval  display  on  the,  5658. 

General  Monk,  British  cruiser,  2899,  2900. 

General  Price,  Confederate  ram,.  4840-4842. 

General  Quitman,  Confederate  ship,  4886. 

General  Slocum,  steamer,  burning  of,  5808. 

General  society  of  the  war  of  1812,  5912, 

5913- 

General  trade  union  of  New  York  city 
established,  5886. 

“General  Historic,”  by  John  Smith,  notes, 

709,  739- 

Genet,  Madame  (Cornelia  Clinton),  por¬ 
trait,  facing  3466. 

Genet,  Edmond  Charles,  his  arrival  in 
America  and  mission,  3462-3466;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  3466 ;  government  checks 
his  intrigues,  3468,  3469;  British  min¬ 
ister  protests  against,  3468;  opposed  by 
U.  S.  government  and  reproved  by 
France,  3470,  3471 ;  carries  his  intrigues 
too  far,  3472-3476;  succeeded  by  Fau- 
chet,  3477;  marries  Cornelia  Clinton, 
3477- 

Geneva,  Switzerland,  tribunal  of  arbitration 
meets  in,  5508-5510. 

Genoa,  sea-power,  112;  war  with  Venice, 
248,  269,  270;  Columbus  born  in,  266, 
267 ;  El  Mozo  Colombo  in,  269 ;  Colum¬ 
bus  seeks  aid  from,  273,  284;  Columbian 
documents  in,  292,  and  note ;  represented 
at  Lisbon,  271 ;  birthplace  of  Columbus 
and  John  Cabot,  420,  421,  424. 

Gentleman's  Magazine  publishes  Morgan 
Jones’  letter,  248. 

Geography  among  the  sciences,  88;  imper¬ 
fect  early  knowledge,  89,  90 ;  inherent 
difficulty  of  gaining  facts,  00-92 ;  ancient 
theories  of  shape  of  earth,  89,  93-95; 
pictures  of  old  conceptions,  facing  88; 
old  theories  of  size,  96;  developed  by 
Phoenicians  and  Greeks,  98;  revolution¬ 
ized  at  Alexandria,  99;  reasons  fcvr  im¬ 
perfect  knowledge  of,  99-101,  103;  value 


94 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


of  ancient  maps,  ioo;  not  understood  by 
Alexander,  322;  study  of,  at  St.  Die, 
370. 

George  I.,  king  of  England,  succeeds  Queen 
Anne,  1358;  appoints  governors  for  Mas¬ 
sachusetts  Bay  colony,  1358;  reserves 
Maine  trees  for  navy,  1359 ;  dies,  1360, 
1361 ;  did  not  help  to  suppress  French 
trade,  1566;  favors  Gov.  Montgomerie, 
1568. 

George  II.,  king  of  England,  accession  of, 
1361 ;  colonial  appointments  of,  1361, 
1379,  1380,  1392 ;  knights  William  Pep- 
perrell,  1392;  knights  Sir  William  John¬ 
son,  1590;  gives  charter  and  is  namesake 
for  Georgia,  1841 ;  receives  Georgia 
chiefs,  1868,  1869;  petitioned  to  protect 
Georgia  from  Spaniards,  1895;  grants 
land  between  Monongahela  and  Ka¬ 
nawha  rivers  to  John  Hanbury  and  his 
friends,  2009,  2010;  portrait,  facing 

2054;  gives  baronetcy  to  Wiliam  John¬ 
son,  2105 ;  hates  Pitt,  but  finally  gives 
him  office,  2143;  death  of,  2341. 

George  III.,  king  of  England,  against  colo¬ 
nial  independence,  1482 ;  throws  away 
gains  of  seven  years’  war,  2003 ;  kept 
with  his  mother  by  Pitt,  2143;  sup¬ 
ported  by  Abercrombie  in  tyranny,  2213; 
has  Townshend  in  cabinet,  2235;  de¬ 
nounces  seven  years’  war,  2329;  casts 
aside  Pitt  for  Bute,  2330;  oppressive  to 
colonies  early  in  reign,  2338-2344;  youth 
influenced  by  mother  and  teachers,  2341 ; 
character  and  habits  in  middle  life,  2342, 
2343 ;  portraits  of,  facing  2342 ;  how  and 
why  a  tyrant,  2343,  2344;  makes  Bute  a 
secretary  of  state,  2356;  petitioned  by 
colonies  as  to  stamp  act,  2368,  2378; 
petitioned  in  1768  by  Massachusetts, 
2388-2390 ;  determines  to  subdue  America 
in  1774,  2411 ;  petition  of  the  colonies  to, 
2471;  his  reply,-  2472;  negotiates  for 
troops,  2472 ;  hires  Hessians, .  2472 ;  his 
proclamation,  facsimile,  facing  2472; 
America  receives  repR,  2474;  effect  of 
American  success  on,  2552;  effect  of 
French  alliance  on,  2713;  signs  concilia¬ 
tion  bills,  2717;  opposes  Chatham,  2720; 
stubbornness,  2720,  3085 ;  appeals  to 

Lord  North,  2721 ;  disclaims  authority 
of  peace  commission,  2725 ;  satisfaction 
over  massacre  of  Wyoming,  2747,  2748; 
effect  of  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis  on, 
3084 ;  consents  to  peace,  3087. 

George,  Mrs.,  concerned  in  starting  panic 
in  “negro  plot”  in  New  York,  1575. 


George,  Fort,  built  on  Lake  George,  2159; 
Abercrombie’s  army  concentrated  at,  in 
1758,  2187;  Abercrombie’s  starting-point 
for  attack  on  Ticonderoga,  2189;  British 
advance  checked  at,  2573,  2636 ;  in  war 
of  1812,  3997,  4045,  4050,  4051,  4056. 

George,  Fort,  on  Mohawk  river,  surrenders 
to  Montcalm’s  army,  2135,  2136. 

George,  Lake,  Champlain  and  Hudson  al¬ 
most  met  at,  546 ;  on  route  for  expedition 
against  Quebec  in  1690,  1544;  French 
defeated  on,  2090,  2105;  battle  of  Lake 
George,  2095,  2105 ;  engraving  of  plan 
of  battle,  facing  2096;  route  of  Gen. 
Amherst  in  1759,  2219;  rendezvous  of 
the  rangers  in  seven  years’  war,  2278; 
Americans  command,  2638. 

George  Washington,  U.  S.  ship,  3711. 

Georgetown,  Pa.,  pillaged  in  war  of  1812, 
4040. 

Georgetown,  S.  C.,  Tarleton  sent  to,  2914; 
Tories  garrison,  2921 ;  McArthur  at,  2721, 
2935 ;  Ardesoif  at,  2936;  Greene  and 
Marion  move  against,  3027;  British 
post  at,  3038;  Watson  retreats  to,  3040; 
Marion  captures,  3047-3050;  Washington 
welcomed  by,  3329. 

Georgetown,  Va.,  John  Smith  explores 
site,  648. 

Georgia,  stone  hatchets  found  in,  143,  144; 
included  in  Carolina  county,  grant  of 
Charles  II.,  1722;  territorial  limits  of, 
1841 ;  how  named,  1841 ;  province  guard¬ 
ed  from  rapacity  of  incorporators,  1842; 
motto  of,  1842 ;  designed  to  relieve  the 
poor,  1842 ;  how  governed  for  twenty- 
one  years,  1848 ;  rum  first  excluded  from, 
1848;  date  of  settlement  by  Oglethorpe, 
1850;  contests  rum  question  with  South 
Carolina,  1877-1879;  land  tenure  in,  1878; 
rum  and  slavery  introduced  into,  1879, 
1919;  land  is  given  as  bounty  to  Ogle¬ 
thorpe  soldiers,  1887;  Spanish  invasion 
in  1742,  1904-1915^  grows  slowly  after 
Spanish  invasion,  1918,  1919;  land  re¬ 
form  in,  1919 ;  becomes  royal  province, 
1919;  begins  to  compete  with  Carolinas, 
1920;  products  and  exports  of,  1920; 
new  Scotch  immigration  in,  before 
revolution,  1921 ;  church  denominations 
in,  1921;  life  in  18th  century,  1921-1923; 
claimed  by  Spain,  2002;  population  in 
1755,  2009;  Acadians  sent  to,  2128, 
2129;  sends  colony  beyond  the  Altamaha, 
2141,  2142;  held  against  Spaniards,  2142; 
increased  in  territory  in  1763,  2336; 
entered  by  Gen.  Prevost  during  rev- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


95 


elution,  2 337;  population  in  1760,  2344; 
staples  of,  before  revolution,  2349; 
agrees  to  indorse  action  of  stamp  act 
congress,  2377 ;  responds  favorably  to 
Massachusetts  in  1768,  2389;  disap¬ 

proves  non-importation  association, 
2411;  patriots  refuse  clearance  of  ves¬ 
sels  for,  2436;  on  news  of,  Lexington 
patriots  take  action,  2440,  2441 ;  actions 
on  independence  by,  2491,  2495 ;  colo¬ 
nial  population  in,  2764;  position  during 
revolutionary  war,  2811;  Florida  ran¬ 
gers  raid,  2812 ;  Prevost  raids,  2812, 
2813;  British  secure  control  of,  2815, 
2816;  Lincoln’s  movements  in,  2817- 
2819;  condition  at  end  of  the  year  1779, 
2831;  British  outrages  in,  2917;  posi¬ 
tion  on  slavery,  3106;  silk  culture, 
3123;  land  claims,  3154;  cedes  land  to 
the  Union,  3156;  paper  money,  3246; 
U.  S.  constitution  ratified  by,  3305,  3408; 
land  grants,  3387;  population  in  1790, 
3422;  militia  of,  in  Indian  campaign  of 
1813,  4038;  compact  with  United  States 
about  Indian  lands,  4177;  defied  by 
the  Cherokees,  4177,  4178;  map  of  Ind¬ 
ian  lands  in,  facing  4178;  gold  discov¬ 
ered,  4235 ;  incorporates  Cherokee  lands 
in  territory  of  the  state,  4235 ;  ignores 
summons  of  supreme  court  in  Tassels 
case,  4236;  refuses  to  obey  supreme 
court  in  case  of  Worcester  vs.  Georgia, 
4236;  opposes  South  Carolina’s  ordi¬ 
nance  of  nullification,  4255,  4256 ;  contro¬ 
versy  with  Maine  over  abduction  of 
slaves,  4314;  suggests  calling  conven¬ 
tions  if  Wilmot  proviso  should  pass, 
4477,  4478;  yields  to  compromise,  but 
declares  any  effort  to  interfere  with 
the  rights  of  the  South  will  be  resisted, 
4479,  4480;  convention  in,  offers  Web¬ 
ster  nomination  for  president,  4510; 
reply  of,  to  Gist’s  letter  on  secession, 
4608;  Stephens  opposes  secession  of, 
4622,  4623 ;  cause  of  secession  of,  4623 ; 
secedes,  4624,  4649,  4658,  4659;  votes  for 
secession,  4658,  4659;  map  of  north¬ 
eastern  part,  facing  5262;  Sherman  in, 
5271-5280;  railroads  destroyed  by,  5272, 
5273 ;  estimate  of  damage  done  by 
Sherman’s  army,  5279;  raided  by  Gen. 
Wilson,  5284;  plans  for  reconstruction 
of,  5346;  convention  for  reconstruction 
in,  5350,  5351 ;  ratifies  the  thirteenth 
amendment,  5352 ;  statement  of  H.  V. 
Johnson,  in  convention,  5355 ;  grants 
freedmen  legal  rights,  5355;  military 


control  provided  for,  5383 ;  Pope  as¬ 
signed  to  command  of,  5388;  action  of 
P°pe,  5391 ;  measures  to  relieve  finan¬ 
cial  distress  in,  5396;  state  constitution 
ratified,  5399;  unseats  negroes  in  legis¬ 
lature,  5401 ;  ratifies  fourteenth  amend¬ 
ment,  5413;  representatives  from,  de¬ 
nied  admission  to  congress,  5417;  new 
conditions  added  to  the  admission  of, 
5421;  Gen.  Terry  becomes  military 
commander  of,  5422 ;  changes  in  legis¬ 
lature,  5422;  fully  restored  as  state  of 
the  Union,  5422 ;  negro  rule  in,  5424. 

Georgia,  Confederate  ship,  4901. 

Georgian  Bay,  Champlain  on,  536;  ex¬ 
plored  by  Jean  Nicolet,  1958. 

Gerard,  French  ambassador,  with  D’Es- 
taing’s  fleet,  2752 ;  urges  congress  to 
moderate  territorial  expansion,  2847. 

Germain,  Lord  George,  opinion  of  Ameri¬ 
can  success  by,  2552;  portrait,  facing 
2560;  relations  with  Howe,  2561;  on 
New  England  campaign,  note,  2568; 
Flowe’s  reinforcements  refused  by, 
2609;  dull  incapacity  of,  2669;  secret 
orders  of,  2726;  American  policy,  2726; 
ferocity,  2726;  defends  British  peace 
manifesto,  2747;  satisfaction  over  mas¬ 
sacre  of  Wyoming,  2747,  2748;  orders 
Clinton  to  raid,  2760;  plans  southern 
campaign,  2807-2809;  merits  of  'plan, 
2809,  2810;  facsimile  of  proclamation  to 
southern  colonies,  facing  2816;  Vir¬ 
ginia  ordered  held  by,  3071,  3072; 

praises  American  officers,  3072 ;  retire¬ 
ment,  3086. 

German  Flats,  N.  Y.,  destroyed  by  French 
and  Indians  in  1755,  2160. 

Germans  in  the  United  States  settle  at 
Germantown,  1245;  opposed  slavery, 
1245 ;  colonists  introduced  manufac¬ 
tures  into  Pennsylvania,  1260;  “Pala¬ 
tines”  in  New  York,  1562;  settle  in 
Shenandoah  valley  in  early  18th  cen¬ 
tury,  1658;  settle  in  North  Carolina, 
1805 ;  in  Georgia  in  18th  century,  1881 ; 
as  mercenaries  in  revolution,  2473 ;  on 
Delaware  river,  2530-2538;  outrages 
and  effect  of,  2538;  also  see  note,  2538; 
at  Bennington,  2603;  neutral,  2613;  at 
battle  of  Ramsour’s  Mill,  2926;  in  St. 
Louis  opposed  to  slavery  and  secession, 
4703;  favor  Fremont,  4725. 

Germantown,  Pa.,  “Paxton  Boys”  in,  1242, 
1268;  first  anti-slavery  declaration  made 
in,  1245;  Washington  at,  2611,  2622; 
Howe  at,  2624;  Washington  encamp- 


96 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


ment  near,  2625;  topography  of,  2627; 
Lime-kiln  road,  2627;  Howe’s  plan, 
2628;  Washington’s  plan,  2628,  2629; 
plans  of  battle  of,  facing  2630;  battle 
of,  2628-2632;  Washington  orders  re¬ 
treat,  2632 ;  losses  at  battle  of,  2633 ; 
fruits  of,  2633;  proposed  as  national 
capital,  3355-3357- 

Germantown,  Va.,  Hooker’s  advance  on, 
5024. 

Germantown ,  U.  S.  sloop-of-war,  4696, 
49 1 3- 

Germany  disparaged  by  Roman  writers, 
154;  desolated  by  thirty  years’  war,  581; 
Napoleon  closes  ports  of,  3920;  Samo¬ 
an  affair,  5636-5639 ;  reciprocity  treaty 
with  United  States,  5645 ;  parcel  post 
convention  with,  5752;  demands  money 
indemnity  for  Boxer  outrages,  5833 ; 
aids  United  States  in  enforcing  its 
immigration  law,  5980. 

Gerry,  Elbridge,  portraits,  facing  2500, 
facing  3594;  on  land  grants,  3160; 
member  of  the  Philadelphia  convention, 
3264,  3286;  life  sketch  of,  3264;  national 
bank  favored  by,  3400;  appointed  on 
French  mission,  3595;  Talleyrand  treats 
with,  3615,  3630,  3655;  in  France,  3654; 
leaves  France,  3656;  his  relations  with 
Pickering  and  Jefferson,  3656;  intro¬ 
duces  John  Henry  to  the  president, 
3969;  nominated  for  vice-president, 
3972. 

Getty,  Gen.  G.  W.,  wounded  in  battle  of 
the  wilderness,  5234. 

Gettysburg,  Pa.,  view  of  cemetery  at, 
frontispiece,  volume  XIII.;  battle  of, 
5087-5092;  plan  of  the  battle,  illus.,  fac¬ 
ing  5088;  charge  of  Louisiana  Tigers  at, 
illus.,  facing  5090 ;  losses  at,  5092 ;  devil’s 
den,  illus.,  facing  5092 ;  view  of  wheat- 
field,  facing  5092;  dedication  of  ceme¬ 
tery,  5093. 

Geysers  in  Greenland,  250,  note,  256;  in 
Ireland,  256. 

Ghent,  treaty  of,  4087-4089,  4094. 

Gnerardi,  Bancroft,  commands  reviewing 
fleet  at  Hampton  Roads  in  1893,  5657. 

Giants,  Isle  of,  Ojeda’s  name  for  Curacoa, 

.  3(53- 

Gibault,  Father,  aids  George  Rogers  Clark, 
2782;  Clark  secures  Wabash  towns 
through,  2782. 

Gibbon,  Gen.  John,  in  battle  of  South 
Mountain,  5041 ;  in  battle  of  Antietam, 
5046. 

Gibbons,  Capt.,  colonial  officer  in  Massa¬ 


chusetts,  fits  out  fleet  for  La  Tour,  1947; 
gives  lodging  to  D’Aunay’s  envoys, 
1955;  does  not  allow  foreign  colors  in 
the  harbor,  1955. 

Gibbons,  Ambrose,  factor  in  Piscataqua 
settlements,  846;  deputy  from  Charles¬ 
town,  892. 

Gibbs,  Maj.-Gen.,  killed  at  battle  of  New 
Orleans,  4085. 

Gibraltar,  disposition  of,  in  French-Span- 
ish  negotiations,  2846,  2849;  siege  of, 
2852;  relief  of,  3094. 

Gibson,  John,  brother-in-law  of  Indian 
chief  Logan,  2775. 

Gibson,  Rev.  Richard,  ecclesiastical  supe¬ 
rior  in  New  Somersetshire,  948. 

Giddings,  Joshua  R.,  resolutions  on  Creole 
case,  4354;  resigns  from  house,  4355; 
member  of  31st  congress,  4448;  appeal 
to  people  for  Missouri  compromise, 

.  4534' 

Gift  of  God,  British  ship,  728,  730. 

Gila  river,  Spanish  Jesuits  at,  595. 

Gilbert,  Bartholomew,  expedition  to  Chesa¬ 
peake  Bay,  620. 

Gilbert,  Gen.  C.  C.,  in  battle  at  Perryville, 

5123,  5124;  camp  at  Bowling  Green, 

5124. 

Gilbert,  Sir  Humphrey,  first  organizer  of 
English  colonies  in  America,  597;  char¬ 
acter,  597;  governor  of  Munster,  597; 
gains  charter  for  discovery,  597,  598; 
first  English  landed  proprietor  in 
America,  598;  portrait,  facing  598;  de¬ 
feated  by  Spaniards,  599;  bad  character 
of  his  colonists,  600;  his  second  expedi¬ 
tion,  601,  602;  takes  possession  of  New¬ 
foundland  for  England,  601,  615;  finds 
silver,  602 ;  heroic  death,  603 ;  Raleigh 
succeeds,  605 ;  father  of  Raleigh  Gilbert, 
726. 

Gilbert,  Sir  John,  732. 

Gilbert,  Matthew,  one  of  “seven  pillars” 
of  New  Haven,  991;  magistrate,  992. 

Gilbert,  Raleigh,  petitioner  for  Plymouth 
company,  726;  sails  with  Popham  col¬ 
onists,  728;  succeeds  Popham,  731;  heir 
to  English  estate,  732;  patentee  in 
Plymouth  council,  744. 

Gilberttown,  N.  C.,  McDowell  withdraws 
to,  2992 ;  Ferguson  camps  at,  2997. 

Giles,  of  Virginia,  accuses  Adams,  4194. 

Giles,  William  B.,  national  bank  opposed 
by,  3400;  Hamilton  accused  by,  3440; 
Randall  attempts  to  bribe,  3567;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  3596;  in  congress,  3596; 
on  impeachment,  3787;  opposes  the  en- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


97 


forcement  act,  3888;  influence  of,  3896; 
leads  Republicans  in  nth  congress,  3901 ; 
on  Jackson’s  circular,  3923 ;  opposes  U. 
S.  bank,  3947 ;  supports  the  army  bill, 
3967- 

Gillam,  Capt.,  New  England  trader,  brings 
news  of  treaty  of  Ryswick,  1349;  in 
collision  with  Thomas  Miller,  1755, 
1756. 

Gillem,  Gen.  A.  C.,  in  Kentucky,  5121. 

Gilman,  Nicholas,  member  of  the  Phila¬ 
delphia  convention,  3268. 

Gilmer,  Thomas  W.,  adviser  of  Tyler, 
4338;  made  secretary  of  the  navy  un¬ 
der  Tyler,  4360;  killed  in  Princeton 
disaster,  4360. 

Gilmore,  J.  R.,  confers  with  Davis  con¬ 
cerning  peace,  5200. 

Gilmore,  Gen.  Quincy  A.,  report  on  Tybee 
Island  and  Ft.  Pulaski,  4880;  plans  for 
capture  of  Charleston,  5165;  captures 
cannon  at  Charleston,  5312. 

Gilmore,  Fort,  Va.,  attack  on,  5246. 

Girard,  Stephen,  noble  conduct  during 
yellow-fever  epidemic  in  Philadelphia, 
3478;  takes  up  government  loan  of  1813, 

4OI3- 

Girardeau,  Cape,  on  Mississippi  river,  Grant 
sent  to,  4719. 

Girth,  Lieut.-Col.  Daniel,  Florida  rangers 
under,  2812. 

Girty,  James,  Delawares  adopt,  2794. 

Girty,  Simon,  life  sketch  of,  2794,  2795; 
leads  Indian  outrages,  2794,  2795 ;  fe¬ 
rocity,  2795;  in  Dunmore’s  war,  2795; 
sides  with  British,  2795,  2803;  Indians 
at  Sandusky  organized  by,  2795;  feint 
against  Limestone,  Ky.  (Maysville), 
2795 ;  at  Ft.  Henry,  3795 ;  Pittsburg 
threatened  by,  2797;  British  send  to  in¬ 
cite  the  Indians,  2797;  on  McKee  and 
Eliot  raid,  2797,  2798;  Bryan  Station 
besieged  by,  2798;  repulsed,  2799,  2800; 
Clark’s  expedition  against,  2804;  at 
Fallen  Timbers,  3528. 

Girty  family,  sketch  of,  2794,  2795. 

Gist,  Christopher,  scout,  makes  exploring 
expedition  for  Ohio  company  in  Ohio, 
2016-20 26;  guide  for  George  Washing¬ 
ton,  2027 ;  reconnoitres  around  Ft. 
Necessity,  2044,  2048;  his  plantation 
entrenched  in  Ohio  campaign,  2049. 

Gist,  Col.  Mordecai,  at  massacre  of  Paoli, 
2623 ;  Maryland  brigade,  2953 ;  at  battle 
of  Camden,  2957;  on  recruiting  service, 
3011. 

Gist,  Gen.  S.  R.,  killed  at  Franklin,  5267. 


Gist,  William  H.,  governor  of  South  Caro¬ 
lina,  correspondence  with  governors  of 
cotton  states  on  secession,  4607-4609.  * 

Gladwin,  Col.  Henry,  British  officer,  com¬ 
mandant  of  Ft.  Detroit,  2287;  warned 
of  Pontiac’s  plot,  2289;  warms  Gen. 
Amherst,  2289;  in  dealings  with  Pontiac, 
2291,  2296;  makes  grave  mistake  in 
liberating  Pontiac,  2295 ;  tries  to  treat 
with  Pontiac,  2297;  sends  envoys  with 
sad  results,  2297;  fails  in  warning  relief 
fleet,  2299;  tries  to  dissuade  Dalzell 
from  night  attack  on  Pontiac,  2303. 

Glasgow,  Eng.,  raises  troops  in  revolution¬ 
ary  war,  2714. 

Glasgow,  Ky.,  Buell’s  ?rmy  at,  5124. 

Glasgow,  British  ship,  in  fight  with  Hop¬ 
kins’  fleet,  2864,  2865. 

Glass,  manufacture  of,  during  colonial  times, 
3121,  3122. 

Glen,  governor  of  South  Carolina,  calls  a 
meeting  for  renewing  treaty  with  Chero- 
kees,  2108. 

Globe,  newspaper,  sold,  4370. 

Gloucester,  Mass.,  settled  by  Dorchester 
adventurers,  862 ;  Clinton’s  troops  at, 
2730;  English  naval  raids  in  harbor  of, 
2860;  Lauzun  and  Weedon  invest,  3082. 

Gloucester  Point,  Va.,  Confederate  garri¬ 
sons  at,  4795. 

Glover,  woman  hanged  as  a  witch,  1329, 
1330. 

Glover,  Gen.  John,  Essex  county  regiment 
of,  2515;  Delaware  river  crossed  by, 
2540;  at  Saratoga,  2639,  2652,  2660; 
in  Rhode  Island  campaign,  2754. 

Glover,  Joshua,  escapes  to  Canada,  4544. 

Glover,  Wm.,  governor  of  one  faction  in 
North  Carolina,  1808. 

Gnadenhiitten,  O.,  destroyed  by  Indians, 
2083,  2084;  Franklin  fortified,  2083-2085 ; 
settled  by  Moravian  Indians,  2805. 

Gnupsson,  Eric,  bishop  of  Greenland,  235. 

Goat  Island,  in  Louisbourg  harbor,  1384. 

Goche,  Dr.  Barnabe,  treasurer  of  council 
for  New  England,  789. 

Goddard,  Wm,  published  first  newspaper 
in  Baltimore,  1711. 

Godfrey,  Col.,  leads  colonists  in  South 
Carolina  against  Spaniards,  1742,  1743. 

Godfrey,  Edward,  in  Gorges’  council,  950; 
governor  of  province  of  Maine,  952. 

Godoy,  Manuel,  attempts  to  hold  Louisiana 
for  Spain,  3729,  3731. 

Godwin,  Gen.  A.  C,  killed  at  Fisher’s  Hill, 
5249- 


98 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Godyn,  Samuel,  an  early  patroon,  565, 
566,  569;  settled  Swan  Valley,  566;  his 
manor  destroyed  by  Indians,  571. 

Goebel,  William,  killed  in  election  contest, 

5754. 

Goffe,  William,  one  of  judges  of  Charles 

1.,  1162;  regicide,  protected  in  New 

England,  1276,  1277;  flees  to  New 

Haven,  1418. 

Gold  sought  by  Spaniards,  305,  307-31 1; 
none  in  San  Salvador,  306;  in  Hayti, 
326,  328,  336;  rumors  of,  in  Peru,  383, 
386;  on  Gulf  of  Parita,  386;  reported  on 
gulf  coast,  395 ;  sought  by  Soto,  465,  47L 
472,  476;  by  Ribault,  479;  pyrites  mis¬ 
taken  for,  by  Cartier,  517;  Drake  finds, 
in  California,  594;  on  Penobscot,  600; 
in  Carolinas,  606;  in  Virginia,  note,  631, 
638;  London  company’s  order  for,  650; 
sought  in  Maine,  735 ;  discovered  in  Cal¬ 
ifornia,  4446,  4447;  market  cornered, 
551 1,  5512;  yield  of,  in  Colorado  up  to 
1876,  5538;  reserve  in  the  treasury  in 
1893,  5649;  becomes  standard  of  value, 
556i,  5562 ;  congress  on  standard  of 
dollar,  5755,  5756;  coinage  of,  5977. 
Gold  coast,  Columbus  visits,  278. 

Gold  Democrats,  national  convention  and 
platform  in  1896,  5693,  5694;  in  1900, 

5771.. 

Gold  mining,  use  of  placer  dredge,  5938. 

•  Golden  Gate,  San  Francisco,  probably  en¬ 
tered  by  Drake,  593. 

Golden  Hind,  one  of  Gilbert’s  ships,  601, 

603. 

Golden  Lion,  ship,  in  battle  of  the  Severn, 
1 106- 1 108. 

Golden  Rocket,  ship,  the  Sumter  captures, 

4904. 

Goldsboro,  N.  C.,  Sherman’s  plans  concern¬ 
ing,  53io;  occupied  by  Sherman,  5314, 
53T5- 

Goldsborough,  Louis  M.,  admiral  of  fleet  at 
Yorktown,  4793,  4794;  commands  north 
Atlantic  squadron,  4854;  Rear-Admiral 
Lee  relieves,  4854;  in  expedition  against 
Roanoke  Island,  4875;  portrait,  facing 
4876. 

Gomarus,  Francis,  Calvinist  theologian,  756. 
Gomez,  Francisco,  in  Spanish  Virginia  col¬ 
ony,  399. 

Gompers,  Samuel,  portrait,  facing  5670; 

actions  in  railroad  strike  of  1893,  5671. 
Gondomar,  minister  of  Spain  to  England, 
feared  by  James  I.,  655;  tried  to  get 
Virginia  for  Spain,  690,  691,  note,  697, 
708. 


Gooch,  Daniel  W.,  on  war  committee,  4783. 

Gooch,  William,  governor  of  Virginia,  de¬ 
clines  command  of  colonial  army  in 
King  George’s  war,  1287;  succeeds  Gov. 
Drysdale,  1661 ;  character,  1661 ;  de¬ 
nounces  Methodists,  1661,  1662;  joins  ex¬ 
pedition  to  Cartagena,  1663;  retires  to 
England,  1667. 

Good  Hope,  Cape  of,  discovered  by  B.  Diaz, 
286 ;  rounded  by  Gama,  333,  403 ;  Magel¬ 
lan’s  fleet,  418;  at  first  called  “Cape  of 
Storms,”  403;  Drake  sails  around,  595. 

Good  Hope,  Fort,  built  by  Dutch  at  Hart¬ 
ford,  1120;  given  up  to  English,  1124. 

Goodrich,  Elizur,  Jefferson  removes,  3708. 

Goodwin,  John,  father  of  professed  victim 
of  witches,  1329-1331. 

Goodyear,  Stephen,  deputy-governor  of 
New  Haven  jurisdiction,  994. 

Gookin,  Col.  Charles,  lieutenant-governor 
of  Pennsylvania,  becomes  insane,  1255, 
1256. 

Gookin,  Sir  Vincent,  grandfather  of  Col. 
Charles  Gookin,  1255. 

Goose  coast  of  Nova  Zembla  coasted  by 
Hudson,  544. 

Gordon,  Capt.,  of  British  ship  Seashore, 
received  the  surrender  of  Alexandria  in 
1814,  4076. 

Gordon,  Lieut.,  commander  at  Ft.  Le  Bceuf 
in  1763,  burnt  alive  by  Indians,  2315. 

Gordon,  Gen.  G.  H.,  at  battle  of  Cedar 
Mountain,  5013,  5014. 

Gordon,  Gen.  John  B.,  in  battle  of  Win¬ 
chester,  5252;  captured  at  Franklin, 
5267;  captures  Ft.  Stedman,  5285,  5286; 
first  general  commander  of  society  of 
the  united  Confederate  veterans,  5921. 

Gordon,  Patrick,  governor  of  Pennsylvania, 
replaces  Sir  William  Keith  in  Pennsyl¬ 
vania,  1264;  tactful  with  Indians,  1265; 
dies,  1266. 

Gordon,  William  W.,  on  Porto  Rico  mili¬ 
tary  commission,  5736. 

Gordonsville,  Va.,  plan  to  attack,  5007; 
Pope’s  forces  at,  5012. 

Gorgeana,  city  incorporated  by  Gorges,  950. 

Gorges,  Lord  Edward,  member  of  Plym¬ 
outh  council,  849,  850,  855;  his  grant  in 
division  of  New  England,  856. 

Gorges,  Sir  Ferdinand,  receives  Wey¬ 
mouth’s  account,  622;  prominent  in 
Plymouth  company,  627;  father  of  New 
England  colonization,  725 ;  governor  of 
Plymouth,  726;  receives  complaints 
about  colonies,  730;  quoted,  notes,' 731- 
733;  again  sends  a  company,  736,  737; 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


99 


sends  Richard  Vines  to  Saco,  739;  has 
great  colonizing  plans,  742 ;  patentee  in 
Plymouth  council,  744;  defends  it,  748- 
750 ;  grants  land  to  Alexander,  749 ;  ac¬ 
cused  of  illegal  acts,  750;  advocates  set¬ 
tlement  of  Puritans,  760;  energetic  in 
devejoping  New  England,  790,  791,  793, 
797 1  patents  and  names  Maine,  791 ; 
checked  by  parliament,  795,  796;  in  war 
with  France,  820,  825;  resumes  colonial 
projects,  826,  827;  opposed  to  Puritans 
and  Warwick,  843,  844;  divides  Maine 
with  Mason,  844 ;  gains  Laconia,  845 ; 
buys  out  company,  846;  founds  “Lygo- 
nia,”  847;  takes  out  Agamenticus  grant, 
848;  treasurer  of  council,  849;  tries  to 
abolish  it,  851,  852;  tries  to  abolish  Mas¬ 
sachusetts  Bay  council  and  charter,  851, 
853;  blocks  out  provinces  from  New 
England,  854,  857;  president  of  council, 
855;  his  part  of  new  division,  856;  fails 
in  plans,  857,  858;  dealings  with  War¬ 
wick,  note,  860;  injured  by  Massachu¬ 
setts  Bay  patent,  note,  865 ;  possibly  con¬ 
nected  with  Sir  Christopher  Gardiner, 
888;  impoverished,  948;  friendly  to  Mas¬ 
sachusetts  Bay  colony,  949;  made  lord 
proprietor,  949;  dies,  951;  deprived  of 
part  of  his  province,  952;  rights  of  in 
New  England  descend  to  grandson, 
1306,  1307;  his  claim  revived  in  1675, 
1435. 

Gorges,  John,  sells  Gorges’  patent,  796; 
sold  land  to  Oldham,  865,  866. 

Gorges,  Robert,  son  of  Sir  Ferdinand 
Gorges,  reproves  Weston,  789;  repre¬ 
sents  council  for  New  England,  789, 
793,  794  5  his  colony  checked,  795,  796; 
dies,  note,  796;  his  patent,  note,  865. 

Gorges,  Thomas,  arrives  at  Acomenticus, 
950;  takes  part  in  English  civil  war, 
951- 

Gorges,  Capt.  William,  son  of  Sir  Ferdin¬ 
and  Gorges,  takes  charge  of  Agamen¬ 
ticus,  grant,  848. 

Gorham,  Nathaniel,  member  of  the  Phila¬ 
delphia  convention,  3264,  3265,  3285 ; 
sketch  of,  3265. 

Gorsuch,  Charles,  occupies  farm  on  site  of 
Baltimore,  1709. 

Gorton,  Samuel,  fanatic  disturber  of  Massa¬ 
chusetts  Bay  colony,  919,  921 ;  sent 
away,  929;  foments  disputes  in  Provi¬ 
dence,  1025,  1027;  facsimile  of  title-page 
of  his  pamphlet,  1026;  signs  Pocasset 
compact,  1035;  troubles  in  Narragansett 
colonies,  1041-1046;  tolerated  by  Wm. 


Arnold,  1053;  mentioned  in  Rhode 
Island  charter,  1456;  signs  petition  to 
royal  commissioners,  1460. 

Goshorn,  Alfred  T.,  director-general  of 
centennial  exposition,  5527. 

Gosnold,  Bartholomew,  conducts  English 
expedition  to  Cuttyhunk,  618,  619 ;  es¬ 
tablishes  new  ocean  route,  618,  note, 
631;  urges  new  expedition,  627;  com¬ 
mands  ship  in  Jamestown  expedition, 
630;  member  of  Jamestown  council, 
632;  disapproved  spot  selected  for  col¬ 
ony,  633 ;  dies,  639. 

Gosport,  Va.,  navy-yard  established  at, 
2832. 

Gosport  navy-yard,  Va.,  its  importance, 
4696,  4697;  Capt.  McCauley  commands, 
4697;  evacuation  of,  4697,  4698;  Con¬ 
federate  salvage  at,  4697 ;  popular  wrath 
over  affair  at,  4697,  4698;  congressional 
action  on,  4699. 

Goths  destroyed  Roman  power,  202;  in 
Italy,  257. 

Gottenberg,  Sweden,  Griffin  returned  to, 
581;  governor  urged  emigration,  584; 
Swedish  colony  sailed  from,  597. 

Gould,  Jay,  causes  monetary  panic,  5511; 
his  profits  from  the  panic,  5511,  5512. 

Governor’s  Island  bought  by  Van  Twiller, 
1 1 19;  Prescott  at,  2512,  2516;  Howe’s 
fleet  at,  2516. 

Gowanus  Cove,  L.  I.,  2512,  2513. 

Grabowski,  Count,  killed  in  attack  on  Ft. 
Montgomery,  2656. 

Gracchus,  Marcus,  describes  explosive  com¬ 
pound,  76. 

Gracias  a  Dias  cape  named  by  Columbus, 
338. 

Graffenried,  Baron  de,  leads  colony  from 
the  Palatinate  to  Neuse  river,  N.  C., 
1811;  captured  by  Tuscaroras,  1812. 

Grafton,  Duke  of,  in  Rockingham  ministry, 
3089. 

Graham,  John,  collects  information  regard¬ 
ing  the  Burr  conspiracy,  3834. 

Graham,  William  A.,  secretary  of  the 
navy,  4477. 

Grampus,  Confederate  gunboat,  sinking 
of,  4838. 

Granada,  Moors  attacked  in,  284,  288,  290; 
surrender,  291. 

Granby,  Fort,  British  post  near  Camden, 
3038 ;  Sumter  assails,  3039,  3047 ;  sur¬ 
render  of,  3048;  Rawdon  retreats  to, 
3054 ;  Greene  and  Rawdon  at,  3054, 
3055- 


100 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Grand  army  of  the  republic,  organization 
of,  5325,  59i6. 

Grand  Cham,  424. 

Grand  Gulf,  Miss.,  battle  of,  5145;  Grant 
establishes  base  of  supplies  at,  5145; 
running  the  batteries  at,  illus.,  facing 
5H6. 

Grand  Junction,  Miss.,  concentration  of 
Grant’s  forces  at,  5141 ;  Grant  with¬ 
draws  to,  5143. 

Grand  Pre,  Nova  Scotia,  Acadians  gath¬ 
ered  at,  2126. 

Grand  river,  Can.,  Cayugas  go  to,  1518. 

Grandbury,  Gen.  H.  B.,  killed  at  Franklin, 

5267. 

Graney  Quarter  creek,  Armand  rallies 
militia  at,  2957. 

Granganimeo,  Indian  chief,  hospitable  to 
English,  606,  607. 

Grange,  ship,  3469. 

Grange  movement,  5925-59 27. 

Granger,  Francis  E.,  postmaster-general 
under  Harrison,  4333 ;  resigns  from  Ty¬ 
ler’s  cabinet,  4346. 

Granger,  Gideon,  appointed  postmaster- 
general,  3172;  postmaster-general  in 
Madison’s  cabinet,  3896;  postmaster- 
general  removed  from  office,  4046. 

Granger,  Gen.  Gordon,  at  New  Madrid 
with  Pope,  4830;  lands  troops  at  Mo¬ 
bile  Bay,  5170;  sent  to  Mobile,  5282; 
at  Cleveland  convention,  5 377. 

“Granger”  railroad  legislation,  5848. 

Grant,  Maj.  James,  in  American  revolu¬ 
tion,  2169;  outwitted  at  Grant’s  Hill 
in  1758,  2169-2171. 

Grant,  Gen.  James,  at  battle  of  Long  Is¬ 
land,  2513;  at  battle  of  Germantown, 
2628,  2631,  2632;  action  at  Swedes  Fort, 
2729. 

Grant,  Ulysses  S.,  has  sachem  of  Six  Na¬ 
tions  on  staff,  1519;  commands  at  Jef¬ 
ferson  City,  4719;  sent  to  Cairo,  4719; 
saves  Paducah,  4719,  4720;  moves  on 
Columbus,  Ky.,  4720;  at  Belmont,  4721, 
4722 ;  reinforced  by  troops  of  the  Pea 
Ridge  campaign,  4737 ;  gains  permis¬ 
sion  to  attack  Fts.  Donelson  and  Hen¬ 
ry,  4813,  4814;  assails  and  captures  Ft. 
Henry,  4814,  4815 ;  Halleck  reprimands, 
4815;  moves  against  Ft.  Donelson,  4817- 
4824;  suffering  of  troops  under,  at  Ft. 
Donelson,  4818 ;  terms  of  Buckner’s  sur¬ 
render  of  Ft.  Donelson  to,  4824;  ap¬ 
pointed  major-general,  4826;  assigned 
to  military  district  of  Tennessee,  4826; 
eft  battle  of  Pittsburg  Landing,  5096- 
5106;  succeeds  Gen.  Smith  in  command, 


5098;  establishes  headquarters  at  Sa¬ 
vannah,  5098;  reaches  Shiloh,  5100; 
strength  of  forces  at  Shiloh.  5100;  made 
second  in  command  under  Halleck,  5106; 
Price’s  plans  against,  5118,  5119;  strength 
of  forces  at  Corinth,  5119;  message  from 
Halleck  concerning  Price,  5129;  watches 
movements  of  Van  Dorn  and  Price, 
5130;  orders  Rosecrans  to  Iuka,  5130; 
forces  at  battle  of  Iuka,  5130;  orders 
Rosecrans  to  Corinth,  5132;  works  erect¬ 
ed  at  Corinth,  5134;  recalls  Rosecrans 
from  pursuit  of  Van  Dorn,  5137;  protest 
of  Rosecrans,  5137;  in  command  of  the 
army  of  the  Mississippi  and  the  army  of 
the  Tennessee,  5140;  suggests  plan  to 
capture  Vicksburg,  5141 ;  concentrates 
forces  at  Grand  Junction,  5141;  cor¬ 
respondence  with  Plalleck  about  cam¬ 
paigns,  5141 ;  arranges  plan  of  operations 
with  Sherman,  5142;  forces  of,  arrive 
at  Helena,  5142;  withdraws  troops  to 
Grand  Junction,  5143;  plans  for  attack 
upon  Vicksburg,  5143;  occupies  Grand 
Gulf,  5145:  enters  Jackson,  5146;  battle 
of  Champion  Hills,  5146;  at  siege  of 
Vicksburg,  5147-5149;  report  on  siege 
of  Vicksburg,  5148;  makes  terms  of 
capitulation  with  Pemberton,  5149;  oc¬ 
cupies  Vicksburg,  5149;  prisoners  cap¬ 
tured  at  Vicksburg,  5149;  assumes  com¬ 
mand  of  all  troops  in  the  West,  5150; 
ordered  to  Chattanooga,  5150;  given 
command  of  Mississippi  division,  5154; 
instructions  to  Thomas,  5155;  arrives 
at  Chattanooga,  5155;  battle  of  Mis¬ 
sionary  Ridge,  5I55-5IS7;  letter  to 
Washburn,  5211;  proposal  of  Lee  for 
peace  negotiations,  5228 ;  asks  Lincoln 
for  instructions,  5228;  Lincoln’s  reply, 
5228;  instructions  to  Meade,  5230;  be¬ 
comes  lieutenant-general,  5231 ;  plan  of 
campaign  in  Georgia,  5232;  moves  to¬ 
ward  Richmond,  5232 ;  portrait,  facing 
5232;  battle  of  the  wilderness,  5233- 
5235 ;  losses  in  battle  of  the  wilderness, 
5234;  advances  toward  Spottsylvania, 
5235 ;  battle  of  Spottsylvania,  5236- 
5239;  orders  Sheridan  to  move  toward 
Richmond,  5239;  starts  for  Richmond, 
5240;  arrives  at  the  Chickahominy,  5240; 
battle  of  Cold  Harbor,  5240,  5241 ; 
losses,  May  5-June  13,  1864,  5242;  forces 
compared  with  Lee’s,  5242;  plan  of 
operation  against  Richmond,  5242;  view 
of  his  headquarters  at  City  Point,  fac¬ 
ing  5242 ;  siege  of  Petersburg,  5243 ; 
strengthens  his  works  from  Petersburg 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


101 


to  Richmond,  5245 ;  operations  in  Vir¬ 
ginia,  5247,  5252 ;  sends  Sheridan  to 
drive  out  Early,  5249;  plans  for  cam¬ 
paign  with  combined  forces,  5253,  5254; 
put  in  command  of  all  the  armies  of 
the  United  States,  5259;  plans  for  cam¬ 
paign  against  Hood,  5269;  plans  for 
capture  of  Ft.  Fisher,  5280,  5281 ;  re¬ 
lieves  Butler  from  command,  5281 ; 
sends  second  expedition  to  Ft.  Fisher, 
5281,  5282;  joined  by  Sheridan,  5285; 
plans  for  Richmond  campaign,  5285- 
5287;  battle  of  Five  Forks,  5287,  5288; 
battle  of  Petersburg,  5288;  pursues  Lee, 
5289;  correspondence  with  Lee,  5290, 
5291 ;  agrees  to  interview  Lee,  5291 ; 
meeting  wifh  Lee,  5292-5294;  submits 
terms  of  surrender,  5292 ;  second  inter¬ 
view  with  Lee,  5294,  5295 ;  returns  to 
City  Point,  5296;  arrives  at  Washing¬ 
ton,  5299;  called  to  New  York,  5299; 
interview  with  Lincoln  and  Sherman, 
5315;  conveys  president’s  orders  to 
Sherman,  5320;  accompanies  Johnson  on 
electioneering  tour,  5378 ;  appointed  to 
act  as  secretary  of  war,  5402 ;  disagree¬ 
ment  with  Johnson,  5403 ;  nominated 
for  presidency,  5413 ;  elected  president, 
5414;  ignores  Johnson,  5416;  special 
message  to  congress,  5417;  selects  cab¬ 
inet,  5418,  5419;  recommends  repeal  of 
tenure  of  office  act,  5420;  issues  proc¬ 
lamation  to  people  of  South  Carolina, 
5421 ;  letter  of  instruction  to  Gen.  Ruger 
sustaining  Gov.  Chamberlain,  5448, 
5449;  first  administration,  5475-5516; 
favors  treaty  for  purchase  of  Danish 
West  India  islands,  5481,  5482;  sup¬ 
ports  treaty  of  annexation  to  Santo 
Domingo,  5495 ;  renews  efforts  to  secure 
Santo  Domingo,  5495,  5496;  appoints 
commissioners  to  Santo  Domingo,  5496 ; 
Sumner’s  attack  on,  5496;  broil  with 
Sumner,  5496 ;  on  war  claims  against 
England,  5504,  5505 ;  Johnson  attacks, 
5511;  Liberal  Republicans  oppose  policy 
of,  5519;  renominated  for  president, 
5520;  reelected  president,  5521;  second 
cabinet  of,  5521,  5522;  tour  around  the 
world,  5541,  5542;  his  campaign  speech¬ 
es,  5566;  congress  places  on  retired  list, 
5591;  death,  5621. 

Grantham,  Lord,  becomes  member  of  Brit¬ 
ish  cabinet,  3093. 

Grant’s  Hill,  Pa.,  scene  of  Maj.  Grant’s 
defeat  in  1758,  2170. 

Granville,  Lord,  palatine  of  Carolinas, 
tramples  on  dissenters’  rights,  1799, 


1800;  refuses  to  consider  appeal  of 
North  Carolina  dissenters,  1807 ;-  dies 
in  1704,  1808;  satisfied  by  treaty  of  Paris 
in  1763,  2335;  represented  Great  Britain 
in  war  claims  of  1871-2,  5508. 

Grasse,  Comte  de,  great  expedition  of  1781 
under,  3068;  Washington  and  Rocham- 
beau  to  co-operate  with,  3068,  3079 ; 
his  portrait,  facing  3068;  attacked  by 
Graves,  3079,  3080;  returns  to  West 
Indies,  3083 ;  captures  St.  Eustatius, 
3085;  battle  with  Rodney,  3091,  3092. 

Grave  creek,  W.  Va.,  earthwork,  135. 

Graves,  councillor  of  Massachusetts  Bay 
colony,  869. 

Graves,  Admiral  Thomas,  Arbuthnot  re¬ 
inforced  by,  2970 ;  attacks  De  Grasse, 
3079,  3080. 

Graves,  William  J.,  killed  Representative 
Cilley,  4320. 

Gravesend,  L.  I.,  English  at,  throw  off 
Dutch  rule,  1159;  landing-place  of 
Howe’s  troops,  2512. 

Gray,  Elisha,  his  telephone  patent,  5531, 
5940. 

Gray,  George,  member  of  Paris  peace  com¬ 
mission,  5737. 

Gray,  Robert,  discovers  Columbia  river, 
4403. 

Gray’s  “Elegy”  recited  by  Wolfe  at  Que¬ 
bec,  2258,  2259. 

Gray’s  Ferry,  preparations  for  Washing¬ 
ton’s  reception  at,  illus.,  facing  3358. 

Grayson,  William,  on  land  division,  3164; 
elected  senator,  3327. 

“Great  Awakening,”  revival  of  religion  in 
New  England,  1449-1451. 

Great  Britain,  wars  of  the  roses,  13-15; 
favorably  situated  for  navigation,  115; 
its  historians  perpetuate  British  heroes, 
154;  claims  to  new  world,  438;  ships 
at  St.  Peter’s  Island  in  1536,  515;  dis¬ 
sensions  of  James  I.  with  parliament, 
690,  691,  742;  its  colonial  policy,  702, 
708,  747,  751,  789,  795,  796,  916,  917, 
2419;  struggle  of  Charles  I.  with  par¬ 
liament,  715,  717,  857,  863;  Cromwell’s 
strife  with  parliament,  952 ;  “Barebones 
Parliament,”  1097;  Penn  opposed  in, 
1218;  imports  Pennsylvania  tobacco, 
1260;  puts  William  III.  in  place  of 
James  II.,  1318;  urges  Massachusetts 
to  occupy  territory  disputed  after  treaty 
of  Ryswick,  1349;  takes  ship  timber 
from  Maine,  1359;  hears  complaints  of 
Massachusetts  in  1723,  1360;  joy  in, 
over  capture  of  Louisbourg,  1400,  1401 ; 
gains  no  lasting  benefit  from  King 


102 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


George’s  war,  1410;  policy  towards 
colonies  leads  to  the  revolution,  1417; 
signs  final  peace  with  Holland,  1431; 
declares  war  against  France  (Queen 
Ann’s,  1702),  1447;  makes  war  on 

Holland  (1665-1669),  1463;  trades  with 
Rhode  Island  via  Boston,  1483 ;  loses 
chance  of  securing  Canada  in  James 
II.’s  reign,  1531 ;  ignorant  of  colonial 
affairs,  1550;  in  treaty  of  Ryswick,  1552; 
at  war  with  France  (King  George’s 
war),  1587;  holds  Cartagena,  Central 
America,  1663 ;  Cherokee  chief  educated 
in,  in  18th  century,  1838;  Moravians 
flee  to,  1866;  declares  war  against  Spain 
(in  war  of  Austrian  succession  in 
1739),  1895;  at  war  with  France  in 
1628,  1935 ;  makes  final  conquest  of 
Acadia  in  1710,  1958;  quarrels  with 
French  over  boundaries  in  America, 
2002;  claims  a  part  of  Florida,  2002; 
opposed  by  France  and  Spain  in  colo¬ 
nial  period,  2003 ;  learned  by  loss  of 
America  how  to  secure  her  other  colo¬ 
nies,  2053,  2054;  has  more  at  stake  than 
colonies  in  seven  years’  war,  2218,  2219; 
in  treaty  of  Paris,  2302 ;  has  Spain  as 
enemy  by  “Family  Compact”  in  1762, 
2330;  hesitates  to  grasp  North  America 
in  1763,  2334;  attains  great  power  at 
close  of  seven  years’  war,  2340;  gov¬ 
ernment  opposes  manufactures  by 
American  colonies,  2349 ;  merchants 
alarmed  by  American  trade  in  George 
II.’s  reign,  2354;  distrustful  of  Bute 
ministry,  2357,  2358;  gains  a  reform 
through  decision  about  Wilkes,  2359; 
misunderstands  colonial  view  of  taxa¬ 
tion,  2369;  stamp  act,  2374-2379;  de¬ 
termined  to  control  American  trade, 
2404;  indignant  over  Boston  “Tea  Par¬ 
ty,”  2405,  2406;  thinks  ruin  would  fol¬ 
low  loss  of  colonies,  2412;  contempt  for 
American  colonies,  2415-2417,  2724;  ef¬ 
fect  of  the  news  of  Lexington  on,  2441 ; 
hires  Hessians  to  fight  Americans,  2472, 
2473;  colonial  policy  of,  2501-2503,  2715- 
2722,  2765 ;  cost  of  revolutionary  war 
to,  2674,  2714;  prohibits  paper  money, 
2684;  effect  of  Franco-American  alli¬ 
ance  on,  2711-2713,  2717;  great  arma¬ 
ment  of,  2810;  relations  with  Spain, 
2844-2853 ;  British  navy  in  revolution¬ 
ary  war,  2864;  humiliation  at  American 
naval  victories,  2868,  2869,  2872-2880; 
British  naval  losses  in  revolution,  2900; 
European  nations  leagued  against  Great 
Britain  during  revolution,  2903,  3084, 


3085 ;  failure  in  revolution,  2990,  3062 ; 
her  claim  to  right  of  search,  3063,  3064, 
3539,  356o;  effect  of  Cornwallis’  sur¬ 
render,  3084-3088 ;  peace  negotiations 
with  the  United  States,  3090-3100; 
claims  western  forts,  3188,  3189;  com¬ 
mercial  relations  with  the  United  States, 
3226-3232,  3445,  3491-3496;  Nootka 

Sound  quarrel,  3441,  3442;  effect  of 
French  revolution,  3459,  3460,  3538;  pol¬ 
icy  toward  the  United  States  from  1783 
to  1795,  3537;  Jay’s  treaty,  3537-3547, 
3553-3558;  Jefferson  threatens  alliance 
with,  3727;  on  rule  of  1756,  3791-3793; 
on  American  commerce,  3792,  3808-3810; 
neutral  rights  demanded  of,  3794; 
blockades  New  York,  3795;  enforces 
right  of  search,  3795,  3796;  congress 
passes  the  non-importation  act  against, 
3813;  Burr’s  negotiations  with,  3819; 
extends  continental  blockade,  3846,  3847; 
American  claims  against,  in  1806,  3847- 
3850;  Napoleon  issues  Berlin  decree 
against,  3848,  3849 ;  blockades  the  Amer¬ 
ican  coast,  3853 ;  on  Chesapeake  affair, 
3860,  3861,  3872,  3873;  proclamation  on 
right  of  impressment,  3862;  on  West 
India  trade,  3863;  Jefferson  seeks  to 
conciliate,  3873 ;  Rose  explains  demands 
of,  3874;  effect  of  the  embargo  in  1808, 
3881,  3882 ;  American  trade  opened 

with,  3899,  3900;  fresh  commercial  diffi¬ 
culties  with,  in  1809,  3903,  3904;  sends 
Jackson  as  envoy  to  United  States,  3907, 
3912-3915;  Madison  revokes  intercourse 
with,  3910,  3911;  Macon’s  bill  aimed 
against,  3925,  3928,  3935;  Napoleon’s 
demand,  3934,  3935 ;  Percival  ministry 
blind  to  American  situation,  3937;  en¬ 
courages  revolts  in  Spanish- American 
countries,  3939;  relations  with  United 
States  in  1811,  3939,  3947-3950,  3965, 
3966;  atones  for  the  Chesapeake  affair, 
3951;  continues  outrages  on  American 
commerce,  3952;  demands  a  disavowal 
of  act  of  Commodore  Rogers,  3953 ; 
Napoleon  on  trade  with,  3955 ;  refuses 
to  recall  the  orders  in  council,  3972 ; 
war  of  1812  declared  against,  3973 ; 
in  war  of  1812,  3973-4045 ;  controls  the 
great  lakes,  3986;  demands  of,  follow¬ 
ing  war  of  1812,  4087;  relations  with, 
in  1818,  4106,  4112;  opens  her  colonial 
ports  to  our  trade,  4141 ;  position  in 
regard' to  recognizing  the  South  Ameri¬ 
can  republics,  4142-4147;  position  in 
-  European  politics,  4143 ;  attempts  to  put 
a  stop  to  the  slave  trade,  4155,  4156; 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


103 


mediator  between  France  and  the  United 
States  in  1835,  4273 ;  proposed  tripartite 
convention  to  consider  Cuban  question, 
4512,  4513;  treaty  with  United  States 
conferring  mutual  rights  in  fisheries 
(1854),  4548;  policy  toward  United 
States  during  civil  war,  4901,  4909,  4910, 
4924,  4929-4943 ;  treaty  with  United 

States  on  slave  trade,  4947 ;  sympathy 
with  North  in  1863,  5064;  effect  of 
southern  successes  in,  5083 ;  Confed¬ 
eracy  loses  sympathy  of,  5 230;  arbitra¬ 
tion  with  United  States  on  war  claim..', 
5503-5505 1  fishery  dispute,  5533-553$, 
5603,  5605,  5606;  reciprocity  treaty  with 
United  States,  5645 ;  dispute  over  Alas¬ 
ka  boundary,  5675;  dispute  with  Vene¬ 
zuela  over  boundary,  5677,  5678;  on 
bimetallism,  5683 ;  neutral  in  Spanish- 
American  war,  5719 ;  parcel-post  con¬ 
vention  with  the  United  States,  5753  *, 
on  trans-isthmian  canal,  5758-5761. 

Great  Eastern,  steamer,  lays  the  Atlantic 
cable,  5485. 

Great  Herminia,  Cartier’s  flagship,  510. 

Great  Kanawha  river,  western  boundary  of 
Virginia  by  treaty  of  Ft.  Stanwix,  2328. 

Great  lakes,  mounds  near,  131,  136;  Iro¬ 
quois  extend  to,  note,  563 ;  early  mis¬ 
takes  about,  note,  845 ;  boundary  of 
French  possessions,  2006;  British  con¬ 
trol  in  1812,  3986 ;  war  vessels  on,  5870, 
5871 ;  disaster  on,  5882. 

Great  Meadows,  Pa.,  Washington  in¬ 
trenches  at,  2043 ;  Washington  retires 
to,  a  second  time,  2049;  Washington 
very,  sick  at,  2067 ;  Braddock  dies  and 
buried  at,  2079,  2080. 

Great  Miami  river  crossed  by  Gist,  2021. 

Great  Smoky  Mountains,  expedition  of 
Stoneman  through  the,  5270. 

“Great  Spirit”  forbids  fire-water  to  the 
Indians,  2291. 

Great  Sun,  chief  of  the  Natchez  Indians, 
captured  by  French,  1862. 

“Great  White  Arrow,”  name  for  Gov 
Fletcher,  1550. 

Greble,  Lieut.  John  T.,  death  of,  4747. 

Greece,  one  of  Mediterranean  states,  105 ; 
forms  of  boats  used  in,  109;  Norse¬ 
men  in,  205;  New  Haven  colony  re¬ 
sembles  city-states  in,  993. 

Greek  fire,  75-77. 

Greeks,  as  to  sphericity  of  earth,  93,  95; 
rivals  of  Phoenicians  in  commerce  and 
exploration,  98,  99;  overthrown  by 

Rome,  99;  illus.  of  coasting  vessel,  fac¬ 
ing  106;  describe  their  wars  with  bar¬ 


barians,  154;  emigrants  to  New  Smyrna, 
Fla.,  thence  to  St.  Augustine,  2337. 

Greeley,  Horace,  active  in  Whig  campaign 
of  1848,  4431 ;  opinion  of  Lincoln’s 
Cooper  Union  speech,  4589;  believes 
that  opposition  to  Seward  would  not 
unite  upon  a  candidate,  4598;  portrait, 
facing  4638;  on  secession,  4638;  on 
Crittenden  compromise,  note,  4641 ;  “On 
to  Richmond”  cry  of,  4741 ;  his  letter  to 
Lincoln  criticising  the  conduct  of  the 
war,  4954,  4955 ;  Lincoln’s  reply  to, 
4955*  4956 office  of  N.  Y.  Tribune  at¬ 
tacked  during  draft  riot,  5182;  accuses 
members  of  congress  of  accepting 
bribes,  5193;  criticism  of  Lincoln,  5197; 
letter  to  Lincoln  concerning  peace,  5198, 
5199;  communicates  with  Confederate 
agents,  5199;  in  his  presidential  cam¬ 
paign  of  1872,  5517,  55I9-552I;  death, 
552i;  55,39;  on  spoils  system  in  civil 
service,  5569. 

Green,  Capt,  Confederate  officer,  reinforces 
Gov.  Jackson,  4705. 

Green,  Duff,  member  of  Jackson’s  “Kitchen 
Cabinet,”  4220;  supports  Calhoun,  4234; 
repudiated  by  Jackson,  4234. 

Green,  Roger,  leads  a  “lost  colony”  to 
Carolinas,  1716. 

Green,  Samuel,  ancestor  of  family  of 
printers,  1709. 

Green,  Thomas,  successor  of  Gov.  Calvert, 
1084,  1086,  1089. 

Green,  Thomas,  printer,  revives  Maryland 
Gazette,  1709. 

Green  Bay,  Wis.,  explored  by  Jean  Nico- 
let,  1958,  1959;  starting-point  of  Joliet 
and  Marquette,  1992;  French  forts  on, 
2005. 

Green  Mountain  Boys,  in  Wyoming  valley, 
1273.  . 

Green  river,  Buckner  destroys  the  locks 
on,  4806. 

Greenback  Labor  party,  convention  of  1884, 
5590- 

Greenback  party,  nominations  in  1880,  5566; 
popular  vote,  5567. 

Greenbacks,  amount  in  circulation  in  1893, 
5649- 

Green,  Col.  Christopher,  Ft.  Mercer  aban¬ 
doned  by,  2673 ;  at  Guilford,  3034. 

Greene,  John,  in  Providence  plantation, 

*  note,  1026;  contemporary  of  Roger 
Williams,  1472. 

Greene,  Nathaniel,  life  sketch,  2433,  3012; 
in  Rhode  Island  legislature,  2434;  given 
chief  command  of  Rhode  Island  army, 
2434;  appointed  brigadier-general,  2452, 


104 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


2453;  his  model  brigade,  2467;  Wash¬ 
ington’s  belief  in,  2467;  at  Cobble  Hill, 
2481 ;  Brooklyn  Heights  fortified  by, 
2512;  Putnam  succeeds,  2512;  made 
major-general  and  given  command  of 
Ft.  Lee,  2519;  commands  Jersey  troops, 
2519;  attempts  to  hold  Ft.  Washing¬ 
ton,  2526,  2527;  forced  to  surrender  it, 
2527;  Ft.  Lee  abandoned,  2527;  at  Tren¬ 
ton,  2540;  angered  at  being  outranked 
by  foreign  officers,  2554;  Gates  intrigues 
against,  2562;  at  Brandywine,  2614, 
2616,  2619;  at  Germantown,  2628,  2631, 
2632;  as  quartermaster-general,  270  7, 
2708;  scandal  involving,  2708;  at  battle 
of  Monmouth,  2737-2739;  in  Rhode  Is¬ 
land  campaign,  2754;  comment  on  battle 
at  Savannah,  2829;  map  of  his  South 
Carolina  and  Georgia  campaign,  facing 
2914;  map  of  his  route  in  Virginia  and 
the  Carolinas,  facing  2938 ;  Washington 
wants  Greene  to  succeed  Lincoln,  2940; 
his  opinion  regarding  Gates’  formation 
at  Camden,  2953 ;  presides  over  Andre’s 
trial,  2986;  South  Carolina  campaign 
of,  2990;  Gates  superseded  by,  3012; 
portrait,  facing  3012;  Cornwallis’  esti¬ 
mate  of,  3012;  his  military  abilities, 
3012,  3013 ;  plan  of  winter  campaign 
by,  3015;  policy  of,  3015,  3016;  remark¬ 
able  officers  of,  3016;  operation  against 
Cornwallis,  3018;  results  of  his’ strategy, 
3026;  assumes  command  of  Morgan’s 
troops,  3027;  at  Guilford,  3028;  retreats, 
3028-3030;  Cornwallis  and  Tarleton  ad¬ 
mire,  3030;  at  battle  of  Guilford  Court 
House,  3032-3035 ;  pursues  Cornwallis, 
3036;  plans  campaign  in  Virginia  and 
Carolinas,  3037,  3038;  returns  to  South 
Carolina,  3038;  manoeuvres  before  Cam¬ 
den,  3042;  at  battle  of  Hobkirk’s  Hill, 
3042;  causes  of  his  failure  at  Hobkirk’s 
Hill,  3043 ;  after  Hobkirk’s  Hill,  3045 ; 
plans  to  reduce  forts,  3049;  invests 
Ninety-Six,  3051 ;  Rawdon  pursues, 
3053 ;  retreats,  3053 ;  moves  against 
Stuart,  3073 ;  at  the  battle  of  Eutaw 
Springs,  3074. 

Greene,  Lieut.  S.  Dana,  executive  officer  of 
the  Monitor,  4912,  4921;  statement  re¬ 
garding  the  Monitor,  4921,  4922. 

Greenfield  Hill,  Pequot  battle  on,  979. 

Greenland,  Indians  in,  165 ;  visited  by 
Norsemen,  202,  204;  position,  205;  Norse 
settlements  in,  206,  207,  209,  219,  220, 
230-232,  234,  235 ;  change  in  climate, 
231;  oil  trade  in,  239,  240,  242;  “En- 
groueland”  described,  249-251,  253;  true 


position  unknown  in  time  of  Columbus, 
note,  278;  coasted  by  Hudson,  543. 

Greenland  company,  formed  by  the  Dutch, 
541. 

Green’s  farms,  Conn.,  burning  of,  2834. 

Green’s  Harbor,  Mass.,  set  off  as  farms  for 
Plymouth  men,  829. 

Greensboro,  N.  C.,  Davis  interviews  John¬ 
ston  and  Beauregard  at,  5308;  treat¬ 
ment  of  Davis  at,  5308;  Sherman 
marches  toward,  5315. 

Greensburg,  Ky.,  Ward  recruits  troops  in, 
4805. 

Greenville,  O.,  Prophet  founds  a  village  on 
site  of,  3957. 

Greenville,  treaty  of,  3529,  3530,  3958;  fac¬ 
simile  of  medal  of,  facing  3956. 

Greenwich,  Conn.,  settled,  992,  993 ;  has¬ 
tily  appropriated  by  Connecticut  colony, 
1421. 

Greenwich,  R.  I.,  forcibly  absorbed  Hugue¬ 
not  settlement,  1480. 

Greenwich  Bay,  boundary  between  Dutch 
and  English  territory,  1014. 

Greer,  Lieut.  J.  A.,  assists  in  the  arrest  of 
Mason  and  Slidell,  4927,  4928. 

Gregory,  Gen.,  at  battle  of  Camden,  2955. 

Gregson,  Thomas,  magistrate  of  New  Ha¬ 
ven  jurisdiction,  994. 

Grenada  Island,  West  Indies,  kept  by  Eng¬ 
land  by  treaty  of  Paris  in  1763,  2335; 
D’Estaing  conquers,  2827. 

Grenfell,  Col.  Leger,  arrested  for  conspir¬ 
acy,  5208;  sentenced  to  imprisonment 
for  life,  5208. 

Grenville,  George,  hanged  in  effigy  in  Bos¬ 
ton,  note,  1390;  deserts  Pitt,  2356;  co¬ 
lonial  secretary  in  1763,  2358;  char¬ 
acter,  2358 ;  favors  taxing  colonies,  2358 ; 
portrait,  facing  2358 ;  disliked  by  George 
III.,  2360;  succeeds  Lord  Bute,  2365; 
cautious  in  taxing  colonies,  and  suggests 
stamp  tax,  2366 ;  easily  secures  stamp 
act,  2370. 

Grenville,  George  (the  younger),  urges 
the  appointment  of  Chatham  as  British 
premier,  2719. 

Grenoble,  parliament  of,  9. 

Grenville,  Sir  Richard,  Raleigh’s  cousin, 
and  representative  in  colony,  608;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  608;  at  Roanoke,  61 1;  in 
Spanish  war,  613,  616. 

Grenville,  Thomas,  Vergennes  discusses 
peace  with,  3091,  3092. 

Grenville,  Lord  William  Wyndham,  on 
England’s  policy  regarding  American 
commerce,  3497;  Jay’s  discussion  with, 
3543- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


105 


Gresham,  Walter  Q.,  candidate  for  presi¬ 
dent,  5623 ;  in  Cleveland’s  second  cabi¬ 
net,  5648;  negotiates  treaty  of  arbitra¬ 
tion,  5675,  5676. 

Grey,  Sir  Charles,  at  Paoli  massacre,  2623 ; 
criticism  on,  note,  2624 ;  at  German¬ 
town,  2628,  2631 ;  pursues  Lafayette, 
2729;  burns  New  Bedford  and  Fair- 
haven,  2759;  plunders  Martha’s  Vine¬ 
yard,  2759;  butcheries  of,  2760;  ravages 
at  Little  Egg  Harbor,  2760. 

Greyhound,  Rhode  Island  privateer,  1481. 

Gridley,  Jeremiah,  distinguished  Boston 
lawyer,  father  of  Richard  Gridley,  note, 
1402. 

Gridley,  Gen.  Richard,  artillerist  at  Bunker 
Hill,  1402 ;  sketch  of,  note,  1402 ;  at 
Cambridge,  2433 ;  plans  fortifications  at 
Bunker  Hill,  2457. 

Grier,  Robert  C,  opinion  in  Dred  Scott 
case,  4566. 

Grierson,  Col.  B.  H.,  cavalry  raid  in  Mis¬ 
sissippi,  5145. 

Grierson,  Ft.,  capture  of,  3050. 

Grierson,  Col.,  British  officer,  killed  in 
Georgia,  3050. 

Griffin,  an  American  officer,  in  Washing¬ 
ton’s  plans  at  Trenton,  2539;  valuable 
ruse  of,  2542. 

Griffin,  Gen.  Charles,  at  Bull  Run,  4753, 
4755,  4757;  at  battle  of  Antietam,  5051, 
5°52- 

Griffin,  Cyrus,  commissioner  to  the  Creeks, 
339 1  • 

Griffin,  British  ship,  965. 

Griffin,  Swedish  ship,  579-581. 

Griffith,  Confederate  general,  in  engage¬ 
ment  at  Allen’s  farm,  4983;  at  Malvern 
Hill,  4988. 

Griggs,  John  W.,  in  McKinley’s  cabinet, 
5695,  5772. 

Grijalva,  Juan  de,  the  discoverer  of  Yuca¬ 
tan,  396;  Cortes  follows,  449;  remem¬ 
bered  by  Aztecs,  450. 

Grimes,  J.  W.,  votes  against  impeachment 
of  Johnson,  5412. 

Griswold,  Roger,  member  of  fourth  con¬ 
gress,  3565;  L)rons  fights  with,  3618; 
his  plan  concerning  state  legislature  of, 

,  3781 ;  letter  to  Oliver  Wolcott  on  Burr, 
note,  3784. 

Griswold,  Ft.,  massacre  at,  3081. 

Griswoldville,  Ga.,  destruction  of  railroad 
at,  5273. 

Groseilliers,  Jesuit  explorer,  perhaps  sees 
Mississippi,  1959. 

Grosscup,  Peter  S.,  issues  injunction 
against  strikers,  5670. 


Grotius,  code  of,  173. 

Groton,  Conn.,  Ft.,  Griswold  defends,  3081. 

Groveton,  Va.,  battle  of,  5020,  5021. 

Grundy,  Felix,  in  12th  congress,  3963;  on 
special  committee  of  foreign  relations, 
3964,  3965. 

Guacanagari,  West  Indian  chief,  314. 

Guadaloupe,  West  Indies,  discovered  by 
Columbus,  323 ;  restored  to  France, 
3732. 

Guadalupe-Hidalgo,  treaty  of,  4401 ;  fac¬ 
simile  of  secret  article  in,  facing  4420. 

Guam,  Island  of,  first  anchorage  of  Magel¬ 
lan  in  the  Philippines,  414. 

Guanahani,  Island  of,  discovered  by  Co¬ 
lumbus,  304;  described,  306,  307,  323, 
324;  Ponce  de  Leon  passed,  388. 

Guandape  river,  early  name  for  James 
river,  398. 

Guanica,  P.  R.,  Americans  drive  Spaniards 
from,  5734. 

Guantanamo,  Cuba,  troops  moved  to,  5734; 
naval  station  at,  5806. 

Guasimas,  Cuba,  skirmish  at,  5728. 

Guatemala  promoted  American  congress 
at  Panama,  4172;  reciprocity  treaty 
with,  5645. 

Guayama,  P.  R.,  engagement  at,  5734. 

Gudrid,  wife  of  Thori,  216;  wife  of  Thor- 
stein,  219;  wife  of  Karlsefne,  220;  moth¬ 
er  of  Snorri,  225 ;  descendants,  225, 
note,  230. 

Guercheville,  Madame  de,  her  settlement 
destroyed,  676;  colony  of,  in  Acadia, 
1935- 

Guerra,  Cristobal,  explorer,  373. 

Guerriere,  British  ship,  at  Sandy  Hook, 
3952;  illus.  of  Constitution  and,  facing 
3988 ;  defeated  in  battle  with  the  Con¬ 
stitution,  3990-3992. 

Guest,  Commander,  sent  with  a  flag  of 
truce  to  Ft.  Jackson,  4891. 

Guiana,  Dutch  (Surinam),  exchanged  for 
New  York  by  the  treaty  of  Breda,  in 
1667,  1498. 

Guiana,  South  America,  name  America  first 
applied  to,  371 ;  colonizing  of,  consid¬ 
ered  by  Pilgrims,  758,  763 ;  Vassall 
brothers  trade  in,  867. 

Guicciardini  born  in  Florence,  344. 

“Guide  to  the  Holy  Land”  (Icelandic) 
mention  Vinland,  237. 

Guilford,  Conn.,  part  of  New  Haven  col¬ 
ony;  957;  settled,  989;  church  estab¬ 
lished,  992;  bought  from  Indians,  992; 
in  jurisdiction  of  New  Haven,  993; 
hastily  appropriated  by  Connecticut  col¬ 
ony,  1421,  1424. 


106 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Guilford  Court-House,  N.  C.,  battle  of, 
3031-3035;  plan  of  battle,  map,  facing 
3032 ;  English  criticise  Cornwallis’  re¬ 
treat  from,  3036,  3037. 

Guinea,  Africa,  Columbus’  voyage  to,  272, 
274,  280;  suggested  for  Swedish  colony, 
577;  Hawkins  raids,  for  slaves,  590. 

Guiteau,  Garfield  shot  by,  5571. 

Gulf  of  Mexico  traced  by  Pineda,  394; 
by  Velasquez,  395. 

Gunby,  American  officer,  movements  of,  at 
Hobkirk’s  Hill,  3043,  3044;  Greene’s 
bitterness  toward,  note,  3045. 

Gunnbjorne,  discoverer  of  Greenland,  note, 
207. 

Gunpowder  slowly  evolved,  74;  hints  of, 
in  Odyssey  and  Dion  Cassius,  75 ;  Greek 
fire,  76;  early  explosives,  76-78;  in  Ind¬ 
ia  and  China,  78;  scientific  production 
of,  by  Roger  Bacon,  79;  by  Albertus 
Magnus,  79 ;  by  Berthold  Schwarz  and 
Date,  79 ;  cannon  in  Florence,  79 ;  at 
Crecy,  80 ;  royal  monopoly  in,  81 ;  ends 
age  of  chivalry,  81-84;  ushers  in  age 
of  discovery,  84;  picture  of  early  mus¬ 
ket,  facing  84. 

Gunpowder  plot  exposed  to  William  Park¬ 
er,  726;  puts  Romish  church  into  dis¬ 
favor,  1060. 

Gurnet  Point,  near  Plymouth,  770. 

Gurowski,  Count,  on  McClellan’s  snubs  to 
Lincoln,  4782;  on  Lincoln,  5189. 

“Gustavus,”  pseudonym  of  Benedict  Ar¬ 
nold,  2977. 

Gustavus  Adolphus  II.,  king  of  Sweden, 
portrait,  facing  575 ;  gifted  champion 
of  Protestantism,  575,  576 ;  patron  of 
Swedish  colonization,  576-578;  death 
momentous,  577,  578,  895,  1060. 

Guthrie,  James,  secretary  of  treasury  under 
Pierce,  4519. 

Guynn  Island,  Va.,  Dunmore  at,  2489. 

Guzman,  Nunez  de,  befriended  Ponce  de 
Leon,  390. 

Gwinnett,  Button,  portrait  of,  facing  2500. 

Gwynedd,  Owen,  prince  of  North  Wales, 
245- 


H. 

Plaarlem,  N.  Y.,  Dutch  village  in  1664, 
1495- 

Habeas  corpus,  congress  votes  on  suspen¬ 
sion  of,  3836. 

Habersham,  Joseph,  postmaster-general, 
3712. 


Hackensack,  N.  J.,  Putnam  sent  to,  25 26; 
Clinton  at,  2549. 

Hackensack  river,  Greene  crosses,  2527. 

Hackensacks,  Indian  tribe,  1133. 

Hacker,  Capt.  Hoysted,  commander  of  the 
brig  Providence,  2882. 

Haddington,  Viscount,  patentee  in  Plym¬ 
outh  council,  744. 

Haddonfield,  N.  J.,  Donop  at,  2669. 

Haddrell’s  Point,  force  at,  2506,  2507. 

Hadley,  Mass.,  attacked  by  Indians,  1290, 
1291. 

Hagerstown,  Va.,  Lee’s  plan  concerning, 
5032;  Lee’s  army  moves  to,  5036. 

Hague  arbitration  tribunal,  dispute  between 
United  States  and  Mexico  submitted  to, 
5805;  Hay  supports,  5832. 

Hague  conference,  Roosevelt  on,  5838, 

5839. 

Hahn,  Michael,  governor  of  Louisiana, 
5335,  546i.  . 

“Hail  Columbia,”  origin  of,  3622. 

Hakluyt,  Rev.  Richard,  narrative  of  Rober- 
val’s  expedition,  517;  expedition  to  Cape 
Cod,  620;  charter  member  of  London 
company,  629. 

Hale,  Col.,  at  battle  of  Hubbardton,  2573, 
2574. 

Hale,  Mrs.,  accused  by  Paris  children  of 
witchcraft,  1341. 

Hale,  Eugene,  introduces  bill  for  removal 
of  legal  and  political  disabilities,  5497. 

Hale,  John  P.,  member  of  senate,  4418; 
nominated  for  president  by  Liberty  par¬ 
ty,  4425;  presents  plea  for  Free-soil 
cause,  4468;  nominated  for  president  by 
Free-soil  party,  4507;  on  arbitrary  ar¬ 
rests,  5185. 

Hale,  Sir  Matthew,  judges  witches  in  Eng¬ 
land,  1328. 

Hale,  Capt.  Nathan,  hanged  as  spy  by 
Howe,  2517;  Andre  compared  with, 
note,  2987,  2988. 

Hales,  Rev.  Stephen,  philanthropist,  im¬ 
proves  ventilation  in  English  prisons, 
1848 ;  active  member  of  Georgia  board, 
1848. 

Half-King,  Indian  chief,  beseeches  Wash¬ 
ington  for  aid,  2043,  2045 ;  warns  Wash¬ 
ington  of  ambuscade,  2043,  2044,  2048; 
helped  to  win  victory  in  1754,  2045-2048; 
accompanies  Elliott  against  the  Moravi¬ 
ans,  2806. 

Half  Moon,  N.  Y.,  Schuyler  at,  2598; 
Americans  leave,  2608,  2637. 

Half  Moon,  Dutch  ship,  544,  546,  547. 

Half-way  covenant,  reasons  for,  1445 ; 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


10\ 


adopted  in  Boston,  1446;  opposed  in 
New  Haven,  1446;  results  of,  1446. 

Halifax,  Earl  of,  cited  as  to  English  occu¬ 
pation  of  America,  2009;  president  of 
board  of  trade,  2121,  2122. 

Halifax,  N.  S.,  origin  of  name,  how  and 
when  settled,  2113;  regarded  with  hos¬ 
tility  by  Acadians,  21 13-21 15;  grows 
rapidly,  2114;  Loudon  takes  command 
at,  2148;  starting-point  for  Louisbourg 
expedition  in  1758,  2181 ;  Wolfe’s  army 
assembled  at,  in  1759,  2236;  received 
armament  of  Louisbourg  after  seven 
years’  war,  2328;  meeting  of  the  fishery 
commission  at,  5535 ;  U.  S.  immigra¬ 
tion  station  at,  5980. 

Halifax,  British  sloop-of-war,  3854. 

Halkett,  James,  killed  in  Braddock’s  de¬ 
feat,  2056,  2076. 

Halkett,  Sir  Peter,  killed  in  Braddock’s  de¬ 
feat,  2056,  2076;  commanded  first  bri¬ 
gade  in  Braddock’s  army,  2066. 

Hall,  Lyman,  portrait,  facing  2500. 

Hall,  Nathan  H.,  postmaster-general,  4477. 

Halleck,  Gen.  Henry  W.,  in  command  of 
department  of  Missouri,  4730,  4788; 
Buell  incurs  enmity  of,  note,  4807;  in 
Cumberland  and  Tennessee  river  cam¬ 
paign,  4813 ;  refuses  Grant  permission 
to  attack  Fts.  Henry  and  Donelson, 
4813,  4814,  4817;  reprimands  Grant, 

4815 ;  assigned  to  the  department  of  the 
Mississippi,  4826,  4827;  appointed  gen¬ 
eral-in-chief  of  Union  armies,  4998, 
5010;  instructions  to  McClellan,  4998- 
5002;  portrait,  facing  5000;  indecision 
of,  5015;  reasons  for  relief  of  Pope, 
5026;  broken  down,  5030;  testimony 
against  McClellan,  5039 ;  orders  Mc¬ 
Clellan  to  cross  the  Potomac,  5054; 
opinion  of  Burnside’s  plans  against 
Richmond,  5069;  Burnside’s  opposition 
to,  5075 ;  misunderstanding  with  Hook¬ 
er,  5086;  message  to  Meade,  5086;  order 
to  Grant  concerning  Tennessee  cam¬ 
paign,  5096,  5097 ;  takes  command  at 
the  Landing,  5106;  proposes  to  move 
upon  Corinth,  5106;  ignores  Grant, 
5106;  new  Tennessee  campaign,  5109; 
strength  of  forces  under,  5116;  impos¬ 
sibility  of  plan  of  campaign  for  Buell, 
5126;  message  to  Grant,  concerning 
Price,  5129;  equipment  of  army  of  the 
West,  5133.;  prepares  to  attack  Corinth, 
51331  works  erected  at  Corinth,  5139; 
approves  Grant’s  plans,  5141;  Sher¬ 
man’s  report  concerning  Georgia,  5279; 
treatment  of  Sherman,  5320;  apology 


of,  to  Sherman,  5321 ;  Sherman’s  an¬ 
swer,  5321,  5322. 

Hallet,  William,  anabaptist,  1168. 

Hallock,  William,  captured,  2866. 

Hallowell,  controller  of  customs  in  Boston 
in  1765,  2374. 

Halsey,  southern  leader  in  congress  in 
slavery  controversy,  4316,  4317. 

Hambright,  Col.  Frederick,  at  King’s 
Mountain,  3003,  3004. 

Hamburg  massacre  in  South  Carolina, 
5446,  5447. 

Hamilton,  Capt.,  3993. 

Hamilton,  Marquess  of  (James  Hamilton), 
patentee  in  Plymouth’s  council,  744,  749; 
land  grant  claims  transmitted  to  royal 
council,  1461 ;  decided  against,  1477. 

Hamilton,  third  Marquess  of,  member  of 
council  for  New  England,  land  assigned 
to,  855,  856;  has  assignment  of  Con¬ 
necticut  land,  958. 

Hamilton,  Alexander,  under  Washington’s 
command,  2540,  2621,  2672,  2673,  2697; 
favors  raising  negro  regiments,  2823 ; 
at  Camden,  2921 ;  Arnold’s  plot  dis¬ 
covered  by,  2985;  at  Yorktown,  3082; 
defends  in  suit  of  Rutgers  vs.  Wad- 
dington,  3139,  3140;  national  bank  plan, 
3206;  urges  army  claims,  3210;  dele¬ 
gate  to  the  Philadelphia  convention, 
3272,  3281,  3282;  sketch  of,  3272-3274; 
portrait,  facing  3284;  on  people  vs. 
states,  3285 ;  on  freedom  and  power, 
3285,  3286;  opposes  Adams,  3325,  3326, 
3682 ;  appointed  secretary  of  treasury, 
3338;  on  national  finance,  3360,  3361, 
3364,  3365;  on  state  debts,  3367,  3377, 
3500;  excise  law  of,  3395,  3504,  3506; 
national  bank  report,  3397,  3398 ;  re¬ 
port  on  manufactures,  3425,  3426 ;  ad¬ 
vocates  protection,  3425,  3427,  3428;  cor¬ 
ruption  charges  brought  against,  by  sec¬ 
ond  congress,  3439-3441 ;  opposes  Wash¬ 
ington’s  retirement,  3447;  3448;  against 
Jefferson,  3450,  3480;  Freneau’s  Ga¬ 
zette,  3455 ;  on  relations  with  France, 
3461,  3462;  position  in  cabinet,  3481; 
urged  as  envoy  to  England,  3496;  re¬ 
tires  from  cabinet,  3501,  3550;  actions 
in  whiskey  rebellion,  3512,  3517-3519; 
stoned,  3556;  Washington’s  dependence 
on,  3561;  leader  of  cabinet,  3585-3587, 
3591;  favors  French  mission,  3594;. Rey¬ 
nolds  affair,  3600-3602;  on  sedition  bill, 
3631;  advancement  in  army,  3635-3638; 
schemes  to  invade  Spanish  territory, 
3639;  opposes  Kentucky  and  Virginia 
resolutions,  3649;  campaigning  for 


108 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Pinckney,  3680,  3682;  opposes  Burr, 
3688;  proposes  seizure  of  Spanish  terri¬ 
tory,  3737;  duel  with  Burr,  3784,  3785; 
Burr  kills,  3786. 

Hamilton,  Col.  Andrew,  deputy-governor 
under  Penn,  1249;  first  organized  postal 
service,  1250;  tries  to  conciliate  two 
provinces,  1251 ;  died  in  1703,  1251. 

Hamilton,  Andrew,  lawyer  of  Philadel¬ 
phia,  portrait,  facing  1570;  life  sketch, 
1571 ;  his  famous  defense  of  Zenger, 
1571,  1572. 

Hamilton,  George,  Earl  of  Orkney,  titular 
governor  of  Virginia,  draws  great  reve¬ 
nue,  1653 ;  his  deputies,  1654. 

Hamilton,  Henry,  British  commander  at 
Detroit,  2782 ;  sketch  of,  2782 ;  efforts 
to  check  Clark’s  progress,  2783 ;  cap¬ 
tures  Vincennes,  2783 ;  facsimile  of 
Clark’s  terms  of  surrender,  facing  2784; 
surrenders  Vincennes,  2785,  2786;  im¬ 
prisoned,  2786;  assigns  Cherokees  to 
massacre  in  Kentucky  and  Ohio  river 
settlements,  2789. 

Hamilton,  James,  recommends  nullification 
in  South  Carolina,  4254. 

Hamilton,  John,  commands  Tory  infantry, 
2816;  Pickens  assails,  2817,  2819. 

Hamilton,  Paul,  secretary  of  navy,  3896; 
resigns  his  portfolio,  4024. 

Hamilton,  Gen.  Schuyler,  division  com¬ 
mander  under  Pope  at  New  Madrid, 
4830;  near  Iuka,  5131;  at  Corinth,  5141. 

Hamilton,  William,  3478. 

Hamilton,  Fort,  O.,  Butler  at,  3414. 

Hamilton,  Ont.,  Joliet  at  site  of,  1991. 

Hamilton  statehood  bill,  5871-5875. 

Hamlin,  Hannibal,  nominated  for  vice- 
president  by  Republican  party,  4600; 
vice-president,  4651. 

Hammond,  George,  English  ambassador  to 
United  States,  3446,  3468,  3469,  3537; 
accused  by  Randolph,  3559,  3560. 

Hammond,  Samuel,  expedition  to  Florida, 
3476- 

Hammond,  Ind.,  railroad  strike  at,  in  1895, 
5670,  5672,  5673 ;  Cleveland’s  proclama¬ 
tion  to  rioters  at,  5673. 

Hammond’s  Store,  fight  at,  3017. 

Hampden,  John,  colonist  of  Plymouth,  785 ; 
parliamentary  leader,  receives  Saybrook 
grant,  849,  859. 

Hampden  and  Sidney  college  in  colonial 
times,  2347. 

Hampshire  Grants,  Vt.,  note,  2522,  2635. 

Hampton,  Capt.  Edward,  Dunlap  routed 
by,  2931. 

Hampton,  Gen.  Wade,  Sr.,  at  Eutaw 


Springs,  3076;  member  of  fourth  con¬ 
gress,  3565 ;  selected  to  command  in 
war  of  1812,  3980;  sent  to  Niagara 
frontier,  4052;  his  quarrel  with  Wilkin¬ 
son,  4052,  4053 ;  unsuccessful  advance 
on  Montreal,  4055. 

Hampton,  Gen.  Wade,  Jr.,  wounded,  4970; 
commands  artillery  in  Stuart’s  raid  into 
Pennsylvania,  5052,  5053 ;  in  South  Car¬ 
olina,  5313;  Democratic  candidate  for 
governor  of  South  Carolina,  5448-5451 ; 
portrait,  facing  5450 ;  gains  the  dis¬ 
puted  office,  5451-5454. 

Hampton,  Va.,  British  outrages  at  (1813), 
4042. 

Hampton  Court  conference,  754,  983. 

Hampton  Institute,  5960. 

Hampton  Roads,  Dunmore  at,  2486;  Mer¬ 
rimack  work  at,  4915-4917;  interna¬ 
tional  marine  celebration,  5657,  5822. 

Hampton  Roads  conference,  5226. 

Hamtranck,  Maj.,  expedition  of,  3385 ;  with 
St.  Clair,  3414;  commander  at  Vin¬ 
cennes,  3522. 

Hanbury,  John,  has  land  grant  from  George 
II.,  2010. 

Hancock,  John,  portrait,  facing  2386;  rea¬ 
sons  for  his  political  influence,  2387; 
sloop  of,  seized  in  1768,  2389;  ordered 
to  be  arrested,  2417;  at  Lexington,  2421- 
2423;  elected  president  of  continental 
congress,  2449;  desires  to  be  command¬ 
er-in-chief,  2450;  declared  rebel,  2456; 
assented  to  burning  of  Boston,  2480; 
portrait,  facing  2500;  leads  Massachu¬ 
setts  troops,  2754;  introduces  amend¬ 
ments  to  the  constitution,  3309;  electoral 
vote  for  vice-president  of,  3326;  Wash¬ 
ington  and,  3359. 

Hancock,  Gen.  Winfield  S.,  at  battle  of 
Fredericksburg,  5073 ;  portrait,  facing 
5086 ;  at  Gettysburg,  5092 ;  commands 
corps  under  Grant,  5232;  in  battle  of 
the  wilderness,  5233 ;  at  battle  of  Spott- 
sylvania,  5235-5239 ;  at  battle  of  Cold 
Harbor,  5241 ;  moves  upon  Richmond, 
5245 ;  supersedes  Sheridan  as  com¬ 
mander  of  fifth  military  district,  5394; 
military  career,  5511,  note,  5565,  5566; 
nominated  for  president,  5565,  5567; 
death,  note,  55 66,  5621. 

Hancock,  Md.,  Pope’s  army  near,  5053, 
5054- 

Hancock,  U.  S.  frigate,  2878;  captured  by 
British, .  2898;  built,  3118. 

Hand,  Maj. -Gen.,  commands  Virginia  rifle¬ 
men,  2545,  3637. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


109 


Hanger,  Maj.,  at  the  battle  of  Camden, 
2956. 

Hanging  Rock,  S.  C.,  Rawdon  establishes 
post  at,  2921 ;  victory  of  Davie  at,  2933, 
2934;  Tarleton  pursues  Americans  to, 
2957- 

Hanham,  Thomas,  interest  in  Plymouth 
company,  726,  727. 

Hanks,  John,  originates  Lincoln’s  nick¬ 
name,  the  “rail-splitter,”  4595,  4596. 

Hanna,  Mark,  at  McKinley’s  death-bed, 
5788 ;  efforts  to  end  coal  miners’  strike, 
5809;  portrait,  facing  5812. 

Hanover  Court-House,  Va.,  4962;  fight  at, 
4964,  4965;  Stuart  at,  4974. 

Hansford,  Thomas,  hanged  in  Bacon’s  re¬ 
bellion,  1620,  1621. 

Hanson,  Alexander  C.,  assistant  editor  of 
the  Federal  Republican,  3977,  3978. 

Hanson,  Gen.  R.  W.,  at  siege  of  Nashville, 

5125. 

Hapsburg,  house  of,  ascendency  in  Ger¬ 
many,  10-13. 

Hardee,  Gen.  William  J.,  Confederate  com¬ 
mander,  4723,  note,  4729,  4803;  at  battle 
of  Pittsburg  Landing,  5100;  portrait, 
facing  5104;  at  Corinth,  5107;  in  com¬ 
mand  of  army  of  the  Mississippi,  5119; 
evacuates  Savannah,  5278;  moves  to¬ 
ward  Charleston,  5278;  at  Columbia, 
5311;  evacuates  Charleston,  5311;  occu¬ 
pies  Cheraw,  5311;  retreats  before  Sher¬ 
man,  5312;  reinforced,  5313;  at  Averys- 
boro,  5313;  at  Bentonville,  5313,  5314. 

Harden,  Col.  William,  captures  Ft.  Bal¬ 
four,  3039. 

Hardin,  Col.  John,  expedition  of,  3383, 
3384,  3412. 

Hardy,  George,  vice-president  of  American 
railway  union,  arrested  and  sentenced, 
5673,  5674. 

Harlan,  Maj.,  noted  Indian  fighter,  2800. 

Harlan,  James,  resigns  office  as  secretary 
of  the  interior,  5371. 

Harlem  Heights,  Washington’s  troops  at, 
2516,  2519;  battle  of,  2519;  Howe  threat¬ 
ens,  2526. 

Harlem  river,  2437. 

Harlow,  Edward,  in  council  of  Popham 
colony,  728,  note,  730,  732. 

Harmar,  Gen.,  St.  Clair  plans  campaign 
with,  3381;  expedition,  3383,  3385,  3410, 
3413. 

Harmar,  Ft.,  Indian  treaties  confirmed  at, 
3379;  garrison  at,  3410. 

Harmony,  Pa.,  built  by  Rappites,  4207, 
4208. 


Harnden,  Gen.  Henry,  in  capture  of  Jef¬ 
ferson  Davis,  5309. 

Harney,  Gen.  William  S.,  commands  de¬ 
partment  of  the  West,  4707;  denounces 
secession,  4708;  Lyon  succeeds,  4710. 

Harper,  Robert  Goodloe,  in  congress,  3565, 
3596;  portrait,  facing  3596;  defends 
Judge  Chase,  note,  3788;  at  the  inau¬ 
guration  of  Madison,  3894. 

Flarper’s  Ferry,  Va.,  seized  by  the  Confed¬ 
erates,  4689,  4695 ;  map  of  surrounding 
country,  facing  5034;  strength  of  forces 
at,  5035;  Lee’s  plan  to  capture,  5035; 
view  of  ferry  at,  facing  5036;  capture 
of,  5036-5039 ;  occupied  by  federal 
troops,  5052 ;  McClellan  s  army  crosses 
into  Virginia  at,  5055. 

Harper’s  Weekly,  Charleston  places  ban 
on,  4616. 

Harriet  Lane,  U.  S.  frigate,  in  the  Atlantic 
coast  blockading  squadron,  4853 ;  in 
naval  battle  at  Galveston,  4866. 

Harriman,  Job,  Social  Democrat  nominee 
for  vice-president,  5766. 

Harris,  Miss  Clara  W.,  attends  Ford’s 
theatre  with  Mrs.  Lincoln,  5299. 

Harris,  William,  accused  of  treason,  1052, 

1053- 

Harrisburg  convention  demands  higher  du¬ 
ties,  4183,  4184. 

Harrisburg,  Pa.,  Lee’s  plan  to  attack,  5032; 
Lincoln’s  body  borne  through,  5302. 

Harrison,  Benjamin,  in  continental  con¬ 
gress,  2449;  portrait,  facing  2500;  led 
states’  rights  party,  3231 ;  nominated  for 
president,  5623;  sketch  of,t  note,  5623; 
elected,  5624 ;  cabinet,  5624 ;  first  mes¬ 
sage  of,  5625,  5626 ;  administration,  5625- 
5648;  portrait,  facing  5626;  at  Wash¬ 
ington  centennial,  5626-5628;  on  Ha¬ 
waiian  affairs,  5635 ;  on  Samoan  af¬ 
fairs,  5639;  renominated  for  president, 
5646 ;  defeated,  5648. 

Harrison,  Carter,  mayor  of  Chicago,  assas¬ 
sinated,  5663. 

Harrison,  Robert  Hanson,  appointed  on 
war  boara,  2969;  judgeship  declined  by, 
3339- 

Harrison,  William  Henry,  elected  to  con¬ 
gress,  3641 ;  secretary  of  northwest  ter¬ 
ritory,  3641 ;  land  offices  obtained  by, 
3674;  first  governor  of  Indiana,  3674; 
governor  of  Indiana,  3823,  3827,  3995; 
negotiations  with  the  Indians,  3958- 
3961;  at  battle  of  Tippecanoe,  3962; 
appointed  to  command  of  western  army 
in  war  of  1812,  4002 ;  orders  Winches- 


110 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


ter’s  advance  on  Maumee  Rapids,  4015; 
hears  of  Winchester’s  defeat,  4017; 
abandons  the  attack  on  Malden,  4019; 
goes  south  for  reinforcements,  4020; 
ordered  to  act  on  the  defensive,  4025 ; 
at  Seneca,  4026;  forces  under,  4030; 
advances  against  the  British,  4031;  su¬ 
perseded  as  minister  to  Colombia,  4220; 
nominated  for  president  by  Whigs,  4324 ; 
elected,  4327;  inaugurated,  4328;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  4330 ;  inauguration,  4332 ; 
cabinet,  4333 ;  warning  to  department 
heads  against  abuse  of  official  position, 
4333;  tomb  of,  illus.,  facing  4334;  calls 
special  session  of  congress,  4335;  death, 
4335. 

Harrison,  Fort,  Ind.,  3961,  3979,  3995. 

Harrison,  Fort,  Va.,  capture  of,  5246. 

Harrison’s  Landing,  Va.,  4962;  McClellan 
at,  4991-4993;  Lee  at,  4993;  Lincoln  at, 
4996. 

Harrissee,  Henry,  concerning  Vespucci, 
notes,  346,  351,  354,  358. 

Harrod,  James,  delegate  to  convention  on 
Kentucky  independence,  2777. 

Harrodsburg,  Ky.,  Clark  at,  2780;  Mor¬ 
gan  at,  5112;  Bragg  retreats  to,  5124. 

Hart,  John,  portrait,  facing  2500. 

Hartford,  Conn.,  Dutch  fort  at,  830,  1012, 
1017;  centre  of  colonization,  957;  gen¬ 
eral  court  at,  972 ;  Connecticut  con¬ 
stitution  formed  at,  996-999;  treaty, 
1013,  1014;  Dutch  fort  built  at,  1120; 
taken  by  English,  1124;  receives  war¬ 
rant  for  arrest  of  regicides,  1418;  con¬ 
nected  with  Hadley  church,  1419;  con¬ 
ventions  at,  2857,  3202;  Washington  at,* 
3359- 

Hartford,  U.  S.  ship,  in  New  Orleans  ex¬ 
pedition,  4884,  4888-4890;  at  Vicksburg, 
4895;  in  battle  of  Mobile  Bay,  5171- 
5X73- 

Hartford  convention,  4090-4093 ;  facsimile 
of  report  of,  facing  4092. 

Hartley,  David,  sends  Franklin  a  copy  of 
conciliatory  bills,  2716,  3099. 

Hartranft,  Gen.  John  F.,  recaptures  Ft. 
Stedman,  5286;  candidate  for  president, 
5543- 

Hartsuff,  Gen.  G.  S.,  wounded  at  Antietam, 
5047. 

Harvard,  Rev.  John,  college  named  for, 
912. 

Harvard  university,  Calaveras  skull  at, 
146;  founded,  912;  Indians  taught  at, 
1017;  Joseph  and  Paul  Dudley,  grad¬ 
uates,  1351,  1352;  receives  bequest  from 
Paul  Dudley,  note,  1352;  library  owns 


Abenaki  dictionary,  1369;  Jonathan 
Belcher,  grauduate,  1378;  showed  un¬ 
orthodox  tendencies,  1444,  1451 ;  early 
history,  3126,  3127. 

Harvey,  Capt.  John,  governor  of  Virginia, 
678,  710-712;  commissioner  to  Virginia, 
705;  arouses  rebellion,  713,  714;  de¬ 
posed  and  reinstated,  715,  1073 ;  dies, 
716;  favors  Baltimore’s  colony,  1069. 

Harvey,  John,  governor  ad  interim  of 
North  Carolina,  1761. 

Haselrigg,  Sir  Arthur,  one  of  founders  of 
Saybrook  colony,'  958. 

Hastings,  Francis,  see  Rawdon,  Lord. 

Haswell,  Anthony,  fined,  3675. 

Hatch,  leader  of  usurping  party  in  Mary¬ 
land,  hi  7. 

Hatchie  river,  Miss.,  engagement  at,  5136. 

Hatfield,  Mass.,  sends  force  against  Ind¬ 
ians,  1297. 

Hatherly,  'Timothy,  one  of  guarantors  of 
Plymouth  debt,  note,  818. 

Hatteras,  Cape,  Villafane  at,  488. 

Hatteras  Inlet,  N.  C.,  expedition  to,  4871, 
4872,  4875. 

Hatteras,  U.  S.  ship,  sunk  by  the  Alabama, 
4867. 

Hatton,  Gen.,  Confederate,  killed  in  battle 
of  Fair  Oaks,  4970. 

“Hauksbok,”  Saga  of  Eric  the  Red,  237. 

Havana  (Cuba),  commercial  centre,  467; 
part  of  De  Luna’s  colony  reaches,  487; 
French  at,  493-495 ;  sends  reinforcements 
to  Spaniards  at  St.  Augustine  in  1732, 
1897,  1901 ;  in  power  of  Admiral  Vernon, 
1902,  1903;  starting-point  of  Spanish 
expedition  against  Georgia,  1904;  taken 
in  1762,  mostly  by  New  Englanders, 
2331,  2332;  execution  of  members  of 
Lopez  filibustering  expedition  at,  4495 ; 
view  of  Morro  castle  at,  frontispiece; 
execution  wall  in  Cabanos  fort,  illus., 
facing  5704;  sinking  of  the  Maine  in 
the  harbor  of,  5704;  blockaded  by  U. 
S.  ships,  5717. 

Haverhill,  Mass.,  devastated  by  Indians, 
1348. 

Haverhill  petition,  4355. 

Haverstraw,  N.  Y.,  intercepts  St.  Clair  at, 
2533- 

Haverstraw  Bay,  Indian  troubles  at,  547. 

Haviland,  Gen.  William,  joins  Amherst 
and  Murray  at  Montreal,  2276 ;  cap¬ 
tured  posts  on  the  way,  2276. 

Havre,  France,  Huguenot  colony  sails  from, 
479- 

Havre  de  Grace,  Md.,  destroyed  by  British 
in  war  of  1812,  4039. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Ill 


Hawaii,  treaty  of  1875  with  the  United 
States,  5628;  revolution  in,  5629-5632; 
provisional  government  in,  5632-5634; 
queen  abdicates,  5633 ;  treaty  of  1892 
with  United  States,  5634-5636;  Blount 
sent  as  commissioner  to,  5654,  5656; 
effort  to  restore  the  queen,  5655,  5656; 
republic  established,  5656;  takes  oath 
of  allegiance,  5762-5764;  McKinley  ap¬ 
points  commissioners  on  legislation  for, 
5763;  census  of  1896  in,  5764;  education 
in,  5764;  U.  S.  imports  of  sugar  from, 
5858;  area  and  population  in  1905,  5963. 

Hawes  at  Hobkirk’s  Hill,  3043.  . 

Hawkins,  Sir  John,  aids  Laudonniere’s  col¬ 
ony,  485;  slave-trader,  590;  portrait, 
facing  590;  raids  Spanish  possessions, 
590,  626;  writes  account  of  southern 
United  States,  591;  dies,  592;  father  of 
English  naval  supremacy,  592. 

Hawkins,  Sir  Richard,  president  of  Plym¬ 
outh  company,  736;  voyage  to  New 
England,  737;  patentee  in  council  of 
Plymouth,  744. 

Hawkins,  Thomas,  commands  fleet  for  La 
Tour,  1947;  refuses  to  pursue  D’Aunay, 

1949- 

Hawkins,  William,  introduced  slave  trade, 
590- 

Hawley,  Jerome,  councillor  in  Lord  Balti¬ 
more’s  expedition,  1069. 

Hawley,  Joseph,  Northampton  leader  in 
general  assembly  in  1767  and  1768,  2387. 

Hawley,  Gen.  Joseph  R.,  presides  at  Re¬ 
publican  convention  at  Chicago,  54r31 
president  of  centennial  exposition,  5527. 

Hawley,  William,  governor  of  temporary 
colony  in  Carolinas,  1716. 

Hawthorne,  Nathaniel,  account  of  the 
Quaker  guns  at  Manassas,  note,  4 787, 
4788. 

Hay,  Lord  Charles,  criticises  Loudon,  2149. 

Hay,  George,  district  attorney  in  the  Burr 
trial,  3838. 

Hay,  John,  takes  message  of  Lincoln  to 
Greeley,  5199;  portrait,  facing  5760; 
secretary  of  state,  5772,  5821 ;  circular 
on  policy  of  United  States  toward 
China,  5775,  5776;  letters  to  Li  Hung 
Chang,  5777,  5778;  demands  on  China, 
578o>  578i;  illness  and  death,  5831,  5832; 
Lord  Lansdowne’s  tribute  to,  5832;  his 
record,  5832,  5833. 

Hay-Pauncefote  treaty,  5759-5761 ;  an  ad¬ 
mirable  substitute  for  old  treaty,  5832. 

Hayes,  Rutherford  B.,  at  battle  of  South 
Mountain,  5041 ;  at  battle  of  Antietam, 
5044,  5046;  on  selection  difficulties  in 


South  Carolina,  5451-5455;  on  Louisiana 
election,  5455,  5456;  southern  policy, 
5456,  5457,  555i;  nominated  for  presi¬ 
dent,  5543,  5544;  sketch  of,  note,  5544; 
elected,  5549,  5550;  inaugurated,  5551; 
cabinet,  5551;  portrait,  facing  5552;  on 
civil  service  reform,  5554-5556;  policy 
regarding  the  Indians,  5556,  5557;  on 
silver  coinage,  5562 ;  changes  during  his 
administration,  5564;  at  centennial  cele¬ 
bration  of  Washington’s  inauguration, 
5628. 

Haymarket  riot,  Chicago,  5602,  5603. 

Hayne,  Col.  Isaac,  execution  of,  note,  3055. 

Hayne,  Robert  Y.,  portrait,  facing  4228; 
speech  on  nullification,  4228-4231 ;  gov¬ 
ernor  of  South  Carolina  urges  allegi¬ 
ance  to  state,  4257. 

Haynes,  John,  founder  of  Connecticut,  893, 
965 ;  political  leader,  997 ;  first  governor, 
1001,  1002;  dies,  1018;  consults  Massa¬ 
chusetts  about  Indians,  1039. 

Hays,  Gen.  Alexander,  killed  in  battle  of 
the  wilderness,  5234. 

Hayti  named  Hispaniola  by  Columbus,  312; 
Columbus  in,  326-331,  337,  3391  Ojeda 
at,  363,  372,  376;  Balboa  on,  382;  De 
Leon  helps  colonize,  387;  Diego  Velas¬ 
quez  at,  395;  Cortes  at,  449,  458;  Nilla- 
fane  at,  488 ;  Hawkins  sells  slaves  to, 
590;  congress  discusses  free  trade  with, 
3902;  aided  by  Spanish-American  states, 
4173;  proposed  colon\r  of  slaves  in,  4647; 
congress  recognizes  republic  of,  4947; 
reciprocity  treaty  with  United  States, 
5645. 

Haytien,  Cape,  324. 

Hazard,  Ebenezer,  as  postmaster-general, 
3338- 

Hazard,  Samuel,  colonization  scheme,  3146. 

Hazard,  U.  S.  cruiser,  2882. 

Hazelwood,  John,  commander  of  American 
fleet,  2668. 

Plazen,  Gen.  W.  B.,  in  capture  of  Ft.  Mc¬ 
Allister,  5277. 

Head  of  Elk,  Md.  (now  Elkton),  Howe’s 
troops  land  at,  2612;  Washington  at, 
2612,  2907,  2939. 

‘'Head  of  Iron,”  nickname  of  Gen.  John 
Forbes,  2166. 

“Heads  of  Complaint”  transmitted  to  Penn 
from  Pennsylvania  general  assembly, 
1254- 

Heald,  Capt.  Nathan,  surrenders  Ft.  Dear¬ 
born,  3986. 

Heamans,  Capt.,  at  battle  of  the  Severn, 
1106,  1108. 


112 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Hearst,  William  R.,  Democrat  minority- 
vote  for,  at  St.  Louis  convention,  5817. 

Heath,  Sir  Robert,  receives  patent  for  Car¬ 
olina  lands,  1716. 

Heath,  Gen.  William,  at  Concord,  2429; 
appointed  brigadier-general,  2452 ;  Peeks- 
kill  occupied  by,  2526;  Lee’s  orders  to, 
2533 ;  Washington  halts  brigade  of,  2534, 
2543;  at  Peekskill,  2550;  at  West  Point, 
3073- 

Heckewelder,  Joseph,  Moravian  mission¬ 
ary,  2805. 

Heintzelman,  Gen.  Samuel  P.,  division  com¬ 
mander,  4747;  at  Bull  Run,  4751;  corps 
commander,  4784,  4962,  4963;  at  battle 
of  Fair  Oaks,  4967,  4968;  ordered  to 
move  upon  Centreville,  5019;  at  battle 
of  Groveton,  5020;  at  second  battle  of 
Bull  Run,  5022,  5023;  at  battle  of  Chan¬ 
tilly,  5025 ;  commands  corps  under 
Banks,  5031. 

Helena,  Miss.,  forces  of  Sherman  and 
Grant  arrive  at,  5142. 

Helgi,  expedition  to  Vinland,  228-230. 

Hell  Gate,  Block  sails  through,  550;  Der¬ 
nier  in  peril  at,  741 ;  British  line  ex¬ 
tends  to,  2515,  2516;  illus.  of,  facing 
4070. 

Helluland,  210,  220,  237. 

Helm,  Peter,  3478. 

Hemp,  staple  in  Virginia  in  18th  century. 

2349- . 

Hen,  Virginia  citizen,  killed  in  1675  by  an 
Indian,  1613. 

Henderson,  Alexander,  member  of  com¬ 
mercial  convention,  3248,  3249. 

Henderson,  J.  B.,  presents  bill  to  abolish 
slavery  by  constitutional  amendment, 
5340;  votes  against  impeachment  of 
Johnson,  5412. 

Henderson,  James  Pinckney,  envoy  from 
Texas,  arrives  in  Washington,  4361. 

Henderson,  Col.  Richard,  delegate  to  con¬ 
vention  on  Kentucky  independence, 
2777;  first  president  of  Kentucky,  2778; 
sketch  of,  2778,  2779;  at  Eutaw  Springs, 
3075 ;  Henderson  colony  headed  by, 
3148. 

Henderson,  Ky.,  founded,  2779. 

Henderson  company,  history  of,  3148,  3149. 

Hendrick,  Indian  chief,  killed  before  battle 
of  Lake  George,  2096-2098. 

Hendricks,  Thomas  A.,  vice-president, 
5590;  death,  5592,  5621. 

Henfield,  Gideon,  3469,  3470. 

Henlopen  Cape,  Del.,  called  Paradise  Point 
by  Swedes,  579:  claimed  by  both  Dutch 
and  English,  1677,  1678. 


Henrico,  Academy  of,  near  Richmond,  Va., 
first  college  in  Virginia,  685,  686,  note, 

1633. 

Henricus,  Va.,  built  by  Dale,  671 ;  land  set 
apart  in,  for  university,  685;  obliterated, 
694. 

Henrietta,  Maria,  queen  of  England,  name¬ 
sake  of  Maryland,  1064;  jewels  pawned, 
1080. 

Henry  V.,  king  of  England,  customs-house 
duties,  13 ;  monopoly  of  gunpowder,  80. 

Henry  VII.,  king  of  England,  marries 
Elizabeth  of  York,  15;  character  and 
policy,  22,  23,  587;  portrait,  facing  284; 
sends  Cabots  to  America,  379,  421-429, 
434-437,  439- 

Henry  VIII.,  king  of  England,  centralizing 
tendency,  15;  negotiates  with  Sebastian 
Cabot,  439,  442 ;  dies,  442 ;  in  continental 
affairs,  587. 

Henry  IV.,  king  of  France,  forwards  colo¬ 
nial  expeditions,  502;  commissions  Mar¬ 
quis  de  la  Roche,  519;  De  Chastes,  520; 
Champlain,  521 ;  De  Monts,  523,  621. 

Henry,  Prince,  of  Portugal,  portrait,  fac¬ 
ing  270;  patron  of  explorers,  271;  in¬ 
fluenced  Da  Gama,  402. 

Henry,  John,  sketch  of,  3969,  3970. 

Henry,  Patrick,  educated  in  Virginia,  1653 ; 
proposed  resolutions  against  stamp  act, 
2372 ;  makes  famous  speech,  2373 ;  in 
first  continental  congress,  2410;  member 
of  continental  congress,  2448;  estimate 
of  Washington,  2451 ;  governor  of  Vir¬ 
ginia,  2780;  suggests  capture  of  Detroit, 
2786,  2787;  on  religious  freedom,  3108; 
refused  to  be  a  delegate  to  Philadelphia 
convention,  3259,  3260;  Madison  op¬ 
posed  by,  3327;  on  land  grants,  3387; 
appointed  commissioner  to  France,  3659. 

Henry,  Cape,  sighted  by  Virginia  colony, 
631 ;  named  for  Prince  of  Wales,  633. 

Henry,  Fort,  Tenn.,  erected,  4813,  4814; 
map  of,  facing  4814;  Grant  and  Foote 
capture,  4814,  4815;  Wallace  in  com¬ 
mand  at,  4817. 

Henry,  Fort,  W.  Va.,  built,  665;  Girty  at, 
2795,  2797;  defense  of,  2795-2797;  Eliza¬ 
beth  Zane’s  heroism,  2796;  McCullough’s 
leap  at,  2797. 

Henry  House  Hill,  Va.,  strategic  point  in 
second  battle  of  Bull  Run,  5023. 

Herbert,  Hillary  A.,  secretary  of  war,  5648. 

Herbert,  Gen.  Louis,  Confederate,  captured 
at  battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  4736. 

Heresy  laws  in  Virginia,  in  18th  century, 
1641,  1642. 

Herjulf,  expedition  and  colony,  206,  207. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


113 


Herkimer,  Gen.  Nicholas,  Johnson  Hall 
surrendered  to,  2485,  2486;  battle  of 
Oriskany,  2588-2591 ;  death,  2593. 

Herkimer  county  (N.  Y.),  Indian  outrages 
in,  2160. 

Hernnhut,  Saxony,  a  Moravian  village, 

1865. 

Heron,  Col.,  commandant  in  Georgia,  en¬ 
dorsed  Bosomworth’s  claim,  1925 ;  as¬ 
sists  Malatche’s  plans  (1747),  1926. 

Herrera,  Spanish  historian,  note,  369. 

Herrera,  Jose  Joaquin  de,  head  of  pro¬ 
visional  government  in  Mexico,  4372 ; 
elected  president,  4372. 

Herrick,  Capt.,  captures  Skene’s  store¬ 
houses,  2445,  2447. 

Herring  creek,  skirmish  at,  1105. 

Hesiod,  ideas  of  earth’s  shape,  93. 

Hesse,  Cassel,  Germany,  sells  soldiers  to 
England,  2472,  2473. 

Hessians,  feeling  against,  in  England  and 
America,  2473 ;  at  battle  of  Long  Is¬ 
land,  2513;  at  battle  of  Trenton,  2540- 
2542;  New  Jersey  militia  routs,  2549, 
2550;  desertion  of,  2550,  2627;  at  Paoli, 
2623;  at  Warren’s  Tavern,  2623;  at 
Saratoga,  2646,  2651-265 3;  Donop  com¬ 
mands,  2669;  at  battle  of  Red  Bank, 
2670. 

Heth,  Gen.  Henry,  advances  near  Coving¬ 
ton,  5122;  retreats,  and  reports  at 
Frankfort,  5122. 

Hewes,  Joseph,  portrait,  facing  2500. 

Heves,  Pieter,  sent  to  settle  Delaware,  566; 
buys  land  at  Cape  May,  566,  569;  af¬ 
fair  with  Indians,  note,  571. 

Heyward,  Thomas,  Jr.,  portrait,  facing 
2500. 

Hiatstown,  Md.,  Stuart  at,  5053. 

Hiawatha,  pronunciation,  note,  159. 

Hicks,  Col.  S.  G.,  commands  garrison  at 
Ft.  Anderson,  5255. 

Hicks,  Thomas  H.,  governor  of  Maryland, 
4691,  4692. 

Hidalgo  v  Castillo,  Miguel,  leads  revolt 
against  Spanish  rule  in  Mexico,  4273, 
4274;  executed,  4274. 

Higginson,  Rev.  Francis,  teacher  in  Massa¬ 
chusetts  Bay  colony,  869;  dies,  878; 
succeeded  by  Roger  Williams,  900. 

Higginson,  Stephen,  on  Louisiana  purchase, 

.  375a 

High  commission,  court  of,  in  Massachu¬ 
setts  Bay  colony,  890;  injurious  to  New 
England  colonies,  958;  Hooker  sum¬ 
moned  before,  966. 

High  Hills  of  Santee,  Green  leaves,  3073. 

Highlanders  settle  in  Georgia,  1864;  dis¬ 


approve  of  slavery  and  protest  against 
it,  1877;  second  company  of,  settled  in 
Georgia,  1881 ;  defeated  colony  against 
Spaniards,  1881-1884;  valiant  soldiers  of 
Oglethorpe,  1898,  1904;  make  brilliant 
manoeuvre  at  Frederica,  1908-1913; 
held  aloof  from  English  settlers,  1921 ; 
in  second  attack  on  Ft.  Duquesne,  2167 ; 
defeated  at  Grant’s  Hill,  2169-2171 ; 
recommended  to  Pitt  by  Wolfe,  2176, 
2177;  charge  batteries  at  Louisbourg 
(i758),  2182,  2183;  at  Ticonderoga, 
2197,  2198;  march  to  Ft.  Pitt,  2320, 
2325;  in  Carolinas,  2489;  at  battle  of 
Long  Island,  2513;  Brunswick  maga¬ 
zine  guarded  by,  2530;  North  Carolina 
loyal  to  England,  2810,  2811;  settlement 
of,  2904;  at  Cross  creek,  2921. 

Hill,  Col.,  pursues  Ferguson,  2999;  at 
King’s  Mountain,  3505,  3506. 

Hill,  Gen.  Ambrose  P.,  portrait,  facing 
4966;  at  Meadow  Bridge,  4966;  in  seven 
days’  battle,  4978, _  4979 ;  attacks  McCall, 
4983,  4984;  describes  battle  of  Malvern 
Hill,  4991 ;  in  battle  of  Cedar  Mountain, 
5012,  5013 ;  in  battle  of  Chancellorsville, 
5082;  joins  Ewell’s  corps,  5085;  in  battle 
of  Gettysburg,  5087;  in  battle  of  the 
wilderness,  5232,  5233;  at  Ft.  Stedman, 
5286. 

Hill,  Gen.  Daniel  H.,  at  Big  Bethel,  4746; 
portrait,  facing  4966;  at  Seven  Pines, 
4966-4968 ;  in  seven  days’  battle,  4978, 
4979;  at  Malvern  Hill,  4989;  at  Boones- 
boro,  5036;  at  Harper’s  Ferry,  5038; 
in  battle  of  South  Mountain,  5040,  5041 ; 
in  battle  of  Antietam,  5043. 

Hill,  Col.  Edward,  owns  one  of  first  houses 
in  Philadelphia,  1215. 

Hill,  Isaac,  member  of  Jackson’s  “Kitchen 
Cabinet,”  4219;  attack  on  Portsmouth 
branch  of  bank  of  the  United  States, 
4222 ;  elected  to  senate,  4227. 

Hillabees,  In,dian  tribe,  in  uprising  of  1813, 

.  4038. 

Hillsboro,  N.  C.,  Johnston  encamped  at, 

.  5315. 

Hillsborough,  Lord,  colonial  secretary,  op¬ 
poses  action  by  colonies  on  Massachu¬ 
setts  circular  letter,  2388,  2389 ;  gives 
up  taxation  for  revenue,  2392;  policy 
on  American  colonies,  2713,  2765. 

Hillsborough,  N.  C.,  Kalk  at,  2939;  Gates 
at,  2911,  2958,  3009;  continentals  at, 
2961 ;  Morgan  at,  3026. 

Hilton  brothers  settle  Northam  (now 
Dover),  791,  note,  823,  946,  947. 

Llilton’s  Point  (now  Dover  Neck),  946. 


114 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Hindeman,  Fort,  Ark.,  capture  of,  5144. 

Hindostan  reached  by  Da  Gama,  333. 

Hindus’  notion  about  shape  of  earth,  93; 
compared  with  American  Indian,  181. 

Hines,  Capt.,  Confederate  agent,  arrives  in 
Chicago,  5205. 

Hingham,  limit  of  Massachusetts  settle¬ 
ment,  828,  952. 

Hinman,  Capt.  Elisha,  commander  of  the 
Cabot,  2866. 

Hipparchus  teaches  sphericity  of  earth,  95. 

Hispaniola,  see  Hayti. 

History  of  New  England,  by  John  Win- 
throp,  Sr.,  921. 

History  of  the  new  world,  by  Munoz,  note, 

.  146. 

History  of  the  world,  by  Raleigh,  617. 

Hitchcock,  Ethan  Allen,  secretary  of  the 
interior,  5772,  5821. 

Hitt,  Robert  R.,  on  Hawaiian  commission, 

5763- 

Hoar,  Ebenezer  R.,  attorney-general,  5419, 
5521 ;  on  joint  high  commission,  5506, 
552I- 

Hoar,  George  F.,  on  electoral  commission, 
5547;  opposed  McKinley’s  Philippine 
policy,  5746. 

Hobart,  Garrett  A.,  nominated  for  vice- 
president,  5688;  sketch  of,  note,  5688. 

Hobbs,  Deliverance,  involved  in  witchcraft 
evidence,  1335. 

Hobkirk’s  Hill,  map  of  the  plan  of  battle 
of,  facing  3042;  battle  of,  3042-3045. 

Hoboken,  N.  Y.,  in  patroonship  of  De 
Pauw,  568;  disastrous  fire  at,  5782,  5783. 

Hobson,  Capt,  expeditions,  734,  737. 

Hobson,  Richmond  P.,  sinks  Merrimac  in 
Santiago  harbor,  5725,  5 726. 

Hochelaga,  Indian  settlement  in  Canada, 
511-513;  map,  facing  512;  Roberval  gov¬ 
ernor  of,  515;  Cartier  visits  a  second 
time,  516;  Indian  name  of  Montreal, 
1968. 

Hocking  tried  to  intercept  fur  trade  of 
Plymouth,  832. 

Hodenosawnee,  Indian  name  of  Iroquois, 
1515- 

Hodgson,  Robert,  Quaker  preacher,  1169, 
1170. 

Hoei-Shin,  Chinese  author,  257-260. 

Hogg,  Mrs.,  in  “negro  plot”  disturbance, 

I574- 

Hoke,  Gen.  R.  F.,  at  capture  of  Newbern 
and  Plymouth,  5173,  5174. 

Holborn,  Admiral,  commands  fleet  at  Hali¬ 
fax  in  1757,  2148. 

Holcroft,  John,  leader  in  whiskey  rebellion, 

3506,  3507- 


Holden,  North  Carolina  colonist,  takes  ap¬ 
peal  from  colony  to  England,  1759. 

Holden,  Christopher,  Quaker  preacher,  932, 

933,  936. 

Holden,  Randall,  in  Providence,  note,  1026; 
in  Portsmouth  colony,  1037 ;  contem¬ 
porary  of  Roger  Williams,  1472. 

Holland,  Lord,  negotiates  with  Monroe  and 
Pinckney,  3847. 

Holland  invaded  by  Northmen,  203 ;  Pil¬ 
grims  leave  for  America,  537;  dilatory 
in  exploration,  541 ;  aids  Hudson,  544 ; 
Dutch  West  India  company,  553,  554; 
ostensibly  at  peace  with  England,  558, 
560;  De  Vries  returns  to,  571;  Sweden 
friendly  to,  577,  578;  separatists  remove 
to,  752,  753,  755;  Hooker  flees  to,  893, 
966;  unwilling  to  go  to  war,  1124;  silent 
in  treaty  of  Stockholm  as  to  American 
colonies,  1127;  signs  peace  with  Eng¬ 
land  in  1674,  1431 ;  makes  war  on  Eng¬ 
land  in  1665-1669,  1463;  effect  of  war 
on  New  York,  1498;  in  treaty  of  Rys- 
wick,  i552l  sends  settlers  to  Carolina, 
1745;  Moravians  flee  to,  1866;  George 
III.  applies  for  troops,  2472;  Paul  Jones 
compelled  to  leave,  2895 ;  treaty  with, 
3065 ;  St.  Eustatius  restored  to,  3085 ; 
results  of  the  revolutionary  war  for, 
3099;  William  Short  minister  to,  3447; 
Napoleon’s  rule  in,  3920,  3933;  Ameri¬ 
can  ships  seized  in,  3932. 

Hollender,  Peter,  governor  of  New  Swe¬ 
den,  582,  583,  585. 

Hollins,  George  N.,  commands  Confederate 
gunboats  at  New  Madrid,  4829;  attacks 
Union  gunboats,  4839,  4840;  portrait, 
facing  4840;  at  New  Orleans,  4863,  4864, 
4899- 

Holly  Springs,  Miss.,  Van  Dorn’s  forces 
near,  5 3:37,  5142;  Grant’s  advance  on, 
5141,  5142;  Confederate  forces  retreat, 
5142;  captured  by  Van  Dorn,  5143. 

Holmes,  Commodore,  over  fleet  at  Halifax 
in  1757,  2148. 

Holmes,  Ensign,  commander  at  Ft.  Miami, 
treacherously  shot,  2310. 

Holmes,  George,  leader  of  Virginia  colo¬ 
nists,  1121. 

Holmes,  John,  on  the  admission  of  Maine, 

4123. 

Holmes,  Rev.  Obadiah,  whipped  in  Boston, 

923. 

Holmes,  Gen.  Theophilus  H.,  Confederate 
commander  at  Malvern  Hill,  4895. 

Holmes,  William,  defies  Dutch,  830,  955, 

956. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


115 


Holms,  Sir  Robert,  sent  to  put  down  pi¬ 
rates,  1776. 

Holston,  treaty  of,  3531,  3640. 

Holt,  Charles,  fined,  3675. 

Holt,  Joseph,  secretary  of  war,  4629;  loyal 
to  the  Union,  4633-4635;  letter  to  Lin¬ 
coln  on  Fremont’s  proclamation,  4718. 

Holy  Alliance,  England  refused  to  join, 
4143;  proposed  interference  in  Span- 
ish-American  affairs,  4145,  4152,  4153; 
effect  of,  in  United  States,  4213,  4214. 

Holy  Cross?  River  of  (now  St.  Charles 
river),  512,  516. 

‘‘Holy  Experiment”  of  William  Penn,  1250. 

Holy  Ground,  sacred  town  of  the  Indians, 
4039- 

Holy  Wars,  see  Crusades. 

Holyman,  Ezekiel,  first  minister  in  Rhode 
Island,  1023. 

Holyoke,  Capt.,  saves  Turner’s  company, 
1298. 

Homer,  his  idea  of  shape  of  earth,  93. 

Homestead,  Pa.,  strike  at,  5640. 

Homestead  law,  congress  passes,  4947;  ben¬ 
efits  Indians,  5620;  congress  on,  5761; 
results  of,  5966-5968. 

Honduras  discovered  by  Columbus,  338 ; 
in  Vespucci’s  story,  351,  359;  Pinzon  and 
Solis  at,  374;  Nicuesa  at,  376;  disposi¬ 
tion  of,  in  French-Spanish  negotiation, 
2846;  reciprocity  treaty  with  United 
States,  5645. 

Honeoye,  Lake,  Sullivan  at,  2841. 

Hong  Kong  differs  in  time  from  Manila, 
4T5- 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  views  of,  facing  5634; 
U.  S.  minister  reaches,  5655 ;  Rear- 
Admiral  Miller  at,  5763. 

Hoochcamer,  Hendrik,  patroon  on  the  Del¬ 
aware,  583. 

Hood,  Gen.  J.  B.,  at  second  battle  of  Bull 
Run,  5023 ;  in  battle  of  Antietam,  5043, 
5045 ;  succeeds  Johnston,  5262 ;  reputa¬ 
tion  as  a  soldier,  5262 ;  attack  upon 
Sherman’s  forces,  5262 ;  attack  on  army 
of  the  Tennessee,  5263;  sends  larger 
part  of  his  cavalry  toward  Chattanooga, 
5263 ;  entirely  cut  off  from  his  supplies, 
5263;  .retreats  towards  Macon,  5264; 
losses  of,  5264;  invades  Tennessee,  5266; 
reaches  Florence,  5266;  at  Franklin, 
5266,  5267;  at  Nashville,  5267,  5268; 
retreats  from  Nashville,  5268;  portrait, 
facing  5268;  attempts  to  make  a  stand 
at  Franklin,  5268;  condition  of  forces 
of,  5268;  retreats  into  Mississippi,  5269; 
relieved  of  his  command,  5269 


Hood,  Sir  Samuel,  sent  against  De  Grasse, 
3079,  3080. 

Hooke,  William,  in  Gorges’  council,  950. 

Hooker,  Gen.  Joseph,  at  Williamsburg, 
4796 ;  in  peninsular  campaign,  4963,  4964 ; 
at  Malvern  Hill,  4988;  considered  to 
replace  McClellan,  5007;  skirmish  with 
Ewell,  5017;  at  Groveton,  5020;  at  sec¬ 
ond  battle  of  Bull  Run,  5022 ;  concen¬ 
trates  troops  at  Fairfax  Court-House, 
5024;  ordered  to  Germantown,  5024; 
joined  by  McDowell,  5025 ;  commands 
corps  in  Maryland  campaign,  5031 ; 
corps  of,  at  South  Mountain,  5041 ;  at 
battle  of  Antietam,  5044-5047;  losses  in 
Maryland  campaign,  5052 ;  commands 
under  Burnside,  5070;  at  battle  of  Fred¬ 
ericksburg,  5073,  5074;  gives  account  of 
attack  on  Marye’s  Heights,  5074;  de¬ 
nounces  Burnside’s  plans,  5075;  removal 
demanded  by  Burnside,  5076;  succeeds 
Burnside,  5076 ;  ability  and  character, 
5077;  letter  from  Lincoln,  5077;  plan  of 
campaign,  5078,  5079 ;  begins  active 

operations  against  Lee,  5079;  battle  of 
Chancellorsville,  5080-5082 ;  retreats, 
5083 ;  appoints  Pleasanton  to  succeed 
Stoneman,  5084 ;  reinforced,  marches  to 
Frederick,  5085 ;  misunderstandings  with 
Halleck,  5086 ;  asks  to  be  relieved  from 
command,  5086;  succeeded  by  Meade, 
5086;  portrait,  facing  5154;  at  Nashville, 
5155;  ordered  to  advance  to  Chatta¬ 
nooga,  5155;  in  battle  of  Missionary 
Ridge,  5155,  5156;  death,  5621. 

Hooker,  Rev.  Thomas,  against  Oldham  and 
Lyford,  810;  assisted  by  John  Eliot, 
892;  flees  to  Massachusetts,  893,  894, 
966;  sketch  of,  9 66;  goes  to  Connecti¬ 
cut,  968;  moderator  of  Newton  synod, 
986;  leader  of  political  party,  997-999; 
on  popular  government,  1002;  complaint 
against  Boston,  1003 ;  death,  1018. 

Hooper,  William,  portrait,  facing  2500; 
opinion  of  Washington,  2552. 

Hopetown,  O.,  earthworks  at,  134. 

Hopewell,  treaty  of,  3385. 

Hopkins,  Gen.,  expedition  against  the  Ind¬ 
ians  in  1812,  4003. 

Hopkins,  Edward,  Connecticut  magistrate, 
1001,  1039;  dies,  1018. 

Hopkins,  Esek,  Commodore,  blockaded  at 
Providence,  2531 ;  commander-in-chief 
of  American  navy,  2863 ;  secret  cruise 
against  Dunmore’s  fleet,  2864;  sacks 
New  Providence  magazine,  2864;  fight 
with  English  ship  Glasgow,  2864;  dis¬ 
missed  from  service,  2865. 


116 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Hopkins,  John  B.,  cruise,  2881. 

Hopkins,  Matthew,  witchfinder  in  England, 
1328. 

Hopkins,  Oceanus,  born  on  Mayflower,  766. 

Hopkins,  Stephen,  colonial  delegate  of 
Rhode  Island,  1491 ;  governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  writes  “Rights  of  Colonies,” 
2368;  chief  justice  of  Rhode  Island  op¬ 
poses  foreign  trial  for  Gaspee  offenders, 
2400;  portrait,  facing  2500. 

Hopkinson,  Francis,  portrait,  facing  2500; 
wrote  the  “Battle  of  the  Kegs,”  2879. 

Hopkinson,  Joseph,  defends  Judge  Chase, 
note,  3788. 

Hopkinsville,  Ky.,  fight  at,  4805,  4806. 

Hore,  of  London,  colonizing  expedition, 

588. 

Horizon,  U.  S.  ship,  decision  in  case  of, 
3864,  3866. 

Horn  Point,  Md.,  1106. 

Hornet,  U.  S.  sloop-of-war,  3989,  4020, 
4021,  4089. 

Horry,  Daniel,  2925. 

Horry,  Lieut.-Col.  Hugh,  2925;  relinquished 
command  to  Marion,  2937;  on  the  San¬ 
tee,  2992. 

Horry,  Maj.  Peter,  2925;  with  Marion 
2937,  2942,  2992;  fight  with  Gainey,  3027. 

Horse  Shoe  Bend  (Tallapoosa  river),  Ind¬ 
ian  defeat  at,  4058;  map  of  battle  of, 
facing  4058.  • 

Horses,  Bay  of,  so  called  by  Narvaez,  462. 

Horses  unknown  to  Aztecs,  450;  eaten  by 
Spaniards,  462;  change  life  of  Indians, 
466. 

Horsey,  Col.  Samuel,  governor  of  South 
Carolina,  1833. 

Horsford,  Prof.,  theory  about  Vinland, 
note,  213,  233. 

Horsham,  Pa.,  country  seat  of  Sir  Wm. 
Keith,  1263. 

Horst,  Myndertsen  van,  patroonship  in  New 
Sweden,  583. 

Hospital  built  at  Henricus  by  Dale,  671. 

Hosset,  Gillis,  settler  on  Delaware  Bay, 
5 66;  buys  land  on  Cape  May,  566,  569; 
trouble  with  Indians,  note,  571. 

Hot  Springs,  Ark.,  reached  by  De  Soto, 

475- 

Hotinonsionni,  native  name  of  Iroquois, 

1515. 

Hottinguer,  in  X.  Y.  Z.  plot,  3612,  note, 
36i3‘ 

Housatonic,  U.  S.  warship,  4858. 

Housatonic  river,  limit  of  Dutch  coast  line, 
551;  Pequots  near,  954;  boundary  line 
of,  958. 

House  of  Good  Hope,  Dutch  fort,  955. 


Houston,  George  H.,  governor  of  Alabama, 
5429- 

Houston,  Samuel,  in  campaign  against  the 
Indians,  4037;  commander-in-chief  of 
Mexican  army,  4278;  early  career,  4278, 
4279 ;  defeats  Santa  Anna,  4282,  4283 ; 
facsimile  of  his  letter  to  Joseph  Ere, 
facing  4358;  asks  United  States  to  de¬ 
fend  Texas,  4359;  senator  from  Texas, 
4376;  member  of  31st  congress,  4452; 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  Democratic 
nomination  in  1852,  4504;  mentioned  in 
presidential  nomination  by  Constitution¬ 
al  Union  party,  4595;  McCulloch  served 
under,  4733. 

Howard,  Lord,  governor  of  Virginia,  ar¬ 
ranged  the  Albany  congress,  1523;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  1630;  succeeded  Culpeper, 
1631 ;  supplanted  by  Nicholson,  1631, 
1632;  last  governor  of  his  type,  1635; 
opposes  the  printing-press,  1652. 

Howard,  Frederick  (Earl  of  Carlisle), 
member  of  British  peace  commission, 
2725. 

Howard,  Lieut-Col.  John  Eager,  at  Cow- 
pens,  3021,  3024;  portrait,  facing  3022; 
at  Hobkirk’s  Hill,  3044. 

Howard,  Martin,  Jr.,  colonial  delegate  of 
Rhode  Island  at  Albany,  1491. 

Howard,  Gen.  Oliver  O.,  brigade  com¬ 
mander,  4748 ;  Bull  _  Run,  4755,  4758 ; 
in  battle  of  Fredericksburg,  5073 ;  in 
battle  of  Chancellorsville,  5080,  5081 ; 
at  Gettysburg,  5087 ;  attack  of  Hood  on, 
5264;  in  march  to  the  sea,  5272;  storms 
Ft.  McAllister,  5 277;  Sherman  consults 
with,  5317;.  portrait,  facing  5358;  ap¬ 
pointed  chief  of  freedmen’s  bureau, 
5358;  in  Indian  campaign,  5540,  5541. 

Howard,  William  A.,  on  committee  to  in¬ 
vestigate  conditions  in  Kansas,  4535. 

Howard  association  work  in  yellow  fever 
epidemic  of  1853,  4521. 

Howe,  Gen.  George  Augustus,  brother  of 
Richard  Howe,  2187;  expedition  against 
Ticonderoga,  2187;  noble  character, 
2187,  2188;  led  the  attack  on  Ticonder¬ 
oga,  2190,  2192,  2193;  killed,  2193,  2235; 
result  of  his  loss,  2189,  2193. 

Howe,  Richard,  first  Earl  Howe,  British 
admiral,  brother  of  George  Augustus 
and  Sir  William  Howe,  2187. 

Howe,  Richard,  British  rear-admiral,  ar¬ 
rival  of.  2510;  efforts  to  negotiate,  251 1, 
2517;  fleet  at  Long  Island,  2516;  Dela¬ 
ware  river  partly  opened  by,  2626,  2668; 
encounters  French  fleet,  2752,  2756,  2758, 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


117 


2759;  portrait,  facing  2754;  resigns  and 
returns  to  England,  2759. 

Howe.  Robert,  burns  Norfolk,  2488;  expe¬ 
dition  against  Prevost,  2812,  2813;  re¬ 
placed  by  Lincoln,  2814;  routed  by 
Campbell,  2815;  at  Verplanck’s  Point, 
2837. 

Howe,  Samuel,  G.,  commissioner  to  Santo 
Domingo,  5496. 

Howe,  Timothy,  postmaster-general,  5572. 

Howe,  Sir  William,  policy  in  American 
revolution,  1917,  223 5;  brother  of  Rich¬ 
ard  Howe,  2187;  under  Wolfe  at  Que¬ 
bec,  2235,  2259 ;  ordered  to  America, 
2419;  at  Bunker  Hill,  2460,  2461;  war 
policy,  2479 ;  portrait,  facing  2480 ;  at 
Boston,  2481-2483;  New  York  cam¬ 
paign,  2498,  251 1 -25 1 5,  2517-2521,  2526, 
2527 ;  winter  quarters  on  Delaware 
river,  2529-2531;  in  New  York,  2544; 
fear  of  Washington,  2551 ;  campaign 
plan  of  1777,  2557,  2558,  2560;  Germain’s 
orders  to,  2561,  note,  2568;  magazine 
at  Peekskill  sacked  by,  2566;  second 
New  Jersey  campaign,  2609,  2610;  aban¬ 
dons  Burgovne,  2611;  plan  of  Philadel¬ 
phia  campaign,  facing  2612 ;  Philadelphia 
campaign,  2613-2615,  2622-2625 ;  battle 
of  Brandywine,  2616-2620,  2624;  at¬ 
tempt  to  clear  the  Schuylkill,  2626-2628; 
battle  of  Germantown,  2628-2633 ;  con¬ 
gress  breaks  faith  with,  2665 ;  precarious 
position  at  Philadelphia,  2668;  abandons 
Hudson  forts,  2669;  asks  leave  to  re¬ 
sign,  2672;  reduces  forts  on  Delaware, 
2673 ;  ignorant  of  condition  of  prison, 
2710;  Clinton  replaces,  2725-2727;  crit- 
cism  on,  2726,  2727;  resigns,  2727;  sails 
for  England,  2727;  Meschianza  given  in 
honor  of,  2727,  2728 ;  foiled  by  La¬ 
fayette,  2729.  , 

Howell,  son  of  Gwynedd,  245. 

Howell,  governor  of  New  Jersey,  com¬ 
mands  troops  in  whiskey  rebellion,  3517. 

Howell,  David,  3131 ;  on  committee  on 
land  grants,  3160,  3161. 

Howick,  Lord,  succeeds  Fox,  3848;  issues 
order  of  council,  3850. 

Holland,  John,  one  of  guarantors  of  Plym¬ 
outh  debt,  note,  818;  in  Kennebec  fray, 
832. 

Hoyt,  governor  of  Pennsylvania,  in  cele¬ 
bration  of  memory  of  William  Penn, 
5587. 

Hubbard,  James,  leader  of  English  colo¬ 
nists  on  Long  Island,  1156,  1159. 

Hubbard,  Lurius  F.,  captures  entire  com¬ 
pany  of  Confederates,  4731. 


Hubbardton,  battle  of,  2574. 

Huck,  Christian,  expedition  against  Whigs, 
2929;  death,  2929. 

Hudson,  Henry,  English  navigator,  543 ; 
cast  away  by  his  men,  543,  549 ;  employed 
by  Muscovy  company  of  England,  543, 
544;  undertakes  third  search  for  Hol¬ 
land,  544;  discovers  Hudson  river  and 
Manhattan  Island,  545-547,  647;  fourth 
voyage  and  discovery  of  Hudson’s  Bay 
and  Strait,  548;  English  claim  through 
him,  573,  676. 

Hudson,  U.  S.  warship,  5727. 

Hudson  river,  discovery,  545,  647;  Dutch 
on,  550,  551,  562,  563,  56 7,  568,  573,  953, 
1132,  1914;  Argali  tries  to  drive  Dutch 
from,  557,  558;  Pilgrims  give  up,  766, 
767?  798-800;  skirmishes  on,  2511; 

Americans  command,  2526;  Clinton 
opens,  2654,  2656;  Vaughan  and  Wal¬ 
lace  in  valley  of,  2657 ;  Rochambeau 
takes  troops  to,  3070;  proposed  canals 
from,  3930. 

Hudson’s  Bay,  156;  discovered  by  Hud- 
son,  548. 

Hudson’s  Strait  discovered  by  Hudson,  548. 

Huger,  Benjamin,  portrait,  facing  49 66; 
at  Fair  Oaks,  4966;  at  Malvern  Hill, 

4989. 

Huger,  Gen.  Isaac,  defeated  by  Tarleton, 
2911;  with  Greene,  3027. 

Hughes,  Col.,  ordered  to  seize  all  water¬ 
craft,  2515. 

Hughes,  John,  archbishop  of  New  York, 
supports  the  LTnion,  4923. 

Hughes,  Thomas,  on  English  attitude  to¬ 
ward  the  United  States,  4935,  4936. 

Hughson,  John,  in  “negro  plot”  in  New 
York,  1574. 

Huguenots,  Coligny’s  colonies,  479;  under 
Laudonniere  and  Ribault,  479,  4.82,  486, 
489,  490,  492-495,  590;  benefit  the  Dutch 
on  Manhattan  Island,  538;  like  the  Wal¬ 
loons,  555  J  de  Pauw  descended  from, 
568;  Kirke  one  of,  845;  French  policy 
towards,  868;  in  Greenwich,  R.  I.,  1480; 
arrive  in  Virginia,  1634,  1635 ;  distrust 
Catholic  church  even  in  America,  1 686; 
in  the  Carolinas,  1713 ;  driven  from 
France  to  London  and  different  parts 
of  America,  1746;  make  desirable  set¬ 
tlers,  1746,  1747;  objected  to  tax  on 
tobacco  in  North  Carolina,  1756;  do 
not  object  to  slave  trade  in  South  Caro¬ 
lina,  1769;  forbidden  political  rights  in 
South  Carolina,  1786,  1787;  finally  given 
franchise  in  Carolinas  under  Gov.  Arch¬ 
dale,  1794;  fight  desperately  against 


118 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


French  in  war  of  Spanish  succession, 
1802,  1803;  came  to  Ft.  St.  Jean  to  re¬ 
inforce  La  Tour,  1945;  not  allowed  to 
emigrate  from  France,  1994,  2003. 

Huitzilopochtli,  war-god  of  Aztecs,  452,  455. 

Hull,  Capt.  Edward,  in  command  of  Rhode 
Island  navy,  1154,  1155. 

Hull,  Isaac,  U.  S.  navy,  3624;  portrait, 
facing,  3988 ;  commands  the  Constitu¬ 
tion,  3989;  fights  the  Guerriere,  3990- 
3992. 

Hull,  Gen.  William,  compared  to  St.  Clair, 
2572 ;  plans  invasion  of  Canada,  3981 ; 
receives  notice  of  declaration  of  war, 
3982;  at  Detroit,  3982,  3984-3987;  be¬ 
sieges  Malden,  3983 ;  Brock  demands 
surrender  of  Detroit,  3985. 

Hull,  Mass,  (formerly  Nantasket),  811,  879. 

Hiilsemann,  J.  G.,  Austrian  charge  d’  af¬ 
faires,  controversy  with  Webster,  4492- 
4494;  in  Koszta  case,  4523. 

Hulston’s  Ferry,  Ashe’s  position  at,  2819. 

Humboldt  locates  Leif  Ericsson’s  settle¬ 
ment,  212. 

Humphrey,  John,  in  Massachusetts,  864, 
note,  865,  873,  874,  894. 

Humphreys,  Capt.,  commander  of  the  Leop¬ 
ard,  3856. 

Humphreys,  Gen.  Andrew  A.,  at  Malvern 
Hill,  4987. 

Humphreys,  Col.  David,  accompanies 
Washington,  3329;  commissioner  to  the 
Creeks,  3391 ;  appointed  to  treat  with 
the  Barbary  states,  3446;  minister  to 
Portugal,  3447;  portrait,  facing  3452. 

Humphreys,  David,  sheep  raiser,  3894. 

“Hundred  Associates”  for  colonizing  Can¬ 
ada  unsuccessful,  1967;  deeded  land  to 
founders  of  Montreal,  1968. 

Hungary  revolts  from  Austria,  4492,  4493 ; 
sending  of  agent  to,  by  Taylor,  resented 
by  Austria,  4493,  4494. 

Hunker’s  influence  in  New  York  politics, 
4426. 

Hunt,  Gen.  H.  J.,  in  battle  of  Gettysburg, 
5090-5092. 

Hunt,  Rev.  Robert,  first  English  minister 
in  America,  634. 

Hunt,  Thomas,  kidnapped  Indians,  735,  775. 

Hunt,  Washington,  elected  governor  of 
New  York,  4498. 

Hunt,  William  H.,  secretary  of  the  navy, 

5567. 

Hunter,  Gen.  David,  commands  in  Fre¬ 
mont’s  campaign,  4723;  succeeds  Fre¬ 
mont,  4724;  opinion  of  Fremont,  4728; 
division  commander,  4747;  at  Bull  Run, 
475 1,  4752;  emancipation  proclamation 


of,  4953;  appointed  in  place  of  Sigel, 
5247;  defeats  Breckenridge’s  forces  at 
Piedmont,  5247;  retreats  from  Shenan¬ 
doah  valley,  5247. 

Hunter,  Gen.  Robert,  life  sketch  of,  1561, 
1562;  as  governor  of  New  York,  1562- 
1564;  captured  on  his  way  to  assume 
governorship  of  Virginia,  1562,  1564; 
as  governor  of  Jamaica,  1564. 

Hunter,  Robert  M.  T.,  elected  speaker  of 
the  house,  4323 ;  speaks  in  favor  of 
slavery,  4467,  4468;  and  Buchanan,  4628; 
speech  against  employment  of  slaves  as 
soldiers,  5224;  member  of  Hampton 
Roads  conference,  5226;  declaration  of 
Lee  to,  5228;  member  of  peace  commit¬ 
tee  of  Confederate  senate,  5229. 

Hunter,  British  ship,  4028,  4029. 

Huntington,  C.  P.,  head  of  Central  Pacific 
railroad,  5491. 

Huntington,  Samuel,  portrait,  facing  2500; 
president  of  continental  congress,  2850; 
appointed  brigadier-general,  3637. 

Huntington,  L.  I.,  part  of  Connecticut  col¬ 
ony,  957. 

Hunton,  Eppa,  on  electoral  commission, 

5547- 

Hunt’s  Bluff,  American  victory  at,  2935. 

Huntsville,  Ala,  Mitchell  enters,  5109. 

Huntsville,  Confederate  ram,  sunk  by  Mau¬ 
ry,  5284- 

Hurlbut,  Gen.  S.  A.,  in  battle  of  Pittsburg 
Landing,  5098-5102;  in  army  of  the 
West,  5133;  in  Sherman’s  movement  to 
Meridian,  5254. 

Hurley,  N.  Y.,  settled  by  Gov.  Lovelace, 

1503. 

Huron  country,  population  in  early  17th 
century,  1964. 

Huron  Lake,  northern  part  well  known  to 
French  in  1665,  1986;  La  Salle  prob¬ 
ably  on,  1991. 

Huron  war  checks  exploration  of  Father 
Jogues,  1959. 

Hurons,  Indian  tribe,  159,  530,  535;  in 
French  expedition  against  Albany,  1539; 
in  bad  repute  among  early  settlers  of 
Canada,  1963,  1964;  Jesuits  establish 
mission  among  them,  1963-1967;  hold 
Jesuits  responsible  for  unfavorable  con¬ 
ditions,  1965,  1966;  attacked  again  by 
Iroquois  (1643),  1969;  power  broken  by 
Iroquois,  1970-1973;  converted,  remain 
faithful  to  Christianity,  1974,  1975 ;  with 
Daulac  at  Long  Saut,  1979;  treacherous 
at  Ft.  Sandusky,  2309. 

Huss,  John,  picture,  facing  30;  martyrdom, 
31- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


119 


Hutchins,  Waldo,  leader  of  the  Liberal 
Republicans,  5518 ;  elected  to  congress, 
55i8. 

Hutchinson  cited  by  Williamson  on  La 
Tours,  note,  1938. 

Hutchinson,  Mrs.  Anne,  in  Boston,  905, 
910,  924;  settlement  of,  in  Rhode  Is¬ 
land,  914,  931;  death,  1019,  1136,  1137; 
Gov.  Winthrop  on,  1034;  “Annie’s 
Hoeck”  at  New  Rochelle,  1136,  1137. 

Hutchinson,  Edward,  in  Massachusetts  col¬ 
ony,  1032. 

Hutchinson,  Thomas,  governor  of  Massa¬ 
chusetts,  becomes  chief  justice  and  up¬ 
holds  writs  of  assistance,  2361 ;  argues 
ably  against  taxation  in  1764,  2368,  2369; 
cited  as  to  stamp  act,  2372;  house  pil¬ 
laged  by  stamp  act  mob,  2375 ;  suc¬ 
ceeds  Bernard,  2392 ;  removes  troops 
to  Castle  William,  2395,  2396;  portrait, 
facing  2400;  seriously  injured  by  pub¬ 
lication  of  letters,  2401,  2402;  might 
have  been  a  valuable  friend  of  the  colo¬ 
nies,  2402 ;  removal  petitioned  for,  2402 ; 
firmly  opposes  evasion  of  tax  on  tea, 
2403,  2404;  called  to  England,  2407. 

Hutchinson,  William,  settler  of  Ports¬ 
mouth,  1034;  signer  of  Pocasset  com¬ 
pact,  1035 ;  honored  at  first  Rhode  Is¬ 
land  election,  1037,  1038. 

“Hutchinson  letters”  make  trouble  in  Mas¬ 
sachusetts,  2401. 

Hyde,  Anne,  mother  of  Queen  Mary  and 
Anne,  1558. 

Hyde,  Edward,  governor  of  Carolinas,  en¬ 
counters  opposition,  1808;  calls  on  Gov. 
Spotswood,  1809;  appeals  to  Virginia 
for  help  during  Tuscarora  outbreak, 
1813;  leads  party  against  them,  1814; 
dies,  1815. 

Hyde,  Edward,  first  Earl  of  Clarendon,  see 
Clarendon. 

Hyde,  Edward,  Lord  Cornbury,  see  Corn- 
bury. 

Hyder  Ally,  U.  S.  cruiser,  capture  of  the 
General  Monk,  2899,  2900. 

Hyder  Ali,  3085. 


I. 

Iberville,  Pierre  Le  Moyne,  Sieur  d’,  at¬ 
tempts  to  form  a  settlement  in  Louisi¬ 
ana,  1998. 

Iberville  river,  boundary  between  French 
and  English  territory  in  1763,  2334; 
part  of  Louisiana  boundary,  3765,  3943. 

Icaria,  mythical  country,  253,  note,  256. 


Iceland  favorably  situated  for  navigation, 
1 15;  settled  by  Norsemen,  202,  203; 
first  settlement  by  whites  in  America, 
204;  continuous  history,  204;  civilization 
high,  205,  206;  colonizes  Greenland,  206; 
Eric  the  Red,  Herjulf  and  Bjarne,  note, 
207;  Bjarne’s  discovery  of  America,  20 7- 
209,  note,  209;  Thorhal  fails  to  find, 
223 ;  Helgi  and  Finnbogi  visit,  228,  230 ; 
Karlsefne  plans  to  visit,  229,  230 ; 

“Royal  Annals  of  Iceland,”  235;  “Book 
of  Iceland,”  236;  Icelanders’  “Booklet,” 
236 ;  “Landrama-Bok,”  236 ;  “Flatey 
Book,”  237 ;  last  voyage  to  America  be¬ 
fore  Columbus,  238 ;  “Black  Death”  does 
not  reach,  239 ;  trade  monopoly,  239 ; 
revival  of  migration,  241 ;  pride  in  Leif 
Ericsson,  241 ;  Vikings  of,  241 ;  no  per¬ 
manent  results  from  discovery,  242 ; 
visited  by  Columbus,  276,  277;  perhaps 
visited  by  John  Cabot,  422;  provided 
fish  for  England,  427. 

Ichuse  (Santa  Rosa  Bay,  Fla.),  487. 

Idaho,  Indians  in,  163. 

Ihonatiria,  chief  town  of  the  Huron  Ind¬ 
ians,  1963. 

Illinois,  Indian  tribe,  branch  of  Algon- 
quins,  162;  Marquette’s  mission  to,  1993; 
village  destroyed  by  Iroquois,  1995. 

Illinois  (state),  Tonty  in,  1994;  Indians 
defend  against  intrusion,  2317;  French 
counseled  peace,  2327;  colonial  immi¬ 
gration  to,  2765 ;  favorable  for  con¬ 
quest,  2780;  map  of,  facing  2780; 
Clark’s  expedition  to,  2779-2786 ;  de¬ 
scription  of  the  country,  2780;  coloniz¬ 
ing  plans  for,  3146;  Clark  governs,  3134, 
3694;  early  government  of,  3187,  3188; 
pioneer  life  in,  3694;  authorized  to  form 
a  state  government,  4106;  slavery  for¬ 
bidden,  4206;  Mormons  driven  from 
state,  4436;  underground  railroad,  4490; 
declares  against  Lincoln’s  administra¬ 
tion,  5061 ;  disaffection  in,  5201 ;  Sons 
of  Liberty  in,  5202 ;  plot  to  liberate  pris¬ 
oners  at  Camp  Douglas,  5207;  ratifies 
thirteenth  amendment,  5213 ;  prohibits 
boycotts,  5896. 

Illinois  Central  railroad,  4527. 

Illinois  river,  La  Salle  probably  on,  1991 ; 
Joliet  and  Marquette  on,  1992;  La  Salle 
on,  en  route  for  Mississippi  expedition, 
1996;  reached  by  survivors  of  La  Salle. 
1997;  headwaters  of,  regarded  as  limit 
of  Canada  in  1760,  2276. 

“Image  of  the  World,”  by  Petrus  Alliacus, 
278,  279,  370. 

Imboden,  Capt.  J.  D.,  at  Bull  Run,  4753. 


120 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Immigration,  undesirable  law  against,  in 
Rhode  Island,  1480;  immigrants  in  New 
York  in  1685,  1526;  in  1880,  5542; 
Roosevelt  on,  5837 ;  Chinese,  5899-5908 ; 
restriction  of,  5978,  5979;  Owen  law, 
5979;  immigrant  stations,  5980;  num¬ 
bers  of  immigrants  from  all  nations  in 
United  States,  5981,  5982;  in  New  Eng¬ 
land,  5983;  in  the  South,  5983,  5984. 

Immigration  bureau,  report  for  1905,  5978- 
5984- 

Impressment  of  seamen,  Great  Britain  en¬ 
forces,  3539;  in  Jay’s  treaty,  3545;  Great 
Britain’s  position  on,  3793-3796,  3861, 
3862;  Jefferson  complains  against,  3808; 
congress  on,  3812;  American  sailors  im¬ 
pressed,  3939;  number  of  complaints 
registered  regarding,  3988 ;  Madison 
protests  against,  4010;  bill  to  prevent, 
4011. 

Imprisonment,  nature  of,  in  18th  century, 

1705. 

Incas  of  Peru,  383,  464. 

Indented  servants  in  Virginia,  their  condi¬ 
tion,  1649. 

Independence,  continental  congress  on, 
2494-2499;  Jefferson  drafts  declaration 
of,  2500 ;  portraits  of  the  signers,  facing 
2500;  effect  of  the  declaration,  2500, 
2501 ;  Spain  and  France’s  wishes  re¬ 
garding  American,  2847-2849. 

Independence,  Fort,  Putnam  at,  2655,  2656. 

Independent  telephone  associations  of  the 
United  States,  3943. 

India,  gunpowder  known  in,  74,  75,  78 ; 
sphericity  of  earth  known  in,  93 ;  goal 
of  early  discoverers,  154;  early  dis¬ 
coverers  mistake  America  for,  305,  306, 
318;  sea  route  to,  541,  543;  France  loses 
colonies  in  1759-1775,  2340. 

Indian  confederacy,  Tecumthe  and  the 
Prophet,  3956,  3960;  British  support, 
3959- 

Indian  Ocean,  Bartholomew  Diaz  in,  286; 
Columbus  seeks,  329,  330;  Gama  in,  404; 
Magellan’s  ship  crossed,  418;  a  pirate 
lair  in  17th  century,  1554. 

Indian  Springs  treaty,  4178. 

Indian  Territory,  Indians  in,  162,  187; 
Hayes’  policy  on,  5556;  part  opened  for 
settlement,  5645,  5646;  storms  in,  5664; 
plan  to  unite  with  Oklahoma  to  make 
one  state,  5871-5875;  area  (1905),  5963; 
population  (1905),  5963- 

Indiana,  French  forts  in,  2005 ;  organized, 
3674;  Vincennes  first  capital  of,  3674; 
Harrison  first  governor  of,  3674;  asks 
for  slavery  in  1803-4,  377°;  Harrison 


unpopular  in,  3958 ;  underground  rail¬ 
road  in,  4490;  Republicans  victorious 
in  (i860),  4602;  declares  against  Lin¬ 
coln’s  administration,  5061 ;  Morgan  in, 
5120;  obstructive  action  of  legislature 
in,  5201;  Sons  of  Liberty  in,  5202-5204; 
plot  to  rescue  prisoners  in,  5207. 

Indiana  company  absorbed  by  the  Vandalia 
colony,  3148. 

Indianapolis,  Ind.,  Lincoln’s  speech  at,  4665, 
4666;  Lincoln’s  body  borne  through, 
5302 ;  Johnson  not  allowed  to  speak  at, 
5378;  Fenians  at,  5483;  railroad  strike 
at,  5553 ;  first  encampment  of  Grand 
Army,  5916. 

Indians  of  America,  their  boats,  107 ;  ques¬ 
tion  of  origin,  122,  129-131 ;  same  stock 
as  mound-builders,  132 ;  do  not  make 
stone  tools,  141 ;  hold  their  own  at  pres¬ 
ent,  149,  197;  little  history,  150;  described 
as  Skraellings  by  Norsemen,  150,  151 ; 
lack  of  ambition,  150,  181,  184;  language, 
150,  192-197;  as  first  seen  by  Columbus, 
152,  I53>  303-311;  meaning  of  name, 
154,  155,  305;  hostile  to  Spaniards,  154, 
339,  399;  map  of  language  stocks,  facing 
155;  character,  155;  how  distributed, 
155-166;  spelling,  note,  156;  pronunci¬ 
ation,  notes,  159,  162;  pictures  of  types, 
facing  161,  163 ;  of  scalp-dance,  facing 
166;  tastes  and  occupations,  166;  mode 
of  war,  167,  168,  170-174,  183,  536; 
relations  with  Europeans,  168,  169,  183 ; 
tribal  feuds  and  confederacies,  169,  170, 
185;  weapons,  174-176;  buildings,  176, 
177;  body-painting,  177;  garments,  178, 
187;  social  system,  178;  polyandry,  179; 
tribal  interests,  179;  position  of  squaws, 
180;  love  of  solitude,  181 ;  chiefs,  185, 
186;  medicine-men,  185,  190;  present 
progress,  187 ;  feasts,  187 ;  picture-writ¬ 
ing,  illus.,  facing  187;  religion,  189,  190; 
laws  and  usages,  191,  192;  ownership, 
192;  appearance,  197,  198;  fight  with 
Norsemen,  217,  218,  224,  227,  231 ;  dis¬ 
placed  by  whites,  231 ;  Welsh-speaking, 
247;  mythical  traditions,  247.  In  con¬ 
nection  with  the  Spanish:  In  Hayti, 
327,  33L  339;  enslaved,  333,  337,  356, 
363,  364,  376,  380,  39L  460;  Vespucci’s 
accounts  of,  356;  de  Solis  killed  by, 
375,  441 ;  tell  Balboa  about  Peru,  382; 
befriended  by  Balboa,  386;  revenge  in¬ 
juries,  394;  well  treated  by  de  Ayllon 
and  king,  397;  fight  in  manner  of  Fil¬ 
ipinos,  417;  less  civilized  than  Aztecs, 
445 ;  _  capture  Narvaez’s  men,  463 ; 
retaliate  for  Spanish  cruelty,  467;  story 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


121 


of  Ortiz,  467,  470;  abused  by  Soto,  468- 
472;  bad  traits,  470-478;  queen  captured, 
471 ;  cacique  captured,  472,  473 ;  slaugh¬ 
tered  at  Mobile,  473.  In  connection 
with  the  French:  Huguenots  wish  to 
Christianize,  479;  generous  to  French 
in  Florida,  481 ;  murder  Father  Luis 
Cancer,  486;  hostile  to  De  Luna,  487; 
invest  Spaniards  at  St.  Augustine,  496; 
in  league  with  De  Gourges,  498;  va¬ 
rious  types  met  by  French  explorers, 

505,  509,  Si  1,  512,  514,  516,  517,  528; 

unjustly  treated  by  Cartier,  509,  514-516; 
information  sometimes  credible,  5 1 1,  512, 
530;  sometimes  fabulous,  512,  522,  526; 
towns  in  Canada,  513,  526;  first  truth¬ 
fully  described  by  Champlain,  528;  en¬ 
counter  firearms  for  first  time,  531,  533; 
De  Vignan’s  experience  among,  534;  ap¬ 
preciate  Champlain’s  good  faith,  535 ; 
enmity  between  northern  tribes,  530- 
537;  Champlain’s  happy  influence  over, 
539,  540.  In  connection  zvith  Dutch: 
Greet  Hudson,  545 ;  alienated  by  Jacob 
Eelkens,  559;  patroons  buy  lands  from, 
562,  565-567,  584 ;  fur  trade  enforces 
peace  with,  563 ;  destroy  Swaenendael, 
note,  571 ;  prefer  Swedes  to  Dutch,  582. 
In  connection  zvith  the  English:  Accu¬ 
rate  account  of,  by  Sir  John  Hawkins, 
591 ;  very  friendly  to  Drake  in  Califor¬ 
nia,  593-595 ;  in  Carolina,  606,  607 ;  pil¬ 
laged  by  English,  608 ;  become  distrust¬ 
ful,  609;  pictures  of  towns,  facing  610, 
614;  of  sports,  facing  612;  massacre 
first  Roanoke  colony,  612,  613;  second 
one,  615 ;  Hatteras  Indians  perhaps  af¬ 
fected  by  white  ancestry,  615 ;  on  Cape 
Cod,  620;  in  Virginia,  634-685,  692-696, 
718,  719;  stubborn  in  resisting  whites, 
695,  71 8,  7T9-  connection  with  New 
England:  Dealings  with  Popham  col¬ 
ony,  729,  730;  Tisquantum,  740,  741;  as 
seen  from  the  Mayflower ,  770;  weak¬ 
ened  in  Massachusetts  before  arrival  of 
Pilgrims,  774;  adventures  of  Pilgrims 
with,  775-788;  murder  Oldham,  81 1; 
trade  makes  currency  of  wampum,  820, 
918,  919;  in  Merry-Mount  orgies,  822; 
justly  treated  by  Puritans,  835;  plot 
against  colonies,  837;  early  relations 
with  Massachusetts  Bay  colony,  879-888; 
sell  land  to  Wheelwright,  947;  feuds  in 
Connecticut,  954;  portrait  of  Niantic 
chief,  954;  seek  alliance  with  Massachu¬ 
setts  Bay,  954;  treatment  of  forest,  956; 
dangerous  to  proposed  colonies,  963 ; 
swept  away  by  epidemic  in  Connecticut, 


968 ;  in  Pequot  war,  969-981 ;  treaty  with 
New  Haven  settlers,  989;  sell  land  to 
New  Haven,  Milford  and  Guilford,  992; 
intercourse,  with,  regulated,  1006,  1007; 
dealings  of  Connecticut  with  Narragan- 
setts  and  Mohegans,  1007-1012;  attempts 
of  Harvard  college  to  educate,  1017, 
1018;  endanger  Narragansett  Bay  colo¬ 
nies,  1038;  intercourse  with  Lord  Balti¬ 
more’s  colony,  1070-1078;  New  England 
union  against,  1128;  allied  with  Dutch 
for  commercial  reasons,  1129;  refugees 
come  for  aid  to  De  Vries,  1132;  protect¬ 
ed  by  Penn,  1198,  1199;  sell  to  Penn, 
1200;  drove  off  Mason  and  Dixon,  1206; 
treaty  with  Penn,  1210-1213;  why 
friendly  to  Penn,  1213 ;  Penn  tries  to 
uplift,  1217;  of  New  Jersey,  missionary 
work  among,  by  George  Keith,  1237;  in 
Pennsylvania,  preached  to  by  George 
Keith,  1237 ;  sachems  exchange  visits 
with  Penn,  1245;  instructed  by  Quakers, 
1246;  new  treaty  with  Penn,  1246,  1247; 
massacred  by  Paxton  boys,  1267 ;  Beth¬ 
lehem  endangered,  1268;  in  King  Phil¬ 
ip’s  war,  1283-1302;  Andros  invalidated 
Indian  titles  to  property,  1316,  1317; 
made  barbarous  attacks  on  Massachu¬ 
setts  and  New  Hampshire,  1353,  1373; 
war  on  English  in  Nova  Scotia,  1383 ; 
organized  in  French  army  to  attack 
English  colonies,  1404;  sold  in  slavery 
after  King  Philip’s  war,  1468;  well 
treated  in  New  York  by  Gov.  Nicholls, 
1496,  1497;  in  Virginia  in  1675,  1611- 
1613;  in  Bacon’s  rebellion,  Virginia, 
1613,  1617;  boys  of,  educated  in  Will¬ 
iam  and  Mary  college,  1652;  make  last¬ 
ing  treaty  with  Charles  Calvert,  1678, 
1679;  make  reparation  for  massacre, 
1679;  in  Maryland,  do  not  sincerely 
adopt  Christianity,  1706;  in  Carolinas, 
rendered  friendly  by  New  Englanders’ 
missionary  work,  1715;  justice  towards, 
enforced  by  temporary  laws  in  South 
Carolina,  1741,  1742;  regarded  as  ene¬ 
mies  by  Carolina  settlers,  1749;  war  of, 
in  South  Carolina  in  17th  century,  1767, 
1768;  enslaved  and  sold  to  West  Indies, 

1768,  1836;  almost  exterminated,  1768, 

1769,  1771 ;  Gov.  Archdale  makes  peace 

with,  1793.  1794  i  in  Georgia,  favor 

Scotch,  1864,  1881;  their  trade  subject 
of  contention  between  Georgia  and 
South  Carolina,  1879;  assist  Oglethorpe 
in  Spanish  invasion  of  Georgia,  1904, 
1905,  1911,  1912;  in  Georgia,  kept  in 
good  temper  through  Mary  Musgrove, 


122 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


1924;  majority  on  French  side  in  1755, 
2008;  on  Great  Miami  river,  unused  to 
white  men  before  Gist,  2021 ;  rights  as 
compared  with  those  of  civilization, 
2028;  equally  hostile  to  French  and  Eng¬ 
lish  at  Ft.  Duquesne,  2042 ;  refuse  to 
stand  fire  at  Ft.  Necessity,  2050;  can  not 
be  controlled  by  French  commander, 
2051 ;  can  not  endure  cannon-fire,  2059, 
2085 ;  fighters  undervalued  by  Braddock, 
2060,  2061,  2064;  in  Dieskau’s  army  in 
1755,  2092,  2097,  2098,  2100;  in  Johnson’s 
force  in  1755,  2092;  in  Montcalm’s  army, 
2132,  2148,  2150,  2180,  2251 ;  not  useful  in 
a  siege,  2134;  murdered  prisoners,  2136; 
ravaged  English  frontiers  in  1756,  2139; 
torture  English  at  Lake  George,  2150, 
2155,  2157;  atrocities  at  Ft.  William 
Henry,  2156,  2157,  2230;  destroy  Ger¬ 
man  Flats  in  1758,  2160;  torture  English 
prisoners  near  Ticonderoga,  2180; 
leave  raising  crops  to  women,  2180; 
treatment  of  Putnam,  2202-2205 ;  at  Ft. 
Niagara,  2229;  controlled  by  Johnson, 
2230;  atrocities  at  battle  of  Montmo¬ 
rency,  2246;  lose  faith  in  French,  2251; 
preferred  French  to  English,  2281,  2286; 
torture  of  prisoners,  2300,  2304,  2309, 
23 1 5-23 1 7,  2325.  During  Revolutionary 
War:  Outrages  under  Burgoyne,  2579, 
2580 ;  England’s  policy  toward,  2585 ; 
at  battle  of  Oriskany,  2590-2594;  dis¬ 
appointed  at  Ft.  Stanwix,  2596;  at  Ben¬ 
nington,  2603 ;  at  battle  of  Saratoga, 
2639;  Tory  ferocity  compared  with, 
2749;  massacre  of  Wyoming,  2751;  mas¬ 
sacre  of  Boone’s  party,  2768;  outrages 
during  Dunmore’s  war,  2769-2771 ;  bat¬ 
tle  of  Point  Pleasant,  2773,  2774;  out¬ 
rages  under  Col.  Byrd,  2792 ;  specimen 
of  literature,  2798 ;  Sullivan’s  expedition 
against  the  Iroquois,  2838-2843 ;  congres¬ 
sional  action  on  Indian  lands,  3152;  land 
disputes,  3189,  3386,  3379;  treaties  and 
land  cessions,  3379,  3392 ;  Harmar’s  ex¬ 
peditions  against  the,  3381-3385,  3410; 
Wayne’s  expedition,  3522-3530;  English 
incite  the  Indians  to  war,  3523 ;  battle 
of  Fallen  Timbers,  3 527-3529;  treaty  of 
Greenville  with,  3530;  incited  to  war  by 
Spanish,  3531 ;  Spain’s  treaty  of  Nogales 
with,  3531,  3532;.  Michigan  land  grants, 
3567;  treaties  with,  in  1806,  3803;  Na¬ 
poleon  system  affects  the,  3956 ;  con¬ 
federacy  of  Tecumthe  and  the  Prophet, 
3956-3959;  treaty  of  Ft.  Wa,yne,  3959; 
in  war  of  1812,  3982,  3983;  massacre 
near  Ft.  Dearborn  in  1812,  3986;  side 


with  the  British,  3986 ;  raid  western 
settlements  during  war  of  1812,  4002 ; 
massacre  American  prisoners  at  French- 
town  in  1813,  4019;  uprising  of  southern 
tribes  in  1813,  4034-4039;  number  enlist¬ 
ed  during  the  civil  war,  note,  4732 ; 
Hayes’  policy  regarding  the,  5556,  5557; 
number  in  the  United  States  in  1880, 
5556;  amount  of  land  belonging  to,  in 
1880,  5556;  Cleveland’s  message  on, 

5596;  change  in  policy  toward,  5617; 
-general  allotment  act,  5617-5620;  not  af¬ 
fected  by  14th  amendment,  5618;  the 
reservation  system,  5618;  congress  on 
lands  in  severalty  for,  5618,  5619 ;  Dawes 
bill,  5619;  land  opened  to  settlers  in 
1890,  5619 ;  homestead  act  extended  to, 
5620;  government  assistance  given  the, 
5620;  legal  status  of,  5620,  5621 ;  court  of 
Indian  offenses  established,  5620,  5621 ; 
at  the  Omaha  exposition,  5700,  5701 ; 
policy  of  government  toward,  5908-5910; 
education  of,  5910;  number  of,  in  United 
States  in  1905,  5964. 

Indigo,  in  Georgia,  easily  raised,  1920;  a 
staple  in  Carolina  and  Georgia  before 
revolution,  2349 ;  culture  of,  3124. 

“Industrial  Armies,”  5674,  5675. 

Industrial  conditions,  revolution  of,  4199; 
rise  of  ‘‘competitive  system,”  4200;  of 
the  South,  4202,  4203;  of  the  North, 
4202,  4203;  record  of  progress  for  1905, 
596l: 

Industrial  railroads,  5851-5853. 

Ingersoll,  Jared,  member  of  the  Philadel¬ 
phia  convention,  3267. 

Ingersoll,  Col.  R.  G.,  Forrest  captures  force 
of,  5143- 

Ingham,  Samuel  D.,  appointed  secretary  of 
the  treasury,  4216,  4217;  correspondence 
regarding  Portsmouth  branch  of  bank 
of  the  United  States,  4221,  4222 ;  re¬ 
signs  from  cabinet,  4238,  4239. 

Ingle,  Richard,  in  conflict  with  Baltimore’s 
government,  1079,  1081-1083,  1085. 

Inglis,  Senator,  in  Charleston  secession 
convention,  4617,  4618. 

Inglis,  Charles,  prominent  loyalist,  3139. 

Ingoldsby,  Capt.,  claims  government  of 
New  York,  after  Leisler,  1546. 

Ingolf  founds  Icelandic  colony,  203,  205. 

Ingraham,  Confederate  naval  officer,  block¬ 
ade  proclamation,  4858-4859. 

Ingraham,  Duncan  Nathaniel,  in  Koszta 
case,  4523. 

Inheritance  law,  in  Pennsylvania,  1217. 

Inness,  Harry,  in  Burr  conspiracy,  3828. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


123 


Innis,  James,  attorney-general,  opinion  re¬ 
garding  extradition,  3436. 

Ino,  U.  S.  ship.  4905. 

Inoculation  introduced  in  Boston,  1357. 

Insurance  companies,  Roosevelt  on  cor¬ 
ruption  in,  5836,  5837;  investigation  of, 
5867-5870;  grange  fire  insurance,  5926, 
5927. 

Insurgente,  French  frigate,  Constellation 
captures,  3663. 

Interior,  Department  of,  created  by  30th 
congress,  4434. 

Internal  improvements,  development  of,  in 
1810,  3930;  Jefferson’s  plans  for,  4096; 
appropriation  made  for  national  road, 
4096 ;  Calhoun’s  plan  for,  4097 ;  Mon¬ 
roe’s  opinion  as  to  constitutionality  of, 
4103,  4138;  congress  on,  4104;  a  popu¬ 
lar  policy,  4138-4140;  J.  Q.  Adams  on, 
4168,  4169,  4171;  Jackson  on,  4187,  4188; 
progress  during  Adams’  administration, 
4195-4199;  opposed  by  Jackson,  4234, 
4235- . 

International  expositions,  see  names  of 
places  where  held. 

Interstate  commerce,  actions  of  states  re¬ 
garding,  3231,  3232;  James  Madison’s 
views  on,  3231,  3232;  Fisher  Ames  on 
protection,  3347;  congress  on  the  in¬ 
terstate  commerce  bill,  5598,  5612,  5613; 
commission  established,  5612;  evasions 
of  the  law,  5613,  5614;  Roosevelt  on, 
5835- 

Interstate  commerce  commission,  its  duties 
and  powers  in  regard  to  railroad  rates, 
5846-5855,  5894,  5895. 

Interstate  West  Indian  exposition  at 
Charleston,  5807,  5808. 

Intrepid,  U.  S.  ship,  under  Decatur  and 
Somers,  3771,  3772. 

Inventions :  Printing,  54 ;  mariner’s  com¬ 
pass,  63 ;  astrolabe  and  sextant,  67 ;  gun¬ 
powder,  73;  first  submarine  boat,  3119; 
steamboat,  3120,  3121 ;  illus.,  facing  3120; 
progress  of,  in  1800,  3695. 

Ionia,  one  of  Mediterranean  states,  105. 

Iowa,  preliminaries  for  admission,  4366; 
admitted  to  the  Union,  ‘4412;  women 
permitted  to  practice  law,  5930. 

Iowa,  U.  S.  warship,  in  battle  of  Santiago, 
5732. 

Ioways,  Indian  tribe,  division  of  Sioux, 
163. 

Ipswich,  Mass.,  in  Massachusetts  Bay  col¬ 
ony,  879;  has  oldest  house  in  New 
England,  892;  resettled,  893. 

“Ipswich  letter,”  protest  to  Gov.  Winthrop 
on  aid  given  to  La  Tour,  1948. 


Iredell,  James,  justice  of  the  supreme 
court,  3339;  on  Fisher  Ames’  speech, 
note,  3575. 

Ireland  invaded  by  barbarians,  202;  Norse¬ 
men  wrecked  on,  223 ;  Madoc  sails  to, 
245;  formerly  called  Hibernia,  426,  428; 
Hudson’s  men  willing  to  winter  in,  547; 
first  potatoes  planted  in,  61 1;  sends  emi¬ 
grants  to  Penn’s  colony,  1210,  1261 ;  the 
Gookin  family  in,  1255 ;  native  country 
of  Sir  William  Johnson,  1590;  sends 
colonists  to  Shenandoah  valley  in  early 
1 8th  century,  1658. 

Iris,  ship,  formerly  Hancock,  2898. 

Irish  in  America,  in  New  York,  1598;  ob¬ 
ject  to  tax  on  tobacco  in  North  Car¬ 
olina,  1756;  become  teachers  in  colonies, 
2346;  in  the  Carolinas  during  the  revo¬ 
lutionary  war,  2936;  incensed  at  draft¬ 
ing  of  troops  in  1863,  5179. 

Irish  nationalists,  Maj.  Murphy’s  statement 
regarding,  5502. 

Iron,  first  foundries  in  America,  684,  685 ; 
destroyed  by  Indians,  694;  first  iron 
furnace  in  Delaware,  1264;  production 
of  pig  iron  in  colonies  stimulated  by 
navigation  laws,  2353 ;  scarcity  of,  dur¬ 
ing  the  revolutionary  war,  2679;  early 
manufacture  of,  3125,  3126. 

Iroquois  Indian  confederation,  location, 
157,  i59-j6i;  “Five  Nations,”  157,  159; 
Six  Nations,  159;  pictures,  facing  158, 
160;  in  Canada,  530;  picture  of  Cham¬ 
plain’s  first  battle  with,  facing  530;  de¬ 
feated  by  firearms,  531-533;  defeated 
Champlain,  535,  537;  held  the  key  to 
the  continent,  563 ;  keep  peace  with 
Dutch,  1129;  become  familiar  with  fire¬ 
arms,  1130;  attack  Algonquins,  1132; 
sell  land  of  Susquehannas  to  Penn,  1247 ; 
used  as  tool  in  Walking  purchase,  1259; 
general  name  of  Five  Nations,  1515; 
confederacy  broken  up  at  Onondaga, 
1516,  1524;  confederacy  compared  to 
our  federation,  1520;  bought  up  by 
Penn,  1521 ;  in  relations  with  Dutch, 
1521,  1522;  in  relation  with  French, 
1522;  faithful  to  treaty  with  English, 
1524;  counseled  by  Dongan,  1528;  not 
attacked  by  Frontenac,  1552,  1553;  joined 
by  remnant  of  Tuscaroras,  1816;  renew 
attack  on  Hurons  and  French,  1969; 
make  temporary  peace  with  Montreal, 
1970;  make  fierce  war  on  Hurons,  1969- 
1972;  on  Neutral  Nation  and  Tobacco 
Nation,  1972;  on  Eries,  19 72,  1973  j  on 
Andastes,  1973;  their  inter-tribal  jeal¬ 
ousy,  1974;  outwitted  by  the  Jesuits, 


124 


GENERAL  INDEX; 


1 975-1 977;  threaten  to  exterminate 
French  colonists,  1977;  thwarted  by 
Dollard,  1977-1983 ;  somewhat  subdued 
by  de  Courcelle,  1986;  “subdued  by  Tracy 
and  Frontenac,  1994;  their  village  de¬ 
stroyed,  1995;  opposed  by  Algonquins’ 
league,  1995,  1996;  form  alliance  with 
Miamis  about  1720,  2012;  debate  on 
Bienville’s  tablets,  2014;  displeased  by 
French  port  at  Niagara,  2015;  subjuga¬ 
ted  the  Delaware  Indians,  2019,  2020; 
over-lords  of  Tanacharison,  2032,  2033; 
displeased  by  building  of  Ft.  Oswego, 
2092;  demand  destruction  of  Ft.  Os¬ 
wego,  2137;  waver  in  allegiance  to  En¬ 
glish,  2137,  2141 ;  threaten  their  French 
allies,  2159;  outwitted  at  Ft.  Niagara, 
2224;  subdue  the  Wyandots,  2298;  make 
important  treaty  with  Virginia  at  Ft. 
Stanwix,  2327,  2328;  allied  to  British  in 
revolutionary  war,  2466,  2585 ;  in  Bur- 
goyne’s  expedition,  2571 ;  Schuyler  nego¬ 
tiates  with,  2635 ;  Gates  reinforced  by, 
2647;  Sullivan’s  campaign  against,  2838- 
2842 ;  civilization,  2841 ;  dispersion  of 
league,  2843. 

Iroquois,  Lake  of  the,  845. 

Iroquois,  U.  S.  ship,  before  Baton  Rouge, 
4895 ;  encounters  the  Sumter,  4905. 

Iroquois  Theatre,  Chicago,  burning  of, 
5808. 

Irrigation  in  public  lands,  5966,  5967,  5970, 
5971. 

Irving,  Washington,  on  Madoc  story,  246; 
on  birth  of  Columbus,  265,  266;  de¬ 
scribes  Van  Twiller  fancifully,  1119; 
at  Madison’s  inaugural,  3895. 

Irwin,  of  North  Carolina,  in  revolutionary 
war,  2933. 

Irwin,  assistant  adjutant-general,  on 
charges  against  Gen.  Stone,  4780. 

Irwinville,  Ga.,  capture  of  Jefferson  Davis 
near,  5309. 

Isabella,  queen  of  Spain,  marries  Ferdi¬ 
nand  the  Catholic,  18 ;  resulting  expan¬ 
sion  of  Spain,  19;  portrait,  facing  284; 
dealings  with  Columbus,  284,  285,  288, 
291-294;  jewel  story,  294;  Columbus 
takes  possession  in  her  name,  304;  island 
named  in  honor  of,  310;  authority  of, 
used  against  Portuguese,  316;  Columbus 
announces  discovery  to,  317,  318;  eager 
to  explore,  319,  321 ;  recedes  from  Pope’s 
boundary  line,  322;  supports  Columbus 
after  second  voyage,  328;  grants  free 
trade,  328 ;  emancipating  slaves,  333 ; 
resents  outrages  on  Columbus,  338 ;  dies, 
340;  informed  about  Cabot,  424,  436,  438. 

Isabella,  city  named  and  founded  by  Co¬ 


lumbus,  324;  capital  of  colony  trans¬ 
ferred  from,  328. 

Isla  de  Cuba,  Spanish  ship,  destruction  of, 
5722. 

Islam  takes  Jerusalem,  29;  conquers 
Arabia,  46 ;  cultivates  science,  47,  and 
learning,  49;  Constantinople,  50;  reac¬ 
tion  in,  against  learning,  50. 

Island  No.  10,  defense  at,  4827;  Confed¬ 
erates  decide  to  fortify,  4828;  location, 
4829;  McCullum  moves  troops  to,  4832;  - 
Foote’s  attack  on,  4833,  4834;  map  of, 
facing  4834 ;  Pope  constructs  a  canal 
from  New  Madrid  to,  4834,  4835;  Pope 
constructs  floating  batteries  to  attack, 
4835,  4836;  surrender  of,  4837,  4838. 

Island  Queen,  unarmed  steamer,  5205. 

Isle  aux  Noix,  in  Sorel  river,  fortified  by 
Montcalm,  2220,  2221 ;  aimed  at  by  Am¬ 
herst,  2221 ;  captured  by  Haveland  in 
1760,  2275,  2276. 

Istan,  brother  of  Powhatan,  692. 

Isthmian  canal,  see  Nicaraguan  canal;  Pan¬ 
ama  canal. 

Itajuba,  Baron  d’,  on  Geneva  tribunal  of 
arbitration,  5507. 

Italians  brought  over  for  Virginia  glass¬ 
works,  684;  emigrate  to  New  Smyrna, 
Fla.,  and  thence  to  St.  Augustine,  2337. 

Italy  broken  up  in  15th  century,  15,  16, 
50;  rise  of  Medici  and  Sforza  in,  16; 
reasons  for  non-support  of  Columbus 
in,  1 6,  17;  crusaders  go  through,  44; 
printing  practiced,  55,  61 ;  mariner’s  com¬ 
pass,  65;  cannon,  79;  ship-building,  112; 
advantage  in  maritime  affairs,  1 15 ; 
Norsemen  in,  205;  Goths  in,  257;  Co¬ 
lumbus  born  in,  266;  Florence  intel¬ 
lectual  centre  of,  344;  John  Cabot  born 
in,  420;  foremost  in  discovery,  421;  re¬ 
ceives  accounts  of  his  voyages,  423, 
424;  Italian  monks  with  Cabot,  429; 
Napoleon  closes  ports  of,  3920 ;  Ameri¬ 
can  ships  seized  near,  3932 ;  aids  United 
States  in  keeping  out  undesirable  immi¬ 
grants,  5980. 

Itopatin,  brother  of  Powhatan,  692. 

Iturbide,  Augustine  de,  proclaims  himself 
emperor  of  Mexico,  4274;  overthrown, 
4274. 

Ivitachma,  chief  of  the  Appalachians,  sues 
for  peace  after  Moore’s  attack  in  1701, 
1798. 

Izard,  Senator,  opposes  national  bank, 
3399- 

Izard,  Maj.-Gen.  George,  appointed  major- 
general,  4057 ;  ordered  to  fortify  Lake 
Champlain,  4065 ;  neglects  his  opportu¬ 
nity  at  Chippewa,  4068,  4069. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


125 


J. 

Jacinto,  Miss.,  Rosecrans  at,  5130,  5131. 

Jackson,  proprietor  of  the  Marshall  House 
at  Alexandria,  Va.,  kills  Ellsworth,  4740. 

Jackson,  Andrew,  elected  to  congress,  3534, 
3588;  and  Burr,  3821,  3823,  3827,  3841; 
letter  to  Claiborne,  3832,  3833 ;  marches 
to  seize  the  Floridas,  4033 ;  is  recalled 
by  government,  4033,  4034;  in  campaign 
against  the  Indians,  4037,  4038,  4057- 
4059;  portrait,  facing  4040;  succeeds  to 
command  of  southern  military  depart¬ 
ment,  4077;  invades  Florida,  4079;  re¬ 
turns  Pensacola  to  Spain,  4080 ;  goes 
to  New  Orleans,  4080;  his  defense  of 
New  Orleans,  4080-4086;  maintains  mar¬ 
tial  law  in  Louisiana,  4097 ;  advises 
Monroe  on  cabinet  appointments,  4102 ; 
in  Florida  during  Seminole  war,  4108- 
4111;  made  the  subject  of  debate  in 
congress,  4121 ;  becomes  governor  of 
Florida,  4135;  clashes  with  Spanish 
officials,  4136;  as  a  presidential  candi¬ 
date,  4138;  declines  appointment  as  min¬ 
ister  to  Mexico,  4142 ;  in  presidential 
campaign  of  1824,  4159,  4160,  4162-4165; 
bitterness  of  his  followers  at  Adams’ 
election,  4167;  nominated  for  presidency 
by  legislature  of  Tennessee,  4170;  re¬ 
signed  seat  in  senate,  4170;  advocates 
change  in  manner  of  electing  president, 
4170,  4171 ;  on  internal  improvements, 
4187,  4188;  in  presidential  election  of 
1828,  4188-4191 ;  inauguration,  4195 ; 

attitude  towards  Adams,  4195 ;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  4214;  inaugural  address, 
4215;  first  cabinet,  4216,  4217;  character¬ 
istics,  4217,  4218;  “spoils  system,”  4218, 
4219;  “Kitchen  Cabinet,”  4219,  4220; 
diplomatic  sendee,  4220;  opposition  to 
bank  of  the  United  States,  4220-4223 ; 
message,  21st  congress,  4223-4225;  theory 
of  presidency,  4 223,  4224;  recommends 
rotation  in  office,  4224;  attitude  towards 
bank  of  United  States,  4225 ;  Union 
toast  at  Jefferson  banquet,  4232,  4233; 
breach  with  Calhoun  over  Florida  mat¬ 
ter,  4233,  4234;  defense  of  Mrs.  Eaton, 
4237,  4238 ;  reconstructs  cabinet,  4237- 
4239;  third  message  to  congress,  4240, 
4241 ;  appoints  Van  Buren  minister  to 
Great  Britain,  4241 ;  attitude  toward  re¬ 
charter  of  bank,  4245-4249 ;  defends  Van 
Buren,  4249 ;  re-elected,  4250 ;  orders 
Gen.  Scott  to  Charleston  to  resist  in¬ 
terference  with  duties,  4256;  sends  con¬ 
ciliatory  message  to  congress,  4256; 
urges  investigation  of  bank,  4256 ;  issues 


nullification  proclamation,  4256,  4257 ; 
asks  for  power  to  force  payment  of  du¬ 
ties,  4257 ;  signs  compromise  tariff  and 
force  bills,  4259;  gains  prestige  from 
nullification  incident,  4260 ;  popular  opin¬ 
ions  concerning,  4261 ;  second  inaugural 
address,  4162;  tour  in  the  North,  4262, 
4263 ;  receives  degree  of  LL.  D.  from 
Harvard,  4262,  4263 ;  renews  opposition 
to  bank,  4263,  4264;  reconstructs  cab¬ 
inet  in  order  to  carry  out  his  policy, 
4264,  4265 ;  orders  removal  of  deposits, 
4265 ;  directors  of  bank  reply  to  “paper 
read  to  the  cabinet,”  4266;  message  at 
opening  of  23d  congress,  4268;  answers 
Clay’s  attack,  4268;  censured  by  senate, 
4269 ;  protests  against  censure,  4269, 
4270;  angered  by  opposition,  4270;  mes¬ 
sage  to  congress  (1834),  4271;  insists 
on  payment  of  French  spoliation  claims, 
4272;  sends  Henry  M.  Morht  to  inves¬ 
tigate  situation  in  Texas,  4284,  4285; 
appoints  S.  T.  Mason  governor  of  Michi¬ 
gan  Territory,  4294;  opposes  deposit 
act,  4298,  4299;  issues  “specie  circular,” 
4299;  his  policy  attacked  by  congress, 
4299;  supports  Van  Buren  for  presi¬ 
dent,  4301,  4302;  returns  to  Tennessee, 
4302 ;  supports  Van  Buren  in  advocacy 
of  independent  treasury,  4307. 

Jackson,  Claiborne  F.,  governor  of  Mis¬ 
souri,  message  to  Lincoln,  4685 ;  favors 
secession,  4703-4705 ;  portrait,  facing 
4704 ;  Camp  Jackson  named  for,  4705 ; 
call  for  troops,  4711;  flight,  4711. 

Jackson,  Francis  James,  British  envoy  to 
the  United  States,  3906;  his  instructions, 
390 7,  3909;  arrives  in  Washington,  3911, 
3912;  negotiations,  3912-3915;  senate  de¬ 
nounces  circular  letter  of,  3923 ;  cause 
of  his  dismissal,  3924,  3936. 

Jackson,  Jacob,  joins  Burr’-s  expedition, 

3835. 

Jackson,  James,  portrait,  facing  3350;  on 
location  of  the  capital,  3356,  3357;  on 
state  debts,  3369;  on  excise  bill,  3396; 
national  bank  opposed  by,  3400. 

Jackson,  Gen.  James  S.,  at  Perryville,  5123. 

Jackson,  Richard,  refuses  position  on  peace 
commission,  2725. 

Jackson,  Thomas  Jonathan  (Stonewall), 
serves  as  colonel  under  Johnston,  4745 ; 
at  Bull  Run,  4754-4756;  foils  Rosecrans 
at  Winchester,  4797;  victory  at  Cross 
Keys,  4798;  in  the  Shenandoah  valley, 
4964;  prepares  to  attack  McClellan, 
49731  at  Gaines’  Mills,  4979;  repulsed 
at  White  Oak  swamp,  4983 ;  at  Cedar 


126 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Mountain,  5012,  5013 ;  severs  Pope’s 
communications  with  Washington,  5015, 
5016;  discovered  by  Pope,  5016;  joined 
by  Lee,  5017 ;  departure  from  Manas¬ 
sas,  5017;  battle  of  Centreville,  5018; 
Pope’s  plans  against,  5019;  at  second 
battle  of  Bull  Run,  5020-5023;  in  Mary¬ 
land  campaign,  5032,  5035;  McClellan’s 
plans  against,  5036;  capture  of  Harper’s 
Ferry,  5037,  5038;  pursued  by  McClellan, 
5039;  at  battle  of  Antietam,  5043,  5048; 
in  Shenandoah  valley,  5055;  at  FredT 
ericksburg,  5073 ;  at  Chancellorsville, 
5080,  5081 ;  portrait,  facing  5080 ;  death 
of,  5081 ;  brigade  at  Murfreesboro,  5152. 

Jackson,  Miss.,  Grant  at,  5134,  5146;  Sher¬ 
man  and  Johnston  at,  5149;  Sherman 
destroys,  5255. 

Jackson,  Confederate  ship,  4885. 

Jackson,  Fort,  La.,  Louisiana  seizes,  4649 ; 
defends  New  Orleans,  4881 ;  description 
of,  4885 ;  bombarded,  4886,  4887,  4891. 

Jackson  Camp,  Mo.,  4705,  4706. 

Jackson  Square,  New  Orleans,  illus., 
frontispiece. 

Jacquelin,  Marie,  see  La  Tour,  Madame  de. 

Jacques,  Rev.  James  F.,  confers  with  Davis 
concerning  peace,  5200. 

Jamaica,  L.  I.,  church  at,  confiscated  by 
Lord  Cornburv,  1560. 

Jamaica,  W.  I.,  Columbus  on,  339;  Crom¬ 
well’s  plans  for,  944,  945 ;  conquered 
by  Admiral  Penn  and  Gen.  Venables, 
1186;  slaves  transported  to,  1599;  ap¬ 
pealed  to  by  Carolina  expedition  against 
St.  Augustine,  1797;  Admiral  Vernon 
arrives  at,  in  1740,  1902,  1903. 

Jamay,  missionary  to  Indians,  535. 

James  I.,  king  of  England,  Walloons  nego¬ 
tiate  with,  556;  treaty  with  Spain,  626; 
grants  charter  to  London  and  Plymouth 
company,  627;  order  to  Jamestown  col¬ 
ony,  650;  portrait,  facing  650;  gives 
separate  charter  to  London  company, 
655,  656;  grants  third  charter  to  Vir¬ 
ginia  colony,  667;  patron  of  Indian  edu¬ 
cation,  685;  death,  686,  709,  710;  dis¬ 
putes  with  London  company,  688-691 ; 
tries  to  abolish  popular  government, 
696,  697,  699-701,  703,  704;  petitioned 
by  Virginia  assembly,  706-709;  favors 
monopolies,  742 ;  opposed  to  Puritans, 
754,  805 ;  assents  to  Plymouth  charter, 
827;  presides  over  Flampton  Court  con¬ 
ference,  983,  984;  favors  Roman  Catho¬ 
lics,  1060;  denies  parliament’s  right  to 
tax,  1197;  gives  vast  grants  in  Canada 
to  Sir  Wm.  Alexander,  1935. 


James  II.,  king  of  England,  his  land  claims 
in  America  as  Duke  of  York,  1193,  1194, 
1204,  1207,  1432;  settles  dispute  between 
Penn  and  Lord  Baltimore,  1209;  desires 
to  restore  Catholics,  1222;  friendly  to 
Penn,  1223;  his  relations  with  the  colo¬ 
nies,  1269,  1305,  1307,  1427,  1497;  came 
to  throne,  1308;  tries  to  establish  Roman 
Catholic  church,  1318;  abdicates,  1318, 
1319;  disposed  to  be  harsh  to  New  Eng¬ 
land,  1437;  assails  colonial  charters, 
1472 ;  alienates  supporters  in  England, 
1473;  petitioned  by  Narragansett  set¬ 
tlers,  1474;  lures  immigrants  to  New 
York,  1494;  professes  Catholicism,  1500; 
governs  New  York,  1506,  1509,  1514; 
withdraws  liberal  measures  he  had 
signed  as  Duke  of  York,  1525;  ascends 
English  throne,  1525;  forbids  Dongan 
to  act  against  French  priests,  1527;  re¬ 
calls  Gov.  Dongan,  1529;  places  his  re¬ 
ligion  before  his  duty  to  subjects,  1531 ; 
flees  to  France,  1532,  1648;  anxious  to 
deport  Englishmen  as  slaves,  1647,  1648; 
openly  a  Catholic,  1686;  appointees  com¬ 
pared  with  those  of  William  III.,  1694; 
treats  Lord  Baltimore  unjustly,  1694; 
abdicates,  1694,  1695;  policy  of  Mary¬ 
land  Catholics  towards,  1695 ;  pardons 
John  Locke,  1761. 

James,  Maj.  John,  defies  English,  2936;  at 
Witherspoon’s  Ferry,  2937;  fight  with 
Wemyss,  2992. 

James,  Rev.  Thomas,  1022. 

James,  Thomas  L.,  enforces  civil  service 
rules  in  New  York  post-office,  5554; 
postmaster-general,  5567,  retires  from 
cabinet,  5572. 

James  Bay,  Hudson  winters  on,  548. 

James  City,  Va.,  represented  in  house  of 
burgesses,  680;  borough  includes  Will¬ 
iamsburg,  1632. 

James  Island,  Charleston,  S.  C.,  fortified  in 
war  of  Spanish  succession,  1802;  in 
Moultrie’s  attack  on  Prevost,  2825 ;  St. 
Simon  lands,  3079;  attack  on,  in  battle 
of  Charleston,  5165,  5166. 

James  river,  palaeolithic  implements  found 
in,  144;  settlement  by  De  Ayllon,  398, 
399;  English  on,  500;  named  for  James 
I.,  632;  great  massacre  on,  694;  boundary 
of  James  City,  Va.,  1632;  Matthews’ 
raid  along,  2833;  Arnold’s  raid  on,  3030; 
view  of,  facing  4792;  view  of  pontoon 
bridge  across,  facing  4792 ;  fleet  on,  dur¬ 
ing  the  civil  war,  4901,  4920,  5003;  two 
armies  of  Grant  unite  on,  5231 ;  Grant 
moves  army  to  south  side  of,  5241 ; 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


127 


troops  withdrawn  from  north  side,  5246; 
movements  of  Warren  north  of,  5246; 
Butler  advances  up,  5246;  destruction  of 
channel,  5252 ;  canal  of,  destroyed,  5285. 

Jameson,  Maj.  John,  at  siege  of  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  2911;  Andre  sent  to,  2983. 

Jamestown,  S.  C.,  settled  and  given  up  by 
Dutch  settlers,  1744. 

Jamestown,  Va.,  site  once  occupied  by 
Spaniards,  398,  399;  first  slave  ship  sent 
to  America  lands  at,  537;  jealous  of 
Swedes  on  Delaware,  580;  Gosnold 
in,  618;  communism  in,  629,  655,  670; 
John  Smith’s  career  in,  632-660; 
founded,  633,  634;  unhealthy,  633,  639, 
640,  654,  655 ;  first  Indian  assault,  636 ; 
visited  by  Powhatan,  638;  feuds  among 
settlers,  641,  724;  “first  supply”  reaches, 
646;  burned,  646;  “second  supply,” 
649;  first  English  child  born  in,  650; 
Gates  brings  “third  supply,”  657 ;  settlers 
sent  from,  639,  671,  680;  old  patent 
exchanged  for  new,  662,  706;  aban¬ 
doned,  662,  663 ;  rescued  by  Lord  Dela¬ 
ware,  663 ;  public  works  in,  under  Dale, 
668,  671;  Pocahontas  married  in,  675; 
first  legislative  assembly  in,  680,  681 ; 
wives  sent  to,  683 ;  the  great  massacre, 
693,  694 ;  Opechankanough  killed  in, 
719;  addition  from  Popham  colony, 
733 ;  refuge  of  Rowcroft,  740 ;  of  Der- 
mer,  741 ;  rebuffs  Lord  Baltimore,  1062, 
1067;  centre  of  action  in  Bacon’s  re¬ 
bellion,  1616-1618;  English  soldiers  quar¬ 
tered  in,  1625 ;  given  up  as  capital,  1632 ; 
starting-point  of  John  Pory’s  explora¬ 
tion,  1715;  Thomas  Miller  tried  in,  1751; 
first  English  settlement  commemorated, 
5822,  5883. 

Jamestown,  Confederate  steamer,  4916,  4917. 

Jamison,  Union  brigadier,  at  Seven  Pines, 
4968. 

Jan  Joost,  story  of,  note,  2596. 

Jan  Mayen  Islands,  277. 

Jansen,  early  Dutch  printer  in  Philadelphia, 
1221. 

Jansen,  Capt.  Pouwell,  takes  place  of  Van 
Vliet,  582. 

Japan,  block-printing  in,  55 ;  early  visited, 
154;  probably  Fusang,  260;  Columbus 
sails  for,  298,  310;  grants  United  States 
trading  privileges,  4548;  on  annexation 
of  Hawaii,  5763,  5764;  war  with  Russia, 
and  Portsmouth  peace  conference,  5833, 
5834;  recognized  as  a  world  power  by 
United  States,  5866;  sends  aid  to  San 
Francisco,  5879. 

Japanese  in  the  United  States  in  1905,  5964. 


Jason,  British  ship,  3859. 

Jasper,  Margaret,  mother  of  Wm.  Penn, 
1186. 

Jasper,  Serg.  William,  at  Ft.  Moultrie, 
2508 ;  death,  2829. 

Java,  British  frigate,  fight  with  the  Con¬ 
stitution,  3993,  3994,  4021. 

Jay,  John,  in  first  continental  congress, 
2409 ;  member  of  continental  congress, 
2448 ;  on  secret  committee  of  foreign 
correspondence,  2474;  conspiracy  com¬ 
mittee  headed  by,  2520;  favors  territorial 
limitations  of  United  States,  2848;  min¬ 
ister  to  Spain,  2850;  favors  paper  mon¬ 
ey,  2854;  graduate,  of  Columbia,  3130; 
contest  over  navigation  of  the  Missis¬ 
sippi,  3180 on  monarchy,  3210;  electoral 
vote  for  vice-president,  3326;  performs 
duties  of  secretary  of  state,  3336;  first 
chief  justice,  3338;  New  York  guber¬ 
natorial  campaign,  3449,  3450;  Genet 
and,  3473 ;  portrait,  facing  3496 ;  envoy 
to  England,  3497;  treaty  with  England, 
3542-3544;  as  a  presidential  candidate, 
3585. 

Jay,. Mrs.  John,  portrait,  facing  3496. 

Jay  treaty,  negotiations  for,  3542-3547; 
congress  discusses,  3553-3555,  3568;  op¬ 
position  of  the  people,  3556;  opposition 
in  congress,  3571,  3572,  3575 ;  Ames’ 
speech  on,  3572,  3575 ;  house  ratifies, 
3575- 

Jean  Bart,  U.  S.  ship,  3359. 

Jeff  Davis,  Confederate  brig,  4902. 

Jeff  Thompson,  Confederate  ram,  4840- 
4842. 

Jefferson,  Thomas,  owns  records  of  London 
company,  note,  709 ;  on  Connecticut 
constitution,  1002 ;  cited  on  government, 
1201 ;  may  have  been  affected  by  Hugue¬ 
not  colony  in  Virginia,  1635 ;  urged 
emancipation  on  Virginia,  1645 ;  cited 
as  to  hospitality  in  his  father’s  time, 
1651;  educated  in  Virginia,  1653;  friend 
of  Dabney  Carr,  2400 ;  member  of  con¬ 
tinental  congress,  2448;  on  committee 
of  independence,  2497;  drafted  declara¬ 
tion  of  independence,  2499;  portrait, 
facing  2500;  friend  of  Clark,  2779;  ap¬ 
proves  plans  for  conquest  of  Illinois, 
2780;  approves  plan  to  capture  Detroit, 
2793;  on  territorial  possession,  2848; 
escapes  Tarleton,  3070;  opposed  state 
church  for  Virginia,  3109;  costume  worn 
by,  3141 ;  on  committee  of  land  grants, 
3160,  3161;  sent  to  France,  3164;  on 
slavery  in  ordinance  of  1787,  3195;  on 
the  Philadelphia  convention,  3260;  on 


128 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


government,  327 2;  on  state  debts,  3374- 
3376;  on  Nootka  Sound  dispute,  3442, 
3443 ;  efforts  to  secure  Mississippi  rights, 
3443 ;  opposed  Washington’s  desire  to 
retire,  3447;  electoral  vote  for  vice-pres¬ 
ident,  3449 ;  opposes  Hamilton,  3450, 
3480,  3481 ;  Freneau’s  paper  and,  3454, 
3455;  on  French  revolution,  3461;  vexed 
with  Genet,  3471,  34745  engages  Mi- 
chaux,  3475 ;  desires  to  resign  from  cabi¬ 
net,  3481,  3501 ;  report  on  American  com¬ 
merce,  3488,  3489;  excise  opposed  by, 
3504 ;  protest  against  England,  3540 ; 
Democratic  clubs,  3549,  3550;  on  treaty¬ 
making,  3568;  presidential  candidate, 
3584 ;  vice-president,  3587,  3589 ;  fac¬ 
simile  of  his  letter  to  Adams,  facing 
3592;  Mazzei  letter,  3598,  3599;  on 
alien  and  sedition  laws,  3626,  3645, 

3646 ;  an  American  union,  3646 ;  on 
right  of  nullification,  3647,  3648 ;  letter 
to  Pendleton,  3663 ;  profits  by  mistakes 
of  the  federalists,  3674,  3675,  3680; 

elected  president,  3686,  3688;  portraits, 
facing  3688,  3690;  sketch  of,  3691,  3693, 
3699,  3701,  3702,  3706,  3707;  on*  Re¬ 
publicanism,  3700;  inauguration  of,  3701- 
3703;  political  creed,  3703,  3706;  policy 
regarding  appointments,  3707,  37o8; 

theory  of  tenure  of  office,  3710;  cabinet, 
3712,  3713;  message  to  congress,  3714- 
3716;  congress  acts  on  message,  3717; 
policy  toward  Spain,  3725;  instructions 
to  Livingston,  3726;  threatens  France 
with  an  English  alliance,  3727;  on  the 
cession  of  Louisiana  to  France,  3737  5 
purchase  of  Louisiana,  37 46,  3747;  3754’ 
3756,  3760,  3761 ;  on  the  admission  of 
new  states,  3749,  3750 ;  proposes  Lewis 
and  Clark  expedition,  3756,  3757 ; 

policy  of  peace,  3769-3800,  3811,  3871, 
3873;  policy  toward  Tripoli,  3773  5  on 
impeachment,  3775~3777>  379°  5  re-elected 
president,  3798,  3799;  second  adminis¬ 
tration,  3801-3892;  second  inaugural  ad¬ 
dress,  3802;  changes  in  second  cabinet, 
3802,  3803 ;  on  the  price  for  Florida, 
3805,  3806;  on  England’s  damage  to 
American  shipping,  3806,  3811,  3814, 
3815;  and  Monroe,  3816,  3852,  3853;  and 
Burr,  3824,  3828,  3832-3834,  3838,  3840, 
3841,  3843;  on  American  neutrality, 

3847;  on  treaty  of  1806  with  England, 
3850-3852;  declares  war  with  England, 
3859,  3860;  receives  king’s  proclamation, 
3869;  reply  to  England’s  demands,  3873; 
on  embargo,  3869,  3877,  3878, .  3880,  3884, 
3885 ;  federalist  charges  against  admin¬ 


istration,  3883,  3888;  end  of  his  adminis¬ 
tration,  3891,  3892;  returns  to  Monticello, 
3891 ;  on  change  in  England’s  policy, 
3903 ;  his  plan  for  internal  improve¬ 
ments,  4096;  on  the  Monroe  doctrine, 
4147 ;  facsimile  letter  to  Monroe,  facing 
4147;  advocates  American  isolation  from 
European  politics,  4155;  death,  4176. 

Jefferson,  Fort,  O.,  3414. 

Jefferson,  Fort,  on  the  Mississippi,  location 
of,  2790,  31545  built,  2790,  2791:  Lewis 
and  Clark’s  expedition  starts  from,  2791, 
3414. 

Jefferson  City,  Mo.,  general  assembly  meets 
in,  4703;  Confederates  at,  4711,  4712; 
Gen.  Price  threatens,  5257. 

Jefferson  county,  Ky.,  3154. 

Jefferson  river,  Lewis  and  Clark  name  and 
explore,  3757.  . 

Jeffreys,  George,  judge  in  James  II.’s  reign, 
I3°9  5  portrait,  facing  1646;  urges  de¬ 
porting  Englishmen  as  slaves,  1647,  1648; 
had  sham  trial  of  kidnappers  in  Bristol, 
England,  1649. 

Jeffreys,  Col.  Herbert,  governor  of  Vir¬ 
ginia,  judges  leaders  in  Bacon’s  rebel¬ 
lion,  1620;  makes  treaty  with  Indians, 
1622 ;  succeeded  by  Sir  Henry  Chicheley, 
1626;  dies,  1626. 

Jekyl  Island,  Ga.,  visited  by  Oglethorpe, 
1883. 

Jenifer,  Daniel,  member  of  commercial  con¬ 
vention,  3249;  member  of  the  Philadel¬ 
phia  convention,  3269. 

Jenkins,  Gen.  A.  G.,  forces  in  Pennsylvania, 
5085. 

Jenkins,  Gov.  C.  J.,  inaugural  address,  5355; 
action  of  Pope  against,  5391. 

Jenkins,  John,  governor  ad  interim  of 
North  Carolina,  1762. 

Jenkins,  Gen.  Micah,  killed  in  battle  of  the 
wilderness,  5233. 

“Jenkin’s  Ear,  War  of,”  cause  and  origin 
of  name,  note,  1893. 

Jenkinson,  Charles  (afterward  Lord  Liver¬ 
pool),  suggests  stamp  tax,  2366. 

Jennings,  Edward,  deputy-governor  for 
Earl  of  Orkney  in  Virginia,  1654. 

Jerome  of  Prague,  martyrdom  of,  31. 

Jersey,  East,  sold  to  Wm.  Penn,  1509. 

Jersey  City  in  patroonship  of  De  Pauw,  568. 

Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  draft  riots  in,  5183. 

Jerseys,  population  of,  in  1755,  2009. 

Jerusalem,  crusaders  at,  44. 

Jessup,  Maj.,  captures  Riall  at  Lundy’s 
Lane,  4063 ;  his  estimate  of  the  Hart¬ 
ford  convention,  4092. 

Jesuits  in  Menendez’s  party,  488;  first  sys- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


129 


tematic  effort  for  converting  Indians, 
497,  499;  with  Champlain,  535;  of  Mex¬ 
ico,  595 ;  settlement  at  Mount  Desert 
destroyed,  676;  banished  from  England, 
926,  938;  influence  powerful  with  Ind¬ 
ians,  1377;  Dongan  opposes,  1527;  in 
Maryland  not  pleased  by  Lord  Balti¬ 
more’s  toleration,  1680,  1681 ;  develop 
French  power  in  America,  1934;  in  east¬ 
ern  Canada,  1959 ;  at  Quebec  in  1632, 
i960 ;  relations  with  La  Salle,  1990. 

Jesup,  Thomas  Sidney,  defeats  Seminoles, 
4313. 

Jettersville,  Va.,  Sheridan’s  cavalry  at, 
5289. 

Joan  of  Arc,  6,  7. 

Jogues,  Father,  penetrates  to  outlet  of  Lake 
Superior,  1959;  Jesuit  missionary  to  To¬ 
bacco  Nation,  1966;  misrepresented  by 
Indians,  1966;  tortured  to  death  by  Iro¬ 
quois,  1970. 

John  II.,  king  of  Portugal,  280;  calls  Junto, 
281 ;  dishonorable  conduct  to  Colum¬ 
bus,  282,  283;  portrait,  facing  284;  re¬ 
ceives  Columbus,  316;  death,  403. 

John,  British  ship,  1093. 

“John  Brown’s  Body,”  sung  by  Sherman’s 
army,  5271. 

John’s  Island,  Prevost  at,  2824,  2825 ;  loca¬ 
tion,  2824;  Clinton  arrives  at,  2906. 

Johnson,  Puritan  preacher  in  Holland,  756. 

Johnson,  Andrew,  on  war  committee,  4783 ; 
military  governor  of  Tennessee,  4826; 
nominated  for  vice-president,  5195;  ac¬ 
companies  Lincoln  to  Richmond,  5298; 
sworn  in  as  president,  5302;  interview 
with  Sherman,  5322 ;  at  grand  review 
in  Washington,  5323,  5324;  proclaims 
end  of  rebellion,  5328 ;  as  military  gov¬ 
ernor  of  Tennessee,  5338,  5339,  5342; 
biographical  sketch  of,  5341,  5342;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  5342;  in  favor  with  radical 
Republicans,  5343 ;  proclamation  of  am¬ 
nesty  and  pardon,  5344;  reconstruction 
policy,  5346,  5349,  .  5352,  5353  I  advice 
concerning  repudiation  of  war  debts  by 
states,  5350,  5351 ;  first  annual  message 
to  congress,  5360,  5361 ;  congress  op¬ 
poses  reconstruction  policy  of,  5361- 
5363 ;  vetoes  bill  enlarging  powers  of 
freedmen’s  bureau,  5364,  5365 ;  vetoes 
amended  freedmen’s  bureau  bill,  5370 ; 
growing  hostility  to,  5371 ;  impolite 
actions  of,  5372;  appealed  to  by  mayor 
of  New  Orleans,  5374;  reconstruction 
policy  endorsed  by  National  Union  con¬ 
vention,  5376;  denounced  by  Loyal  Un¬ 
ionist  convention,  5377 ;  electioneering 


tour,  5378;  loses  many  adherents,  5379; 
proclaims  all  insurrection  ended,  5379; 
message  to  congress,  December  3,  1866, 
5379,  5380;  opinion  on  question  of  negro 
suffrage,  5381 ;  vetoes  bill  granting  suf¬ 
frage  to  negroes  of  the  District  of  Co¬ 
lumbia,  5382;  vetoes  Stevens’  recon¬ 
struction  bill  and  tenure  of  office  bill, 
5385 ;  deprived  of  military  powers,  5386, 
5387;  vetoes  supplementary  reconstruc¬ 
tion  bill,  5387;  veto  of,  ignored,  5387; 
military  commanders  apply  to,  for  in¬ 
structions,  5389 ;  instructions  of,  repudi¬ 
ated  by  congress,  5389;  vetoes  bill  in¬ 
terpreting  reconstruction  acts,  5389- 
5391 1  protests  against  robbing  executive 
of  his  rights,  5390;  attitude  of  congress 
toward,  5391 ;  congress  determines  to 
impeach,  5401 ;  controversy  with  Stan¬ 
ton,  5401-5406;  message  to  congress  in 
December,  1867,  5402 ;  indignant  at 

Grant,  5403 ;  humiliating  position  of, 
5404;  appoints  Thomas  secretary  of  war, 
5404;  recommends  Thos.  Ewing,  Sr.,  as 
secretary  of  war,  5406;  resolution  for 
impeachment,  5405,  5406;  summary  of 
charges  against,  5407,  5408;  counsel  of, 
presents  answer  to  charges  preferred, 
5408,  5409;  house  denies  sufficiency  of 
answer  of,  5410;  trial  of,  5411,  5412; 
impeachment  fails,  5412 ;  acquitted,  5412 ; 
nominates  Schofield  as  secretary  of  war, 
5413 ;  announces  ratifications  of  14th 
amendment,  5413 ;  last  message  to 
congress,  5414,  5415;  issues  proclama¬ 
tion  of  universal  pardon,  5415 ;  procla¬ 
mation  of,  called  in  question  by  the 
senate,  5415;  retires,  5416;  difficulties 
connected  with  position  of,  5416,  5417; 
senator  from  Tennessee,  5511;  death, 
55ii. 

Johnson,  Lady  Arabella,  Massachusetts  Bay 
colonist,  867,  8 77;  dies,  878. 

Johnson,  Gen.  B.  R.,  wounded  at  Pittsburg 
Landing,  5102. 

Johnson,  Cave,  postmaster-general  under 
Polk,  4369. 

Johnson,  Gen.  Edward,  at  battle  of  Spott- 
sylvania,  5237,  5238;  capture  of,  5268. 

Johnson,  Francis,  in  Brownist  colony,  616. 

Johnson,  George,  616. 

Johnson,  Col.  Guy,  secures  pledge  from 
the  Iroquois,  2466. 

Johnson,  Hale,  Prohibition  nominee  for 
vice-president,  5685. 

Johnson,  Herschel  V.,  nominated  for  vice- 
president  by  Democratic  party,  4594; 


130 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


opposes  secession  of  Georgia,  4658,  4659; 
at  Georgia  convention,  5350,  5355. 

Johnson,  Isaac,  one  of  Massachusetts  colo¬ 
nists,  867,  874;  dies,  878. 

Johnson,  James,  in  battle  near  the  Thames, 
Canada,  4032. 

Johnson,  Sir  John,  co-operates  with  Carle- 
ton,  2475 ;  barricades  home,  2485,  2486 ; 
surrenders,  2486;  Herkheimer  intercept¬ 
ed  by,  2558,  2589 ;  commands  “Royal 
Greens/’  2584-2586;  signed  proclama¬ 
tion,  2594;  British  commander  at  Stony 
Point,  2837 ;  ravages  lower  Mohawk 
valley,  2843. 

Johnson,  Sir  Nathaniel,  accompanied  Sud- 
well  to  America,  1785;  becomes  gov¬ 
ernor  of  South  Carolina,  1786;  forced 
church  of  England  on  Carolinas,  17991 
defeats  French  in  1706,  1802-1804;  his 
religious  bigotry,  1806. 

Johnson,  Gen.  R.  W.,  attacks  Morgan,  5115. 

Johnson,  Reverdy,  member  of  29th  con¬ 
gress,  4374;  connection  with  the  Galphin 
scandal,  4441,  4442 ;  on  reconstruction 
committee,  5370;  at  National  Union  con¬ 
vention,  5376;  minister  to  Great  Britain, 
5503,  5504. 

Johnson,  Richard  M.,  in  congress,  3867, 
3901 ;  portrait,  facing  3928 ;  on  the  con¬ 
dition  of  the  army  and  navy,  3929,  3930; 
reinforces  Harrison,  4031 ;  in  battle  at 
Thames,  Canada,  4032;  nominated  for 
vice-president  by  Democratic  party,  4302 ; 
renominated  for  vice-president,  4325. 

Johnson,  Robert,  collector  of  excise,  3506. 

Johnson,  Robert,  governor  of  Carolinas, 
1822 ;  commands  expedition  against  pi¬ 
rates,  1823,  1824;  in  conflict  over  import 
duties,  1827-1830;  royal  governor  of 
South  Carolina  in  1731,  1838;  his  admin¬ 
istration,  1839;  death,  1839. 

Johnson,  Samuel,  of  Rhode  Island,  presi¬ 
dent  of  King’s  college,  1487. 

Johnson,  Dr.  Samuel,  friend  of  Oglethorpe, 
1918. 

Johnson,  Thomas,  member  of  commercial 
convention,  3249. 

Johnson,  William,  on  the  enforcement  of 
the  embargo,  3881. 

Johnson,  Sir  William,  sketch  of,  1590; 
settles  in  Mohawk  valley,  1590;  adopted 
by  Six  Nations,  1591 ;  habits  at  Johnson 
Hall,  1591,  1592;  leads  savages  against 
Crown  Point,  1592;  consulted  on  Bien¬ 
ville’s  tablets,  2014;  inactive  during 
Indian  ravages,  2139,  2140;  in  Brad- 
dock’s  plan  for  campaign,  2085 ;  meets 
Shirley  at  Albany,  2086;  his  success  at 


Lake  George  due  to  Lyman,  2090;  joins 
Lyman  at  Ft.  Edward  in  1755,  209 2; 
in  attack  on  Ft.  Edward,  2093-210X ; 
wounded,  2101 ;  incompetent  to  follow 
up  victory,  2103,  2105;  slights  Lyman's 
heroism,  2105;  builts  Ft.  Wm.  Henry, 
2105,  2106;  leaves  forts  exposed,  2106; 
dismissed  New  England  men,  2106;  re¬ 
inforced  Ft.  Edward,  2154;  seeks  per¬ 
mission  to  fight  French,  2154,  2155  j 
takes  place  of  Prideaux  in  1759,  2216, 
228;  commands  Indians  in  Niagara 
expedition  in  1759,  2223;  totally  defeats 
French  at  Ft.  Niagara,  2228-2230;  curbs 
Indian  atrocities,  2230;  receives  sub¬ 
mission  of  Pontiac,  2307;  makes  treaty 
with  Indians  at  Oswego  in  1766,  2327; 
colonization  plan,  3146;  member  of  Ohio 
colony  company,  3147. 

Johnson,  William  Samuel,  president  of  Co¬ 
lumbia  university,  3131;  member  of  the 
Philadelphia  convention,  3267;  sketch 
of,  3267;  portrait,  facing  3284. 

Johnson,  Fort,  Charleston,  S.  C,  fortified 
in  war  of  Spanish  succession,  1802 ;  view 
of,  facing  4676;  view  of  battery  at,  fac¬ 
ing  5312. 

Johnston,  Col.  Albert  Sidney,  leads  U.  S. 
troops  against  Mormons,  4575 ;  appoints 
Van  Dorn,  4734-4737;  commands  Con¬ 
federate  forces  in  the  West,  4805 ;  sketch 
of,  note,  4805 ;  orders  Buckner  to  Bowl¬ 
ing  Green,  4806;  retreats  to  Tennessee, 
4812,  4825,  4827,  4828;  in  Tennessee, 
5095 ;  summoned  to  Corinth  from  Mur¬ 
freesboro,  5095 ;  assumes  chief  com¬ 
mand  of  army,  5095;  joins  Beauregard, 
5096;  portrait,  facing  5096;  plans  to  at¬ 
tack  Grant,  5097. 

Johnston,  Gen.  Joseph  E.,  Confederate 
forces  under,  4744,  4747,  4749,  4750,  4966 ; 
reinforces  Beauregard,  4748;  at  Bull 
Run,  4762,  note,  4763 ;  at  Manassas, 
4781,  4787;  at  Williamstown,  4796; 

determines  to  strike  McClellan,  4966°. 
wounded  at  battle  of  Fair  Oaks,  4969, 
4970;  at  Malvern  Hill,  4989;  comment 
on  McClellan,  5003,  5004;  succeeds  Pem¬ 
berton,  5146;  at  siege  of  Vicksburg, 
5146;  pursued  by  Sherman,  5149;  re¬ 
treats  to  Meridian,  5149;  reinforces 
Bragg,.  5162;  plan  of  campaign  against, 
5232;  in  command  at  Dalton,  5253;  suc¬ 
ceeds  Bragg,  5259;  portrait,  facing  5260; 
at  Kenesaw  Mountain,  5260,  5261 ;  re¬ 
treats  to  Atlanta,  5261 ;  succeeded  by 
Hood,  5262;  interview  of  Davis  with, 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


131 


5308;  succeeds  Beauregard,  5312;  in 
command  of  Confederate  forces  in  the 
Carolinas,  5313;  battle  with  Sherman 
at  Bentonville,  5313,  5314;  opens  nego¬ 
tiations  for  surrender,  5315;  conference 
with  Sherman,  5316;  effect  of  news  of 
assassination  of  Lincoln  on,  5316;  sur¬ 
renders,  5317;  army  of,  quickly  scatters, 
5318;  Sherman  reports  surrender  of, 
5319;  receives  Sherman’s  ultimatum, 
5320. 

Johnstone,  George,  member  of  British 
peace  commission,  2725,  2726;  tries  to 
bribe  Joseph  Reed,  2745,  2746 ;  dropped 
from  British  peace  commission,  2746; 
fury  against  Americans,  2747. 

Johnstown,  Pa.,  flood  at,  5641. 

Joint  high  commission  of  1871,  on  Ala¬ 
bama  claims,  5506. 

Joinville,  Jean  de,  describes  Greek  fire,  77. 

Joinville,  Prince  de,  comment  on  battle  of 
Fair  Oaks,  4971. 

Joliet,  Louis,  looks  for  copper  near  Lake 
Superior,  1991 ;  loses  report  of  his  ex¬ 
pedition,  1993. 

“Jonathan,  Brother/'  origin  of  phrase,  note, 
2435- 

Jones,  Confederate  colonel,  crosses  Poto¬ 
mac,  5053. 

Jones,  master  of  the  Mayflower,  766. 

Jones,  sheriff  of  Lawrence,  Kan.,  4556. 

Jones,  Allen,  at  Providence,  3009. 

Jones,  Anson,  receives  papers  offering  an¬ 
nexation  to  Texas,  4371. 

Jones,  Catesby  R.,  commander  of  the  Mer- 
rimac,  4914. 

Jones,  Charles  C.,  144. 

Jones,  David,  settled  on  site  of  Baltimore, 
1075,  1709,  2581,  2582. 

Jones,  Griffith,  owned  Blue  Anchor  tavern 
in  Philadelphia,  1215. 

Jones,  Capt.  Jacob,  commander  of  the 
Wasp,  3992. 

Jones,  Col.  John,  2931. 

Jones,  John  Paul,  importance  of  achieve¬ 
ments,  2808,  2867,  2895,  2896;  congress 
appoints,  2863;  portrait,  facing  2874; 
secures  Bonhomme  Richard,  2883 ;  fac¬ 
simile  of  commission  to,  facing  2884; 
Landais  quarrels  with,  2885,  2886;  fight 
with  Sera  pis,  2888,  2889 ;  compelled  to 
leave  Holland,  2895 ;  foreign  honors 
given,  2895 ;  career  after  leaving  Amer¬ 
ican  service,  note,  2896;  death  of,  note, 
2896. 

Jones,  Rev.  Morgan,  tells  story  of  Welsh¬ 
speaking  Indians,  2^7. 

Jones,  Capt.  Noble,  subdued  Mary  Mus- 


grove  and  Bosomworth,  1927,  1928,  1931, 
1932. 

Jones,  Lieut.  Roger,  burns  Harper’s  Ferry, 
4689. 

Jones,  Thomas  Ap  Catesby,  holds  Monterey, 

4359. 

Jones,  Sir  William,  attorney-general  of 
England,  1195. 

Jones,  William,  secretary  of  the  navy,  4024. 

Jones’  Ford,  outpost  at,  2615. 

Jonesboro,  Ga.,  march  of  Sherman  to,  5263. 

Jonesboro,  Tenn.,  3167;  convention  at,  3170, 
3171 ;  state  of  Franklin  organized  at, 
3172. 

Jones’s  Falls,  in  Baltimore,  1710. 

Jonestown,  old  name  for  “old  town”  of 
Baltimore,  Md.,  1710. 

Jopassus,  Indian,  friendly  to  Argali,  673. 

Joppa,  Md.,  once  the  county  town,  1711; 
also  note,  1711. 

Joris,  Adriaen,  returns  to  New  Amsterdam, 

557- 

Joris,  David,  founder  of  “Familists,”  847. 

Joseph,  Indian  chief,  portrait,  facing  5540, 

5541- 

Joseph,  William,  foolish  deputy  of  Lord 
Baltimore,  1697,  1698,  1700;  surrenders 
government  to  Coode,  1700. 

Josselyn,  Henry,  in  Gorges’  council,  950- 
952. 

Joucaire,  commandant  at  Ft.  Venango,  tries 
to  corrupt  Washington’s  guides,  2034; 
set  Indian  ambush  for  Washington  and 
Gist,  2037. 

Juan  Ponce  Bay  found  by  Ponce  de  Leon, 

389- 

Juarez,  B.  P.,  Blair  proposed  an  alliance 
with,  5225. 

Judd,  Norman  P.,  minister  to  Prussia, 
4923- 

Judiciary,  changes  after  the  revolution, 
3105;  establishment  of  the  national,  3338; 
congress  revises  system,  3437 ;  pensions 
and  the,  3438;  Adams  recommends  a 
change,  3685;  Federalists  control,  3686; 
Jefferson  on,  3716;  Breckenridge  attacks, 
3717 ,  3718;  Morris  defends,  3717;  Bay¬ 
ard  on,  3719,  3720;  law  repealed,  3720. 

Julian,  George  W.,  nominated  for  vice- 
president  by  Free-soil  party,  4507;  on 
war  committee,  4783 ;  in  impeachment 
against  Johnson,  5406;  leader  of  the 
Liberal  Republicans,  5517. 

Jumonville,  N.  Coulon  de,  at  Ft.  Neces¬ 
sity,  2046,  2047;  his  death  and  questions 
involved,  2046-2048,  2052. 

Junon,  British  frigate,  in  war  of  1812,  4040. 

Jury  trial  secured  for  Massachusetts  under 


132 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


William  III.’s  charter,  1345 ;  made  uni¬ 
versal  in  New  York,  1496;  endangered 
by  Gaspee  affair,  2400 ;  changed  in  Mas¬ 
sachusetts  in  1774,  2406. 

Jutes  land  in  England,  203,  257;  in  Amer¬ 
ica,  240,  241. 


K. 

Kaiser  Wilhelm  der  Grosse,  steamer  in  the 
Hoboken  fire,  5782,  5783. 

Ivalakaua,  David,  king  of  Hawaii,  revolts 
against  Americans,  5629;  death,  5630. 

Kalb,  John,  sketch  of,  2555,  note,  2938; 
with  Washington,  2704;  in  South  Caro¬ 
lina  campaign,  2938-2940;  Gates  assumes 
command,  2941;  portrait,  facing  2942; 
at  battle  of  Camden,  2949,  2953,  .2956; 
mortally  wounded,  2956. 

Kanawha,  first  name  of  West  Virginia, 

4695- 

Kanawha  river,  Ohio  company  colonized 
on,  2027,  2030. 

Kane,  George  P.,  city  marshal  of  Balti¬ 
more,  4687. 

Kansas,  Indian  tribe,  162. 

Kansas  (state),  prehistoric  relics  in  lake- 
beds,  144;  contest  over  slavery  in,  4550; 
fraudulent  election,  4551-4553;  two  state 
organizations,  4553 ;  “Wakarusa  War” 
in,  4553,  455J;  asks  admission  as  a 
state,  4555 ;  discussion  in  congress  over, 
4555,  4556;  mob  attacks  Free  soilers, 
4556;  bill  to  admit,  fails  in  senate,  4587; 
efforts  to  gain  statehood  and  final  suc¬ 
cess,  4590;  movements  of  Gen.  Price 
toward,  5257;  Gen.  Curtis  commands 
Union  forces  in,  5257;  unrestricted  suf¬ 
frage  rejected  by  popular  vote,  5932. 

Karlsefne,  Thorfinn,  in  New  England,  150. 

Kaskaskia,  Ill.,  French  stockade  at,  2005 ; 
Clark  captures,  2781 ;  Burr  at,  3823. 

Kauulani,  princess  of  Hawaii,  5635. 

Keane,  Maj.-Gen.,  in  battle  of  New  Orleans, 
4085 ;  mortally  wounded,  4086. 

Kearney,  Gen.  Philip,  at  Williamsburg, 
4796;  in  peninsular  campaign,  4.964;  at 
Seven  Pines  and  Fair  Oaks,  4967,  4968, 
4970;  at  Malvern  Hill,  4988-4990,  4995; 
portrait,  facing  5008 ;  at  Centreville, 
5017,  5019;  in  battle  of  Groveton,  5020; 
killed  at  Chantilly,  5025. 

Kearny,  Stephen  W.,  takes  Santa  Fe,  4382. 

Kearsarge,  U.  S.  ship,  arrives  at  Gibraltar, 
4905;  fight  with  the  Alabama,  4907-4909. 

Kecoughtan,  site  of  colonial  forts  on  Hamp¬ 


ton  river,  665;  represented  in  house  of 
burgesses,  680. 

‘‘Keepers  of  the  Liberties  of  England,”  offi¬ 
cial  documents  of  Maryland  issued  in 
name  of,  1094;  refused  by  Maryland, 
1096. 

Keith,  George,  Quaker,  makes  trouble  in 
Penn’s  colony,  1230,  1233,  1234;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  1232;  sketch  of,  1233;  in 
New  England,  1233,  1234;  denounced 
slavery,  1234,  1235 ;  disputes  with  Quaker 
opponents,  1235,  1236;  fined,  1237;  con¬ 
verted  to  church  of  England,  1237 ;  bad 
effect  of  trial,  1237,  1238;  missionary  to 
Indians,  1237;  dies,  1238. 

Keith,  Sir  William,  publishes  tracts  in  Phil¬ 
adelphia,  1221 ;  notified  by  Quakers  that 
they  would  not  take  oath,  1256;  govern¬ 
or  of  Pennsylvania,  1262 ;  portrait,  fac¬ 
ing  1262;  magnificent  style  of  living, 
1263 ;  sides  against  Hannah  Penn,  1263 ; 
courts  Indians,  1263 ;  replaced  in  office 
by  Patrick  Gordon,  1264;  leads  opposi¬ 
tion,  1264;  flees  to  England,  1265;  died, 
1265;  deceives  Franklin,  1265. 

Keith,  Lawrence  M.,  on  secession,  4618; 
member  of  Confederate  provisional  con¬ 
gress,  5217. 

Kekataugh,  brother  of  Powhatan,  644. 

Kelleher,  secretary  of  American  railway 
union,  5673,  5674. 

Kellogg,  William  P.,  governor  of  Loui¬ 
siana,  5462. 

Kelly’s  Ford,  Va.,  movements  near,  5079. 

Kemp,  Richard,  Harvey’s  secretary  of 
state,  714;  reviled  by  Panton,  715;  neu¬ 
tral  in  difficulty  between  Calvert  and 
Claiborne,  1081. 

Kempthorn,  Capt.  Simon,  brought  Quakers 
to  Boston,  928. 

Kendall,  Amos,  member  of  Jackson’s 
“Kitchen  Cabinet,”  4219;  brings  Blair 
to  Washington  to  edit  the  Globe,  4234; 
investigates  state  banks  as  possible  gov¬ 
ernment  depositories,  4264,  4265 ;  'as 
postmaster-general  opposes  circulation 
of  Abolition  matter  through  the  mails, 
4291. 

Kendall,  George,  member  of  Virginia  coun¬ 
cil,  632 ;  deposed,  641 ;  shot,  642. 

Kenesaw  Mountain,  Ga.,  battles  of,  5260, 
5261. 

Kennebec,  Territory  of,  under  Sir  Wm. 
Temple  in  1 666,  1430. 

Kennebec  river  ascended  by  Champlain, 
525;  Weymouth  lays  claim  to,  622;  ac¬ 
count  of,  727 ;  forts  on,  note,  733 ; 
boundary  of  Mason  and  Gorges’  patent, 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


133 


791 ;  “state  county”  on,  793 ;  Plymouth 
colony  trades  on,  820;  patent  granted, 
825,  952;  fight  on,  832;  valley  of,  scene 
of  Indian  raids  and  retaliation  by 
church,  1356;  settlements  on,  1362;  se¬ 
cret  expedition  to,  1367. 

Kennedy,  Robert  C.,  employed  by  Thomp¬ 
son  to  burn  New  York  city,  5209;  es¬ 
capes,  5209 ;  captured  and  hung,  5209. 

Kennon,  Lieut.  Beverly,  commands  the 
Governor  Moore,  4889. 

Kent  county,  Del.,  included  in  patent  of 
Godyn  and  Blommaert,  565. 

Kent  Island,  Chesapeake  Bay,  bought  by 
Claiborne,  1067 ;  Claiborne-Baltimore 
dispute  over,  1072,  1073,  1080;  Claiborne 
driven  from,  1084;  Providence  founded1 
on,  1090;  parliament  takes  no  action  on 
ownership  of,  1095,  1096;  Catholics  on, 
no 3. 

Kenton,  Simon,  portrait,  facing  2766;  joins 
Clark’s  expedition  against  the  Indians* 
2804. 

Kentucky,  Iroquois  in,  160 ;  explored  by 
Gist,  2026;  given  to  Virginia  by  treaty 
of  Ft.  Stanwix,  2328;  colonial  emigra¬ 
tion  to,  2765,  2 766 ;  Boone  in,  2767, 
2768,  2776;  Boonesborough  first  capital, 
2776;  first  independent  American  re¬ 
public,  2777,  2778;  first  called  Transyl¬ 
vania,  2778;  Indian  wars  in,  2778,  2779, 
2794,  2795;  first  counties,  3154;  early 
history,  3166,  3167;  population  in  1784, 
3167;  organizes,  3178,  3179;  map  of, 
in  1793,  facing  3178;  asks  for  separation 
from  Virginia,  3182-3186;  statehood  ob¬ 
tained,  3407;  population  in  1790,  3422; 
resolution  on  alien  and  sedition  laws, 
3646,  3650 ;  constitution  revised,  3667 ; 
population  in  1800,  3693 ;  Burr  before 
grand  jury  in,  3030;  contributions  of 
troops  in  war  of  1812,  4002 ;  supports 
Bell  in  i860,  4602 ;  decides  upon  neu¬ 
trality,  4685,  4800,  4801,  4804,  4805  ;  for 
the  Union,  4685,  4801,  4828;  importance 
in  civil  war,  4702,  4718,  4719;  effect  of 
Fremont’s  proclamation  in,  4718;  in¬ 
vasion  of,  4719,  4804,  4806,  4808,  4869; 
Gov.  Magoffin  works  for  secession, 
4799-4801 ;  map  of  southern  part,  facing 
4804;  G.  W.  Morgan  commands  Con¬ 
federate  forces  in,  5110,  5111;  move¬ 
ments  in,  Sin;  J.  H.  Morgan’s  raid 
through,  5111-5113;  department  of  the 
Ohio  created  to  resist  Confederate  inva¬ 
sion  of,  5116;  Confederate  plans  for  re¬ 
conquest  of,  5117-5120;  Morgan’s  cavalry 
raid  in,  5119,  5121;  effect  of  raid,  5120; 


invaded  by  Kirby  Smith  and  Bragg, 
5121-5125;  Forrest  in,  5143;  Confed¬ 
erate  raids  in,  5154;  citizens  arrested 
for  holding  peace  meetings,  5184;  Sons 
of  Liberty  in,  5202;  electoral  votes  cast 
for  McClellan,  5212;  raid  of  Forrest 
through,  5255;  Goebel-Taylor  election 
contest  in,  5753~5755- 

Kentucky  resolutions,  northern  states’  ac¬ 
tion  on  the,  3650-3654. 

Kentucky  river  valley,  view  of,  facing  2766. 

Keowee,  S.  C.,  Cherokee  town,  2914. 

Keppel,  Augustus,  Viscount,  at  Alexandria 
conference,  1755,  2057;  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty,  3089. 

Kernstown,  Va.,  battle  of,  4797. 

Kerry,  Ireland,  note,  256. 

Kershaw,  Gen.  J.  B.,  captured  at  Sailor’s 
creek,  5290. 

Kettle  creek,  N.  C.,  battle  at,  2817,  2926. 

Key,  member  of  congress  from  Maryland, 
3867. 

Key,  David  M.,  postmaster-general,  5551. 

Key,  Francis  Scott,  circumstances  under 
which  he  composed  the  “Star-spangled 
Banner,”  4077. 

Key,  Philip  Barton,  defends  Judge  Chase, 
note,  3788. 

Key  West  as  a  seaport,  5953. 

Keyes,  Gen.  Erasmus  D.,  brigade  com¬ 
mander,  4747;  at  Bull  Run,  4754,  4755; 
corps  commander,  4784,  4962 ;  at  Fair 
Oaks,  4969;  at  Malvern  Hill,  4988;  at 
Harrison’s  Landing,  4992. 

Keystone  State,  U.  S.  ship,  in  civil  war, 
„  4854,  4858. 

Khan,  Grand,  ruler  of  Tartary,  riches  of, 
274;  Columbus  searches  for,  307,  310- 
313,  324;  Cabot  thinks  he  has  reached 
.  the  country  of,  424,  43  L  433- 

Kickapoos,  Indian  tribe,  3959. 

Kidd,  Capt.  William,  takes  stock  in  pirate- 
quelling  company,  1554;  sketch  of,  1554; 
in  command  of  pirate-quelling  expedi¬ 
tion,  1554;  turns  pirate,  1555,  1556;  con¬ 
demned  and  executed,  1557. 

Kidnapping  in  England  in  James  II.’s 
reign,  1648,  1649. 

Kieft,  William,  governor  of  New  Nether- 
land,  580,  582,  H2T;  difficulty  with 
New  Haven  colony,  583,  584,  1012; 

sketch  of,  1121,  1122;  city  improve¬ 

ments,  1123,  1124;  drives  English  from 
Long  Island  and  Delaware  country, 
1125;  altercation  with  Swedes,  1126, 
1127;  plans  Pavonia  massacre,  1128, 
1137;  disclaims  it,  1137;  calls  council 
of  eight,  1138;  recalled  to  Holland.  1141 ; 


134 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


tries  to  pacify  Indians,  1141;  inflicts 
injury  on  colony,  1 142,  1143;  death, 

1143;  negotiations  with  Five  Nations, 
.  1522. 

Kilpatrick,  Gen.  Judson,  in  march  to  the 
sea,  5272;  engagement  with  Hampton, 
.  5313. 

Kineo,  U.  S.  ship,  4891. 

King,  Leicester,  nominated  for  vice-pres¬ 
ident  by  Liberty  party,  4425. 

King,  Rufus,  on  slavery  in  northwest  ter¬ 
ritory,  3163;  on  work  of  the  Annapolis 
convention,  3256,  3258;  member  of 

Philadelphia  convention,  3264;  sketch 
of,  3264;  elected  senator,  3327;  Genet 
and,  3473 ;  scheme  to  invade  Spanish 
territory,  3639 ;  minister  to  England, 
3639,  3713,  3726,  3767,  3791,  4169,  4170, 
4176;  opposes  northern  confederacy, 
3784;  Federalists’  choice  for  vice-pres¬ 
ident,  3799,  3884;  enters  the  senate, 
4013;  calls  for  a  repeal  of  the  embargo 
act,  4046;  Federalist  candidate  for  pres¬ 
idency,  4098;  on  the  Missouri-Maine 
bill,  4124;  troops  at  battle  of  Centre- 
ville,  5018;  at  Manassas,  5019;  ordered 
to  Gainesville,  5020;  at  second  battle  of 
Bull  Run,  5021,  5022. 

King,  Thomas  Butler,  special  agent  to  as¬ 
sist  California  in  formation  of  state 
government,  4447 ;  member  of  31st  con¬ 
gress,  4448. 

King,  William  R.,  member  of  the  “grand 
committee,”  in  1850,  4474;  president  of 
the  senate,  4496,  4499 ;  nominated  for 
vice-president  by  Democrats,  4504; 
health  fails,  4514;  death,  4520. 

King  George’s  war  (American  phase  of 
war  of  Austrian  succession),  war  de¬ 
clared,  1385 ;  Duquesnel  captures  Canso, 
1386;  futile  attack  by  French  on  An¬ 
napolis,  Nova  Scotia,  1387;  Louisbourg 
attacked  and  captured,  1388-1400;  re¬ 
ligious  element  in  the  Louisbourg  cam¬ 
paign,  1401 ;  great  French  naval  expedi¬ 
tion,  1404-T406;  Anson  and  Warren  de¬ 
feat  French  fleet,  1409;  treaty  of  Aix- 
la-Chapelle  restores  peace,  1409,  1410. 

King  Philip’s  war  in  New  England,  969, 
1283,  1302;  lasting  results  of,  1302;  co¬ 
existent  with  dispute  over  Maine  and 
New  Hampshire,  1306;  Connecticut  on 
guard  during,  1434;  her  loss  in,  14341 
in  Rhode  Island,  1466,  1468;  an  occa¬ 
sion  for  Andros  to  interfere  with  Con¬ 
necticut  rights,  1507,  1508. 

King  William’s  war,  effect  on  Massachu¬ 
setts,  1325,  1326;  raids  on  northern  set¬ 


tlements,  1348,  1349;  terminated  by 

treaty  of  Ryswick,  1349,  1352;  outbreak 
of,  1536,  1537;  Frontenac’s  expedition 
against  the  English,  1537-1541 ;  Phips 
invades  Canada,  1542,  1543;  Port  Royal 
and  St.  Johns  captured,  1543;  Win- 
throp’s  expedition  against  Montreal, 
1544;  Phips’  naval  expedition  fails,  1544, 
.  !545- 

Kingfisher,  British  ship,  brings  Andros  to 
Boston,  1310. 

King’s  Bridge,  Washington  at,  2519;  Hes¬ 
sians  at,  2526,  3329. 

King’s  college,  see  Columbia. 

King’s  Ferry,  2833,  2835. 

King’s  Mountain,  British  at,  in  American 
revolution,  1840;  battle  of,  photogravure 
frontispiece;  Cornwallis’  defeat,  2988; 
portraits  of  leaders  at,  facing  2996; 
map  of  march  to,  and  plan  of  battle, 
facing  3000;  Ferguson  at,  3001,  3002; 
number  of  troops,  3003 ;  arrangement 
of  American  forces,  3004;  losses,  3006, 
.  3007;  effect,  3025. 

King’s  province,  early  name  for  Rhode 
Island,  1308,  1460;  organized  under  Dud- 
.  ley,  1472. 

Kingsland  territory  granted,  to  Sir  Will¬ 
iam  Johnson,  1591. 

Kingston  (N.  H.)  rebellion,  3243. 

Kingston,  N.  Y.,  destroyed,  2657 ;  Wash¬ 
ington  at,  2732. 

Kingston,  Ontario,  on  site  of  Ft.  Fronte- 
nac,  1994,  2210. 

Kinkaid  act  provided  for  “grazing  home¬ 
stead”  in  Nebraska,  5968,  5969;  evils 
.of,  5969.. 

Kiowa,  Indian  tribe,  163. 

Kirke,  David,  headed  Canada  company, 
845 ;  expedition  to  Acadia,  1935 ;  con¬ 
quers  Acadia,  1939;  captures  the  elder 
La  Tour,  1939;  ungratefully  treated  by 
Charles  La  Tour,  1954. 

Kirke,  Col.  Percy,  nearly  inflicted  on  New 
England  colonies,  1309;  in  Tangiers, 
1512. 

Kirkland,  Samuel,  missionary  to  Indians, 

.  2*585-  . 

Kirkpatrick,  Maj.,  3508. 

Kirkwood,  British  commander  at  battle  of 
#  Guilford,  3033. 

Kirkwood,  Samuel  J.,  secretary  of  the 
interior,  5567. 

Kirtland,  O.,  Mormon  settlement  at,  4435. 

Ivitching,  Gen.  J.  H.,  killed  at  Winchester, 

.5252. 

Kittery,  Me.,  home  of  Sir  William  Pepper- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


135 


rell,  1391,  1392;  sends  men  to  Louis- 
bourg  campaign,  1394. 

Kjalarness,  landing-place  of  Thorvald,  217; 
of  Thorfinn,  220. 

Klondike,  gold  discovered  in,  5683 ;  con¬ 
struction  of  railway  to,  5684. 

Kloster-Zeven,  2662. 

“Knickerbocker’s  History  of  New  York,” 
by  Irving,  246,  1119. 

Knights  of  labor  order  a  strike  in  1894, 
5673 ;  organization  and  character,  5887. 

Knights  of  the  holy  sepulchre,  888. 

Knights  of  the  white  camelia,  origin  and 
object,  5470-5472. 

Knowles,  Adm.  Sir  Charles,  used  press- 
gang  in  Boston,  141 1 ;  forced  to  yield, 
1411,  1414. 

Knowlton,  Col.  Thomas,  at  Bunker  Hill, 
2458 ;  at  battle  of  Harlem  Heights,  2519 ; 
death,  2519. 

Know  Nothing  party,  principles  of,  4547. 

Knox,  Gen.  Henry,  secures  artillery,  2480; 
threatens  to  resign,  2554;  at  German¬ 
town,  2630;  on  army  claims,  3211;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  3218;  organized  order  of 
Cincinnati,  3219;  secretary  of  war,  3338; 
plan  for  organization  of  militia,  3360; 
negotiations  with  Creeks,  3392 ;  Adams 
appoints  major-general,  3637;  dispute 
over  rank,  3638. 

Knox,  Philander  C,  attorney-general,  5773. 

Knoxville,  Tenn.,  founded,  3531 ;  Gen.  Crit¬ 
tendens  headquarters,  4809 ;  Morgan  at, 
5112;  siege  of,  5157,  5158;  sufferings 
of  Union  soldiers  at,  5158,  5159. 

Knyphausen,  Baron  Wilhelm  von,  Hessians 
commanded  by,  2473 ;  at  King’s  Bridge, 
2526;  at  Brandywine,  2615,  2619,  2620, 
2628;  at  Monmouth,  2733,  2734;  New 
York  in  command  of,  2905 ;  invades  New 
Jersey,  2967;  Clinton  wants  Andre’s 
case  referred  to,  2987. 

Komura,  Baron,  portrait,  facing  5834;  rep¬ 
resents  Japan  at  Portsmouth  peace  con¬ 
ference,  5834. 

Kosciuszko,  Thaddeus,  engineer,  2554; 
portrait,  facing  2554;  planned  fortifica¬ 
tions  at  Bemis  Heights,  2637 ;  con¬ 
structed  forts  on  Hudson,  2707;  sent  to 
assist  Greene,  3013 ;  at  Cheraw,  3016. 

Kossuth,  Louis,  leads  Hungarian  revolt, 
4492,  4493 ;  congress  empowers  pres¬ 
ident  to  send  ship  to  convey  him  to  this 
country,  4498;  visits  United  States, 
4500-4503;  portrait,  facing  4500. 

Koszta,  Martin,  capture  and  release,  4523. 

Kraken,  mythical  sea  monster,  30T. 

Kremer,  George,  attacks  Clay  anonymous¬ 
ly,  4163,  4164. 


Krieckebeeck,  head  of  Dutch  colony,  559. 

Kristni  Saga  mentioned  Vinland,  236. 

Kuklux  Klan,  costumes  and  insignia  of, 
illus.,  facing  5400;  organization,  5401; 
actions  of,  5401 ;  portraits  of  members, 
facing  5402;  Kuklux  act  passed  by  con¬ 
gress,  5421 ;  origin  and  purpose,  5467- 
5474- 

Kuyter  killed  by  Indians,  1158. 

Kyrle,  Sir  Richard,  governor  of  South 
Carolina,  1 772. 


L. 

Labor,  Roosevelt’s  message  on  the  labor 
question,  5793. 

Labor,  department  of,  established  by  con¬ 
gress,  5614,  5615;  Carroll  D.  Wright, 
5615;  duties  of  the  commissioner,  5892, 
5893- 

Labor  and  commerce,  department  of,  see 
Commerce  and  labor,  department  of. 

Labor  statistics,  bureau  of,  5614,  5615. 

Labor  unions,  congress  passes  bill  incor¬ 
porating,  5598 ;  Roosevelt  on,  5835, _  5836 ; 
establishment  of  general  trade  union  of 
New  York  city,  5886;  growth,  5886- 
5889;  opinion  of  John  Mitchell,  5890- 
5892;  commission  of  labor,  5892,  5893; 
boycotts,  5893,  5894,  5896;  injunctions 
against,  5896.  , 

Labrador,  natives  of,  note,  218;  touched 
by  Cousin,  260;  by  Johann  Skolnus, 
260;  discovered  by  Cortereal,  379,  380; 
inhabitants,  380;  map,  facing  430;  prob¬ 
ably  discovered  by  Cabot,  432 ;  Cartier 
takes  possession  of,  for  France,  506, 
508;  not  on  sea  route  to  India,  548; 
climate  and  products  known  in  16th 
century,  598. 

Lacey,  Col.,  revolutionary  officer,  2999; 
note,  2999;  at  battle  of  King’s  Moun¬ 
tain,  3004-3006. 

La  Chine  Manor,  Can.,  granted  to  La 
Salle,  1990;  Bienville’s  expedition  leaves, 
2010. 

Lachine  Rapids,  St.  Lawrence  river,  Cham¬ 
plain  ascended  to,  522. 

Lacock,  senator  from  Pennsylvania,  op¬ 
poses  Dallas,  4045 ;  censures  Jackson’s 
conduct  of  Seminole  war,  4112. 

Laconia  territory  around  great  lakes  grant¬ 
ed  to  Mason  and  Gorges,  845 ;  given  up, 
846. 

Laconia  company  formed  from  Canada 
company,  845 ;  fails,  846-848. 


136 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


La  Corne  de  St.  Luc,  a  Canadian  com¬ 
mander  under  Burgoyne,  2580,  note, 

2583* 

Ladrones,  Islas  de  los,  first  Asiatic  group 
seen  by  Magellan,  414. 

Lady  Davis,  Confederate  steamer,  Davis 
issues  letter  of  marque  to,  4901. 

Lady  Prevost,  British  ship,  4028. 

Laet,  Jan  van,  early  Dutch  colonist,  566, 

569- 

Lafayette,  Marquis  de,  sketch,  2554,  2555; 
wounded  at  Brandywine,  2618;  Con¬ 
way  cabal  tries  to  secure  influence  of, 
2702;  offered  command  of  Canadian 
expedition,  2702 ;  portrait,  facing  2704; 
with  Washington,  2704;  occupies  Barren 
Hill,  2727;  Howe’s  effort  to  capture, 
2729 ;  at  Monmouth,  2733 ;  at  English- 
town,  2734;  at  battle  of  Monmouth, 
2735,  2736,  2739 ;  challenge  to  Lord  Car¬ 
lisle,  2746;  facsimile,  facing  2746;  in 
Rhode  Island  campaign,  2754;  refuses 
to  sign  protest  against  D’Estaing,  2757 ; 
D’Estaing  appealed  to  by,  2758 ;  in  plan 
to  seize  Liverpool,  2885;  urges  France 
to  assist  America,  2969;  on  board  which 
tried  Andre,  2986;  troops  snub,  3056; 
in  Virginia,  3068,  3069;  engagements 
with  Cornwallis,  3070-3072 ;  Malvern 
Hill  held  by,  3072 ;  Cornwallis  blocked 
by, .  3080 ;  portrait,  facing  4165 ;  visits 
United  States  as  guest  of  the  nation, 
4165,  4166. 

Lafayette,  Ind.,  near  site  of  French  fort, 
2005. 

Lafayette,  Fort,  New  York  harbor,  Stone 
sent  to,  note,  4780;  Dr.  Olds  sent  to, 
5188;  Kennedy  hanged  at,  5209. 

Lafitte,  Jean,  the  pirate,  assists  Jackson  to 
repel  British,  4078. 

Lafitte,  Pierre,  the  pirate,  escapes  from  the 
authorities,  4078. 

Lahontan,  Baron  de,  disparages  imported 
wives  for  Canada,  1987. 

Lahontan,  extinct  lake  in  Nevada,  145. 

Lairds’  shipbuilding  company  builds  ves¬ 
sels  for  Confederate  navy,  4940,  4941. 

Lake  of  the  Woods  on  boundary  between 
the  United  States  and  Canada,  4089, 
4112. 

Lalement,  Charles,  Jesuit  priest,  makes  defi¬ 
nite  impress  on  Canada,  1934;  describes 
savage  life  in  Canada,  i960,  1961 ;  tor¬ 
tured  to  death  by  Iroquois,  1971. 

La  Loutre,  French  missionary,  urged  his 
flock  to  fight,  1387. 

Lamar,  Lucius  O.  Q.,  in  Cleveland’s  cab¬ 
inet,  5590. 


Lambert,  Maj.-Gen.,  British  officer  in  war 
of  1812,  at  battle  of  New  Orleans,  4085, 
4086;  captured  Ft.  Bowyer,  4087. 

Lamberton,  George,  tries  to  buy  Delaware 
land  for  New  Haven  colony,  583. 

Lamont,  Daniel  S.,  in  Cleveland’s  second 
cabinet,  5648. 

La  Montague,  one  of  Stuyvesant’s  council 
in  New  Amsterdam,  1157. 

Lanape,  Dutch  name  for  Delawares,  2019. 

La  Navidad,  Hayti,  fort  built  by  Colum¬ 
bus,  314,  324. 

Lancaster,  Mass.,  exposed  to  Indian  attack, 
1287. 

Lancaster,  Pa.,  Indians  massacred  at,  1267; 
congress  adjourns  to,  2621 ;  Burgoyne’s 
army  at,  2666;  revolt  of  soldiers  at,  3218; 
proposed  for  national  capital,  3355. 

Land  bank  scheme  in  Massachusetts  op¬ 
posed  by  Gov.  Belcher,  1379,  1380. 

Land  grant  forfeiture  bill,  5642. 

Land  grants,  congress  on,  5598;  to  Pacific 
railroads,  5607. 

Landais,  Capt.  Pierre,  commanded  U.  S. 
frigate  Alliance,  2884,  2886,  2888,  2891, 
2892;  dismissed  from  French  and  Amer¬ 
ican  service,  2894. 

Lander,  Gen.  Frederick  W.,  succeeds  Rose- 
crans,  4797. 

Landholding,  effect  when  cheap  and  when 
dear,  1606;  in  Georgia,  1878;  reformed 
in  Georgia  in  18th  century,  1919;  by 
feudal  tenure  in  Canada  in  17th  cen¬ 
tury,  1988. 

“Landnama-Bok,”  book  on  Iceland  by  Ari 
Thorgilsson,  236. 

Lands, 'public,  abuse  of  land  grants,  713; 
distributed  by  Penn  in  Pennsylvania, 
1197;  the  question  of  western  lands  in 
1776-1779,  3152;  position  of  the  states 
on,  3IS31  states  cede  their  lands  to 
government,  3155;  proposed  land  grants 
to  soldiers  in  1782  and  1783,  3158-3160; 
Washington  on  land  grants,  quoted, 
3159;  Indian  claims  to,  3385,  3392;  land 
speculations  in  1795,  3385-3392,  3535- 
3567;  sale  of,  in  1800,  3674;  Clay’s  bill 
to  distribute  proceeds  from  sale,  4244, 
4245 ;  bill  passed  providing  for  distribu¬ 
tion  of  surplus  resulting  from  sale,  4297, 
4298;  congress  passes  bill  reclaiming, 
5642,  5643 ;  early  legislation  concerning, 
59b5,  5966;  homestead  bill,  5966;  secre¬ 
tary  of  interior  on  frauds  in,  5967,  5968; 
Kinkaid  act,  5968,  5969;  remedies  for 
present  evils,  5969,  5970;  irrigation 

projects,  5970,  5971. 


) 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


137 


Lane,  Henry  S.,  presides  over  Republican 
convention  of  1856,  4558. 

Lane,  James  H.,  resolutions  at  Free-soil 
convention,  4552 ;  elected  to  the  senate, 
4555 ;  indicted  for  treason,  4556. 

Lane,  Joseph,  unsuccessful  candidate  for 
Democratic  nomination  in  1852,  4503; 
nominated  for  vice-president  by  seced¬ 
ing  Democrats,  4594.  \ 

Lane,  Sir  Ralph,  governor  of  Raleigh’s 
colony,  607,  608;  meets  with  Indian  hos¬ 
tilities,  609,  610;  rescued  by  Drake,  610, 
note,  612;  in  Spanish  war  (1587),  613, 
619. 

Lane,  Fort,  N.  C.,  Federals  take,  in  1862, 
4876. 

Langdon,  John,  Vermont  assisted  by,  2600; 
patriotism  of,  2600;  congress  appoints 
on  naval  committee,  2861 ;  member  of 
the  Philadelphia  convention,  3268,  3328. 

Langlade,  Charles  de,  commanded  Indians 
in  Burgoyne’s  expedition,  2580. 

Language,  picture-writing,  illus.,  facing 
187;  advantage  of  flexible,  193;  Indian, 
I93_I97;  of  West  Indian  islands,  309. 

Lansdowne,  Lord,  his  tribute  to  John  Hay, 

5832. 

Lansing,  John,  delegate  to  the  Philadelphia 
convention,  3271. 

Laoag,  Philippine  Islands,  Lawton  and 
McArthur  at,  5743. 

La  Place,  Pierre  Simon  de,  uses  Arab  nota¬ 
tion,  47. 

Lapland,  Willoughby’s  expedition  to,  589. 

La  Rochelle,  France,  French  expedition 
against  America  sailed  from,  1403. 

La  Salle,  Jean,  priest  in  Canada,  brother  of 
Robert  La  Salle,  1990. 

La  Salle,  Robert  Cavelier,  Sieur  de,  born 
in  Rouen,  1990;  education,  1990;  re¬ 
ceives  grant  of  La  Chine  manor,  1990; 
course  of  explorations,  1991 ;  obstacles 
encountered  by,  1993,  1994;  mortgaged 
property  to  enlarge  Ft.  Frontenac,  1994; 
built  and  lost  the  Griffin,  1994;  built 
Ft.  Crevecoeur,  1994;  supply  vessel  for, 
wrecked  on  St.  Lawrence,  1995;  jour¬ 
neys  on  foot  to  Montreal,  1995 ;  meets 
disasters,  1995 ;  discovered  mouth  of 
Mississippi  river  and  claims  its  valleys 
for  France,  1996;  wishes  to  found  town 
at  mouth  of  river,  1996;  last  expedition, 
1996;  murdered,  1996;  his  enemies  killed 
in  turn,  1997;  Tonty  tried  to  rescue, 
1997;  survivors  of,  reach  Ft.  St.  Louis, 
1997;  his  death  concealed,  1998;  follows 
Mississippi  to  its  mouth,  2003,  2004; 


took  possession  of  country  between  Alle- 
ghanies  and  Rockies,  2004. 

Las  Vegas,  Cuba,  type  of  houses  in,  illus., 
facing  5792. 

Lathrop,  Capt.,  leads  retreat  from  North- 
field,  1292 ;  worsted  by  Indians,  1293. 

La  Tour,  Madame  de,  an  efficient  help¬ 
meet,  1944,  1946,  1947,  1951-1953 ;  cap¬ 
tured,  1953;  dies,  1954. 

Latour,  Maj.,  makes  reconnaissance  of 
British  position  at  New  Orleans,  4081. 

La  Tour,  Charles,  son  of  Claude  St.  Es- 
tienne,  character,  1937 ;  takes  control 
of  Acadia,  1938;  made  baronet  of  Nova 
Scotia,  1940,  1941 ;  his  questionable 

story,  1940 ;  secures  grants  in  Acadia, 
1841,  1842;  carries  on  hostilities  with 
D’Aunay,  1943,  1944;  defeated  and  cap¬ 
tured  by  D’Aunay,  1944;  disowned  by 
home  government,  1945 ;  defied  orders, 
1945;  winters  on  Noddle’s  Island,  1954; 
retires  to  Indian  life,  1954;  comes  into 
D’Aunay’s  honors  and  rights,  1956;  mar¬ 
ries  D’Aunay’ s  widow,  1957;  cheats  her 
children,  1957;  obtained  grant  from 
Cromwell,  1958;  descendants  in  Acadia, 
1958. 

La  Tour,  Claude  St.  Estienne  de,  comes  to 
Acadia,  1936;  family  of,  note,  1936-1938; 
his  claims  in  Nova  Scotia,  note,  1938- 
1940. 

La  Tour,  Fort,  name  given  to  Ft.  Lomeron 
and  afterwards  to  Ft.  St.  Jean,  1942. 

Latrobe,  Benjamin,  at  Burr  trial,  3838. 

Laud,  William,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
urges  conformity  to  church  of  England 
in  Virginia,  717,  718;  member  of  colo¬ 
nial  commission,  853,  863 ;  portrait,  fac¬ 
ing  854 ;  hostile  to  Puritans,  854 ;  thwart¬ 
ed  in  plans,  857;  death,  858;  made  arch¬ 
bishop,  863,  895 ;  his  dealings  with  Hook¬ 
er,  966. 

Laudonniere,  Rene  de,  sent  to  Florida  by 
Coligny,  482 ;  built  Ft.  Caroline,  483 ; 
suppressed  piracy,  483,  484;  aided  by 
Sir  John  Hawkins,  485,  590;  superseded 
by  Ribault,  486;  escaped  from  Menen- 
dez,  492. 

Laughing  King,  Virginia  chief,  692,  694. 

Laurel  Hill,  W.  Va,.  McClellan  routs  Gar¬ 
nett  at,  4742,  4743. 

Laurens,  Henry,  advises  raising  of  negro 
regiments,  2823;  sent  to  Holland,  2850; 
captured  by  English,  2850,  3065 ;  facsim¬ 
ile  of  order  committing  him  to  London 
tower,  facing  3064;  released  and  sent  to 
Holland,  3090. 

Laurens,  Col.  John,  Lee’s  duel  with,  note, 


138 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


2743 ;  confers  with  D’Estaing,  2752 ; 
congress  sends,  to  enlist  negro  regi¬ 
ments  in  Charleston  campaign,  2823 ; 
the  Alliance  conveys  to  France,  2897; 
sent  to  Washington  for  reinforcements, 
2907;  troops  snub,  3056;  mortally 
wounded,  3083. 

Laussanne,  council  of,  31. 

Lauson,  president  of  “Hundred  Associ¬ 
ates,”  deeds  site  of  Montreal  to  Jesuits 
in  1642,  1968;  governor  of  Canada,  1974. 

Laussat,  French  envoy,  transfers  Louisiana, 
3751 ;  opinion  of  Wilkinson,  3763;  on 
Louisiana  boundary,  3765. 

Lauzun-Biron,  Due  de,  French  officer  un¬ 
der  Rochambeau,  2970;  at  Yorktown, 
3082;  carries  news  of  Cornwallis’  sur¬ 
render  to  France,  3084. 

Laval-Montmorencv,  Francis  Xavier,  arch¬ 
bishop  of  Canada,  1983 ;  first  bishop  of 
Quebec,  upheld  power  of  church  against 
state,  1983-1985. 

Law,  John,  promoted  “Mississippi  Bub¬ 
ble,”  1999. 

Law,  Jonathan,  governor  of  Connecticut, 
1002. 

Lawne’s  plantation,  Va.,  entitled  to  rep¬ 
resentation  in  house  of  burgesses,  680. 

Lawrence,  Col.,  surrenders  Ft.  Bowyer, 
4087. 

Lawrence,  member  of  congress,  favored 
national  bank,  3400. 

Lawrence,  Abbott,  declares  people  are  op¬ 
pressed  by  rulers,  4304. 

Lawrence,  Amos,  organizer  of  emigrant 
aid  company,  4550. 

Lawrence,  Charles,  governor  of  Nova 
Scotia,  supervises  expulsion  of  Aca- 
dians,  2116;  cruel  in  execution  of  or¬ 
der,  2117,  2123,  2129;  addressed  Earl 
of  Halifax  on  Acadia,  2122;  orders  Aca- 
dians  to  assemble  in  churches,  2125. 

Lawrence,  James,  promoted  to  command 
the  Chesapeake ,  4021 ;  his  death,  4022, 
4023 ;  portrait,  facing  4022. 

Lawrence,  Maj.  William,  in  command  of 
Ft.  Bowyer,  4079. 

Lawrence,  Kan.,  founded,  4550;  laws  of 
Kansas  burned  at,  4590. 

Lazvrence,  U.  S.  brig,  Perry’s  flagship,  4028- 
4030. 

Lawrence  county,  S.  C.,  struggle  over  rep¬ 
resentatives  from,  5449,  5450. 

Lawrenceville,  Pa.,  opposite  Washington 
Island,  2038. 

Lawson,  John,  surveyor-general  for  the 
Carolinas,  surveys  lands  along  the 
Neuse  river,  1811;  tortured  to  death  by 


Tuscaroras,  1812;  describes  condition 
of  Carolinas  in  early  18th  century,  1817, 
1818. 

Lawton,  Gen.  Henry  W.,  in  skirmish  at 
Guasima,  5728;  assists  in  drawing  terms 
of  capitulation  of  Santiago,  5731 ;  mili¬ 
tary  operations  in  the  Philippines,  5741- 
57431  portrait,  facing  5742;  death,  5743. 

Lawton,  Gen.  R.  R.,  losses  at  Antietam, 
5046;  wounded  at  Antietam,  5047. 

Laydon,  John,  first  English  bridegroom  in 
America,  649,  650. 

Laydon,  Virginia,  daughter  of  first  English 
pair  married  in  America,  650. 

Lea,  Lieut.,  wounded  in  attack  on  the 
Harriet  Lane,  4866. 

Leander,  British  warship,  makes  impress¬ 
ments,  3796;  British  warship,  Jefferson 
closes  ports  to,  3814;  shot  from,  kills 
John  Pierce  in  New  York  harbor,  3814, 
3815;  Miranda’s  expedition  sails  in  the, 
3818. 

Lear,  Tobias,  consul  at  Algiers,  3773. 

Learned,  revolutionary  officer,  at  Sara¬ 
toga,  2649-2660. 

Leather,  manufacture  of,  encouraged  by 
Lord  Baltimore,  1690. 

Leavenworth,  Kan.,  founded,  4550. 

Lebanon,  Ky.,  Morgan  attacked  at,  5111; 
Morgan  destroys  stores  at,  5112;  For¬ 
rest  at,  5114,  5115. 

Lebanon,  Mo.,  Curtis  at,  4732. 

Le  Bceuf,  Fort,  on  the  Alleghany  river, 
in  chain  of  French  defenses,  2006;  goal 
of  expedition  by  Washington  and  Gist, 
2027;  Washington  at,  2034,  2035,  2053; 
surrenders  to  Rogers’  rangers  in  1760, 
2279;  taken  by  Pontiac,  2308,  2314. 

Le  Borgne,  agent  of  D’Aunay,  takes  pos¬ 
session  of  Port  Royal,  1956;  secures 
part  of  Acadia,  1957. 

Leckv,  William  E.  H.,  cited  as  to  Green¬ 
ville,  2358. 

Leclerc,  Victor  Emmanuel,  sails  for  San 
Domingo,  3734;  perfidy  of,  3735;  death, 
3735- 

Lecompton,  Kan.,  founded,  4550;  proslavery 
convention  at,  4570,  4571. 

Lecompton  constitution,  4571 ;  denounced 
by  Douglas,  4576;  Buchanan  on,  4581. 

Ledyard,  Col.,  revolutionary  officer,  de¬ 
fends  Ft.  Griswold,  3081. 

Lee,  Arthur,  London  agent  of  Virginia, 
2553;  U.  S.  commissioner  to  France, 
2555,  2713. 

Lee,  Charles,  son  of  Gen.  John  Lee,  2056; 
serves  under  Braddock,  2056;  sketch  of, 
2450,  2451 ;  candidate  for  commander-in- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


139 


chief  of  the  continental  army,  2450;  ap¬ 
pointed  major-general,  2452;  treachery 
of,  2469,  note,  2534;  sent  to  Newport, 
2485 ;  ironclad  oath  of,  2485 ;  hurries 
to  Charleston,  2505 ;  at  Ft.  Sullivan, 
2506,  2507;  Manhattan  Island  fortified 
by,  2511;  intrigues  against  Washington, 
2532,  2533 ;  caricature  portrait,  facing 
2532;  captured  by  British,  2533,  2534; 
exchanged,  note  2534,  2731 ;  plans  for 
Howe  to  capture  Philadelphia,  2608, 
2609;  failure  of  his  Philadelphia  scheme, 
2727 ;  opposes  following  Clinton’s  re¬ 
treat,  2731,  2732;  disobedience  and 

treachery  at  battle  of  Monmouth,  2733- 
2738,  2740,  note,  2740-2742;  court-mar¬ 
tialed  and  suspended,  2742,  2743 ;  subse¬ 
quent  conduct  and  career,  note,  2743 ; 
secret  expedition  against  St.  Augustine, 
2812;  at  Petersburg  has  interview  with 
Gates,  2941. 

Lee,  Charles,  of  Virginia,  enters  Washing¬ 
ton’s  cabinet,  3561 ;  defends  Judge 
Chase,  note,  3788 ;  assists  in  Burr 
trial,  3839. 

Lee,  Gen.  Fitzhugh,  at  Five  Forks,  5287- 

Lee,  Francis  Lightfoot,  portrait,  facing  2500. 

Lee,  Gen.  G.  W.  Custis,  captured  by  Sher¬ 
idan  at  Sailor’s  creek,  5290. 

Lee,  Gen.  Henry  (“Light  Horse  Harry”), 
cavalry  under,  2707 ;  portrait,  facing 
2836;  daring  enterprise  against  Paulus 
Hook,  2838 ;  sent  to  assist  Greene,  3013 ; 
at  Georgetown  and  at  Nelson’s  Ferry, 
3027;  harassed  Cornwallis,  3030,  3031, 
3038;  at  battle  of  Guilford,  3034;  reinfor¬ 
ces  Marion  and  invests  Ft.  Watson,  3040- 
3042;  captures  Ft.  Granby,  3047-3049; 
movements  of,  at  Eutaw  Springs,  3074, 
3078 ;  commands  troops  in  whiskey 
riots,  3517;  major-general  of  the  pro¬ 
visional  army  in  1798,  3637;  in  Baltimore 
riots  of  1812,  3977,  3978. 

Lee,  Jesse,  establishes  Methodism  in  New 
England,  3114,  3^5- 

Lee,  John,  cousin  of  R.  E.  Lee,  note,  4701. 

Lee,  Gen.  John,  father  of  Charles  Lee,  2056, 

Lee,  Col.  Richard  Henry,  negotiates  return 
of  Berkeley  to  Virginia,  724;  member 
of  continental  congress,  2448;  his 
motion  for  independence,  2496 ;  Wash¬ 
ington  antagonized  by,  2694;  on  ordi¬ 
nance  of  1787,  3195 ;  anti-Federal  in  pol¬ 
itics,  3259;  his  objections  to  the  consti¬ 
tution  in  his  “Letters  of  a  Federal  Farm¬ 
er,”  3314;  elected  senator,  3327,  33331 
on  senate  judiciary  committee,  3338. 

Lee,  Robert  E.,  son  of  Henry  Lee,  2707; 
declines  leadership  of  the  Lopez  expe¬ 


dition  to  Cuba,  4494;  in  command  of 
Federal  troops  at  Harper’s  Ferry  against 
John  Brown,  4584;  Scott  recommends 
for  national  commander,  4700;  character, 
4700;  interview  with  Francis  P.  Blair, 

4700,  note,  4701 ;  offered  command  of 
northern  army,  4700 ;  resigns  his  com¬ 
mission  in  U.  S.  army,  4701 ;  takes  com¬ 
mand  of  Virginia  troops,  4701 ;  on  his 
refusal  to  command  federal  forces,  note, 

4701,  4702;  compared  with  Washington, 

note,  4702 ;  attempts  to  control  Cheat 
River  valley  and  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Ry., 
4742;  commissioned  general-in-chief  of 
the  Confederate  army,  4972;  fortifies 
Richmond,  4972;  plans  to  attack  Mc¬ 
Clellan,  4972 ;  opinion  of  McClellan,  4972, 
4973 ;  portraits,  facing  4972 ;  forces  un¬ 
der,  at  Richmond,  4973 ;  in  command  at 
Malvern  Hill,  4989;  pursues  McClellan 
to  Harrison’s  Landing,  4993,  4994;  re¬ 
turns  to  Richmond,  4994;  losses  of,  in 
the  seven  days’  battle,  4994;  letter  to 
Halleck,  5012 ;  plans  against  Pope, 
5015,  5016;  follows  Jackson,  5017; 

strength  of  forces  at  White  Plains, 
5017;  sends  reenforcements  to  Jackson, 
5022^  moves  to  Fairfax,  5024;  enters 
Maryland,  5027 ;  issues  proclamation  to 
people  of  Maryland,  5027;  strength  of 
army,  5032 ;  his  plan  of  campaign,  5032 ; 
opinion  of  McClellan,  5033 ;  plans 
changed,  5035 ;  lost  orders,  5035 ;  move¬ 
ment  of  army,  5035 ;  informed  of  Mc¬ 
Clellan’s  plans,  5037 1  changes  plans, 
5037;  battle  of  Antietam,  5042-5050;  re¬ 
treats  across  the  Potomac,  5050;  es¬ 
cape  discovered,  5051 ;  army  encamped 
near  Martinsburg  and  Bunker  Hill, 
5052 ;  reorganizes  army,  5052 ;  battle 
of  Fredericksburg,  5071-5075 ;  battle  of 
Chancellorsville,  5078-5083;  reasons  for 
invading  Pennsylvania,  5083  ;  reorganizes 
army,  5084;  advances  northward,  5085; 
reaches  Chambersburg,  5085 ;  marches 
towards  Gettysburg,  5086;  battle  of 
Gettysburg,  5087-5092 ;  retreats  from 
Gettysburg,  5093 ;  ordered  to  invade 
Maryland,  5117;  suggests  organization 
of  negro  regiments,  5224;  reports  bad 
condition  of  army,  5227;  proposes 
military  conventions  with  Grant,  5228 ; 
reply  of  Stanton  to,  5228,  5229;  move¬ 
ments  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac 
against,  5231 ;  battle  of  the  wilderness, 
5032;  battle  of  Spottsylvania,  5235-5239; 
starts  for  Richmond,  5240;  battle  of 
Cold  Harbor,  5240,  5241 ;  losses  of. 


140 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


compared  with  Grant’s,  5242;  forces 
of,  compared  with  Grant’s,  5242 ;  with¬ 
draws  a  large  force  from  Petersburg, 
5245 ;  makes  demonstration  on  Wash¬ 
ington,  5248;  plans  of,  5285;  Grant’s 
plans  against,  5286;  battle  of  Five 
Forks,  5287,  5288;  evacuates  Petersburg, 
5288;  retreats  towards  the  Appomattox, 
5288;  telegraphs  Davis,  5289;  retreat  cut 
off,  5289 ;  Grant’s  note  to,  5290,  5291 ; 
correspondence  with  Grant,  5291  i  asks 
for  interview  with  Grant,  5291 ;  interview 
with  Grant  at  Appomattox,  5292 ;  sur¬ 
renders  to  Grant,  5293 ;  Babcock’s  ac¬ 
count  of  interview  with  Grant,  5293,  5294; 
second  interview  with  Grant,  5294;  por¬ 
traits  of  himself  and  his  generals,  fac¬ 
ing  5294;  farewell  address  to  his  army, 
5295 ;  Sherman’s  movements  against 
Lee,  5314;  death,  5538. 

Lee,  Rear-Adm.  S.  Phillips,  relieves  Golds- 
borough,  4854;  demands  surrender  of 
Vicksburg,  4895. 

Lee,  Lieut. -Gen.  Stephen  D.,  on  secession, 
note,  4623. 

Lee,  Thomas,  president  of  council  of  Vir¬ 
ginia,  1667;  interested  in  Ohio  company, 
2010. 

Lee,  Fort,  N.  J.,  Green  commander  at, 
2519 ;  valueless  and  evacuated,  2526,  2527. 

Lee,  U.  S.  schooner,  Massachusetts  Bay 
patrolled  by,  2862;  captures  two  British 
transports,  2866. 

Leech  Lake,  Minn.,  reported  by  Pike  to  be 
the  principal  source  of  the  Mississippi 
river,  3759. 

Leesburg,  Va.,  crosses  Potomac  near,  5027. 

Leete,  governor  of  New  Flaven  colony, 
does  not  oppose  union  with  Connecticut, 
1422. 

LeFebvre  commands  French  fleet  against 
Charleston  in  war  of  Spanish  succes¬ 
sion,  1802-1804. 

Lefferts,  Col.  Marshall,  commands  the  sev¬ 
enth  New  York  regiment,  4690. 

Legal  tender  act  of  1861,  4945,  4946;  Sum¬ 
ner  on  the,  4945 ;  Fessenden  on  the, 
4945. 

Legare,  Hugh  S.,  attorney-general  under 
Tyler,  4348;  death,  4358. 

Leib,  Senator  Michael,  opposes  Madison, 
3896 ;  opposes  U.  S.  bank,  3947 ;  opposes 
Dallas,  4045;  loses  senatorial  seat,  4046. 

Leicter,  Col.,  attacked  by  Forrest,  5113, 

5IT4- 

Leigh,  Benjamin  Watkins,  commissioner 


from  Virginia  to  South  Carolina,  4259, 
4260. 

Leisler,  Jacob,  helped  by  Connecticut,  1442; 
expedition  against  French,  1476;  sketch 
of,  1533  ;  seized  government  of  New  York, 
1533;  career  there,  1534-1537;  outwitted 
by  Albany,  1539;  his  son-in-law  caused 
failure  of  Winthrop’s  Canada  expedi¬ 
tion,  1544;  refused  to  acknowledge  In- 
goldsby,  1546;  convicted  and  executed 
for  treason,  1547,  1548;  relieved  from 
attainder,  1549. 

Le  Jeune,  Father,  Jesuit  priest,  established 
mission  in  Quebec,  i960;  studies  Indian 
dialect  in  Canada,  1961. 

Leland  Stanford  university,  earthquake  dis¬ 
aster,  5880,  5881. 

Le  Loup,  Winnebago  chief,  murdered  Jen¬ 
nie  McCrea,  2582. 

L’Embuscade ,  French  frigate,  brings  Genet 
to  America,  3465-3467;  prizes  of,  3469; 
fights  with  English  ship  Boston,  3472. 

Le  Moyne,  Father,  tries  to  establish  mis¬ 
sion  among  the  Onondagas,  1974;  thrill¬ 
ing  experience  of,  1974-1977. 

L’Enfant,  Maj.,  plans  federal  capitol,  3684. 

Lenni  Lenape,  Dutch  name  for  Delaware 
Indians,  1211,  2019. 

Lennox,  Duke  of,  one  of  Plymouth  coun¬ 
cil  patentees,  744;  signs  patent  of  Plym¬ 
outh  colony,  749,  855,  856. 

Le  Noult,  Fort,  2787. 

Lenud’s  Ferry,  Tarleton  routs  Americans 
at,  2913. 

Leo  V.,  Byzantine  emperor,  uses  hand¬ 
guns,  76. 

Leonard,  J.  F.  R.,  nominated  for  president, 

5767. 

Leopard,  British  frigate,  attacks  the  Chesa¬ 
peake,  3855 ;  searches  the  Chesapeake, 

3856.  . 

Lepe,  Diego  de,  explores  South  America, 

375- 

Lescarbot,  Marc,  his  map  of  New  France, 
facing  526. 

Leslie,  Col.,  leads  first  raid  on  American 
stores  at  Salem,  2419. 

Leslie,  Maj  .-Gen.  Alexander,  Clinton  sends 
to  Virginia,  2971 ;  plan  and  strategic 
importance  of  his  campaign,  2971; 
marches  to  join  Cornwallis,  3018;  Ar¬ 
nold  replaces,  3030;  at  battle  of  Guilford, 
3033- 

L’Estrade,  Baron  de,  at  siege  of  Yorktown, 
3082. 

Letcher,  John,  governor  of  Virginia,  re¬ 
fuses  to  comply  with  Lincoln’s  proclama- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


141 


tion,  4684;  message  of  Davis  to,  4689; 
sends  troops  to  West  Virginia,  4694. 

“Letters  of  a  Federal  Farmer,”  by  R.  H. 
Lee,  3314. 

Leupp,  F.  E.,  on  Indian  policy,  5908-5910. 

Levant,  British  ship,  4089. 

Leverett,  Gov.  Sir  John,  portrait,  facing 
1286;  governor  of  Massachusetts  Bay, 
1287. 

Levering,  Josiah  E.,  candidate  for  president, 

5685. 

Levett,  Christopher,  governor  of  New 
^  Plymouth,  793,  794. 

Levis,  Frangois  G.  due  de,  reinforces  Mont¬ 
calm  at  Ticonderoga,  2192,  2195;  sent 
to  Montreal  by  Montcalm,  2253 ;  suc¬ 
ceeds  Montcalm,  2272;  threatens  to  re¬ 
take  Quebec,  2272,  2273 ;  defeats  English 
at,  2274 ;  obliged  to  flee,  2275. 

Lewis  creek,  Del.,  Dutch  plantation  on,  566. 

Lewis,  Gen.  Andrew,  career  in  French  and 
Indian  and  revolutionary  wars,  2171, 
2172;  routs  Dunmore,  2489,  2771;  life 
sketch,  2771 ;  becomes  brigadier-general 
of  Virginia  forces,  2771 ;  Cornstalk’s 
campaign  against,  2772,  2773 ;  marched 
to  Camp  Charlotte,  2775. 

Lewis,  Charles,  killed  at  battle  of  Point 
Pleasant,  2773. 

Lewis,  Francis,  portrait,  facing  2500. 

Lewis,  Sir  George,  speech  in  parliament 
regarding  recognition  of  the  Confeder¬ 
acy,  4938. 

Lewis,  Meriwether,  portrait,  facing  3756; 
his  western  expedition,  3757-3759. 

Lewis,  Morgan,  elected  governor  of  New 
York,  3785 ;  given  command  of  Sackett’s 
Harbor,  4052 ;  unable  to  command  his 
troops,  4054;  in  command  at  New  York, 
4060. 

Lewis,  Col.  William,  in  American  defeat  at 
Frenchtown,  4017,  4018. 

Lewis,  William  B.,  member  of  Jackson’s 
“Kitchen  Cabinet,”  4219. 

Lewis  and  Clark  expedition,  2791,  3756- 
3759- . 

Lewis  river,  source  discovered,  3758. 

Lewiston,  N.  Y.,  Van  Rensselaer  plans  to 
invade  Canada  from,  3997. 

Lexington,  Ky.,  Col.  Robert  Patterson 
founder  of,  2776,  3154;  named  after  bat¬ 
tle  of  Lexington,  2777;  Indians  threaten, 
2792;  militia  from,  relieves  Bryan’s 
Station,  2800;  Burr  at,  3821,  3823;  Blen- 
nerhassett  at,  3829;  Clay’s  speech  at, 
4416;  remains  of  Clay  carried  to,  for 
burial,  4508;  captured  by  Confederates, 
under  Price,  4711,  4723,  4726;  Morgan’s 


attempt  to  capture,  5112;  Kirby  Smith 
occupies,  5122;  Forrest  at,  5143. 

Lexington,  Mass.,  battle  of,  2423-2425 ; 
British  retreat  at,  2429;  outrages  per¬ 
petrated  at,  2429;  loss  at  battle  of,  2430; 
effect  on  New  England,  2431;  its  effect 
on  colonies,  2436. 

Lexington,  U.  S.  ship,  adventurous  trip 
from  West  Indies,  2866;  captured  by  the 
Alert,  2871 ;  in  attack  on  Ft.  Henry, 
4814;  converted  into  a  gunboat,  4846; 
at  Pittsburg  Landing,  5164. 

Leyden,  Holland,  Puritan  colony  in,  756, 
757>  760,  762,  764;  sends  part  of  second 
expedition,  802 ;  in  connection  with 
Plymouth,  Mass.,  804,  805,  818,  819. 

Liberal  Republican  party  denounces  mili¬ 
tary  rule  of  Grant,  5517;  national  con¬ 
vention  of,  5517;  leaders,  5517,  55i8 ; 
platform,  5518;  on  tariff,  5518;  Greeley 
and  Brown  nominated  by,  5519. 

Liberia,  map  of,  facing  4286;  origin  and 
development  of,  4286,  4287;  facsimile  of 
currency  of,  facing  4288;  congress  rec¬ 
ognizes  republic  of,  4947. 

Liberty,  Mo.,  arsenal  seized  by  disunionists, 
4704. 

Liberty,  ship,  owned  by  John  Hancock, 
seized  in  1768,  2389;  riot  about,  2389, 
2390. 

Liberty  congress  of  the  American  league 
of  anti-imperialists,  Indianapolis  meet- 
.  in g,  577L  5772. 

Liberty  party  in  campaign  of  1844,  4364; 
holds  convention  in  New  York,  4425. 

Libraries  in  colonial  period,  2347. 

Licking  river,  Ky.,  Girty’s  ambush  at  the 
ford,  2801-2803;  Kentuckians  in  panic 
at,  2803 ;  Clark’s  vengeance  for  slaughter 
of  Kentuckians  at,  2803,  2804. 

Licksville,  Md.,  Gen.  Couch  at,  5034. 

Liege,  France,  Walloons  from,  555. 

Life  insurance,  see  Insurance. 

Life-saving  service,  congress  reorganizes, 
.  556o. 

Lighthouse  Point,  at  Louisbourg,  captured 
by  Wolfe  and  Highlanders,  2183. 

Ligonier,  Pa.,  English  fort  at,  2007;  modern 
name’ of  Loyal  Hanna,  2169;  repels  at¬ 
tack  in  Pontiac’s  war,  2315,  2318;  re¬ 
lieved  by  Basquet,  2321. 

Li  Hung  Chang  in  Boxer  uprising,  57/7, 
5778;  portrait,  facing  5778;  asks  for 
peace,  5779;  appointed  envoy  to  the 
United  States,  5780. 

Liliuokalani,  queen  of  Hawaii,  succeeds 
Kalakaua,  5630;  character  and  attitude 
toward  the  United  States,  5630,  5631 ; 


142 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


abdicates,  5633 ;  congress  provides  with 
an  annual  allowance,  5635 ;  delays  rati¬ 
fication  of  treaty,  5635 ;  Harrison’s  mes¬ 
sage  on  her  government,  5635;  effort 
made  to  restore  her  to  power,  5655, 
5656;  refuses  Cleveland’s  proposals,  5656. 

Limerick,  Earl  of,  see  Dongan,  Thomas. 

Limestone,  Ky.  (Maysville),  Simon  Girty’s 
feint  against,  2795. 

Lincoln,  Countess  of,  connected  with  Gor¬ 
ges  and  Wincob,  760;  and  John  Hum¬ 
phrey,  864. 

Lincoln,  Earl  of,  on  committee  for  plan¬ 
tations,  1417. 

Lincoln,  Abraham,  member  of  congress, 
4418;  introduces  his  “spot”  resolutions, 
4419;  attitude  towards  Mexican  war, 
4420,  4421 ;  frames  bill  providing  for 
gradual  emancipation  of  slaves  in  the 
District  of  Columbia,  4434;  accepts  nom¬ 
ination  for  senator,  4576;  reply  to  Doug¬ 
las’  defense  of  slavery,  4577-4579;  ques¬ 
tions  and  answers  to  Douglas  at  Free¬ 
port,  4579,  4580;  defeated  for  senator, 
but  gains  national  reputation,  4580; 
Cooper  Union  speech,  4588,  4589;  origin 
of  his  nickname,  the  “rail-splitter,” 
4595*  4596;  nominated  for  president  by 
Republican  party,  4596-4600;  his  part 
in  campaign,  4601 ;  elected,  4602,  4603 ; 
portraits  of  himself  and  his  cabinet, 
frontispiece;  effect  of  his  election  in 
South  Carolina,  4609,  4610;  Gov.  Pick¬ 
ens  on  the  election  of,  4616;  A.  H. 
Stephens  on,  4622;  his  letter  to  Steph¬ 
ens,  4624;  on  slavery,  4624,  4646;  select¬ 
ing  cabinet,  4624;  opposed  to  Crittenden 
compromise,  4646;  favors  constitutional 
amendment  on  slavery,  4657;  his  jour¬ 
ney  to  Washington  in  1861,  4665 ;  speech¬ 
es  on  the  trip,  4665,  4666;  at  Phil¬ 
adelphia,  on  the  attitude  of  the  govern¬ 
ment,  4665 ;  at  Indianapolis,  on  the 
people’s  share  in  the  government,  4665, 
4666;  portrait,  facing  4666;  plot  to  as¬ 
sassinate  in  1861,  4666;  his  career, 

4666,  4667 ;  his  inauguration,  4667 ; 

Douglas  loyal  to,  4667 ;  speech  on  the 
union  of  states,  4668;  cabinet,  4669; 
faction  fight  over  his  cabinet  appoint¬ 
ments,  4669,  4670;  condition  of  the 
Union  confronting  him,  4670,  4671 ; 

Seward’s  optimism  compared  to  Lin¬ 
coln’s  clear-sighted  outlook,  4671,  4672; 
declines  to  receive  Confederate  commis¬ 
sioners,  4673 ;  decides  to  strengthen 
Sumter,  4674 ;  notifies  Gov.  Pickens,  4675  ; 
receives  news  of  surrender  of  Ft. 
Sumter,  4679;  war  proclamations  of, 


4679,  4680;  convenes  extra  session  of 
congress,  4680;  effect  in  the  North  of 
his  war  proclamation,  4680-4682 ;  north¬ 
ern  champions  of  the  South  turn  and 
support  the  federal  government,  4681, 
4682;  Baltimore  Y.  M.  C.  A.  appeal  to, 
4688;  his  reply,  4688;  public  wrath 
against,  on  account  of  Gosport  affair, 
4699 ;  senate  censures,  4699 ;  Scott  rec¬ 
ommends  Col.  R.  E.  Lee  to,  4700; 
wanted  R.  E.  Lee  to  command  Union 
army,  note,  4701,  4702;  his  relations 
with  Fremont,  4717,  4718,  note,  4725, 
4726;  radical  Unionists  angry  at,  4718; 
Holt’s  letter  to,  on  Fremont’s  proclama¬ 
tion,  4718;  disallows  Fremont’s  eman¬ 
cipation  decree,  4718;  to  Browning  on 
importance  of  Kentucky,  4719;  on  Fre¬ 
mont  scandal,  4727,  4728 ;  adverse  to 
invading  Virginia,  4740;  after  Bull 
Run,  4766;  message  to  congress  asking 
for  war  supplies,  4766,  4767;  criticism 
of  his  war  measures,  4770,  4771 ;  public 
sustains,  4770,  4771 ;  McClellan’s  treat¬ 
ment  of,  4776,  4782 ;  in  McClellan  and 
Scott  controversy,  4777,  4778;  his  atti¬ 
tude  toward  McClellan,  4782 ;  forms 
army  corps,  4784;  wants  to  borrow 
McClellan’s  army,  4784;  asks  advice  of 
McDowell,  4784;  yields  to  McClellan, 
4786 ;  relieves  McClellan,  4788 ;  letter  of, 
answering  protest  of  McClellan,  4789; 
forbids  McClellan  to  utilize  Wool’s 
forces,  4791 ;  his  relations  with  Gov. 
Magoffin,  of  Kentucky,  4800-4802;  ap¬ 
points  Andrew  Johnson  military  gov¬ 
ernor  of  Tennessee,  4826;  appoints 
Grant  major-general,  4826;  his  blockade 
proclamation,  4848;  approves  Porter’s 
plans  to  capture  New  Orleans,  4883; 
on  the  Trent  affair,  4929;  instructions 
to  Adams  on  the  relations  of  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States,  4939; 
congress  gives  control  of  telegraphs  and 
railways,  4947;  urges  emancipation  of 
slaves  upon  states,  4949,  4950;  his  plan 
of  gradual  emancipation,  4950,  note, 
4950;  argument  on  compensated  eman¬ 
cipation,  4950,  4951 ;  opposition  to  his 
plan,  4952;  asks  congress  to  appropri¬ 
ate  money  for  emancipation  of  slaves, 
4952;  charged  with  favoring  slavery, 
4953;  on  Hunter’s  and  Fremont’s  proc¬ 
lamations,  4953 ;  reads  proclamation  of 
emancipation  to  cabinet,  4953,  4954,  5059; 
orders  draft  for  men,  4954;  Greeley’s 
letter  of  criticism  to,  4954,  4955 ;  his 
reply  to  Greeley,  4955,  4956;  determined 
to  issue  the  emancipation  proclamation, 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


143 


4956;  his  answer  to  Chicago  clergymen, 
4956;  common  people  rally  and  support, 
4957;  vow  of,  4957;  reply  to  McClellan’s 
plea  for  reinforcements,  4994,  4995 ;  Mc¬ 
Clellan’s  remarkable  letters  to,  4996-4998 ; 
goes  to  Harrison’s  Landing,  4996;  con¬ 
sults  with  governors  as  to  advisability 
of  issuing  call  for  more  volunteers, 
5005;  issues  call  for  300,000  men,  5006; 
fears  Confederate  advance  upon  North, 
5028;  reinstates  McClellan,  5029;  reasons 
for  reinstatement,  5030 ;  orders  McClel¬ 
lan  to  cross  Potomac,  5054;  appoints 
Burnside  successor  to  McClellan,  5056; 
arguments  for  and  against  emancipation 
proclamation,  5057 ;  answer  to  Chicago 
clergymen,  5058;  proclamation  made 
public,  5058,  5059;  reply  to  serenade, 
5059;  loses  confidence  of  people,  5061; 
defends  his  position,  5061-5063 ;  popular 
sympathy  in  England,  5064;  approves 
issue  of  legal  tender  notes  for  pay  of 
soldiers,  5067;  communication  to  French 
government,  5068;  opinion  of  Burnside’s 
plans  against  Richmond,  5069;  tele¬ 
graphs  Burnside  not  to  make  general 
movement,  5075 ;  interview  with  Burn¬ 
side,  5075 ;  blamed  for  reverses  in  the 
field,  5076;  receives  resolution  from 
Republican  senators,  asking  Seward’s 
dismissal,  5076 ;  refuses  to  accept  resig¬ 
nations  of  Seward  and  Chase,  50 77;  let¬ 
ter  to  Hooker,  5077,  5078 ;  receives  in¬ 
formation  concerning  Lee’s  plans,  5084; 
appoints  Meade  to  succeed  Hooker, 
5086;  criticism  of  Meade’s  congratula¬ 
tory  order,  5093 ;  expresses  disappoint¬ 
ment  at  safe  retreat  of  Lee,  5093 ; 
speech  at  dedication  of  Gettysburg  cem¬ 
etery,  5093,  5094;  appealed  to  for  sus¬ 
pension  of  draft,  5183;  sentences  Vallan- 
digham  to  banishment,  5187;  directs  that 
Burnside’s  order  be  rescinded,  5188; 
Count  Gurowski’s  statement  concerning, 
5189;  orders  release  of  political  prison¬ 
ers,  5189;  sanctions  national  currency 
and  national  banking  system,  5192 ;  unan¬ 
imously  nominated  for  president  at 
Baltimore  convention,  5195;  feeling  of 
Chase  toward,  5195;  attitude  toward 
Chase,  5196;  appoints  a  day  for  humilia¬ 
tion  and  prayer,  5196;  dissatisfaction 
with,  5196,  5198;  Greeley’s  statement 
against,  5197;  retirement  of,  suggested, 
5197;  defeat  of,  predicted,  5197;  Greeley 
forwards  letter  from  Confederate  agents, 
5198;  reply  to  Greeley,  5199;  sends  Hay 
with  message  to  Greeley,  5199;  rejects 


proposition  of  Confederate  agents,  5200; 
disaffection  in  Indiana  and  Illinois,  5201 ; 
reelected  president,  5212,  5213;  approves 
F.  P.  Blair’s  conference  with  Davis, 
5225 ;  at  Hampton  Roads  conference, 
5226;  refuses  Confederate  peace  propo¬ 
sition,  5226;  terms  of  peace  offered  by, 
5227;  peace  proposal  of  Lee  referred  to, 
5228;  reply  to  Lee,  5228;  receives  news 
of  surrender  of  Atlanta,  5264;  letter  of 
thanks  to  Sherman  for  Savannah,  5278; 
second  inauguration  of,  5297;  visits 
Grant  at  City  Point,  5298 ;  in  Richmond, 
5298;  last  public  speech,  5298;  his  fear¬ 
lessness,  5299;  his  last  day,  5299;  attends 
Ford’s  theatre,  5300 ;  shot  by  Booth,  5300; 
death,  5301;  funeral  honors,  5302;  uni¬ 
versal  grief  for,  5302 ;  buried  at  Oak 
Ridge  cemetery,  Springfield,  Ill.,  5302; 
visit  to  Richmond,  5307 ;  Sherman  con¬ 
sults  with,  5314,  5315;  effect  of  assassina¬ 
tion  upon  country,  5319;  statement  of, 
concerning  Stanton’s  ability,  5323 ;  last 
cabinet  meeting  of,  5329;  views  on  re¬ 
construction,  5329 ;  expression  of  good 
will  toward  Confederate  leaders,  5330; 
idea  regarding  state  government,  5330; 
message  to  congress,  December,  1863, 
5330;  proclamation  concerning  recon¬ 
struction,  5333 ;  criticism  of  Congress¬ 
men  Wade  and  Davis  on  proclamation, 
5333,  53341  refers  to  reconstruction  in 
Louisiana,  5335 ;  difference  of  opinion 
between  Sumner  and,  5336;  statement 
concerning  reconstruction,  5336,  5337; 
views  on  exclusion  of  electoral  votes, 
5338;  signs  thirteenth  amendment, 
5340;  Johnson  retains  cabinet  of,  5343; 
consults  with  Porter  on  naval  base  in 
Antilles,  5476;  McClellan’s  letter  con¬ 
cerning  his  retreat,  5604. 

Lincoln,  Benjamin,  appointed  major-gen¬ 
eral  over  Arnold,  2564;  Cornwallis  sur¬ 
prises,  at  Brunswick,  2566;  reinforces 
Schuyler  near  Albany,  2579 ;  commands 
at  Manchester,  2600,  2661 ;  in  Gates- 
Arnold  quarrel,  2645 ;  Gates  reinforced 
by,  2647 ;  at  Saratoga,  2653 ;  Howe  re¬ 
placed  by,  2814;  at  Charleston,  2814; 
begins  southern  campaign,  2817;  at  Sa¬ 
vannah  and  Perrysburg,  2817;  joins  Ru¬ 
therford  and  Ashe,  2819;  plans  to  re¬ 
cover  Georgia,  2820,  2821 ;  congress 
advises  his  retirement,  2824;  plans  to 
cut  off  Prevost,  2825 ;  defeat  at  Stone 
Ferry,  2825 ;  D’Estaing  cooperates  with, 
2827,  2828 ;  attacks  Savannah,  2829 ; 
criticism  on  his  loss  of  Savannah,  2830; 


144 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


returns  to  Charleston,  2831 ;  smallpox 
in  army,  2831 ;  surrenders,  2901 ;  Clin¬ 
ton’s  delay  disastrous  to,  2906;  portrait, 
facing  2906;  Washington  reinforces, 
2907;  condition  „of  his  army  at  Charles¬ 
ton,  2907,  2908;  poor  generalship,  2908- 
2910;  surrenders  Charleston,  2913;  suc¬ 
ceeded  by  Gates,  2940;  assaults  New 
York,  3072;  at  Yorktown,  3082;  O’Hara 
surrenders  Yorktown  to,  3082;  in  Shay’s 
rebellion,  3240;  electoral  vote  for  vice- 
president  in  1789,  3326;  commissioner 
to  the  Creeks,  3391 ;  appointed  Indian 
commissioner,  3523. 

Lincoln,  Levi,  appointed  attorney-general, 
3712;  resigns  office  of  attorney-general, 

.  38°3- 

Lincoln,  Robert  T.,  accompanies  Grant  to 
Washington,  5299;  in  Garfield’s  cabinet, 
.  55 67. 

Lincoln  county,  Ky.,  3154. 

Lincolnshire,  Eng.,  separatists  in  force  in, 
.  753,  864,  868,  876. 

Lindsay,  Maj.,  at  battle  of  Long  Cane, 
.  3°ia 

Linen  made  in  Maryland,  1676;  manu¬ 
facture  of,  encouraged  by  Lord  Balti¬ 
more,  1690. 

Lingan,  Gen.,  in  the  Baltimore  riots  of 
.  1812,  3977;  death,  3978. 

Linnet,  British  ship,  4067,  4068. 

Lipans,  Indian  tribe,  ferocity  of,  164. 

Liquor  traffic,  congress  appoints  commis¬ 
sion  to  investigate,  5597. 

Lisbon,  Portugal,  in  Arab  power,  244;  Co¬ 
lumbus  in,  270,  283,  286,  316;  Vespucci 
in,  364,  366;  Cabral  sails  from,  377; 
Cortereal  returns  to,  380;  Da  Gama 
leaves,  404-406;.  solicited  for  aid  by 
Cabot,  436. 

Litchfield  county,  Conn.,  embraces  Wyo¬ 
ming,  Pa.,  1 272. 

Literature,  early  American,  3452,  3455. 

Little  Belt,  British  corvette  affair  with, 
the  president,  3952,  3953 ;  armament  of, 
4028. 

Little  Belt,  Va.,  engagement  at,  4746. 

Litle  Big  Horn  river,  massacre  of  Custer’s 
command  at,  5515. 

“Little  Cattle”  island  discovered  by  the 
Arabs,  244. 

“Little  Corporal  of  Unknown  Fields,”  a 
nickname  of  McClellan,  4780. 

Little  Democrat,  ship,  captured  by  the 
Embuscade,  3469,  3470. 

Little  Falls,  Minn.,  palaeolithic  relics  found 
near,  144. 

Little  Harbor,  first  settlement  in  New 


Hampshire,  791 ;  Neale  and  Gibbons  at, 
846. 

Little  Herminia,  one  of  Cartier’s  ships, 
.  510-514. 

Little  James,  British  pinnace,  802-814. 

Little  Meadows,  Pa.,  Braddock  sends  stores 
to,  2066. 

Little  Mingoes,  Indian  tribe,  met  by  Gist, 
2017. 

Little  Osage  river,  Mo.,  defeat  of  Price 
.  at,  5257. 

Little  river,  S.  C.,  Patrick  Ferguson  at, 
2930;  fight  at,  3017,  3039- 

Little  Rock,  Ark.,  Fremont  proposes  to 
seize,  4723 ;  occupation  of,  by  Steele, 
5256;  retreat  of  Steele  to,  5257. 

Little  Sarah,  ship,  renamed  Little  Demo¬ 
crat,  3469. 

Little  Satilla  river,  Ga.,  1883. 

Little  Turtle,  Miami  Indian  chief,  3413; 
plans  attack  against  St.  Clair,  3415- 
3417;  peace  offered,  3536. 

Little  Warrior,  Indian,  leads  in  massacre 
of  whites,  4035;  his  band  exterminated, 
.  4035- 

Liltlehales,  Col.,  commands  Ft.  Oswego, 
2135 ;  surrenders,  2136. 

Livermore,  member  of  congress  from  New 
Hampshire,  on  state  debts,  3368 ;  leader 
in  congress,  3901 ;  challenges  the  elec¬ 
toral  vote  of  Missouri,  4131. 

Liverpool,  Lord,  see  Jenkinson,  Charles. 

Liverpool,  Eng.,  troops  raised  by,  2714; 
Paul  Jones’  plan  to  seize,  2885. 

Livingston,  Brockholst,  in  New  York  poli- 
.  tics,  3677. 

Livingston,  Edward,  member  of  fourth 
congress,  3565 ;  in  congress,  3596 ;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  3596;  appointed  district  at¬ 
torney,  3708;  appointed  secretary  of 
state,  4239;  aids  Jackson  in  preparation 
of  nullification  proclamation,  4256,  4257. 

Livingston,  Philip,  member  of  continental 
congress,  2448;  portrait,  facing  2500. 

Livingston,  Robert,  takes  stock  in  pirate- 
quelling  company,  1554;  recommended 
Kidd  to  Bellomont,  1554;  portrait,  fac¬ 
ing  !554;  in  first  continental  congress, 
2409. 

Livingston,  Robert  R.,  on  committee  to 
draw  up  declaration  of  independence, 
2497;  chancellor  of  New  York,  3330; 
administered  oath  of  office  to  Wash¬ 
ington,  3331;  minister  to  France,  3713; 
Jefferson’s  instructions  to,  concerning  the 
acquisition  of  Louisiana,  3726,  3727;  on 
French  spoliation  claims,  3735 ;  his  opin¬ 
ion  of  France,  3736;  disparages  Louisi¬ 
ana  to  Napoleon,  3740,  3741;.  Talley- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


145 


rand’s  proposition  to,  3742 ;  secures 
Louisiana  from  France,  3743,  3744;  his 
prophecy,  3744,  3745;  portrait,  facing 
3744;  letter  to  Jefferson  on  France’s 
attitude  regarding  Louisiana,  3747;  Tal¬ 
leyrand  to,  on  Louisiana  boundary,  3752 ; 
Marbois  to,  on  cession  of  Floridas, 
3753;  on  Louisiana  boundary,  3754; 
chancellor  of  the  state  of  New  York, 
.  3894- 

Livingston,  William,  member  of  the  Phila¬ 
delphia  convention,  3268;  befriends  Al¬ 
exander  Hamilton,  3273. 

Lloyd,  Senator,  of  Maryland,  introduces 
the  sedition  bill,  3630;  on  increase  of 
the  navy  in  1811,  3967,  3968. 

Lloyd,  David,  attorney-general  of  Penn¬ 
sylvania,  opposed  Penn’s  interests,  1253. 

Lloyd,  Dr.  Thomas,  his  connection  with 
the  Morgan-Jones  story,  247,  248. 

Lloyd,  Thomas,  commissioner  of  state  un¬ 
der  Penn,  1226-1228;  president  of  coun¬ 
cil,  1230;  deputy-governor  for  Delaware 
colony,  1231 ;  attacked  by  George  Keith, 
1234. 

Locke,  father  of  Jbhn  Locke,  a  parliament¬ 
ary  leader,  1728. 

Locke,  Col.  Francis,  at  battle  of  Ramsour’s 
Mill,  2926,  2927. 

Locke,  John,  pardoned  through  William 
Penn,  1222 ;  returns  favor,  1224 ; 
worked  out  Shaftesbury’s  ideas  in  the 
“grand  model,”  1728,  1733;  religious 
and  political  ideas,  1728,  1729;  portrait, 
1728;  a  theorist,  1730;  was  created  land¬ 
grave  in  South  Carolina,  1739;  obliged 
to  flee  to  Holland,  1760;  reciprocal 
kindness  with  Penn,  1761. 

Lockwood,  Mrs.  B.  A.,  secured  bill  allow¬ 
ing  women  to  plead  before  the  supreme 
court,  5930. 

Loco-Focos  organize  in  New  York,  4293, 
4294- 

Lodge,  Henry  Cabot,  introduces  consulate 
bill  into  congress,  5845. 

Loe,  Thomas,  Quaker  preacher,  converts 
William  Penn  to  Quaker  belief,  1187, 
1189. 

Loeser,  Lucien,  brings  tea-caddy  full  of 
gold  to  Washington,  4447. 

Logan,  Col.  Benjamin,  marched  to  relieve 
Bryan’s  Station,  2800,  2803;  joins 

Clark’s  expedition  against  the  Indians, 
2804;  leads  expedition  against  the 
Shawnees,  3189,  3190. 

Logan,  George,  his  mission  to  France,  3656, 
3657;  Pickering  censures,  3657;  Adams 
credits  his  report,  3657 ;  enters  the 
senate,  3714. 


Logan,  James,  colonial  secretary  of  Penn¬ 
sylvania,  1251;  portrait,  facing  1252; 
impeached  by  assembly,  1253;  faithful 
to  Penn  interests,  1253.  1254,  •  1266; 

varied  treatment  of,  by  Philadelphians, 
1254,  1255;  his  library,  1255;  disfavored 
by  colonists,  1257;  performs  duties  of 
governor  in  Pennsylvania  province, 
1266. 

Logan,  John  (Tahgahjute),  Mingo  chief, 
of  Cayuga  tribe,  1518;  life  sketch  of, 
2770;  raids,  2771;  at  battle  of  Point 
Pleasant,  2775;  eloquent  speech  of,  note, 
2775,  2776. 

Logan,  Gen.  John  A.,  in  army  of  the  West, 
5133;  at  Kenesaw  Mountain,  5261; 
member  of  house  committee  drawing 
up  impeachment  against  Johnson,  5406; 
manager  for  conduct  of  prosecution 
against  Johnson,  5407;  nominated  for 
vice-president,  5589;  death,  5621. 

Logan,  Mrs.  John  A.,  receives  pension, 

5614. 

Logan,  Fort,  Ky.,  2792. 

Logan’s  Cross  Roads,  near  Mill  Springs, 
Ky.,  Thomas  at,  4809. 

Logstown,  Pa.,  Gist  ill  received  at,  by 
Indians,  2017;  Washington  and  Gist 
meet  Tanacharison  at,  2032,  2033. 

Lollards  in  eastern  England,  876. 

Lombards,  a  Germanic  tribe,  destroy 
Roman  power,  202. 

Lombards,  a  kind  of  gun  with  which  Co¬ 
lumbus’  fleet  was  equipped,  297. 

Lomeron,  Fort,  built  on  Cape  Sable  for 
seal-catching,  1936,  1938;  Charles  La 
Tour  commander  at,  1942. 

London,  Eng.,  visited  by  great  plague  and 
great  fire,  1279 ;  Capt.  Kidd  condemned 
and  executed  in,  1557;  Carolina  com¬ 
pany  meets  in,  1722;  U.  S.  diplomatic 
service  at,  5844. 

London  company  plants  first  permanent 
English  colony  in  America,  note,  61 1, 
630-634,  1059,  1064;  inception  of,  616; 
chartered,  627 ;  called  “First  Colony,” 
627;  limits  and  powers,  627-629;  char¬ 
ter  members,  629 ;  chief  men,  630 ;  not 
unreasonable  in  looking  for  gold  and 
passage  to  Pacific,  note,  631 ;  on  gov¬ 
ernment  of  Virginia,  654,  655 ;  bias* 
phemy  against,  a  capital  offense,  664; 
displaced  by  crown,  686,  687,  708,  1072; 
factions  within,  687,  688;  change  policy, 
687 ;  family  wrangle  in,  note,  688 ;  com¬ 
pared  with  Plymouth  company,  725 ; 
joined  by  part  of  Plymouth  company, 
733;  called  Virginia  company,  743,  1062; 


146 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


733 ;  called  Virginia  company,  743,  1062 ; 
disputes  with  Plymouth  company  and 
council,  746-751 ;  first  Lord  Baltimore  a 
member  of,  1061. 

London  Morning  Post  on  Chesapeake  and 
Leopard  affair,  3861 ;  on  war  with 
America,  3865. 

“London  plague”  on  ships  bound  for  the 
colonies,  657. 

London  Saturday  Review  hostile  to  the 
United  States,  4934,  4935. 

London  Spectator  comments  on  Lincoln’s 
second  inaugural  address,  529 7. 

London  Times,  newspaper,  4671,  4678; 

comments  on  Monitor-Merrimac  fight, 
4910;  hostile  to  United  States,  4934,  4935> 
4937- 

Long,  Col.,  at  Ticonderoga,  2573. 

Long,  John  D.,  in  McKinley’s  cabinet,  5695j 
5772 ;  candidate  for  vice-president,  5769. 

Long  Cane,  battle  of,  3010. 

Long  House,  nations  of,  see  Iroquois 
Indians. 

Long  Island,  Hudson  explores,  545;  shores 
explored  by  Adriaen  Block,  550;  by 
Cornelis  May,  551 ;  Walloons  settle  on 
western  end,  556,  557 ;  proved  to  be  an 
island  by  Dermer,  741 ;  desired  by 
Dutch,  953 ;  towns  on,  included  in  Con¬ 
necticut  and  New  Haven  colonies,  957, 
958;  English  settlement  broken  up,  1012; 
Indian  tribes  on,  1129,  1141;  Quakers  in, 
at  time  of  Fox’s  visit,  1185;  became 
a  part  of  New  York,  1428;  eastern 
towns  on,  wish  to  return  to  Connecticut 
jurisdiction,  1430,  1526;  deputies  pre¬ 
sented  memorial  to  Duke  of  York,  1497; 
Loudon  proposes  fortified  camp  on, 
2140;  British  on,  2507;  fortifications 
on,  2512;  battle  of,  2513-2515;  plan  of 
the  battle,  illus.,  facing  2514;  number 
of  American  troops  engaged  at,  2515; 
escape  of  Washington’s  troops  from, 
2516;  British  occupy,  2516. 

Long  King,  Creek  chief,  makes  speech  to 
Oglethorpe,  1858. 

“Long  Knives,”  pioneers  so  called  by 
Indians,  3189. 

Long  Saut,  scene  of  Daulac’s  heroic  con¬ 
flict  with  Iroquois,  1979-1983 ;  spirit  of, 
lacking  at  Ft.  Oswego,  2134. 

Longstreet,  Gen.  James,  at  Bull  Run,  4760; 
portrait,  facing  4966;  in  seven  days* 
battle,  4966-4968,  4978,  4979;  attacks 
McCall,  4983,  4984;  at  second  battle  of 
Bull  Run,  5019-5022;  at  battle  of  South 
Mountain,  5040,  5041 ;  at  Antietam, 

5043 ;  ordered  to  Culpeper,  5055 ;  rein¬ 
forces  Lee,  5084;  at  Winchester,  5084; 


joins  Ewell’s  corps,  5085;  opinion  of 
Lee’s  plans  at  Gettysburg,  5088 ;  at  Get¬ 
tysburg,  5091;  at  Knoxville,  5157,  5158; 
takes  position  near  Morristown,  5158; 
at  Chickamauga,  5162,  5163;  at  Rich¬ 
mond,  5222 ;  in  battle  of  the  wilderness, 
5232,  5233 ;  wounded  by  his  own  men, 
5233 ;  corps  at  Spottsylvania,  5235 ;  cap¬ 
ture  of  a  dispatch  to  Early  from,  5251; 
corps  of,  at  Ft.  Stedman,  5286. 

Longworth,  Nicholas,  introduces  diplomatic 
service  bill  into  congress,  5845,  5846. 

Lookout  Mountain,  Tenn.,  situation  of, 
5155;  position  of  armies  at,  5155;  bat¬ 
tle  of,  5155,  5156;  view  of,  facing  5156. 

Lopez,  Narciso,  expedition  to  Cuba  in 
1851,  4494-4496. 

L’Orient,  France,  Paul  Jones  sails  from, 
2885. 

Loring,  commissioner,  returns  a  fugitive 
slave  to  his  owner,  4545. 

Lorraine,  Duke  Rene  of,  a  patron  of  learn¬ 
ing,  370. 

Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  aid  sent  San  Francisco, 

5878.  . 

Losantiville,  O.,  renamed  Cincinnati  by  St. 
Clair,  3381. 

“Lost  Lady,”  drama  by  Sir  William  Ber¬ 
keley,  1623. 

Lost  Mountain,  Tenn.,  position  of  Johnston 
at,  5260;  evacuation  by  Confederates, 
5260. 

Lothrop,  Maj.  W.  L.,  at  New  Madrid,  4830. 

Loudon,  John  Campbell,  Earl  of,  commands 
in  America  in  1756,  2138;  thwarts  Win¬ 
slow’s  plans,  2138,  2139;  witticism  about, 
by  Franklin,  note,  2138;  cowardly,  2140; 
evil  influence  of,  note,  2142 ;  makes  un¬ 
just  aspersions  on  colonies  at  council 
of  governors,  2146;  requires  a  fresh 
army  from  New  England,  2147;  vacil¬ 
lates  at  Halifax,  2148-2150;  responsible 
for  disaster  at  Ft.  William  Henry, 
2150;  his  misbehavior  alienates  colonies, 
2160;  in  altercation  with  Boston  about 
quartering  soldiers,  2161,  2162;  carries 
his  point,  2162;  recalled,  2162-2164. 

Louis  XI.,  king  of  France,  in  conflict  with 
feudal  lords,  7,  10;  with  Charles  the 
Bold,  7,  8;  portrait,  facing  8;  extends 
and  develops  France,  9;  analogies  be¬ 
tween  his  reign  and  the  wars  of  the 
roses,  14;  character  compared  with 
Henry  VIII.  and  German  emperors,  22, 
23. 

Louis  XII.,  king  of  France,  issued  no  com¬ 
mission  for  explorations,  502. 

Louis  XIII.,  king  of  France,  applied  to  by 
Charles  La  Tour,  1938. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


147 


Louis  XIV.,  king  of  France,  Louisbourg 
named  for,  1383;  bought  Charles  II., 
in  treaty  of  Dover,  1500;  gives  instruc¬ 
tion  to  Count  de  Frontenac,  1537;  mot 
about  his  power,  1610;  opposed  by 
William  III.  of  England,  1633;  re¬ 
ceived  James  II.  after  abdication,  1694; 
allied  with  Philip  V.  of  Spain,  1802 ; 
decides  against  Charles  de  La  Tour, 
1945;  explains  position  of  New  England 
towards  La  Tour,  1950;  puts  La  Tour 
in  D’Aunay’s  place  in  Acadia,  1956; 
cramps  growth  of  Canada,  1985 ;  sent 
out  colonists,  1987;  claims  Mississippi 
valley  through  La  Salle,  1996;  lax  in 
sending  aid  to  Ft.  St.  Louis  of  Texas, 
1998;  renewed  claim  to  Mississippi  val¬ 
ley  through  De  Bienville  and  D'Iber¬ 
ville,  1998;  country  between  Alleghanies 
and  Rockies  claimed  for,  2004,  2006. 

Louis  XV.,  king  of  France,  proposes  peace 
of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  1409;  Bienville’s  ex¬ 
pedition  in  reign  of,  note,  2011;  freedom 
hated  by,  2553. 

Louis  XVI.,  king  of  France,  comments  on 
the  revolutionary  war,  3067. 

Louisbourg,  N.  S.,  siege  of,  1381-1401 ;  map 
of,  1382 ;  greatest  fortified  post  in  new 
world,  1383,  1384;  attack  on,  con¬ 

ceived  by  Shirley,  1389;  organization  of 
expedition  against,  1391,  1392,  1394; 

garrison  unprepared,  1395 ;  great  bat¬ 
tery  captured,  1396,  1397;  capitulated, 
1399,  1587,  1589;  rejoicings  over  capture 
of,  1400,  1401 ;  restored  to  France,  1403 ; 
American  garrison  at,  encouraged  by 
Gov.  Shirley,  1407;  Connecticut  men  at 
capture  of,  1452;  expedition  joined  by 
Rhode  Island,  1490;  siege  of,  compared 
with  Cartagena,  1664;  taken  by  Sir  Will¬ 
iam  Pepperrell,  2056;  French  troops 
land  at,  in  1755,  2090;  French  captured 
at  Beau-Sejour  sent  to,  2119;  Col.  John 
Bradstreet  distinguished  at  the  siege  of, 
2140;  plan  to  retake,  2147;  given  up  by 
Loudon,  2148,  2149;  campaign  against, 
2177-2186;  how  fortified  in  1758,  2181; 
bombarded  by  English,  2183,  2184;  cari¬ 
cature  of  siege,  facing  2184;  annihilated, 
2185;  great  triumph  for  England,  2186; 
compared  with  Ft.  Frontenac,  2213; 
Wolfe’s  prowess  shown  at  siege  of,  2214; 
Barre  at,  in  1758,  2235;  fortifications 
of,  blown  up  after  seven  years’  war, 
2328. 

Louisiana,  Indians  in,  162;  Natchez  Indians 
driven  to,  in  1731,  1862;  French  settle¬ 
ments  in,  not  connected,  1933 ;  tem¬ 
porarily  ruined  by  John  Law,  1999; 


becomes  a  crown  colony,  1999;  trans¬ 
ferred  to  Spain  in  1755,  2006;  soldiers 
from,  garrison  French  forts,  2028 ;  re¬ 
tained  by  French  in  1760,  2276;  spared 
to  France  by  treaty  of  Paris,  in  1763, 
2334,  2335;  Spanish  claims  to,  3179,  3180; 
French  effort  to  secure,  3474-3476; 
Clark  plans  to  invade,  3475 ;  map  show¬ 
ing  boundary,  facing  3562 ;  Spain  fears 
invasion  of,  3604-3606;  the  admission 
of,  3942,  3943;  constitutional  aspects  of, 
3942;  Quincy  on  admission  of,  3942, 
3943 ;  boundaries  of,  3943 ;  settlement  of 
her  Texas  boundary,  4113,  4114;  status 
of  slavery  in,  4114;  supports  negro  col¬ 
ony  in  Africa,  4287;  reply  of,  to  Gist’s 
letter  on  secession,  4608;  secedes,  4649; 
vote  for  secession  of,  4660 ;  Magoffin 
asks  arms  of,  4799 ;  slaves  in,  declared 
free,  5060;  constitutional  convention  in, 
5334;  abolishes  slavery,  5335 ;  new  state 
government  not  recognized  by  congress, 
5335,  5336;  Lincoln’s  endorsement  of 
new  state  government,  5337;  elections 
in,  5338;  electoral  votes  not  counted, 
5338;  second  convention  called  in  New 
Orleans,  5373 ;  measures  to  prevent  as¬ 
sembly,  5373;  riot  in  streets  and  con¬ 
vention  hall,  5374,  5375;  reconstruction 
a  failure  in,  5375 ;  military  control  pro¬ 
vided  for,  5383 ;  Sheridan  assigned  to, 
5388;  Sheridan  removes  Gov.  Wells, 
5391,  5392;  ratifies  fourteenth  amend¬ 
ment,  5413 ;  election  of  Gov.  Packard, 
5455 ;  connection  of  Hayes  with  state 
elections  in,  5455,  5456;  condition  dur¬ 
ing  reconstruction,  5461-5463 ;  Michael 
Hahn  elected  governor,  5461 ;  H.  C. 
Warmouth  elected  governor,  5461,  5462; 
two  governments  in,  5462;  Kellogg  and 
McEnery,  5462 ;  political  dissensions  in, 
5556;  women’s  rights  in,  5931. 

Louisiana,  Confederate  ironclad,  in  river 
defense  flotilla,  4885;  strength  of,  4886; 
constructed  to  defend  New  Orleans, 

4899-  ... 

Louisiana,  U.  S.  ship,  aids  in  defense  of 

New  Orleans,  4083. 

Louisiana  purchase,  3723-3768;  Jefferson’s 
part  in  the  transaction,  3725,  3737.  37j6- 
3749.  376o,  3761 ;  France  secures  Louisi¬ 
ana,  3729,  3730;  Spain  confirms  transfer, 
3731 ;  France  demands  delivery  of,  3734. 
3735'.  Jefferson  on  cession  of  Louisiana 
to  France,  3737;  Livingston  disparages 
Louisiana  to  Napoleon,  3740,  3741 ; 

Napoleon  decides  to  sell  it,  3741,  3742; 
Talleyrand’s  proposition  to  Livingston, 
3742,  3743 ;  Marbois’  terms  of  sale, 


148 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


3743 ;  United  States  secures  Louisiana, 
3743  5  terms  of  the  treaty  of  cession, 
3744;  prophecy  of  Livingston  regarding, 
3744,  3745 ;  Napoleon  on  sale  of  Louisi¬ 
ana,  3744,  3745 ;  facsimile  of  treaty  of 
cession,  facing  3744;  Spain’s  attitude 
toward  the  cession,  3745,  3746;  Jef¬ 
ferson’s  constitutional  amendment  re¬ 
garding,  3746-3749;  Breckenridge  on  the 
effect  of  the  treaty,  3749,  3750;  con¬ 
gressional  vote  on  the  purchase,  3751 ; 
Spain  transfers  to  France,  3751 ;  France 
transfers  to  United  States,  3751 ;  cere¬ 
mony  of  transfer,  3752;  Napoleon 
refuses  to  guarantee  boundary  of, 
3752;  discussion  on  boundaries,  3753, 
3754)  3764;  political  results  of,  3754, 
3755 ;  effect  on  state  sovereignty,  3755 ; 
on  slavery,  3755,  3756;  problems  arising 
from,  3760;  Jefferson  on  administration 
of,  3760,  3761 ;  on  constitutional  amend¬ 
ment  regarding,  3761 ;  territory  pur¬ 
chased  divided  into  two  administrative 
districts,  3761 ;  under  government  of 
Indian  Territory,  3761;  inhabitants  re¬ 
fused  franchise,  3762,  3763 ;  Wilkinson 
governor  of,  3763 ;  Senator  Plumer  on 
the  purchase,  3780;  Burr  declares  the 
territory  ripe  for  revolt,  3819. 

Louisville,  Ky.,  probable  limit  of  La  Salle’s 
exploration  of  Ohio  river,  1991 ;  Gist 
at  site  of,  2026;  Clark’s  rendezvous  op¬ 
posite,  2781;  first  store  in,  3167;  Wilkin¬ 
son  at,  3167;  Burr  at,  3823;  Union  and 
Confederate  recruiting  in,  4804,  4805 ; 
federals  strengthen,  4806 ;  Buckner 
threatens,  4806;  Confederate  plans 
against,  5117,  5119,  5121;  Buell  leaves, 
5123;  railroad  reopened  at,  5126; 
Fenians  at,  5483 ;  bolting  Democrats 
meet  in,  5520;  railroad  strike  at,  5553. 

Louisville ,  U.  S.  gunboat,  in  attack  on  Ft. 
Donelson,  4819,  4820;  constructed  by 
James  B.  Eads,  4846. 

Louisville  &  Nashville  railroad,  Morgan’s 
raid  on,  5112,  5115.  _ 

L’Ouverture,  Toussaint,  portrait,  facing 
3730 ;  led  revolution  in  San  Domingo, 
3732,  3733',  compared  to  Napoleon,  3732; 
captured,  3733;  death,  3734. 

Lovejoy,  Elijah  P.,  murder  of,  4314,  4315. 

Lovejoy,  Owen,  actively  opposes  slavery, 
4315- 

Lovelace,  Col.  Francis,  governor  of  New 
York,  succeeded  Nicholls,  1498;  un¬ 
popular,  1499,  1500;  loses  New  York  to 
Dutch,  1501 ;  served  under  Queen  Anne, 
1502;  incapable  as  governor,  1507;  dies, 
1561. 


Lovell,  James,  opposes  Washington,  2693, 
2699. 

Lovell,  Gen.  Mansfield,  evacuates  New  Or¬ 
leans,  4892,  4893;  Duncan  differs  with, 
4900. 

Lovell,  Gen.  Solomon,  leads  expedition 
against  English  at  the  Penobscot,  2882, 
2883. 

Lovewell,  Capt.  John,  noted  Indian  fighter, 
1374;  fights  at  Lake  Winnipesaukee  and 
Tamworth,  1374;  killed,  1375. 

Lowell,  Gen.  C.  R.,  at  battle  of  Fisher’s 
Hill,  5249;  mortally  wounded  at  Win¬ 
chester,  5252. 

Lowell,  James  Russell,  at  centennial  cele¬ 
bration  of  Washington’s  inauguration, 
5628. 

Lowndes,  Rawlins,  governor  of  South 
Carolina,  2818;  opposes  U.  S.  consti¬ 
tution,  3311. 

Lowndes,  William  J.,  in  12th  congress, 
3963 ;  on  financial  measures  of  1812, 
4008. 

Loyal  company  secured  large  grant  of 
western  lands,  3145. 

Loyal  Hanna,  Pa.  (now  Ligonier),  Maj. 
Grant  at,  2169 ;  a  refuge  for  defeated 
Highlanders,  2171;  French  and  Indians 
defeated  at,  2172. 

“Loyal  League,”  organization  and  object  of 
•  the,  5463. 

Loyal  legion,  order  of  the,  5916. 

Loyalists  in  revolutionary  war,  see  Tories. 

Lozier,  Clements  S.,  headed  woman’s  suf¬ 
frage  political  party,  5931. 

Lucas,  Prof.,  criticises  the  Zeno  story, 
note,  256. 

Lud,  Walter,  secretary  of  Duke  Rene  of 
Lorraine,  370. 

Ludlow,  commander  of  the  Chesapeake, 
death,  4022. 

Ludlow,  Roger,  deputy-governor  of  Massa¬ 
chusetts  Bay  colony,  note,  864,  897, 
1001 ;  removed  to  Virginia  and  England, 
1016. 

Ludwell,  Col.  Philip,  appointed  governor 
of  united  Carolinas,  1785 ;  endeavors  to 
give  franchise  to  Huguenots,  1786, 
1787;  displeases  the  people  by  arresting 
pirates,  1787,  1788;  loses  favor  with  all, 
1788. 

Ludwell,  Thomas,  appointed  secretary  of 
state  by  Berkeley,  1603 ;  carries  pro¬ 
test  to  England  against  Lord  Howard, 
1631. 

Luisa  of  Parma,  queen  of  Spain,  372 9. 

Lumber  drivers  strike  in  Chicago,  5828. 

•Luna,  Tristan  de,  led  Spanish  colony  to 
Florida,  487. 


GENERAL  INDEX.  .  149 


Lundy,  Benjamin,  plots  to  add  Texas  to 
Union,  4277;  early  life  4288. 

Lundy’s  Lane,  battle  of,  4062-4064. 

Lusiad,  The,  epic  by  Camoens,  note,  403. 

Luther,  Martin,  catechism  of,  translated 
into  Lenape  language,  2019. 

Lutherans  under  Ribault  attacked  by 
Menendez,  490;  persecuted  by  Stuyve- 
sant  in  New  Amsterdam,  1167,  1168. 

Lutzen,  Gustavus  Adolphus  killed  at  battle 
of,  577. 

Luxembourg,  France,  Walloons  came  from, 
555- 

Luzerne,  Anne  Cesar  de  la,  French  am¬ 
bassador,  2847  i  Washington  visits,  2984. 

Luzerne  county  formed  from  Wyoming 
valley,  Pa.,  1273. 

Luzon,  Philippine  Islands,  restoration  of 
order  in,  5747. 

Lyell,  Prof.,  opinion  about  shell  heaps,  128. 

Lyford,  English  minister,  spy  among  the 
Pilgrims,  804;  his  rascality,  806;  de¬ 
tected  in  slanderous  action,  807,  808 ; 
tried,  808;  his  hypocrisy,  809,  810,  889; 
career,  810;  deposed  and  expelled,  81 1; 
aided  by  John  Billington,  834;  defended 
by  Rev.  John  White,  861;  at  Nantasket, 
862. 

Lygonia  tract  named  by  Gorges,  847,  848; 
under  Alexander  Rigby,  951 ;  merged 
in  Massachusetts,  952. 

Lyman,  Gen.  Phineas,  leader  of  the  Con¬ 
necticut  forces  in  1755,  2090;  his  char¬ 
acter,  2093  5  slighted  by  Johnson,  2105. 

Lynch,  a  Virginia  officer,  at  battle  of  Guil¬ 
ford  Court-House,  3033. 

Lynch,  Thomas,  Jr.,  portrait  of,  facing  2500. 

Lynch,  ship,  cruise  of,  2861,  2862. 

Lynchburg,  Va.,  Hunter  retreats  from, 
5247;  Lee  attempts  to  escape  to,  5289. 

Lynch  creek,  S.  C.,  McArthur  at,  2935 ; 
Sumter  and  Davie  at,  2938;  Rawdon’s 
main  army  on,  2944;  Wemyss’  outrages 
on,  2995. 

Lynn,  Mass.  (Saugus),  in  Massachusetts 
Bay  colony,  879 ;  scene  of  disturbance 
by  John  Clark,  922. 

Lynn  Haven  Bay,  Dunmore  disbands  his 
fleet  in,  2489 ;  British  frigates  in,  3859. 

Lyon,  Henry,  undesirable  colonist,  888. 

Lyon,  Matthew,  sketch  of,  3596,  3597 ;  in 
congress,  3617;  fight  with  Griswold, 
3617,  3618;  contemporary  caricature  of 
his  fracas,  illus.,  facing  3618;  first 
offender  of  the  sedition  law,  3642 ;  con¬ 
victed  and  fined,  3643;  later  life,  3644; 
opposes  Burr  for  president,  3687 ;  his 
relations  with  Burr,  3820;  on  non-in¬ 
tercourse  bill,  3950. 


Lyon,  Capt.  Nathaniel,  saves  Missouri  for 
the  Union,  4685;  portrait,  facing  4704; 
defends  St.  Louis,  4704;  captures  Camp 
Jackson,  4706;  Gen.  Harney  upholds, 
4708;  succeeds  Harney,  4710;  interview 
with  Jackson,  4710;  refuses  to  compro¬ 
mise  with  secession,  4710;  Jackson  and 
Price  have  interview  with,  4710,  4711; 
disperses  Price’s  troops  at  Boonville, 
4711;  importance  of  the  achievement  of, 
4712;  moves  on  Springfield,  Mo.,  4713; 
operations  at  battle  of  Wilson’s  creek, 
4713;  death,  4713. 

Lyons,  Lord  Richard  B.  P.,  in  the  Trent 
affair,  4929;  his  ability,  4929;  on  slavery, 
4935  '*  remonstrates  against  building  of 
Confederate  war  vessels  within  British 
dominions,  5230;  reply  of  Confederate 
government  to,  5230. 

Lysifiord,  Greenland,  Norsemen  at,  219. 

Lytle,  Gen.  W.  H.,  killed  at  Chickamauga, 

5163. 


M. 

“Mac  the  Unready,”  nickname  for  McClel¬ 
lan,  4780. 

McAlister,  Gen.  Robert,  wounded  in  battle 
of  the  wilderness,  5234. 

McAlister,  Fort,  Ga.,  capture  of,  5277. 

McArthur,  British  officer  in  revolutionary 
war,  at  Cheraw,  S.  C.,  2921 ;  failure  to 
raise  Tories,  2935. 

MacArthur,  Gen.  Arthur,  arrival  in  the 
Philippines,  5724;  moves  against  Aguin- 
aldo,  5741,  5742 ;  portrait, .  facing  5 742; 
opposed  Chinese  immigration  in  Philip¬ 
pine  Islands,  5906,  5907. 

McArthur,  Duncan,  at  Detroit,  3984,  3986. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Thomas  B.,  his  opinion  of 
Lord  Bellomont,  1558. 

McBride,  noted  Indian  fighter,  in  expedition 
to  relieve  Bryan’s  Station,  2800. 

McCall,  American  officer  in  revolutionary 
war,  at  battle  of  Long  Cane,  3010; 
joins  Morgan,  3016,  3017;  at  the  Cow- 
pens,  3021;  attacks  Dunlap,  3039;  death 

of,  3049- 

McCall,  Gen.  Geo.  A.,  at  Gaines’  Mill, 
4979 ;  Longstreet  and  Hill  attack,  4983, 
4984;  at  Malvern  Hill,  4988. 

McCauley,  Charles  S.,  commodore,  com¬ 
mands  Gosport  navy-yards,  4696-4699. 

McClellan,  Gen.  George  B.,  attacks  Gar¬ 
nett,  4742,  4743 ;  campaign  in  West  Vir¬ 
ginia,  4743  ;  commander-in-chief,  4766 ; 
portrait,  facing  4770:  sketch  of,  4771, 
4772,  4776;  report  of  condition  of  the 


150 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


army,  4772-4774,  4780,  4992,  4993  5  and 
Scott,  4777,  4778;  letters  of,  4781,  4782; 
and  Lincoln,  4782,  4784,  4786,  4789,  479°> 
4794,  4994-4998,  5004;  peninsular  plan 
of,  4785,  4959-4961,  5002-5004;  Confed¬ 
erate  “Quaker  guns”  fool,  4787;  Haw¬ 
thorne  on,  note,  4788;  Richmond  cam¬ 
paign,  4788,  4986;  at  Yorktown,  4791- 
4794,  5002 ;  compared  to  Buell  and  Hal- 
leck,  note,  4807,  4826,  4827;  report  to 
war  department,  4971,  4972 ;  demands 
reinforcements,  4973,  4994  5  changes 

base,  4976,  4985,  4986;  in  seven  days’ 
battle,  4977,  4994  5  Magruder  on,  4981, 
4982;  retreat,  4982,  4991,  4992>  4995  5 
ordered  to  Acquia  creek,  4998,  4999  5 
Johnston  on,  5003,  5004;  retreat  from 
Richmond,  5006 ;  dispatch  to  Stanton, 
5006;  charges  against,  5006;  demand  for 
removal  of,  5006;  succeeded  by  Pope, 
5007;  retreat  to  Harrison’s  Land¬ 
ing,  5009;  resents  Pope’s  appointment, 
5010;  succeeds  Pope,  5026;  interview 
with  Lincoln,  5029;  strange  position  of, 
5029 ;  opposition  to  reinstatement  of, 
5029;  reasons  for  reappointment,  5030; 
interview  with  Halleck,  5°3°  5  assumes 
command  of  combined  armies,  5031 ; 
plans  against  Lee’s  invasion,  5031 ; 
strength  of  combined  armies  under,  5031, 
5032;  Lee’s  opinion  of,  5033 ;  campaign 
defensive,  5033;  receives  Lee’s  lost  or¬ 
ders,  5035  5  delay  of,  50365  plans  re¬ 
ported  to  Lee,  5036;  Halleck’ s  complaint 
against,  5039;  pursues  Jackson,  5039; 
battle  of  Crampton’s  Gap,  5040;  battle 
of  South  Mountain,  5041 5  exaggerated 
estimate  of  opposing  forces,  5042;  plan 
of  battle  of  Antietam,  5044;  battle  of 
Antietam,  5044-5051 ;  criticised  for  con¬ 
duct  of  battle  of  Antietam,  50505 
ordered  to  cross  Potomac,  5054  5  ob¬ 
jects  to  order,  5054,  5055  5  advance 
into  Virginia,  5055  5  plans  for  campaign, 
5056;  report  of  condition  of  army,  50565 
ordered  to  report  at  Washington,  50565 
succeeded  by  Burnside,  5056  5  opinion 
of  emancipation  proclamation,  5060; 
nominated  for  president  by  Democrats, 
5209;  accepts  nomination,  52I°5  opinion 
of  party  platform,  52I°5  attitude  of 
Fremont  toward,  52I25  defeated,  5212; 
Lincoln’s  majority  over,  5213. 

McClelland,  Robert,  secretary  of  interior 
under  Pierce,  4519. 

McCleod,  a  Highlander  killed  at  battle  of 
Moore’s  creek,  2490. 

Macleod,  Clan,  numbers  migrate  to  Amer¬ 
ica,  2489. 


McClernand,  Gen.  John  A.,  moves  toward 
Columbus,  4720;  on  war  appropriation, 
4767;  attack  on  Ft.  Henry,  4814,  4815; 
at  Ft.  Donelson,  4817;  major-general, 
4826;  in  battle  of  Pittsburg  Landing, 
5098,  5100,  5102,  5105;  portrait,  facing 
5104;  in  army  of  the  West,  5133;  plans 
for  opening  of  the  Mississippi,  5142;. 
advance  on  Vicksburg,  5143;  supersedes 
Sherman,  5144;  captures  Ft.  Hinde- 
man,  5144;  in  siege  of  Vicksburg,  5146- 
5148;  at  convention  of  administration 
party,  5377. 

McClure,  Gen.,  American  commander  of 
Ft.  George,  4056. 

McClure,  Alexander  K.,  leader  of  Liberal 
Republicans,  5518. 

McClurg,  Dr.  James,  member  of  the  Phila¬ 
delphia  convention,  3264. 

McCook,  Gen.  A.  D.,  commands  division 
of  department  of  the  Ohio,  5116;  forces 
attacked  by  Bragg,  5123,  5124;  encamped 
at  Bowling  Green,  5124. 

McCook,  Gen.  E.  M.,  cavalry  raid  in 
Georgia,  5263. 

McCormick  company,  strike  in,  5600,  5601. 

McCowen,  Gen.  J.  P.,  at  Murfreesboro, 
5152. 

McCoy’s  Ferry,  Stuart  crosses  Potomac  at, 
5053- 

McGrady,  Gen.,  statements  concerning 
Gates  in  his  history  of  South  Carolina, 
note,  2947,  2950 ;  statement  concerning 
Davie’s  appointment,  note,  3014. 

McCrary,  George  W.,  secretary  of  war, 
5551- 

McCrea,  Jennie,  murder  of,  2580-2582. 

McCulloch,  Gen.  Ben,  Price  joins,  4711; 
at  battle  of  Wilson  creek,  4713 ;  at 
Neosho,  4723;  at  battle  of  Pea  Ridge, 
4732>  4736  5  sketch  of,  4733 ;  death,  4736. 

McCulloch,  Hugh,  views  on  negro  suf¬ 
frage,  5348. 

McCullock  vs.  Maryland,  supreme  court 
decision  of,  4119. 

McCullough,  Capt.,  desperate  leap  of,  2797. 

McCullum,  Gen.,  Confederate,  evacuates 
New  Madrid,  4832. 

McDonald,  Gen.,  interested  in  South  Caro¬ 
lina  company,  3388. 

MacDonald,  Allan,  captured  in  battle  of 
Moore’s  creek,  2490. 

MacDonald,  Flora,  at  Kingsborough,  N.  C., 
2489;  her  husband,  2490. 

McDonald,  J.  E.,  Democratic  candidate  for 
governor  of  Indiana,  5204;  denounces 
schemes  of  Sons  of  Liberty,  5204. 

MacDonald,  Sir  John,  British  envoy  on 
joint  high  commission,  5506. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


151 


MacDonald,  Clan,  numbers  migrate  to 
America,  2489. 

MacDonough,  Thomas,  commodore,  pro¬ 
tects  Plattsburg  by  his  fleet,  4065 ;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  4066. 

McDougal,  Lieut.,  imprisoned  by  Pontiac, 
2297. 

McDougall,  American  revolutionary  officer, 
2121,  2543;  at  Germantown,  2628,  2631. 

McDowell,  Charles,  South  Carolina  patriot, 
in  southern  campaign  of  revolutionary 
war,  2926,  2931,  2934,  2938,  2991-2993;  re¬ 
signs  his  command  at  King’s  Mountain 
to  his  brother  Joseph,  2998;  at  battle  of 
the  Cowpens,  3021. 

McDowell,  Gen.  Irwin,  plan  to  attack  Beau¬ 
regard,  4743,  4744,  4747 ;  sketch  of,  note, 
4743  i  organizes  army  of  the  Potomac, 
4747 ;  at  Bull  Run,  4750-4752,  4755,  4762- 
4764;  portrait,  facing  4760;  McClellan 
succeeds,  4771 ;  corps  commander,  4784; 
at  Fredericksburg,  4798 ;  McClellan 
blames,  4976;  commands  corps  in  army 
of  Virginia,  5007;  strength  of  forces  un¬ 
der,  5008;  ordered  to  Manassas,  5017; 
at  Manassas,  5019;  at  second  battle  of 
Bull  Run,  5020,  5021 ;  ordered  to  Fair¬ 
fax  Court-House,  5024;  relieved  from 
command,  5025,  5026 ;  unpopular  in  army, 
5°3°- 

McDowell,  Joseph,  portrait,  facing  2996; 
organizes  to  repel  Ferguson,  2998 ;  at 
King’s  Mountain,  3004. 

McDuffie,  George,  opposes  protective  tariff, 
4242 ;  bill  equalizing  duties  not  con¬ 
sidered  by  the  house,  4243 ;  presents 
petition  of  bank  for  re-charter,  4246; 
opposes  force  bill,  4259. 

Mace,  Capt.  Samuel,  sent  to  America  by 
Raleigh,  617. 

Macedonian,  British  ship,  3993. 

Macedonian,  U.  S.  sailing  vessel,  4843. 

McEnery,  John,  governor  of  Louisiana, 
5462. 

McFarland,  J.  E.,  secretary  to  Confederate 
commissioners,  4926. 

McFarlane,  revolutionary  officer,  leader  in 
whiskey  riot,  3509. 

McGary,  noted  Indian  fighter,  in  expedi¬ 
tion  to  relieve  Bryan’s  Station,  2800-2802. 

McGee,  W.  J.,  finds  palaeolithic  relics,  145. 

McGillivray,  Alexander,  Creeks  headed  by, 
3390*  3391  i  tariff  concessions  to,  in  Ind¬ 
ian  treaty,  3392,  3393. 

Macginnes,  Capt.,  routs  French  at  Lake 
George,  2104. 

McGowans  Pass,  Harlem  Heights,  illus., 
facing  4070. 


MacGuire,  Matthew,  Socialist  nominee  for 
vice-president,  5691. 

McHenry,  James,  member  of  the  Philadel¬ 
phia  convention,  3269;  enters  Washing¬ 
ton’s  cabinet,  3561 ;  in  dispute  concerning 
ranking  of  army  officers,  3638;  Adams 
demands  his  resignation,  3679;  portrait, 
facing  3680;  on  Adams,  3681. 

McHenry,  Fort,  Baltimore,  bombarded  by 
the  British,  4076,  4077. 

Machias,  Me.,  attacked  by  French,  833; 
fur  factory  at,  sacked  by  La  Tour,  1943. 

Machiavelli,  father  of  European  diplomacy, 
26;  a  native  of  Florence,  344. 

Mcllvaine,  Charles  P.,  bishop,  favors  Union, 
4923- 

Macintosh,  Charles  F.,  commands  the  Loui¬ 
siana,  4885. 

McIntosh,  Gen.  James  M.,  at  Pea  Ridge, 
4732. 

McIntosh,  Gen.  Lachlan,  portrait,  2812; 
withdraws  from  Perrysburg,  2821 ;  at 
Savannah,  2830;  favors  evacuation  of 
Charleston,  2910. 

McIntosh,  William,  in  Creek  Indian  troubles, 
4178,  4179;  claimed  jurisdiction  of  Creek 
lands,  4178;  signed  treaty  with  United 
States,  4178;  killed  by  Creeks,  4179. 

McIntosh,  Fort,  treaty  with  Indians  signed 
at,  3379- 

Mackall,  Gen.  William  W.,  surrenders,  4837. 

Mackay,  Capt.,  accompanies  Washington  to 
Williamsburg,  2052. 

McKay,  Lieut.,  commanded  Highlanders  at 
Frederica  in  1742,  1910,  1911. 

McKay,  Lieut.  James,  commands  Ft.  Wat¬ 
son,  3041. 

McKean,  U.  S.  naval  officer,  4861. 

McKean,  Thomas,  in  first  continental  con¬ 
gress,  2409 ;  takes  command  of  regiment, 
2438;  portrait,  facing  2500;  governor  of 
Pennsylvania,  36 67,  3677,  3817. 

McKee,  Alex.,  aids  Simon  Girty  to  incite 
the  Indians,  2797,  2798;  at  Fallen  Tim¬ 
bers,  3528,  3529. 

McKee,  John,  commissioner  to  west  Flor¬ 
ida,  3941,  3973- 

McKenzie,  Col.,  destroys  the  Sioux  village, 

SMS-  . 

Mackenzie,  W.  S.,  leads  revolution  in  Can¬ 
ada,  4310,  4311. 

“Mackerel  Brigade,  General  of,”  contemptu¬ 
ous  title  given  to  McClellan,  4780. 

Mackey,  Capt.,  commands  South  Carolina 
company  in  Ohio  expedition,  2049. 

Mackinac,  Fort,  illus.,  facing  3978 ;  strength 
in  1812,  3979. 


152 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Mackinac  Island,  Tonty  at,  in  search  of 
news  of  La  Salle,  1997. 

Mackinaw,  Mich.,  on  site  of  French  fort, 
2015,  2311. 

McKinley,  John,  governor  of  Delaware, 
captured  by  British,  2622. 

McKinley,  William,  presides  at  Minneapolis 
convention,  5646;  nominated  for  presi¬ 
dent,  5688;  sketch  of,  note,  5688;  refuses 
to  make  a  campaign,  5694;  elected,  5694; 
cabinet,  5695 ;  in  intervention  in  Cuba, 
5705,  57o6,  5709-  5714;  message  to  con¬ 
gress  (1898),  5711,  5712;  proclamation 
announcing  terms  in  Spanish  war,  5716; 
call  for  volunteers,  5716;  proclamation 
suspending  hostilities  in  Spanish  war, 
5736;  Aguinaldo  sends  envoy  to  confer 
with,  5741 ;  plan  for  civil  government  in 
the  Philippines,  5744-5747;  message 
(1899),  5755,  5756;  portrait,  facing  5768; 
renomination  for  president,  5769,  5770; 
elected,  5772 ;  second  cabinet,  5772 ;  at 
Pan-American  exposition,  5786 ;  assassin¬ 
ated,  5786,  5787 ;  death  of,  5787 ;  Roose¬ 
velt  succeeds,  5788;  funeral,  5788,  5789; 
tributes  paid  to,  by  foreign  nations,  5789, 
5790 ;  followed  the  spoils  system  in  con¬ 
sular  appointments,  5845. 

McKinstry,  Justus,  commands  a  division 
under  Fremont,  4723. 

McLane,  Louis,  minister  to  Great  Britain, 
4220;  appointed  secretary  of  the  treasury, 
4239 ;  instructions  from  Van  Buren,  4241 ; 
reports  in  favor  of  bank,  4245 ;  removed 
from  treasury,  4264;  succeeded  by  Ban¬ 
croft  as  minister  to  England,  4370. 

McLaws,  Gen.  Lafayette,  moves  into  Pleas¬ 
ant  valley,  5037;  takes  possession  of 
Maryland  Heights,  5037;  Franklin’s 
movements  against,  5040;  position  de¬ 
fended  by  Lee,  5042. 

Maclay,  on  senate  judiciary  committee,  3338. 

Maclay,  William,  on  assumption  of  state 
debts,  3371. 

McLean,  Col.  Alexander,  finished  Mason 
and  Dixon’s  line,  1206. 

McLean,  John,  appointed  postmaster-gener¬ 
al,  4141;  reappointed  by  Adams,  4169; 
retained  as  postmaster-general  by  Adams, 
4175;  retained  as  postmaster-general  by 
Jackson,  4216;  made  a  member  of  the 
cabinet,  4216;  appointed  to  the  supreme 
court,  4216;  refuses  to  be  secretary  of 
war  under  Tyler,  4348;  unsuccessful  can¬ 
didate  for  Whig  nomination  in  1848, 
4429;  candidate  for  president,  4558,  4559; 
on  Dred  Scott  case,  4566. 


McLean,  Wilmer,  Lee’s  surrender  in  house 
of,  5292.  • 

McLean  house,  view  of,  facing  5290. 

McLeod,  British  officer,  at  the  battle  of 
Guilford,  3033. 

McMichael,  Morton,  plans  centennial  expo¬ 
sition,  5526. 

McMinnville,  Tenn.,  Forrest  at,  5114,  5115; 
Nelson  at,  5115;  Bragg’s  forces  at,  5160. 

McNab,  Sir  Alan  Napier,  defeats  Canadian 
revolutionists  at  Navy  Island,  4311. 

McNeil,  Mrs.,  a  friend  of  Jennie  McCrea, 
2581. 

McNeil,  Capt.  Hector,  commanded  U.  S. 
ship  Boston,  2875,  2878. 

Macomb,  Gen.  Alexander,  defends  Platts- 
burg  against  the  British,  4066-4068;  at 
inauguration  of  Harrison,  4332. 

Macon,  Nathaniel,  enters  house  of  repre¬ 
sentatives,  3423;  on  slavery,  3619;  on 
sedition  bill,  3632;  elected  speaker  of 
the  house,  3714;  on  slave  tax,  3769,  3770; 
on  impeachment  of  judges,  3778;  on  en¬ 
forcement  of  the  embargo,  3880;  leader 
in  congress,  3901 ;  on  the  state  of  the 
army,  3929;  on  non-intercourse  bill,  3950. 

Macon  bill  No.  1  fails  to  pass,  3925-3927; 
No.  2  passes,  3928;  effect  on  England, 
3935- 

Macon,  Ga.,  retreat  of  Hood  toward,  5264; 
destruction  of  railroads  between  Millen 
and,  5272 ;  Sherman  threatens  to  at¬ 
tack,  5273. 

McPherson  leads  Highlanders  to  Ogeechee 
river,  1864. 

McPherson,  Gen.  J.  B.,  at  Grand  Junction, 
5141;  at  siege  of  Vicksburg,  5148;  com¬ 
mands  division  under  Sherman,  5254; 
in  battle  of  Kenesaw  Mountain,  5260. 

McQueen,  Peter,  leads  the  Creeks,  4036. 

McRae,  Lieut.-Gov.,  assists  in  Burr  trial, 
3838. 

McRae,  Fort,  Fla.,  Florida  seizes,  4649*  465°- 

McRae,  Confederate  steamer,  4885. 

Mactan,  Philippine  Islands,  Magellan  on, 
414;  battle  on,  416;  Magellan,  Serrano 
and  Barbosa  killed  on,  417;  monument 
to  Magellan  at,  illus.,  facing  418;  his 
burial-place,  419,  420. 

McVeagh,  Wayne,  attorney-general,  5567; 
retires,  5572. 

Madagascar,  not  seen  by  Gama,  404;  ren¬ 
dezvous  of  pirates  in  17th  century,  1555. 

Madeira  Islands  discovered,  244,  315,  402; 
Verrazano  at,  504. 

Madison,  English  clergyman,  3108. 

Madison,  Mrs.  Dolly  Payne,  portrait,  facing 
3894;  at  Madison’s  inauguration,  3894, 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


153 


3895;  her  coolness  at  the  time  of  the 
British  capture  of  Washington,  4074. 

Madison,  Janies,  a  schoolfellow  of  G.  R. 
Clark,  2779;  opposed  establishment  of 
state  church  in  Virginia,  3109;  graduate 
of  Princeton  college,  3130;  on  Spain’s 
colonizing  scheme,  3186;  views  on  inter¬ 
state  commerce,  3231,  3232;  member  of 
commercial  convention,  3248,  3249;  his 
reasons  for  stronger  government,  3257 ; 
facsimile  of  letter  to  Edmund  Randolph 
on  the  Philadelphia  convention,  facing 
3258;  member  of  the  Philadelphia  con¬ 
vention,  3261 ;  life  sketch  of,  3261,  3262 ; 
his  work  on  the  constitution,  3261,  3262; 
portrait,  facing  3284;  on  national  debt, 
332 6,  3327;  candidate  for  senator,  3327; 
on  revenue,  3343,  3353;  on  location  of 
the  capital,  3357;  on  state  debts,  3369; 
on  slavery,  3378 ;  national  bank  opposed 
by,  3400;  on  constitutionality  of  protec¬ 
tion,  3425,  3426;  on  retaliatory  duties, 
3490,  3492;  on  Federalist  policy,  3564; 
opposes  Jay’s  treaty,  3571,  3572;  resolu¬ 
tion  on  post  roads,  3576;  on  alien  and 
sedition  laws,  3646,  3647;  appointed  sec¬ 
retary  of  state,  3712;  his  ability,  3713; 
instructions  on  the  navigation  of  the 
Mississippi  river,  3740 ;  explains  Mobile 
act  to  Yrujo,  3765,  3766;  case  of  Mar- 
bury  vs.,  3774,  3775 ;  demands  neutral 
rights  of  England,  3794;  instructions  on 
the  purchase  of  Florida,  3807;  Randolph 
opposes,  3816;  on  treaty  of  1807  with 
England,  3851-3853;  on  embargo,  3870, 
3871 ;  reply  to  England’s  demands,  3873, 
3874,  3909;  nominated  for  president, 
3883;  elected,  3884,  3893-3895 ;  portrait, 
facing  3890;  message,  3895,  3896,  3901; 
cabinet,  3896,  3897 ;  proclamation  on 
trade  with  England,  3899,  3900,  3910, 
3911;  blamed  for  Canning’s  disavowal, 
3906,  3910;  and  Jackson,  3912,  3913, 
3915;  second  message  of,  3921;  and 
Monroe,  3921 ;  proclamation  on  renewal 
of  trade  with  France,  3938;  asks  con¬ 
gress  for  authority  to  accept  cession  of 
west  Florida,  3941 ;  removes  Robert 
Smith,  3950,  3951 ;  renominated  for  pres¬ 
ident,  3972;  on  war  of  1812,  3972,  3973, 
4006,  4007;  re-elected  in  1812,  4003,  4004; 
his  annual  message  in  1812,  4004;  pro¬ 
tests  against  the  impressment  of  seamen, 
4010;  his  second  inauguration  as  presi¬ 
dent,  4011 ;  annual  message  (1813),  4044.; 
recommends  repeal  of  commercial  re¬ 
strictions  (1814),  4046,  4047;  annual 
message  (1815),  4094,  4096;  vetoes  Cal¬ 


houn’s  plan  for  internal  improvements, 
4097;  on  the  Monroe  doctrine,  4148; 
facsimile  of  his  letter  to  Van  Buren, 
facing  4206;  facsimile  of  his  “Advice 
to  My  Country,”  facing  4300;  portrait  at 
age  of  eighty-two,  facing  4300;  death, 
4301. 

Madison,  Thomas,  educated  in  Virginia, 

1653. 

Madison U.  S.  sloop,  4049. 

Madison  river,  Lewis  and  Clark  name,  3757. 

Madoc,  mythical  discovery  of  America,  245- 
247. 

Madras,  Gama  arrived  at  coast  of,  405. 

Madrid,  treaty  of,  causes  contested  claims 
for  land  between  Savannah  and  Alta- 
maha  rivers,  1845. 

Madruga,  Cuba,  reconcentrado  camp  at,  fac¬ 
ing  5712. 

Magaw,  Col.,  commands  at  Ft.  Washing¬ 
ton,  2527. 

Magazines  in  the  early  days  of  the  United 
States,  3452,  3455- 

Magdalen  Islands,  off  Newfoundland,  col¬ 
onized  by  Dutch,  616;  one  of,  given 
to  Richard  Gridley  by  English  govern¬ 
ment,  note,  1402. 

Magdalena  river,  Narvaez  built  boats  on, 
462. 

Magellan,  Ferdinand,  great  discoverer,  100; 
sails  around  the  world,  384,  386,  396, 
401 ;  pronunciation  of  name,  note,  401 ; 
portrait,  facing  406;  birth,  406;  early 
voyages,  406,  407 ;  leaves  Portuguese  ser¬ 
vice  for  Spanish,  407 ;  friendship  for 
Serrano,  407;  faith  in  westward  route 
to  India,  407;  his  momentous  voyage, 
407-417;  mutiny  of  men  and  treachery  of 
Portugal,  408,  413,  417;  in  Bay  of  Rio 
Janeiro,  409;  explores  Rio  de  la  Plata, 
409 ;  winters  on  Patagonian  coast,  409, 
41 1 ;  his  sufferings,  409,  413;  takes  pos¬ 
session  for  Charles  V.,  411;  passes 
through  Strait  of  Magellan,  41 1,  412; 
slandered  by  deserters,  412 ;  stern  per¬ 
sistence,  412 ;  map  of  his  course,  facing 
412;  just  missed  Oceanica,  413;  no 
storms  on  Pacific,  414;  discovered  Guam, 
414;  discovers  other  islands  of  Philip¬ 
pine  group,  415;  his  death,  417;  contin¬ 
uance  of  his  plan  by  his  men,  417,  419, 
502;  monument  to,  on  Philippine  Islands, 
illus.,  facing  418;  honors  to  his  sur¬ 
vivors,  419,  420;  Drake  thinks  of  follow¬ 
ing  his  course,  592. 

Magellan,  Strait  of,  Magellan  sights,  41 1; 
his  name  for,  41 1;  perhaps  first  seen  by 
De  Plaro,  note,  41 1 ;  on  early  maps,  note, 


154 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


41 1 ;  Magellan’s  voyage  through,  412; 
limit  of  Dutch  commercial  monopoly, 
553- 

Magnus,  squaw  sachem  of  Narragansetts, 
1299;  defeated,  1300. 

Magnus,  Albertus,  on  sea  route  to  India, 
278. 

Magoffin,  Beriah,  governor  of  Kentucky, 
message  to  Lincoln,  4684;  wants  Ken¬ 
tucky  to  secede,  4799 ;  urges  states  to 
enforce  truce,  4800;  demands  removal 
of  Union  camps  from  Kentucky,  4801, 
4802. 

Magruder,  Gen.  John  B.,  at  Hampton,  4745; 
at  Yorktown,  4791,  4795;  proclamation 
at  Galveston,  4867 ;  at  Gaines’  Mills, 
4981 ;  at  Malvern  Hill,  4989. 

Maguaga,  Mich.,  battle  at,  3984. 

Maham,  Col.,  built  a  tower  to  overlook  Ft. 
Watson,  3041. 

Maidenhead,  N.  J.,  skirmishing  at,  in  rev¬ 
olutionary  war,  2545. 

Mail,  U.  S.,  see  Postal  service. 

Main,  steamship,  in  the  Hoboken  fire,  5783. 

Maine,  Indian  tribes  in,  157;  probably 
coasted  by  Verrazano,  506;  coasted  and 
mapped  by  Champlain,  524;  coasted  by 
Gosnold,  618;  by  Pring,  619,  620;  in 
French  claim,  621 ;  Weymouth  claims, 
622;  in  assignment  to  “Virginia”  com¬ 
pany,  627 ;  Somers  and  Argali  drift  to 
coast  of,  665 ;  attempts  at  English  col¬ 
onies,  725-750;  has  first  chartered  New 
England  colony,  note,  732 ;  St.  Croix 
river  boundary  of  Alexander’s  grant, 
750 ;  state,  county,  public  land  in,  793 ; 
patented  and  named  by  Mason  and  Gor¬ 
ges,  791 ;  province  of,  so  divided  as  to 
give  New  Hampshire  to  Mason,  844; 
many  grants  given  in,  847;  not  in  New 
England  union,  914;  how  separated  from 
Massachusetts,  946;  under  jurisdiction 
of  Massachusetts,  947,  948;  reconstitu¬ 
ted  under  Gorges,  949;  given  up  by  him, 
951 ;  taken  by  general  court  of  Massa¬ 
chusetts,  951;  Rigby  and  Cleves  in,  951; 
annexed  to  Massachusetts  Bay,  952 ; 
picture  of  old  houses  in,  952 ;  taken 
under  control  of  Massachusetts,  1280, 
1362;  disputes  jurisdiction  with  Massa¬ 
chusetts,  1306;  included  in  royal  province 
under  Phips,  1323 ;  harassed  in  King 
William’s  war,  1348,  1349;  frontier  towns 
in,  attacked  by  Indians,  1356;  best  trees 
of,  claimed  by  king,  1359 ;  Abenakis  now 
inhabit,  1362;  Rasle  settles  in,  1363,  1364, 
1368,  1369;  militia  commanded  by  Will¬ 
iam  Pepperrell,  1390,  1391 ;  English  and 
Scotch  settlements  in  early  17th  century, 


1939;  desires  separation  from  Massachu¬ 
setts,  3238;  admitted  to  the  Union,  4123- 
4126;  controversy  with  Georgia  over 
abduction  of  slaves,  4314;  boundary 
question,  4349;  Republicans  victorious  in 
(i860),  4602. 

Maine,  U.  S.  warship,  sunk  in  the  Havana 
harbor,  5704,  5705 ;  investigation  of  the 
disaster,  5705;  congress  on,  5712;  wreck 
of,  illus.,  facing  5712. 

Mainz,  printing-presses  destroyed  in,  60,  61. 

Maisonneuve,  Sieur  de,  first  governor  of 
Montreal,  1968;  declines  to  stay  in  Que¬ 
bec,  1968;  escaped  capture,  1969,  1970; 
authorizes  Daulac  to  accept  Hurons  as 
reinforcement,  1979. 

Major,  Minor,  employed  by  Thompson  to 
destroy  Union  steamboats  on  the  Missis¬ 
sippi,  5208. 

Major,  R.  H.,  author  of  “Life  of  Prince 
Henry  the  Navigator,”  243;  supports 
Zeno  narrative,  note,  256. 

Malabar,  India,  Portuguese  in,  333,  402,  404. 

Malacca  in  plan  of  Columbus,  329,  338,  339; 
Vespucci  at,  367;  Magellan  in,  406; 
Drake  passes  through  straits  of,  595. 

Malaga,  Spain,  Columbus  at,  285. 

Malatche,  Creek  Indian  chief,  1926,  1927, 
1929-1932. 

Malays  probably  of  same  stock  as  American 
Indians,  123 ;  attack  Portuguese  fleet, 
406;  a  learned  Malay  interprets  for 
Magellan,  415. 

Malden,  Can.,  British  at,  3959,  4016,  4017, 
4019;  battle  at,  3982-3984. 

Maldonado,  Francisco,  ready  to  help  Soto, 

474- 

“Malhado,”  Island  of,  probably  Galveston 
Island,  463. 

Malietoa,  king  of  Samoa,  makes  treaty  with 
Germany,  5 636,  5637;  asks  for  American 
protectorate,  5637;  Germany  declares 
war  against,  5 637,  5638;  Great  Britain 
and  United  States  uphold,  5638;  re¬ 
stored  as  king,  5639;  portrait,  facing 
5640. 

Malinche,  Aztec  name  for  Cortes,  451. 

Malloney,  Joseph  F.,  Social  Labor  nominee 
for  president,  5769. 

Mallory,  Rollin  C.,  chairman  of  committee 
on  manufactures,  4184. 

Mallory,  Stephen  R.,  portrait,  facing  4660; 
Confederate  secretary  of  the  navy,  4660; 
on  negro  suffrage,  5356. 

Malmedy,  Col.,  at  Eutaw  Springs,  3075. 

Malta,  Norsemen  in,  205. 

Maltravers,  Lord,  member  of  council  for 
New  England,  850,  855;  apparently  re- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


155 


ceived  Arundel's  grant,  858;  receives 
Carolina  grant  from  Sir  Robert  Heath, 
1716. 

Malvern ,  U.  S.  ship,  4869. 

Malvern  Hill,  Va.,  Lafayette  at,  3072;  view 
of,  facing  4984;  battle  of,  4984-4993,  4995. 

Mamelukes,  Egyptian  cavalry  corps,  45. 

Manahoak,  Indian  tribe,  in  Virginia,  160. 

Manassas,  Va.,  Confederate  army  at,  4744, 
4747,  4748,  4781 ;  McDowell  attacks,  4784- 
4786;  McClellan  occupies,  4787,  4789, 
4790;  Jackson's  brigade  captures  com¬ 
missary  stores  at,  5016;  Pope’s  army  at, 
5017-5019;  map  of  battle,  facing  5018. 

Manassas,  Confederate  ram,  4863,  4883, 
4885,  4890,  4891,  4899- 

“Manathoes,”  Manhattan  Island,  1153. 

Manchac,  La.,  James  Willing  at,  2788,  2789; 
Galvez  recovers  for  Spain,  2789. 

Manchester,  Earl  of,  on  committee  of  plan¬ 
tations,  1417;  favorable  to  Connecticut 
colony,  1419,  1420. 

remarks  on  the  evacuation  of  Boston, 
2483,  2484;  on  peace  commission  after 
revolutionary  war,  3099. 

Manchester,  Vt.,  Warner  enlists  troops  at, 
2574;  Gen.  Lincoln  commands  at,  2600; 
Stark’s  troops  at,  2601. 

Mandans,  Indian  tribe,  picture,  facing  161, 
163;  superiority,  246;  interior  of  a  Man- 
dan  lodge,  facing  247;  Lewis  and  Clark 

Manchester,  Duke  of,  quotations  from  his 
in  country  of,  3757. 

Mandeville,  John,  quoted  concerning  the 
astrolabe,  68;  estimates  size  of  earth,  97; 
speaks  of  circumnavigation  of  globe,  103 ; 
his  book  read  by  Columbus,  278;  story 
by,  325- 

Mangi  described  by  Marco  Polo,  305,  325. 

Mangon,  Cuba,  325. 

Mangourit,  French  consul,  3465,  3475,  3476. 

Mangum,  Willie  P.,  member  of  the  “grand 
committee”  (1850),  4474. 

Manhattan ,  U.  S.  monitor,  in  battle  of  Mo¬ 
bile  Bay,  5171. 

Manhattan  Island,  weakness  of  early  Dutch 
colony  on,  537;  discovered  by  Hudson, 
545,  5471  first  block-house  on,  549;  ship 
built  at,  550;  mingling  of  Dutch  and 
French,  551 ;  Walloon  settlers,  556; 
bought  from  Indians,  557-559 1  made  cap¬ 
ital  of  New  Netherland,  559;  Delaware 
colony  removes  to,  559;  not  open  to 
patroons,  563;  privileges  of  patroons, 
564;  merchants,  568,  569;  effect  of  Mus¬ 
covy  company  on,  589 ;  claimed  by  Dutch 
and  English,  953,  955;  Kieft  arouses 
Indian  conflict  on,  1130,  1136,  1139; 


Dutch  population  greatly  reduced,  1142; 
fortifications  of,  2511;  Ft.  Washington 
on,  2516;  Howe  lands  on,  2518;  Howe 
forces  Washington  out  of,  2520,  2521. 

Manigault,  Col.  Edward,  wounded  at 
Franklin,  5267. 

Manila,  Dewey  ordered  to  destroy  Spanish 
fleet  in,  5719,  5721-5723;  view  of  Spanish 
gunboats  sunk  by  Dewey  at,  facing  5722 ; 
surrendered  to  Dewey,  5724,  5725;  Mer¬ 
ritt's  proclamation  in,  5739;  Filipinos 
evacuate,  5741,  5743;  view  of  Santa  Cruz 
church,  facing  5792. 

Manioc,  the  cassava  plant,  note,  357. 

Manly,  Capt.  John,  brilliant  naval  feats  in 
Massachusetts  Bay,  2862 ;  commands 
U.  S.  frigate  Hancock,  2878. 

Mann,  Dudley,  sent  to  Hungary  to  investi¬ 
gate  status  of  affairs,  4493. 

Mann,  Horace,  member  of  31st  congress, 
4448;  warns  South  of  effects  of  civil 
war,  4450. 

Manning,  Daniel,  secretary  of  the  treas¬ 
ury,  5590. 

Manning,  Rev.  James,  a  noted  Baptist  di¬ 
vine,  3116;  the  first  president  of  Brown 
university,  3131. 

Manning,  Col.  John,  surrenders  New  York, 
1501,  1502. 

Manning’s  Island,  now  Blackwell’s,  1502. 

Manomet  (Sandwich),  Mass.,  Standish 
balks  Indians  at,  782,  786. 

Manomet  river,  outpost  of  Plymouth  col¬ 
ony  on,  820. 

Mansfield,  Lord,  urges  the  appointment  of 
Chatham  to  premiership,  2719. 

Mansfield,  Gen.  J.  K.  F.,  brigade  com¬ 
mander,  4765 ;  commands  twelfth  corps 
in  Maryland  campaign,  5032 ;  corps  at 
Antietam,  5044;  killed  at  Antietam,  5047. 

Mantinenocs,  Indian  tribe,  friendly  to  Un¬ 
derhill,  1155. 

Manufactures:  In  New  England,  912;  in 
Pennsylvania  province,  1260;  encour¬ 
aged  in  Maryland  by  Lord  Baltimore, 
1690;  in  New  England  before  revolution, 
2349;  injured  by  stamp  act,  2375,  2379; 
growth  of  colonial,  3117,  3118;  Hamil¬ 
ton’s  report  on,  3425,  3426;  in  1800,  3697; 
embargo  helps,  3900;  Madison  on,  3901, 
3921 ;  Gallatin’s  report  on,  3931 ;  growth 
in  middle  and  eastern  states,  4198,  4199. 
4207. 

Manufactures,  Bureau  of,  organized,  5973. 

Maracaibo,  Venezuela,  Ojeda  at,  363,  376. 

Marblehead,  Mass.,  made  port  of  entry  by 
port  bill,  2406. 

Marbleheaders,  Delaware  river  crossed  by, 


156 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


2540 ;  famous  in  Rhode  Island  campaign, 
2754- 

Marbois,  Frangois  de  Barbe,  French  envoy 
in  sale  of  Louisiana,  3742,  3743,  3752; 
portrait,  facing  3744. 

Marbury  vs.  Madison,  supreme  court  de¬ 
cision  in  case  of,  3774,  3775- 

“March  to  the  sea”  by  Sheridan’s  army  in 
civil  war,  5271-5284. 

Marcolini,  Francesco,  edited  Zeno  letters, 
254,  255. 

Marcy,  William  L.,  secretary  of  war  under 
Polk,  4369;  leads  Hunkers,  4426;  secre¬ 
tary  of  war,  4426;  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  Democratic  nomination  in  1852, 
4503,  4504;  secretary  of  state  under 
Pierce,  4518;  changes  regulation  court 
dress  of  minister,  4522 ;  Koszta  case, 
4523 ;  arranges  the  conference  which  re¬ 
sulted  in  the  Ostend  manifesto,  4549; 
rebukes  signers  of  Ostend  manifesto, 
4550. 

Mare  Tenebrosum  alarmed  Spaniards,  301. 

Margaret,  queen  of  Denmark,  Sweden  and 
Norway,  unites  crow*ns  of  Scandinavia, 
239- 

Margarita  Islands,  discovered  by  Columbus, 
330;  Ojeda  visits,  363;  Guerra  and  Nino 
on,  373. 

Margarite,  Spanish  officer,  324,  326. 

Margot,  Gov.  Don  Jose,  Jackson  seizes 
Florida  from,  4110. 

Maria,  Infanta  of  Spain,  790. 

Maria  Christina,  Spanish  ship,  5722. 

Maria  Galante,  Isle  of,  discovered  by  Co¬ 
lumbus,  323. 

Maria  river,  Lewis  explores,  3758. 

Maria  Theresa,  of  Austria,  her  accession  to 
throne  brings  on  war  of  Austrian  suc¬ 
cession,  1385  ;  urges  peace  in  1778-9,  2891. 

Maria  Teresa,  Spanish  warship,  5732,  5733; 
destruction  of,  at  Santiago,  illus.,  facing 
5736. 

Mariames,  Texas  Indians,  Spaniards  cap¬ 
tives  of,  463. 

Mariana  tract  on  the  Merrimac  river  taken 
by  Mason,  790,  844,  856;  given  away  by 
Warwick,  843,  860,  865. 

Marie,  M.,  envoy  sent  by  D’Aunay  to  make 
treaty  with  Massachusetts,  1950-1952, 

T955-  . 

Marie  Antoinette,  queen  of  France,  Mari¬ 
etta,  O.,  named  in  honor  of,  3198. 

Marietta,  O.,  earthwork  in,  136;  founded, 
3198,  3410,  3694;  view  of,  in  early  times, 
facing  3410;  portraits  of  its  founders, 
3410. 


Marietta,  Tenn.,  location  of,  5260;  Johnston 
near,  5260. 

Marina,  mistress  of  Cortes,  451. 

Marine  hospital  service  aids  immigration 
bureau,  5979. 

Marion,  Gen.  Francis,  life  sketch,  2923, 
2924;  portrait,  facing  2924;  called 
“Swamp  Fox,”  2924;  Cornwallis  com¬ 
ments  on,  2924;  the  organization  of  his 
brigade,  2936,  2937;  fight  with  Gainey 
and  Barfield,  2937;  given  command  of 
insurgent  militia,  2937 ;  in  southern  cam¬ 
paign  against  Cornwallis,  2938,  3008, 
3009,  3027,  3042,  3047,  3055,  3074,  3078; 
Kalb  joined  by,  2940;  Gates’  treatment 
of,  2944,  also  note,  2944;  on  the  Santee, 
2992;  Tories  join,  2993;  battle  at  Black 
Mingo  creek,  2995 ;  fight  with  Col.  Tynes, 
2995;  ambushes  Watson,  3040;  captures 
Georgetown,  3050. 

Marion,  Fort,  Fla.,  Rodgers  takes,  4878. 

Marion,  Va.,  burning  of  the  iron-works  at, 
5270. 

Mariposa,  Cal.,  trees  at,  259. 

Marjoribanks,  Maj.,  fatally  wounded  at  Eu- 
taw  Springs,  3075,  3078. 

Markham,  Clements  R.,  concerning  Ves¬ 
pucci,  note,  346,  369. 

Markham,  William,  leads  Penn’s  first  com¬ 
pany,  1199;  Penn’s  secretary,  brought 
Quakers  to  America,  1208;  leads  the 
Delaware  colony  in  rejecting  Lloyd, 
1231 ;  deputy-governor  for  Delaware, 
1232;  lieutenant-governor  of  both  prov¬ 
inces,  1232 ;  called  on  for  war  contribu¬ 
tions,  1239.  • 

Markland  named  by  Leif  Ericsson,  21 1; 
passed  by  Thorfinn,  220,  237 ;  last  voyage 
to,  238,  239. 

Marlborough,  Duke  of,  Gov.  Shute  serves 
under,  1358;  on  committee  of  planta¬ 
tions,  1417. 

Marmaduke,  Col.,  arrested  at  Camp  Doug¬ 
las,  5208. 

Marmaduke,  Gen.  J.  S.,  captured  by  Pleas¬ 
anton,  5257. 

Marque,  letters  of,  congress  issues,  2863, 
2864. 

Marques  de  la  Habana,  Confederate  steam¬ 
er,  4903. 

Marquette,  Father  Jacques,  account  of  his 
explorations,  1992,  1993;  portrait,  facing 
T992. 

Marriage  laws,  in  1704,  in  North  Carolina, 
1806. 

Marshall,  Col.  Charles,  at  Lee’s  surrender, 

5292. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


157 


Marshall,  Gen.  Humphrey,  in  the  Burr  con¬ 
spiracy,  3828;  organizes  Confederate 
force  in  Kentucky,  4808;  in  Virginia  and 
Kentucky,  5118,  5119. 

Marshall,  James,  leader  in  the  whiskey  riots, 
3509,  35io,  3513-  . 

Marshall,  James,  discovers  gold  in  Cali¬ 
fornia,  4446. 

Marshall,  John,  chief-justice,  graduate  of 
William  and  Mary  college,  3128;  declines 
cabinet  position,  3561 ;  portrait,  facing 
3594;  appointed  on  French  mission,  3595; 
returns  from  France,  3624;  Adams’  es¬ 
timate  of,  3668;  Wolcott’s  opinion  of, 
3668 ;  his  reply  to  Adams,  3669 ;  succeeds 
Pickering  in  Adams’  cabinet,  3679;  ob¬ 
noxious  to  the  Democrats,  3774;  opinion 
on  the  constitution,  3776;  grants  writ  of 
habeas  corpus  to  Bollman  and  Swart- 
wout,  3836,  3837 ;  presides  over  Burr 
trial,  3837-3840 ;  his  decision  in  Burr’s 
case  arouses  anger,  3843,  3844;  portrait, 
facing  4298;  death,  4299;  character,  4299- 
4301. 

Marshall,  Thomas,  at  Brandywine,  2618. 

Marshall  house,  Alexandria,  Va.,  Ellsworth 
killed  in,  4740;  illus.  of,  facing  4740. 

Marshfield,  Mass.,  set  off  from  Plymouth, 
829;  Webster’s  return  to  and  his  death, 
4510,  4511. 

Martha’s  Vineyard,  Norsemen  near,  221 ; 
perhaps  touched  by  Verrazano,  505;  vis¬ 
ited  by  Champlain  and  Poutrincourt, 
527;  by  Cornells  May,  551;  gold  sought 
on,  by  Plobson,  734 ;  Dernier  at,  741 ; 
Grey  plunders,  2759. 

Martin,  Col.,  employed  by  Thompson  to 
burn  New  York  city,  5208. 

Martin,  Alexander,  governor  of  North 
Carolina,  3173;  delegate  to  the  Phila¬ 
delphia  convention,  3270. 

Martin,  Alonzo,  first  to  step  in  Pacific,  383. 

Martin,  Christopher,  superintends  fitting 
out  of  Mayflower,  764. 

Martin,  David  H.,  nominated  for  vice-pres¬ 
ident,  5767. 

Martin,  James,  in  railroad  strike  of  1894, 
5673. 

Martin,  John,  member  of  first  Virginia 
council,  632;  defied  by  Ratcliff e  and 
Archer,  643 ;  leaves  on  account  of  ill¬ 
ness,  647;  returns  with  Gates,  658; 
refused  to  be  president  of  council,  658; 
barely  escaped  Indians,  659;  at  James¬ 
town,  663 ;  forge-master,  665 ;  voted  to 
surrender  London  company’s  franchises, 
705;  assistant,  710. 

Martin,  Joseph,  royalist  governor  of  North 


Carolina,  2439;  negotiates  with  High¬ 
landers  in  North  Carolina  for  British 
cause,  2490 ;  commands  state  militia, 
31 77- 

Martin,  Luther,  issues  proclamation  against 
Howe,  2612;  graduate  of  Princeton  col¬ 
lege,  3130;  member  of  the  Philadelphia 
convention,  3269;  sketch  of,  3269;  on 
slave  trade,  3289;  opposed  the  constitu¬ 
tion,  3310;  defends  Judge  Chase,  note, 
3788;  conducts  defense  in  Burr  trial, 
3839,  3842;  portrait,  facing  3840. 

Martin  academy,  in  Franklin,  now  Tennes¬ 
see,  founding  of,  3174. 

Martindale  in  command  of  a  Union  battery 
at  Gaines’  Mill,  4980. 

Martineau,  Harriet,  observations  concern¬ 
ing  southern  views  of  slavery,  4443. 

Martinez,  Fernando,  friend  of  Toscanelli, 
274- _ 

Martinique  captured  by  English  in  1762, 
2331 ;  American  naval  captures  sent  to, 
2874;  restored  to  France,  3732. 

Martin’s  Brandon,  borough  of  Virginia, 
entitled  to  representation  in  house  of 
burgesses,  680. 

Martin’s  Hundred,  borough  of  Virginia,  en- 
entitled  to  representation  in  house  of 
burgesses,  680. 

Martin  Station,  Ky.,  Indian  outrages  at, 
2793- 

Martinsburg,  W.  Va.,  strength  of  forces 
at,  5035 ;  Lee’s  plan  to  capture,  5035 ; 
Jackson  at,  5037;  evacuated,  5037; 
Ewell’s  corps  at,  5084,  5085 ;  railroad 
strike  at,  5552. 

Martland,  Lieut. -Col.,  battle  at  Stone  Ferry 
fought  by,  2825 ;  Prevost  reinforced  by, 
2828;  Americans  repulsed  at  Savannah 
by,  2830. 

Martyr,  Peter,  map  by,  note,  358,  359; 
illus.,  facing  360. 

Martyr  Islands  discovered  by  Ponce  de 
Leon,  389. 

Mary  II.,  queen  of  England  (joint  ruler 
with  William  III.),  reception  of  their 
accession  in  the  colonies,  1230,  1441, 
1475,  1536,  1559,  1696,  1697,  1702;  her 
claim  to  the  throne,  1318,  1319;  en¬ 
throned  and  proclaimed,  1532,  1631 ;  act 
of  toleration  issued  by,  1705. 

Mary  and  John,  British  ship,  takes  expedi¬ 
tion  to  Popham  colony,  728,  731. 

Mary  of  Burgundy,  her  marriage,  11;  her 
grandson,  12. 

Maryland,  Norsemen  in,  217;  Spanish  mis¬ 
sion  in,  499;  John  Smith  enters,  648; 
included  in  grant  to  second  Virginia 


158 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


company,  656;  Claiborne  in,  692;  Lord 
Baltimore’s  claim  in,  strengthened  by 
judgment  against  Virginia  charter,  708; 
in  contest  with  Virginia,  714,  720;  Puri¬ 
tans  flee  to,  720;  great  powers  of  Lord 
Baltimore,  949,  1063-1066;  religious  tol¬ 
eration  practiced  in,  1065;  not  formally 
a  Catholic  state,  1068;  pleasant  beginning 
of  colony,  1071 ;  representative  govern¬ 
ment  introduced  in,  1076,  1077;  reorgan¬ 
ized  as  Protestant  colony,  1084,  1086;  con¬ 
stitution  formed,  1090 ;  people  of,  con¬ 
trol  taxes,  1091 ;  colony  excludes  Qua¬ 
kers  and  churchmen,  1101;  Quakers  in, 
at  time  of  Fox’s  visit,  1185;  disputes 
boundary  with  Pennsylvania,  1204,  1205, 
1209,  1210,  1218;  population  of,  in  1750, 
1261,  1262;  Dutch  New  Yorkers  settled 
in,  1500;  Gazette  established  at  Annapo¬ 
lis  by  William  Parks,  1665;  province 
glad  to  receive  Philip  Calvert  as  gov¬ 
ernor,  1669;  population  and  prosperity 
of,  during  restoration,  1670,  1673  5  serv¬ 
ants  in,  1670-1672;  general  assembly 
votes  funds  to  Gov.  Calvert  in  gratitude, 
1675,  1691 ;  ratifies  treaty  with  Indians, 
1678;  passed  first  act  of  naturalization 
in  American  colonies,  1678;  laws  revised 
by  Lord  Baltimore,  1681,  1682;  tempo¬ 
rizes  about  maintaining  church  of  Eng¬ 
land  in  Charles  II. ’s  time,  1688;  Prot¬ 
estants  placed  in  all  offices  in  1680,  1692; 
collection  of  customs  given  to  Virginia 
with  resulting  controversy,  1693;  au¬ 
thorities  support  house  of  Stuart  in 
English  revolution,  1696;  accused  of 
“Polish  plot,”  1696 ;  government  of, 
taken  from  Lord  Baltimore  and  Cath¬ 
olics,  1700;  proprietary  government  ends, 
1701 ;  population  at  beginning  of  18th 
century,  1707;  founded  by  Catholics, 
1713;  population  in  1755,  2009;  colony 
jealous  of  Pennsylvania,  2015;  Indian 
atrocities  in  1763,  2317;  population  in 
1760,  2344;  ruled  by  England  in  1750, 
2345 ;  in  revolutionary  war,  2438 ;  in- 
instructs  delegates,  2438;  declares  inde¬ 
pendence,  2492,  2496,  2498;  heroism  of 
Maryland  troops  at  battle  of  Long  Is¬ 
land,  2514;  Maryland  troops  at  Ft.  Mer¬ 
cer,  2669;  spread  of  colonial  population, 
2764;  fleet  equipped  by,  2863;  “new 
tenor”  money,  2964;  condition  at  close 
of  the  revolution,- 3104;  slavery  in,  3106; 
religious  institutions,  3109,  3110;  in¬ 
corporation  of  church,  3110;  land  ques¬ 
tion,  3152;  effect  of  paper  money  in, 
3246;  claimed  jurisdiction  over  the  Po¬ 


tomac  river,  3248;  on  slave  trade,  3290; 
ratifies  constitution,  3310;  on  the  as¬ 
sumption  of  state  debts,  3376;  popula¬ 
tion  in  1790,  3422;  on  the  Kentucky  res¬ 
olutions,  3652 ;  militia  of,  at  battle  of 
Bladensburg,  4073,  4074;  favors  coloniza¬ 
tion  of  negroes,  4287;  secession  move¬ 
ment  in,  4691 ;  decides  for  the  Union, 
4691,  4692;  Lee  invades,  5027;  Lee’s 
proclamation  to  people  of,  5027;  re¬ 
ception  of  Confederate  army  in,  5028; 
map  of,  facing  5052 ;  Hill  and  Long- 
street  in,  5085 ;  arrest  of  members  of 
legislature,  5184;  ratifies  thirteenth 
amendment,  5213. 

Maryland  Gazette,  first  newspaper  printed 
in  the  colony,  1709. 

Maryland  Heights,  Md.,  captured  by  Mc- 
Laws,  5037;  strength  of  garrison  at, 
5086;  Meade  given  permission  to  with-, 
draw  troops  from,  5086. 

Maryland  Journal  and  Baltimore  Adver¬ 
tiser,  1 71 1. 

Marye’s  Heights,  Va.,  storming  of,  5073, 
5074- . 

Mascoutins,  Indian  tribe,  tell  Jean  Nicolet 
of  the  Mississippi  river,  1959. 

Mason,  Charles,  surveyed  boundary  be¬ 
tween  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania,  1205, 
1206. 

Mason,  George,  Clark’s  plans  approved  by, 
2780;  opposed  establishment  of  state 
church  in  Virginia,  3109;  member  of 
commercial  convention,  3248,  3249 ;  mem¬ 
ber  of  the  Philadelphia  convention,  3263 ; 
sketch  of,  3263;  portrait,  facing  3284; 
on  slave  trade  and  slavery,  3290. 

Mason,  James  Murray,  speaks  against 
Clay’s  compromise  resolutions  (1850), 
4453 ;  reads  Calhoun’s  last  speech 
in  senate  (March,  1848),  4458;  member 
of  the  “grand  committee”  (1850),  4474; 
his  fugitive  slave  bill  introduced  and 
passed,  4483 ;  Confederate  envoy  to  Eng¬ 
land,  4926;  seized  and  imprisoned,  4926- 
4928;  reception  in  London,  4933. 

Mason,  Jeremiah,  opposition  to,  as  head 
of  Portsmouth  branch  of  bank  of  the 
United  States,  4221-4223. 

Mason,  Capt.  John  (1586-1635),  father  of 
Newfoundland,  750;  his  “Mariana”  grant 
on  the  Merrimac,  790,  791,  826,  842; 
received  and  named  New  Hampshire, 
844;  second  patent,  845;  buys  out  La¬ 
conia  company,  846;  in  new  division 
of  New  England,  855,  856;  vice-admiral 
of  New  England,  857;  dies,  857,  946: 
note,  859,  860;  injured  by  Massachusetts 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


159 


Bay  patent,  865,  and  note,  865,  948; 
(1600-1672)  deputy-governor,  sketch  of, 
972,  973  J  commands  expedition  against 
Pequot  fort,  972-978 ;  pursues  Indians, 
979;  advantage  gained  by,  980;  impor¬ 
tant  in  Saybrook,  996;  agents  of,  com¬ 
plained  of  Massachusetts,  in  England, 
1306. 

Mason,  John  Y.,  attorney-general  under 
Polk,  4369;  secretary  of  navy  under 
Polk,  4370;  minister  to  France  under 
Pierce,  4520;  helps  draw  up  Ostend  man¬ 
ifesto,  4549. 

Mason,  Stevens  Thompson,  governor  of 
Michigan  (territory),  4294,  4295;  elect¬ 
ed  governor  of  Michigan,  4295. 

Mason  and  Dixon’s  line,  when  surveyed, 
1205,  1206;  extended  to  settle  boundary 
between  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia, 
3 1 54- 

Mason  hall  built  by  Thompson  at  Little 
Harbor,  N.  H.,  791 ;  Neale  and  Gibbons 
at,  846. 

Masons,  see  Freemasons. 

Massac,  Fort,  Ill.,  G.  R.  Clark  at,  2781 ; 
Burr  at,  3821,  3835. 

Massachusetts  named  for  Indian  tribe,  158, 
796;  Norsemen  in,  210,  242;  English 
Plymouth  company  established,  555 pre¬ 
vious  colony  in,  615;  Gosnold,  619; 
Pring,  620;  Weymouth  plans  to  settle 
in,  622 ;  shares  honors  of  early  settlement 
with  Maine,  note,  732;  advantage  of 
its  militant  spirit,  759;  depopulated  of 
Indians  when  Pilgrims  landed,  774 ; 
have  squaw  sachem,  777;  outwitted  by 
Standish,  782;  hostile,  786;  grows  from 
Cape  Ann  plantation,  791,  792;  Oldham, 
812;  checks  disorder  at  Merry-Mount, 
825 ;  annexes  Plymouth  colony,  827,  and 
note,  also  Hingham,  828;  declines  to 
join  Plymouth  against  the  Dutch,  829; 
boundary  dispute,  830-833 ;  first  murder 
case  in,  834;  general  assembly,  its  com¬ 
position  and  functions,  836,  837,  891, 
897,  898,  904,  91 1 ;  treatment  of  Quakers, 
840,  923-940;  patent  of,  signed  by  War¬ 
wick,  844;  Gorges’  plans,  851,  853,  856; 
charter  kept  in  spite  of  enemies,  853, 
858,  894,  896 ;  included  in  grant  to 
Lord  Edward  Gorges,  856;  supported 
by  Warwick,  859;  full  title  of  company, 
868;  colonists  of  high  grade,  874-878; 
grows  rapidly,  875 ;  English  county 
names  repeated  in,  876;  Congregation¬ 
alism  in,  878;  make  alliance  with  Eng¬ 
lish,  887;  Roger  Williams  in,  901,  902; 
great  immigration  to,  in  1635,  904; 


Sir  Harry  Vane,  governor,  905 ;  Anne 
Hutchinson,  905-910,  1031 ;  Ward’s 

“Body  of  Liberties,”  91 1;  New  England 
union,  915,  1015;  policy  with  home  gov¬ 
ernment,  916;  proposed  removal  to  Ja¬ 
maica,  945 ;  absorbs  emigrating  force,  947 ; 
connection  with  Casco,  948;  “Plough 
Patent,”  951,  952;  extent  in  1653,  952; 
chartered  rights  in  1633,  953 ;  Puritan 
colonies  go  from,  956,  957 ;  had  fewer 
Indians  than  Connecticut,  957 ;  interferes 
at  Windsor,  960;  migrations  from,  to 
Connecticut,  960-968;  Haynes,  Hooker, 
Stone  and  Cotton  arrive  in,  965 ;  great 
migration  under  Hooker,  968;  tries  to 
avenge  Stone  and  Norton,  969-978; 
treatment  of  Indians,  980;  organizes  gov¬ 
ernment  for  Connecticut,  981,  982;  The- 
ophilus  Eaton  in,  986;  claims  Connecti¬ 
cut  valley,  995;  jealous  of  Connecticut 
colony,  1003  i  angered  by  tax  on  Con¬ 
necticut  river,  1016;  Quakers  drift  back 
to,  1019;  relations  with  Rhode  Island, 
1020-1046;  Newport  inclined  to  come 
under  the  jurisdiction  of,  1047,  1048; 
population  in  1750,  1261 ;  coins  money, 
1304;  illus.  of  pine-tree  coinage  used  in, 
facing  1304;  court  authorized  the  people 
to  control  taxation,  1313;  house  of  rep¬ 
resentatives  in  1692,  1347 ;  declares  war 
against  Abenakis,  1370;  issues  “Bills  of 
Credit,”  1379;  boundary  disputes  with 
Connecticut,  1495 ;  correspondence  with 
D’Aunay,  1954;  makes  peace  with  him, 
1955;  population  in  1755,  2009;  Acadians 
sent  to,  2128,  2129;  objects  to  levying 
troops  for  Loudon,  2161-21 63;  men  in 
expedition  against  Frontenac,  2211; 
vote  statue  to  Wolfe,  2271 ;  population 
of  Massachusetts  in  1760,  2344;  excited 
over  writs  of  assistance,  2361,  2362; 
works  for  union  of  the  colonies,  2368; 
“Sons  of  Liberty”  organize  in,  2375 ; 
instructs  delegates  to  stamp  act  congress, 
2376;  quarrels  with  governor  in  1 766, 
2384;  censured  by  parliament  in  1768, 
2391 ;  suffers  from  destruction  of  tea, 
2405,  2409;  town-meeting  forbidden  by 
parliament  in  1774,  2406;  encouraged  by 
colonies,  2407;  prevents  enforcement  of 
parliamentary  instructions,  2409 ;  under 
military  control  o'*  Gage  in  1774,  2410; 
general  assembly  ordered  to  convene  at 
Salem,  2417;  organizes  into  provincial 
congress,  2417;  prepares  for  war,  2418; 
Stark’s  volunteers  enlist  under,  2435 ; 
instructed  by  congress  regarding  charter, 
2450;  Bunker  Hill  troops  of,  2453;  rev- 


160 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


olutionarv  proclamation  of,  2471 ;  fur¬ 
nished  troops  for  Rhode  Island  cam¬ 
paign,  2754;  fitted  out  Lovell’s  expedi¬ 
tion,  2882 ;  condition  at  close  of  the 
revolution,  3104,  3105;  on  slavery,  3107; 
on  land  claims,  3153,  3164;  on  British 
commerce,  3229;  condition  in  1785  and 
1786,  3235,  3236;  Maine  seeks  separation 
from,  3238;  riots  in,  during  1786,  3239 ; 
Shay’s  rebellion,  3240,  3242 ;  constitution 
ratified  by,  3305-3309;  bank  at  Boston, 
3398;  population  in  1790,  3422;  on  state 
rights,  3651 ;  on  alien  and  sedition  laws, 
3651;  Republican  victory  in,  3799;  effects 
of  the  embargo  in,  3879;  opposes  the 
“enforcement  act,”  3887;  senate  of,  ad¬ 
dress  on  the  war  of  1812,  3976;  in 
Hartford  convention,  4090,  4091 ;  re¬ 
sponse  to  Lincoln’s  proclamation,  4686. 

Massachusetts  Bay  company  holds  Robert 
Gorges’  sale  invalid,  note,  796;  in  con¬ 
nection  with  Plymouth  patent,  note, 
827;  formed,  864-868;  Puritan  in  prin¬ 
ciples,  869,  870;  nature  of  the  company, 
871 ;  removal  to  America,  872,  873 ; 
administration  of  government,  881-888; 
charter  endangered  and  saved,  894-896; 
introduces  ballot  to  America,  1202 ;  con¬ 
ciliates  England  after  annus  mirabilis, 
1279,  1280;  takes  Maine  and  New  Hamp¬ 
shire  under  control,  1280;  prosperity  of, 
1280;  attempts  to  keep  charter,  1282; 
William  Burnet  governor,  1301,  1567; 
temporizes  with  English  government, 
1306;  dispute  with  agents  of  Mason 
and  Gorges  over  Maine  and  New  Hamp¬ 
shire,  1306,  1307;  purchases  Maine,  1307; 
sends  agents  to  England  to  apologize, 
1307;  fails  to  regain  charter  from  Will¬ 
iam  III.,  1322;  included  in  royal  province 
under  Phips,  1323;  provisions  of  charter 
under  William  III.,  1323,  1324;  emigra¬ 
tion  from,  during  witchcraft  delusion, 
1343 ;  frontier  towns  of,  attacked  by  Ind¬ 
ians,  1356;  exasperated  by  royal  claim  in, 
1359 ;  attempts  to  establish  Indian  mis¬ 
sion,  1366;  holds  Abenaki  chief  for  ran¬ 
som,  1367;  religious  observance  of,  1394; 
organized  army  for  expedition  against 
Canada,  1405 ;  displeases  Charles  II., 
1461,  1462;  prepared  to  resist  James  II., 
1473 ;  unfriendly  relations  with  Jacob 
Leisler,  1535;  population  in  1750,  2344. 

Massasoit,  chief  of  Wampanoags,  775; 
made  treaty  with  English,  776;  at  Poka- 
noket,  777;  denied  plot  against  whites, 
782;  restored  to  health  by  Winslow,  785; 
makes  treaty  with  New  Plymouth,  1284. 


Masse,  Jesuit  missionary  in  Canada,  1934. 

Masters,  a  colonist  at  Watertown,  891,  892. 

Mastodon,  prehistoric  animal,  142,  146. 

Matacomet,  Indian  name  of  King  Philip, 
note,  1284. 

Matagorda  Bay,  Tex.,  1998. 

Matamoras,  Mex.,  occupied  by  Taylor,  4381. 

Matanzas,  Cuba,  blockaded  by  the  United 
States,  5717,  57j8. 

Matanzas  Inlet,  Ribault’s  men  at,  493,*  494. 

Matchedash  Bay,  Can.,  Jesuit  mission  on, 
1966. 

Matchett,  Charles  II.,  nominated  for  pres¬ 
ident,  5691. 

Mateos,  Juan  Perez,  mutineer  with  Colum¬ 
bus,  298. 

Mather,  Rev.  Cotton,  his  opinion  of  Brad¬ 
ford  cited,  839 ;  of  treatment  of  Quakers, 
cited,  925 ;  of  Rev.  Samuel  Stone,  cited, 
956;  in  Massachusetts,  1325;  teaches 
belief  in  witches,  1326,  1332;  portrait, 
facing  1328;  influence  waned,  1350; 
organizes  opposition  to  Gov.  Joseph 
Dudley,  1351,  1353;  sustains  Dr.  Boyls- 
ton  in  inoculation,  1357,  1358. 

Mather,  Rev.  Increase,  president  of  Har¬ 
vard  college,  1322;  portrait,  facing  1322; 
influences  Phips,  1325 ;  first  D.  D.  of 
Harvard  college,  1325 ;  resists  witch¬ 
craft  delusion,  1337. 

Mather,  Richard,  helped  make  Bay  State 
psalm-book,  913. 

Matoaka,  real  name  of  Pocahontas,  note, 
674. 

Matson’s  Ford,  Pa.,  Lafayette  at,  2729. 

Mattapan,  old  name  for  Dorchester,  Mass., 

879- 

Mattawan  river,  Champlain  at,  536. 

Matthew  of  Bristol,  John  Cabot’s  ship,  431. 

Matthews,  a  London  agent  for  the  Virginia 
colony,  1 1 13,  1 1 15. 

Matthews,  Col.,  American  revolutionary 
officer  at  Germantown,  2632. 

Matthews,  Gen.,  British  officer  in  revolu¬ 
tionary  war,  raided  Virginia,  2832. 

Matthews,  George,  commissioner  of  Flor¬ 
ida,  3941 ;  institutes  revolt  in  east  Flor¬ 
ida,  3973. 

Matthews,  Capt.  Samuel,  one  of  royal  com¬ 
mission  to  Virginia,  705 ;  helped  to  put 
down  Harvey,  715;  governor  of  Vir¬ 
ginia  under  Cromwell,  722 ;  died,  723 ; 
cast  off  by  Virginia  assembly,  1602. 

Matthews,  Samuel,  leader  of  the  National 
Republicans,  5517. 

Matthews,  Stanley,  on  legalizing  silver, 
5562. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


161 


Maumee  Rapids,  concentration  of  troops 
at,  in  1812,  4002,  4015,  4016,  4019. 

.  Maumee  river,  Indian  council  at  the,  3523; 
Wayne’s  battle  near,  3526,  3529. 

Maurepas,  Lake,  part  of  boundary  between 
French  and  English  territory  in  1763, 
2334;  boundary  of  Louisiana,  3943. 

Maurice,  Prince  of  Holland,  his  name  given 
to  Hudson  river,  547. 

Mauritius  river,  name  given  by  Hudson  to 
Hudson  river,  547;  Dutch  West  Indian 
company  took  possession  of,  554. 

Maury,  Gen.  B.  H.,  commands  defenses  of 
Mobile,  5282 ;  sinks  the  Huntsville  and 
the  Tuscaloosa,  5284;  surrenders  Mo¬ 
bile,  5284. 

Mansur  Wood,  from  Vinland,  229. 

Maverick,  Rev.,  minister  chosen  in  England 
for  Massachusetts  Bay  colony,  879. 

Maverick,  Samuel,  on  Noddle’s  Island,  733, 
797,  890 ;  first  white  settler  in  Rhode 
Island,  880;  in  expedition  against  New 
Amsterdam,  1174. 

Maverick,  Samuel,  royal  commissioner  to 
New  England,  1425,  1458;  instructions 
to,  1426;  La  Tour  finds  shelter  with, 
I954- 

Mavila  (Mobile,  Ala.),  473. 

Mayhood,  British  revolutionary  officer, 
Americans  routed  by,  2547;  Washington 
routs,  2548. 

Maximilian,  emperor  of  Austria,  marries 
Mary  of  Burgundy,  11,  12;  grandfather 
of  Charles  I.,  12. 

Maximilian,  emperor  of  Mexico,  portrait, 
facing  4590 ;  view  of  his  house  at  Quere- 
taro,  Mex.,  facing  4590;  head  of  French 
empire  in  Mexico,  5067. 

Maxwell,  American  revolutionary  officer, 
Morristown  Lleights  commanded  by, 
2534,  2543 ;  at  Elizabethtown,  2549 ;  on 
the  Brandywine,  2614,  2615;  at  Chadd’s 
Ford,  2619;  near  Trenton,  2732;  at  bat¬ 
tle  of  Monmouth,  2735 ;  drives  Knyp- 
hausen  out  of  New  Jersey,  2967. 

Maxwell,  Maj.,  British  revolutionary 
officer,  under  Rawdon  in  southern  cam¬ 
paign,  3047- 

May,  Cape,  how  named,  551  5  Heyes  and 
Hosset  at,  566. 

May,  Charles  Augustus,  charges  Mexican 
battery  at  Resaca  de  la  Palma,  4380. 

May,  Cornelis  Jacobsen,  Dutch  explorer, 
549;  planted  trading  stations,  550;  claims 
coast  as  far  as  Nahant  for  Holland, 
551 ;  New  York  harbor  once  bore  his 
name,  551 ;  coasted  as  far  as  Chesapeake 


Bay,  553 ;  in  command  of  first  Dutch 
colony  in  America,  555,  556. 

May,  River  of  (now  the  St.  John’s  river, 
Fla.),  480. 

May,  Samuel  J.,  aids  in  rescue  of  Jerry, 
a  negro  slave,  4492. 

Mayaguani,  one  of  the  Bahamas,  305. 

May-flower,  the,  hired  for  Pilgrims,  764; 
sets  sail,  765,  766;  passengers  on,  766; 
voyage  of,  766;  in  Provincetown  harbor, 
767 ;  compact  on,  767,  768 ;  lands  at 
Plymouth,  770,  771  ;  returns  to  England, 
7745  takes  home  news  of  arrival,  780; 
landfall  of,  note,  788,  800. 

Mayflower  descendants,  society  of  the,  5918. 

Maynard,  Lieut.,  defeats  Blackbeard,  1825 ; 
puts  an  end  to  piracy  in  Carolinas,  1826. 

Maypole,  its  origin  and  symbolism,  822,  and 
note,  822 ;  Endicott  chops  down  the  pole 
at  Merry-Mount,  866. 

Maysville,  Ky.,  Simon  Girty’s  feint  against, 
2795-  .  . 

Mazzei,  a  Florentine  vine-grower  and  friend 
of  Jefferson,  3598,  3599. 

Mazzei  letter  written  by  Jefferson  to  Maz¬ 
zei  and  interpreted  as  treasonable,  3598, 
3599- 

Meacham,  member  of  the  peace  commission 
to  the  Modoc  Indians,  5514. 

Meade,  of  Virginia,  views  on  slavery 
quoted,  4448,  4449. 

Meade,  Cowles,  letter  to  Jefferson  on  Burr’s 
conspiracy,  3835.  _  „ 

Meade,  Gen.  George  G.,  in  second  battle  of 
Bull  Run,  5023 ;  in  battle  of  Antietam, 
5045;  in  battle  of  Fredericksburg,  5073; 
succeeds  Hooker,  5086;  crosses  into 
Pennsylvania,  5086;  portrait,  facing 
5086;  battle  of  Gettysburg,  5087-5093; 
Lee  plans  against,  at  Gettysburg,  5090; 
congratulatory  order  to  army,  5093 ; 
pursues  Lee,  5093 ;  in  command  of  army 
of  the  Potomac,  5231 ;  instructions  of 
Grant  to,  5231 ;  in  battle  of  the  wilder¬ 
ness,  5232;  at  Petersburg,  5244;  notified 
of  Lee’s  surrender,  5293 ;  ordered  into 
Sherman’s  department,  5320;  army  en¬ 
camped  near  Washington,  5323;  suc¬ 
ceeds  Pope  as  military  commander  of 
third  district,  5391 ;  action  in  Georgia 
and  Alabama,  5396;  death,  5539,  5621. 

Meat  inspection  bill  passed,  5883. 

Meat-packing  investigation,  5856. 

Mecca,  siege  of,  Greek  fire  used  at,  76; 
J.  Cabot  in,  427. 

Mechanicstown,  Pa.,  Pleasanton  at,  5054. 

Mecklenburg  county  (N.  C.)  declaration. 


162 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


of  independence,  2439 ;  patriotic  centre 
at,  2958,  also  note,  2959. 

Medary,  Samuel,  governor  of  the  territory 
of  Kansas,  4590. 

Medford,  Mass.,  in  Massachusetts  Bay  col¬ 
ony,  879. 

Medical  school,  first  in  United  States,  2347. 

Medici,  Florentine  family,  power  of,  16; 
portrait  of  Lorenzo,  17;  add  to  fame 
of  Florence,  344;  employ  Vespucci,  345, 
347,  348,  355,  364,  365. 

Medina-Celi,  Duke  of,  befriended  Colum¬ 
bus,  287,  293 ;  thwarted  by  Isabella,  288. 

Mediterranean  sea,  Mohammedan  author¬ 
ity  around,  29;  traversed  by  crusaders, 
44;  familiar  to  Egyptians,  Greeks  and 
Phoenicians,  98;  Italian  navigators  of, 
102,  1 12;  ancient  seafaring  states  around, 
104;  centre  of  historical  interest,  105; 
Byron’s  “Childe  Harold”  quoted,  105 ; 
Greeks  the  traders  of,  no;  Columbus 
on,  269 ;  field  for  buccaneers,  503,  507. 

Medora,  Ind.,  palaeolithic  relics  found  in, 
143- 

Meigs,  Gen.  Montgomery  C.,  investigates 
charges  against  Fremont,  4727,  4728;  re¬ 
port  concerning  disbanding  of  Union 
army,  5327,  5328. 

Meigs,  Return  Jonathan,  at  Sag  Harbor, 
note,  2567;  portrait,  facing  3410;  post¬ 
master-general,  4102;  retires  from  posi¬ 
tion  of  postmaster-general,  4141. 

Meigs,  Fort,  established,  4019;  besieged, 
4020. 

Mejia,  Tomas,  at  Matamoras,  4377;  given 
Arista’s  command,  4381. 

Melampus,  British  ship,  3854,  3856. 

Melville  Sound,  way  through,  traced  by 
Sir  John  Franklin,  548. 

Memminger,  Christopher  G.,  Confederate 
secretary  of  treasury,  4660;  portrait, 
facing  4660. 

Memphis,  Tenn.,  Gen.  Pillow  fortifies,  4802; 
legislature  meets  at,  4825 ;  naval  battle 
of,  4841,  4842;  Gen.  Smith  at,  5254,  5255; 
dash  of  Gen.  Forrest  through,  5256. 

Memphis ,  U.  S.  ship,  4858. 

Menard,  French  missionary,  visits  Lake 
Superior,  1959. 

Mendocino,  Cape,  Drake  at,  593. 

Mendoza,  archbishop  of  Toledo,  favors  Co¬ 
lumbus,  291. 

Mendoza,  mutinous  captain  of  Magellan, 
410. 

Menendez,  De  Aviles  Pedro,  commissioned 
to  chart  Florida  coast,  488;  conducts  ex¬ 
pedition  with  energy,  488,  489,  491-493, 
498;  named  St.  Augustine,  489;  drives 


out  the  French,  489-495;  returns  to 
Spain,  497;  loses  and  regains  his  Florida 
settlements,  498,  499;  dies,  499,  500. 

Menotomy,  Mass,  (now  Arlington),  British 
troops  at,  2423 ;  Danvers  company  at, 

2430. 

Mercedita,  U.  S.  ship,  4858. 

Mercer,  Col.,  British  commander  at  Ft. 
Oswego,  2133,  2134;  retreat  of,  2134, 
2135;  killed,  2135. 

Mercer,  Francis,  member  of  the  Philadel¬ 
phia  convention,  3269. 

Mercer,  Gen.  Hugh,  at  Trenton,  2540;  death 
of,  2547. 

Mercer,  Fort,  2626;  Howe  and  Clinton 
abandon,  2669;  Donap  assaults,  2669; 
battle  of,  2670,  2671 ;  Americans  aban¬ 
don,  2673. 

Merchant  marine  commission  proposes  a 
naval  militia,  5859. 

Mercury,  British  frigate  at  Quebec  in  1758, 
2184. 

Meredith,  William  Morris,  connection  with 
the  Galphin  scandal,  4441,  4442. 

Meridian,  Miss.,  important  railroad  centre, 
5254;  meeting-place  of  Gens.  Sherman 
and  Smith,  5254,  5255 ;  destruction  of 
public  property  in,  5255. 

Merlin,  British  ship,  lost  in  engagement 
near  Red  Bank,  2671. 

Merom,  Ind.,  earthworks  in,  135. 

Merrimac,  Confederate  ironclad,  sunk  at 
Gosport,  4697*  4698;  raised  and  ironclad 
by  rebels,  4698,  4913,  4914;  renamed 
“Virginia,”  4914;  destroys  U.  S.  vessels 
at  Hampton  Roads,  4915-4917;  fight  with 
the  Monitor,  4917-4921. 

Merrimac,  U.  S.  collier,  Hobson  sinks  in 
Santiago  harbor,  5726. 

Merrimac  river,  John  Smith  explored  New 
England  coast  to,  551 ;  boundary  of 
Mason’s  grant,  790,  791,  844;  in  Massa¬ 
chusetts  Bay  charter,  865 ;  Indian  feud 
on,  887;  Massachusetts  claims  as  bound¬ 
ary,  947. 

Merritt,  Gen.  Wesley,  attacks  Early’s  forces, 
5249;  military  governor  of  the  Philip¬ 
pines,  5724;  proclamation  to  the  Fili¬ 
pinos,  5739;  negotiations  with  Aguin- 
aldo,  5740;  portrait,  facing  5742. 

Merry,  Anthony,  British  minister  to  the 
United  States,  370 7,  3794;  and  Burr, 
3819,  3822,  3824;  recalled,  3825. 

Merry-Mount  founded  by  Wollaston,  812; 
the  lawless  settlers,  820-825 ;  bad  effect 
on  Indians,  822,  823;  checked,  823-825; 
Morton  in,  820,  825,  857,  882;  endan¬ 
gered  other  settlements,  820,  825 ,  re- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


163 


buked  by  Endicott,  866 ;  Gibbons  be¬ 
longed  to,  892 ;  new  settlement  at,  broken 
off,  893. 

Mervine,  naval  commander  of  gulf  block¬ 
ading  squadron,  4861. 

Meschianza,  an  entertainment  given  to 
Howe,  2727;  planned  by  John  Andre, 
2728;  facsimile  of  a  ticket  for,  facing 
2728;  condition  at  Valley  Forge  com¬ 
pared  to,  2728. 

Mesopotamia,  astronomy  studied  in,  91. 

Messagouche  river,  Ft.  Beau  Sejour  on, 
2118;  passage  forced  across  by  English 
troops,  2119. 

Metacomet,  Union  gunboat,  in  battle  of 
Mobile  Bay,  5171,  5172;  blown  up,  5283. 

Metcalfe,  Victor  H.,  appointed  secretary  of 
commerce  and  labor,  5821 ;  secretary 
department  of  commerce  and  labor,  re¬ 
port  on  Chinese  restriction  law,  5907. 

Methodism  in  Virginia,  1661,  1662;  estab¬ 
lished  in  southern  states  by  Whitefield, 
1874;  in  Georgia  before  revolution,  1921 ; 
in  America  during  revolution,  3112,  3113. 

Metropotamia,  proposed  state  of,  3162. 

Metz,  Dr.  C.  L.,  finds  palaeolithic  remains, 
142,  143. 

Mexican  war,  Taylor  ordered  to  the  Neu- 
ces,  4373 ;  advances  to  Rio  Grande,  4374, 
4376;  map  of  campaign  in  valley  of 
Mexico,  facing  4376;  Taylor  takes  Point 
Isabel,  4377;  war  declared,  4378;  Palo 
Alto,  4379;  Resaca  de  la  Palma,  4380; 
occupation  of  Matamoras,  4381 ;  Mon¬ 
terey,  4385,  4386 ;  Scott  takes  command, 
4387;  Buena  Vista,  4388-4390;  Vera 
Cruz,  4391,  4392;  Cerro  Gordo,  4392; 
Contreras,  4396;  Cherubusco,  4396; 
peace  negotiations  broken  off,  4398;  Mo- 
lino  del  Rey,  4398;  fall  of  Chapultepec, 
4399;  occupation  of  City  of  Mexico, 
4400;  Scott’s  recall,  4400;  treaty  of 
Guadalupe  Plidalgo,  4401 ;  justification 
of  war,  4401;  Jackson’s  forces  concen¬ 
trated  at  Camargo,  4409;  battle  of  Buena 
Vista,  4415;  unpopular  in  North,  4416; 
attitude  of  Whigs,  4419-4421. 

Mexico  (New  Spain),  stone  work  in,  126; 
Indians  in,  164;  natives  of,  connected 
with  Mandans,  247 ;  civilization,  note, 
256,  445,  453;  Vespucci’s  story,  352; 
products,  note,  357;  Cortes  conquered, 
394-396,  449,  459;  religious  customs,  446, 
451,  452;  calendar-stone,  illus.,  facing 
453;  added  to  Spanish  crown,  459;  Ve¬ 
lasco  made  viceroy  of,  487 ;  trophies 
of,  captured  by  Verrazano,  503;  western 
coast  of,  traced  by  Drake,  592 ;  Spaniards 


tardy  in  settling  north  of,  595 ;  Burr’s 
plan  for,  3821-3823,  3830;  civil  war  in, 
3940;  promoted  American  congress  at 
Panama,  4172;  wavers  between  allegi¬ 
ance  to  Spain  and  desire  for  a  republic, 
4273 ;  revolt  against  Spanish  rule  led  by 
Hidalgo,  4273;  revolt  led  by  Morelos, 
4274;  Iturbide  proclaims  himself  em¬ 
peror,  4274;  Iturbide  overthrown,  4274; 
Freemasons  in  Mexico,  4274,  4275;  San¬ 
ta  Anna  elected  president,  4275 ;  encour¬ 
ages  immigration  into  Texas,  4276;  for¬ 
bids  colonization  of  Mexican  territory 
by  citizens  of  adjoining  nations,  4276, 
4277;  refuses  offer  of  United  States  to 
purchase  Texas  and  part  of  California, 
4277 ;  forbids  importation  of  slaves, 
4277;  emancipates  slaves,  4277;  suspends 
enforcement  of  emancipation  in  Coa- 
huila  and  Texas,  4277;  Texas  organizes 
permanent  government,  4278;  sends 
troops  to  Texas,  4280;  defeats  Texans 
at  the  Alamo,  4280,  4281 ;  defeats  Texans 
at  the  Coleta  river,  4282;  defeated  at 
the  San  Jacinto  river,  4282,  4283;  con¬ 
ditions  in,  prior  to  Mexican  war,  4371- 
4373  J  special  mission  of  United  States 
fails,  4373 ;  makes  Gadsden  treaty  with 
the  United  States,  4548;  disapproval  of 
French  occupation  of,  5067,  5068;  action 
of  congress  and  president  concerning, 
5068;  scheme  to  invade,  5225;  dispute 
with  United  States  over  fund  for  the 
clergy,  5804,  5805 ;  Hay  refers  dispute 
with  to  Hague  tribunal,  5832. 

Mexico,  City  of  (Tenochtitlan,  Aztec 
name),  as  first  seen  by  Spaniards,  map, 
facing  446;  captured  by  Spaniards,  453, 
458,  459;  name  given,  459;  view  of 
Scott’s  entrance  into,  during  Mexican 
war,  facing  4400;  Aztec  club  founded, 
5912. 

Mexico,  Gulf  of,  shell  heaps  on,  129 ;  stone 
works  and  earth  mounds  on,  147;  on 
Toscanelli’s  map,  275;  coast  of,  in  Ves¬ 
pucci’s  story,  352,  359;  Narvaez  in,  460- 
465;  De  Soto  tried  to  reach,  477;  his 
survivors  at,  478;  countries  on,  claimed 
by  Spain  for  colonization,  486;  connec¬ 
tion  with  Mississippi  river  assured  by 
Joliet  and  Marquette,  1992 ;  French  ex¬ 
pedition  ignorant  of,  1996;  mouth  of 
Mississippi  on,  marked  by  La  Salle, 
2004;  southern  limit  of  French  posses¬ 
sions,  2006. 

Mezy,  Saffray  de,  governor  of  Canada,  985. 

Miami,  Ind.,  on  site  of  French  fort,  2005, 
2308,  2310. 


164i 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Miami,  Union  steamer,  in  attack  upon 
Plymouth,  5174. 

Miami  Rapids,  battle  at,  3526,  3529;  plan 
of  the  battle,  facing  3526. 

Miami  river  (Great  and  Little),  gravel 
beds  on,  142. 

Miamis,  Indian  tribe,  relations  with  French, 
2012,  2015 ;  in  alliance  with  other  tribes, 
2017;  compared  with  Iroquois,  2023; 
council  between  Gist  and  Miamis,  2023; 
friendly  to  English,  2024,  2025 ;  decline 
to  unite  with  English  in  seven  years’ 
war,  2047;  expedition  against  the,  3382, 
34ii,  3957,  3959;  confirm  treaty  with 
United  States,  4059. 

Miamisburg  (O.)  earthwork,  135. 

Miantonomo,  Indian  chief,  entertained  by 
Gov.  Winthrop,  886,  887,  1007;  feared, 
887,  1043;  death,  978,  1010;  last  cam¬ 
paign,  1007,  ion. 

Michaux,  Andre,  concerned  in  Genet’s 
Louisiana  scheme,  3475. 

Michelangelo,  native  of  Florence,  344. 

Michigan,  land  job  scheme  in,  3567 ;  bound¬ 
ary  dispute  with  Ohio,  4294-4296;  or¬ 
ganizes  a  state  government  and  is  ad¬ 
mitted  to  Union,  4295,  4296;  ratifies 
thirteenth  amendment,  5213. 

Michigan,  Lake,  reached  by  Jean  Nicolet, 
1958;  boundary  of  French  possessions 
in  America,  1986;  La  Salle  on,  1991, 
1994;  explored  by  Joliet  and  Marquette, 
1992;  in  claim  of  French  defenses,  2005; 
Ft.  Joseph  on,  2309;  tidal  wave  in,  5664. 

Michigan,  U.  S.  steamer,  on  Lake  Erie, 
5205,  5484. 

Michigania,  proposed  state  of,  3162. 

Michillimacinac  (now  Mackinaw,  Mich.), 
La  Salle  and  Tonty  meet  at,  1996;  built 
by  French,  2005;  taken  by  Pontiac,  2308; 
captured,  2311,  2312;  surrender  in  war 
of  1812,  3983. 

Micmacs,  Indian  tribe,  help  French  fur 
trade  in  Nova  Scotia,  1942,  1943;  rescue 
New  Englanders,  1954. 

Middle  ages,  end  of,  5 ;  union  of  church 
and  state  in,  20,  27;  balance  of  power 
in,  37 ;  awakening  from,  43 ;  inventions 
not  protected  by  patents,  59;  segrega¬ 
tion  of  cities,  61 ;  navigation,  67 ;  effect 
of  discoveries,  72;  sphericity  of  earth 
taught  in,  95 ;  ships  of,  103 ;  reversal 
of  Roman  traits  in,  in,  112;  traditional 
westward  voyages  of,  243. 

Middle  creek,  Ky.,  battle  at,  4808. 

Middle  of  the  road  Populists,  5768,  5 772. 

Middlebrook  Heights,  N.  J.,  Washington 
at,  2610,  2833. 


Middleburg,  Holland,  helps  to  establish 
Dutch  West  India  company,  553;  Brown- 
ists  in,  752,  754. 

Middlesex,  Earl  of,  lord  treasurer,  700; 
opposed  by  Prince  Charles,  707;  and  by 
Sandys  and  Ferrar,  708. 

Middlesex,  Mass.,  riots  at,  3239. 

Middlesex  county,  Eng.,  New  England 
family  lines  trace  back  to,  876. 

Middleton,  minister  to  Russia,  asks  Czar 
to  mediate  between  Spain  and  Cuba  and 
Porto  Rico,  4173. 

Middleton,  Arthur,  governor  of  South  Car¬ 
olina,  1833,  1839;  portrait,  facing  2500. 

Middletown,  Conn.,  offshoot  of  Hartford, 
957;  soldiers’  pay  convention  meets  at, 
32I7- 

Middletown  Heights,  N.  J.,  Washington 
plans  to  prevent  Clinton’s  march  to, 
2734;  Clinton  arrives  at,  2740. 

Midway,  Ky.,  Morgan  at,  5112. 

Mifflin,  Thomas,  moving  spirit  in  revolu¬ 
tion,  2437;  militia  raised  by,  2535;  ap¬ 
pointed  major-general,  2564;  criticised 
Washington,  2625 ;  quartermaster’s  de¬ 
partment  under,  2681 ;  against  Washing¬ 
ton,  2694-2696;  in  Conway  cabal,  2695, 
2696 ;  Washington  censures,  2701 ; 
mobbed  at  Philadelphia,  2856;  reply  to 
Washington,  3224,  3225 ;  portrait,  facing 
3266;  member  of  Philadelphia  conven¬ 
tion,  3267;  in  whiskey  rebellion,  3512, 

.  35x7- 

Mifflin,  Fort,  near  Philadelphia,  2626;  Howe 
and  Clinton  abandon,  2669;  British  fleet 
repulsed  at,  2671 ;  Americans  abandon, 
2673. 

Milan,  Duke  of,  Soncino’s  letter  to,  426. 

Milan  decree,  3865,  3866,  3934,  3937,  3938, 

.  3947,  3949,  3955,  3987. 

Milbourne;  son-in-law  of  Jacob  Leisler,  sent 
to  reduce  Albany  faction,  1536,  1539; 
arrested,  1547;  convicted,  1547;  execu¬ 
ted,  1548. 

Milburne,  Rev.  H.,  at  opening  exercises  of 
the  Columbian  exposition,  5660. 

Miles,  Gen.  Dixon  S.,  division  commander 
at  Bull  Run,  4748,  4752;  Johnston’s 
statement  regarding,  4765 ;  at  Harper’s 
Ferry,  5035,  5038,  5039;  wounded,  5038; 
incapacity  of,  5038. 

Miles,  Maj.-Gen.  Nelson  A.,  Indian  cam¬ 
paigns,  5516,  5541 ;  commanded  militia 
at  railroad  strike  in  1894,  5672;  expedi¬ 
tion  in  Porto  Rico,  5733,  5734;  portrait, 
facing  5740. 

Miley,  Lieut.,  assists  in  drawing  terms  for 
the  surrender  of  Santiago,  5731. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


165 


Milford,  Conn.,  part  of  New  Haven  colony, 
95 7,  993 ;  settled  under  Rev.  Peter  Prud- 
den,  989;  church  established,  992;  ques¬ 
tion  of  church  membership  franchise, 

994. 

Milford ,  British  frigate,  Paul  Jones  es¬ 
capes  from,  2867,  2868. 

Military  and  naval  order  of  the  United 
States,  5917. 

Militia  in  Virginia  in  1700,  1636,  1637;  or¬ 
ganization  in  South  Carolina,  2831; 
Philadelphia  convention  on,  3295 ;  or¬ 
ganized  by  congress  in  1792,  3434- 

Mill  Rock,  illus.  of,  facing  4070. 

Mill  Spring,  Ky.,  battle  of,  4809-4812. 

Milledgeville,  Ga.,  union  of  Sherman’s 
forces  at,  5273 ;  Sherman’s  army  arrives 
at,  5274. 

Millen,  Ga.,  destruction  of  railroads  be¬ 
tween  Macon  and,  5273 ;  arrival  of  Sher¬ 
man’s  forces  at,  5275. 

Millenary  petition  to  James  I.,  983. 

Miller,  Col.  James,  at  Maguaga,  3984;  at 
Lundy’s  Lane,  4063. 

Miller,  Joseph  N.,  rear-admiral  in  Hawaii, 

5763. 

Miller,  Lewis,  organizer  of  Chautauqua  so¬ 
ciety,  5923. 

Miller,  Samuel  F.,  on  electoral  commission, 
5547;  delivers  oration  at  celebration  of 
adoption  of  the  constitution,  5617. 

Miller,  Thomas,  leader  of  insurrection  in 
North  Carolina,  1751,  1752;  a  dema¬ 
gogue,  1752,  1753;  deputy-governor, 

1754,  1755 ;  deposed  for  bad  govern¬ 
ment,  1754-  1759- 

Miller,  William  H.  H.,  attorney-general, 
5624. 

Miller,  Fort,  N.  Y.,  Schuyler  at,  2578; 
Burgoyne  moves  headquarters  to,  2579, 
2658. 

Mills,  Col.,  British  revolutionary  officer, 
Americans  capture  force  of,  2935,  2936. 

Mills,  Robert  Q.,  author  of  the  Mills  bill, 
5611. 

Milroy,  Robert  FI.,  Jackson  defeats,  4798; 
defeated  at  Winchester,  5084. 

Milton,  John,  a  friend  of  Roger  Williams, 

I049- 

Milton,  John,  of  Georgia,  electoral  vote 
for  vice-president,  3326. 

Milton,  Mass.,  paper  mills  at,  3121. 

Mims,  Fort,  Ala.,  Indian  massacre  at,  4036, 
4°37- 

Minas  Basin,  N.  S.,  principal  settlement 
of  French  Acadians,  2114,  2116;  in¬ 
habitants  appeal  to  Gov.  Lawrence,  2123; 
representatives  of,  imprisoned,  2124. 

Minerva,  New  York  newspaper,  3609. 


Mingo  creek,  Pa.,  meeting  of  whiskey 
rioters  at,  3509,  3510. 

Mingoes,  Indian  tribe,  pledged  amity  with 
Penn,  1211;  try  to  blockade  Ohio  river 
in  1763, '2317;  thwarted  in  attempts  to 
entrap  Ft.  Pitt,  2317,  2319;  choose  Lo¬ 
gan  as  chief,  2770;  in  Cornstalk’s  cam¬ 
paign,  2772. 

Mining  an  object  with  London  company, 
631 ;  expedition  for,  up  the  James  ended 
by  massacre,  666;  the  main  object  of 
Popham  colony,  727 ;  planned  on  Mar¬ 
tha’s  Vineyard  and  Monhegan,  734,  735. 

Minion,  British  ship,  adventure  on  voyage 
to  America,  588. 

Minisink,  Brant  destroys,  2839. 

Minneapolis,  Minn.,  Republican  national 
convention  at,  5646. 

Minnesota  territorial  government  organ¬ 
ized,  4434. 

Minnesota,  U.  S.  ship,  4843,  4853,  4917, 
4918. 

Minnetarees,  Indian  tribe,  3758. 

Minor,  Mrs.,  attempts  to  vote,  5930. 

Minorca,  inhabitants  of,  emigrate  to  Flor¬ 
ida,  2337;  surrenders  to  France,  2355; 
disposition  of,  in  French-Spanish  nego¬ 
tiations,  2846. 

Minquas,  Indian  tribe,  sell  land  to  Swedes, 
.579- 

Minquas  creek,  first  Swedish  settlement 
established  on,  580. 

Mint  established  in  Boston,  1303 ;  limited, 
1303;  in  New  England  objected  to  by 
Edmund  Randolph,  1672;  established  in 
Maryland  during  restoration,  1672. 

Mint,  U.  S.,  congress  establishes,  3432,  3433 ; 
description  of  first  coinage,  3432-3434; 
first  coins  struck,  illus.,  facing  3432 ; 
view  of  first  mint,  facing  3434. 

Minuit,  Peter,  governor  of  New  Nether- 
land,  557;  corresponds  with  Bradford 
about  Dutch  title,  558;  buys  Manhattan 
Island  and  transfers  the  settlers  to  New 
Amsterdam,  559;  replaced  by  Van 
Twiller,  561,  571 ;  his  council  ratified 
patroons  in  their  estates,  566;  at  Cleves, 
578;  furthered  plans  of  Swedish  colony, 
578-580;  his  death,  581. 

Minuit,  Peter,  enters  service  of  Sweden, 
1126;  dies,  1126. 

“Minute  Men,”  why  so  named,  2417,  2418; 
check  British  at  Salem,  2419;  at  Lex¬ 
ington,  2424;  at  Concord,  2424;  char¬ 
acter  of,  2434. 

“Minute  Philosopher,”  by  Bishop  Berkeley, 

.  1487- 

Miranda,  Francisco,  sketch  of,  3474;  in 


\ 


166 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


scheme  to  invade  Spanish-American  ter¬ 
ritory,  3639;  Spanish-American  revolu¬ 
tionist,  3817,  3818,  3939- 

Miruelo,  Diego,  coasts  Florida,  391. 

Mishawum,  Mass,  (now  Charlestown),  En- 
dicott’s  company  at,  866;  beginning  of 
settlement,  869;  church  formed  at,  878. 

Missionary  Ridge,  Tenn.,  situation  of,  5155; 
Bragg’s  position  on,  5155;  view  of,  fac¬ 
ing  5156;  battle  of,  5156,  5157;  Bragg 
fortifies,  5164. 

Missions,  Jesuit  missions  in  Canada,  1961, 
1969;  established  for  the  Indians,  1963- 
1967,  1992,  1993. 

Mississippi,  Choctaws  in,  1861;  (state) 
partly  included  in  west  Florida  in  1763, 
2336;  territorial  government  organized, 
3640,  3641 ;  Claiborne  appointed  govern¬ 
or,  3725 ;  supports  negro  colony  in 
Africa,  4287 ;  calls  state  convention  to 
consider  northern  aggression,  4478;  del¬ 
egates  denounce  compromise  bill  in 
Nashville  convention,  4478,  4479;  appro¬ 
priates  the  Georgia  platform,  4480;  del¬ 
egates  of,  withdraw  from  Charleston 
convention,  4593 ;  reply  to  Gist’s  letter 
on  secession,  4608;  secedes,  4649,  4659; 
slaves  declared  free,  5060 ;  length  of  fed¬ 
eral  line  in,  5117;  Pemberton  ordered  to 
command  in,  5138;  Grierson’s  raid 
through,  5145 ;  Grant’s  plans  for  detach¬ 
ment  of,  5253,  5254;  Sherman  in,  5254, 
5255;  movements  of  Forrest  in,  5256; 
retreat  of  Hood  to,  5269;  Johnson’s 
proclamation  for  reconstruction  of,  5346; 
convention  in,  5349;  refuses  to  ratify 
thirteenth  amendment,  5352 ;  military 
control  provided  for,  5383 ;  Ord  assigned 
to  as  military  commander,  5388 ;  consti¬ 
tution  rejected  by  people,  5399;  election 
of  Democrats,  5399,  5400 ;  refuses  to 
ratify  fourteenth  amendment,  5413 ;  no 
state  constitution  adopted,  5417;  restored 
to  federal  relations,  5418. 

Mississippi,  Confederate  ironclad,  4899. 

Mississippi,  U.  S.  ship,  4548,  4884,  4888- 
489T; 

Mississippi  river,  early  dwellers  on,  139; 
possible  Indian  federation  west  of,  170; 
delta  ignored  by  Vespucci,  354,  355,  359; 
discovered  by  Pineda,  394;  Soto  on,  475, 
476;  Soto  buried  in  waters  of,  477; 
bounds  the  Iroquois  on  west,  note,  563; 
Indians  deported  beyond,  608;  French 
settlement  on,  1933;  heard  of  by  French¬ 
men,  1959;  probably  reached  by  La 
Salle,  1991 ;  explored  by  Joliet  and  Mar¬ 
quette,  1992 ;  mouth  of,  discovered  by 


La  Salle  in  1682,  1996;  explored  by 
survivors  of  La  Salle,  and  by  Tonty, 
1997;  explored  by  French,  2003,  2004; 
Pontiac  retires  to,  2307,  2308;  as  U.  S. 
boundary,  2790;  navigation  of,  during 
the  revolutionary  war,  2847,  2848 ; 

French-Spanish  treaty  regarding  the 
control  of  the,  2847,  2849,  2850,  3151, 
3152;  Gov.  Morris  on,  2848;  con¬ 
test  over  navigation  of'the,  3179,  3180; 
De  Warville  on  the  navigation  of  the, 
3187;  Jefferson’s  efforts  to  secure,  3443; 
Spain’s  objection  to  navigation  of,  3562-, 
3563;  treaty  of  1792,  regarding,  3563 ; 
Spain  refuses  to  release  the,  3602-3604; 
dispute  over  navigation  on,  3723-3725, 
373E  3737,  3740,  4846;  Pike  explores 
the  head  waters  of,  3759;  federal  plans 
to  secure  control,  4813,  4833 ;  windings 
in,  4829;  Confederate  batteries  on,  4835, 
4885 ;  Union  blockade  at  delta,  4862, 
4883,  4895 ;  description  of  mouth  of, 
4862,  5539 ;  map  of  lower  part,  facing 
4884;  cleared  by  Halleck,  5010;  McCler- 
nand’s  plans  for  opening  of,  5142;  open 
to  navigation,  5149,  5150;  effect  of  open¬ 
ing  of,  5253 ;  surrender  of  Confederate 
forces,  east  and  west  of,  5323;  Eads’ 
jetties,  5539,  5540,  5954,  5955;  floods 
of,  5664. 

Mississippi  valley,  mounds  in,  132,  133; 
treatise  entitled  “Ancient  Monuments 
in  Mississippi  Valley,”  by  Squier  and 
Davis,  133 ;  stone  implements  in,  141, 
144;  possibly  visited  by  Madoc,  246;  lit¬ 
tle  known  in  Berkeley’s  time,  1623 ; 
French  desire  to  establish  empire  in, 
1623;  French  forts  in,  2002-2005;  re¬ 
tained  by  French  in  1760,  2276. 

Missouri,  Soto  in,  475 ;  discussion  over  its 
admission,  4114,  4115,  4122;  constitution 
of,  4129,  4130;  admitted  to  Union,  4132; 
willing  to  join  with  other  southern 
states  to  demand  equal  rights  in  terri¬ 
tory  acquired  from  Mexico,  4477;  sup¬ 
ports  Douglas  in  i860,  4602;  declares 
against  secession,  4685 ;  importance  of, 
in  civil  war,  4702,  4703 ;  arsenals  seized, 
4704;  votes  to  secede,  4707,  4709;  battle 
of  Boonville,  4712 ;  Gamble,  governor 
of,  4714;  Fremont’s  statement  of  con¬ 
dition  in,  note,  4729,  4730;  Confederates 
driven  out  of,  5139;  Heron’s  division 
sent  to,  5150;  Rosecrans  sent  to,  5155; 
Sons  of  Liberty  in,  5202;  Price  invades, 
5257 ;  defeated  by  force?  of  Rosecrans, 
_  5257-  _ 

Missouri  compromise,  germ  of,  4115;  de- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


167 


bate  on,  4122-4127 ;  Soule  proposes  that 
southern  limits  of  California  be  estab¬ 
lished  at  36°  30',  4472 ;  Clay’s  opinion 
of,  4525;  validity  after  compromise  of 
1850  questioned,  4525;  second  Nebraska 
bill,  4530;  Dixon  amendment  to  repeal, 
4532;  third  Nebraska  bill,  4533;  Demo¬ 
crats  appeal  to  people  for,  4334-4536; 
repealed,  4561. 

Missouri  river,  neolithic  implements  near, 
145;  possibly  visited  by  Madoc,  246; 
Lewis  and  Clark  expedition  up,  3757. 

Mitchell,  John,  president  of  the  “United 
Mine  Workers,”  5809-5815;  portrait,  fac¬ 
ing  5812 ;  on  labor  unions,  5890-5892. 

Mitchell,  John  K.,  Confederate  naval  officer, 
4885,  4900. 

Mitchell,  Gen.  O.  M.,  raid  into  Alabama, 
5109,  5110;  battle  at  Stevenson,  5110; 
placed  in  command  of  troops  between 
Nashville  and  Huntsville,  5110;  advance 
upon  Chattanooga,  5110;  commands  di¬ 
vision  in  army  of  the  Ohio,  5116;  in 
Alabama,  5117;  at  Perryville,  5124. 

Mobile,  Ala.,  Indian  attacks  on,  162;  scene 
of  great  battle  between  Indians  and 
Soto,  473;  James  Willing  at,  2788;  Gal¬ 
vez  captures,  2853 ;  seizes  arsenal  at, 
4649 ;  blockade  at,  4861 ;  strength  of, 
5169;  situation  of,  5169;  forts  captured, 
5173;  advance  upon,  5282;  siege  of, 
5283,  5284 ;  strength  of  defenses,  5283 ; 
surrender  of,  5284;  Pope  as  military 
commander  at,  5391. 

Mobile  act,  3764-3766. 

Mobile  and  Ohio  railroad,  Price  command¬ 
ed  to  hold,  5118;  Forrest  partially  de¬ 
stroys,  5143. 

Mobile  Bay,  battle  of,  5169-5173;  picture 
of  battle,  facing  5172;  effect  of  victory, 
5211. 

Mobile  river  and  port  ceded  to  England 
in  1763,  2334,  3765- 

Modocs,  Indian  tribe,  war  with,  5514. 

Mohammed  IV.,  sultan  of  Turkey,  Mary 
Fisher  tries  to  convert,  927. 

Mohawk,  origin  of  name,  1516. 

Mohawk  castle,  Sullivan  orders  Ganse- 
voort  to  destroy,  2842. 

Mohawk  river,  Five  Nations  on,  157;  set¬ 
tlement  on,  destroyed  by  French  and 
Indians,  2160. 

Mohawk  valley  settled,  1581,  1582;  Sir 
Peter  Warren  bought  land  in,  1590; 
distressed  by  Ft.  Niagara  in  revolution, 

.  2227;  Rogers’  rangers  fight  in,  2279; 
fate  of  settlements  in,  2485 ;  St.  Leger’s 
expedition  through,  2586,  2589,  2596; 


Germans  of,  2588;  intended  for  route 
of  Sullivan’s  expedition,  2839;  Brant 
and  Johnson  ravage,  2843. 

Mohawks,  Indian  tribe,  one  of  Six  Na¬ 
tions,  159;  encounter  firearms,  531,  533; 
possible  results  of  French  alliance  with, 
note,  563;  sell  land  to  Van  Rensselaer, 
567 ;  exterminate  Pequots,  979 ;  over¬ 
whelm  the  Algonquins  in  1642,  1131; 
allies  of  Dutch,  1132;  make  treaty  with 
Algonquins,  1142;  enemies  of  Connecti¬ 
cut  Indians,  1429  ;  in  Five  Nations,  1515; 
side  with  English,  1516;  territory  of, 
1516;  enemies  of  the  French,  1550,  1974, 
1975  5  Gov.  Fletcher  lives  among,  1550; 
make  peace,  1974;  carry  Bienville’s  tab¬ 
lets  to  Sir  Wm.  Johnson,  2014;  part 
of  Mohawks  friendly  to  French,  2092, 
2096,  2097;  English  alliance  with,  2585; 
desert  Brant,  2635;  join  Americans, 
2635;  raids  of,  2839. 

Mohicans  or  Mohegans,  Indian  tribe,  de¬ 
feated  by  whites,  158;  join  Dutch  against 
Mohawks,  559;  sell  land  to  Van  Renssel¬ 
aer,  567 ;  seek  English  alliance,  829, 
954,  955;  fight  at  Greenfield  Hill,  979; 
in  battle  near  Norwich,  Conn.,  1008; 
map  of  territory,  facing  1012 ;  partly 
friendly  to  English,  1293 ;  befriend  Con¬ 
necticut  during  King  Philip’s  war,  1434; 
take  part  in  killing  Canonchet,  1467. 

Moir,  James,  captain  of  British  steamer 
Trent,  4927;  account  of  Mason  and  Sli¬ 
dell  affair,  4927-4934. 

Molang,  partisan  leader  of  French  and 
Indians,  in  conflict  with  Putnam,  2201- 
2209. 

Molasses,  contest  over  tariff  on,  3345,  3346. 

Molino  del  Rey,  Mex.,  view  of  battle,  fac¬ 
ing  4396;  battle  at,  4398. 

Moluccas  (islands  in  Malay  archipelago) 
sought  by  Ayllon,  398;  by  Magellan,  407, 
417;  his  men  at,  417,  418;  Portugal  and 
Spain  dispute  over,  441 ;  Hudson  sent 
t°,  543- 

Mompesson,  Sir  Giles,  impeached  for  ex¬ 
tortion,  748. 

Monacan,  Indian  confederacy  in  Virginia, 
160. 

Monarch,  Federal  ram,  in  battle  of  Mem¬ 
phis,  4841,  4842. 

Monck’s  Corner,  American  force  at,  2911, 
3038 ;  Rawdon  at,  3048. 

Monckton,  Col.,  killed  at  battle  of  Mon¬ 
mouth,  2739. 

Monckton,  Gen.  Robert,  associate  com¬ 
mander  of  army  in  Nova  Scotia,  2119; 
generous  towards  the  conquered,  2120; 


168 


GENERAL  INDEX, 


under  Wolfe,  at  Quebec,  2234;  friend 
of  colonies  in  revolution,  2234;  at  Point 
Levi,  2243 1  loses  French  redoubt  on 
Montmorency,  2244,  2247;  disapproves 
storming  Beauport,  2248;  suggests  at¬ 
tack  above  Quebec,  2249;  wounded  on 
Heights  of  Abraham,  2267;  gains  West 
Indies  in  1762,  2331,  2332. 

Moncrieff,  military  engineer,  works  at 
Savannah  built  by,  2828. 

Money,  see  Currency,  U.  S. 

Mongolian  race,  American  aborigines  prob¬ 
ably  descended  from,  123. 

Monhegan  Island,  Me.,  Weymouth  took 
possession  of,  622 ;  Popham  colony  land¬ 
ed  on,  728;  John  Smith  seeks  copper 
on.  7351  Dermer  at,  740,  741;  Wessa- 
gusset  men  removed  to,  787 ;  temporary 
settlement  on,  791 ;  sale  of  effects  at,  813. 

Moniteur,  Paris  newspaper,  published  Jef¬ 
ferson’s  letter  to  Mazzei,  3598. 

Monitor,  U.  S.  ironclad,  Ericsson  builds, 
4910,  4911;  officers  of,  4912;  illus.  of, 
facing  4916;  fight  with  the  Merrimac, 
4917-4920;  defeat  of,  4921,  4922. 

Monk,  George,  Duke  of  Albemarle,  at  Stu¬ 
art  restoration,  723 ;  titular  900  of  Vir¬ 
ginia,  1667;  district  of  Carolinas  at¬ 
tached  to  Virginia,  1724;  general  assem¬ 
bly  of,  democratic  in  the  powers,  1726, 
1727;  invited  debtors  to  settle  in  Albe¬ 
marle,  1727,  1728;  Geo.  Monk,  Duke  of, 
first  palatine  of  Albemarle  district,  1734; 
district,  constitution  of,  now  framed, 
17341  so  satisfactory  as  to  be  renewed, 
I734- 

Monmouth,  Duke  of,  followers  settle  in 
Carolinas,  1745. 

Monmouth,  battle  of,  2733-2742 ;  French  and 
English  plans  of,  facing  2734;  Frederick 
the  Great  on,  2740,  2741 ;  American 
and  British  losses  at,  2742. 

Monmouth ,  U.  S.  ship,  5658. 

Monmouth’s  rebellion,  England  needs 
Col.  Kirke,  1309 ;  sends  English  slaves 
to  Virginia,  1647,  1643. 

Monocacy  river,  Md.,  Couch  at,  5034;  Mc¬ 
Clellan’s  forces  near,  5054. 

Monongahela,  Pa.,  battle  of,  2056,  2057. 

Monongahela  river,  junction  of,  with  Alle¬ 
ghany,  recommended  by  Washington  for 
fort,  2032 ;  Braddock’s  defeat  on,  2067, 
2081 ;  G.  R.  Clark  at,  2779. 

Monopolies,  usual  course  illustrated  by  pa- 
troons,  569;  advocated  and  opposed  in 
London  company,  677,  687;  one  in  to¬ 
bacco  by  Charles  I.,  714;  vast  one  of 
Plymouth  clique,  744;  arouse  popular 


fury,  747,  748,  851 ;  in  fisheries,  793,  795, 
851. 

Monroe,  Col.,  sacrificed  by  Webb  at  Ft. 
William  Henry,  2153,  2154;  refused  to 
surrender,  2153;  obliged  to  surrender, 
2I55- 

Monroe,  Maj.,  in  charge  of  forces  at  Point 
Isabel,  4377. 

Monroe,  J.  T.,  appeals  to  Johnson  for  aid, 
5373. 

Monroe,  James,  crosses  Delaware  river 
with  Washington,  2540;  graduate  of 
William  and.  Mary  college,  3128;  on 
land  grants,  3164;  Senator  Walker  re¬ 
placed  by,  3394;  sketch  of,  3394;  opposed 
national  bank,  3399;  protested  against 
appointment  of  Hamilton,  3496,  3497; 
envoy  to  France,  3501 ;  minister  to 
France,  3577-3581 ;  Pickering  reproves, 
3581;  Pinckney  replaces,  3583;  quarrel 
with  Pickering  over  removal,  3600;  at¬ 
tacks  upon,  3600;  in  Hamilton-Reynolds 
affair,  3601;  minister  to  France,  3739; 
secures  Louisiana,  3743,  3745 ;  succeeds 
King  at  London,  3767,  3791,  3794,  3795  1 
negotiates  for  west  Florida,  3767,  3804, 
3805;  in  case  of  brig  Aurora,  3808,  3810; 
Jefferson’s  relation  toward,  3816,  3852, 
3853 ;  negotiates  treaty  with  England, 
3845-3849 ;  presents  American  bill  of 
claims  against  England,  3847;  on 
Chesapeake  affair,  3860-3862 ;  returns 
to  America,  3869 ;  candidate  for 
president,  3883 ;  and  Madison,  3921 ;  sec¬ 
retary  of  state,  3951 ;  negotiations  with 
Foster,  3953,  3954;  advises  the  removal 
of  government  archives  when  British 
threaten  Washington,  4072;  moves 
Stansbury’s  troops,  4073 ;  elected  presi¬ 
dent,  4098;  character  and  abilities,  4099; 
inaugural  address,  4100 ;  cabinet,  4101, 
4102 ;  portrait,  facing  4102 ;  annual  mes¬ 
sage  of  1817,  4103;  his  connection  with 
Jackson’s  actions  in  Florida,  4108,  4109, 
41 1 1 ;  annual  message  of  1819,  4121; 
his  opinion  on  the  Florida  treaty,  4121, 
4127;  re-elected  president,  4128,  4131; 
appoints  Jackson  governor  of  Florida, 
4135 ;  second  inaugural,  4135 ;  on  in¬ 
ternal  improvements,  4138;  on  the  recog¬ 
nition  of  the  South  American  republics 
and  the  Monroe  doctrine,  4147,  4149- 
4154  ;  his  interest  in  other  American  re¬ 
publics,  4155;  advocates  protection,  4156; 
successful  end  of  his  administration, 
4166;  his  internal  improvement  policy 
opposed  by  J.  Q.  Adams,  4169. 

Monroe,  Fortress,  Va.,  near  site  of  Ft.  Al- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


169 


gernoune,  660,  4745,  4746,  4791,  4870, 
4871,  5002;  Davis  imprisoned  at,  5310; 
view  of,  facing  5310 ;  casemate  in,  where 
Jefferson  Davis  was  confined,  illus.,  fac¬ 
ing  5310. 

Monroe  doctrine,  its  authorship  and  devel¬ 
opment  into  an  established  policy,  4147- 
4154;  Santo  Domingo  and  the,  5495; 
Olney  on,  5678,  5679 ;  Roosevelt  on,  5794, 
5839. 

Montagnais,  Indian  tribe,  league  with 
Champlain,  530,  531 ;  defeated  Iroquois 
by  use  of  firearms,  531-533;  hampered 
Champlain,  535;  defeated,  536. 

Montagu,  Lady  Mary  Wortley,  1357. 

Montague ,  British  ship,  4021. 

Montana,  Indians  in,  163 ;  admitted  into  the 
Union,  5622. 

Montauk,  U.  S.  monitor,  sinks  the  Nash¬ 
ville,  4906,  4907. 

Montcalm,  Louis  Joseph,  Marquis  of,  por¬ 
trait,  facing  2130;  comes  to  command 
French  armies  in  America,  2131 ;  ener¬ 
getic  and  capable,  2132,  2178-2180,  2219, 
2332 ;  baffled  by  Stark  in  attack  on  Ft. 
William  Henry,  2144,  2145;  at  Ticon- 
deroga,  2150;  intercepts  despatch  to 
Monroe,  2154;  gives  liberal  terms  oi  sur¬ 
render,  2155 ;  powerless  to  curb  Indian 
atrocities,  2157;  fortifies  Ticonderoga, 
2191,  2194,  2196;  defeats  British  at  Ti¬ 
conderoga,  2196,  2197;  scoffs  at  Aber¬ 
crombie’s  inertness,  2198;  active  after 
success  at  Ticonderoga,  2200;  sends 
Putnam  to  Montreal,  2205 ;  poorly 
equipped  in  1759,  2219;  evacuates  Ticon¬ 
deroga  in  1759,  2220;  retreats  to  Crown 
Point,  2220 ;  meets  his  equal  in  Wolfe, 
2223,  2238;  expected  attack  at  Beauport, 
2237;  army  of,  compared  with  Wolfe’s 
army,  2237,  2238 ;  fails  to  curb  Canadian 
atrocities,  2241;  at  Quebec,  2243,  2248; 
charged  with  cruelty,  2247 ;  outgeneraled 
by  Wolfe,  2249,  2253,  2254,  2260 ;  checked 
in  attempt  at  Montmorency,  2251,  2252; 
very  cautious  about  engaging  Wolfe, 
2252 ;  on  Heights  of  Abraham,  2262, 
2263;  wounded,  2264,  2266,  2268,  2269; 
character,  2268 ;  early  successes  in  Amer¬ 
ica,  2356. 

Monteagle,  Lord,  courtesy  title  of  William 
Parker,  726. 

Monteano,  Spanish  commander  of  St.  Au¬ 
gustine,  1899. 

Monterey,  Cal.,  held  by  Com.  Jones,  43591 
captured,  4382. 

Monterey,  Mex.,  siege  of,  4385,  4386;  cap¬ 
ture  of,  illus.,  facing  4386. 


Montezuma  II.,  Aztec  war  chief,  448;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  448;  Cortes  sends  envoys 
to,  449 ;  held  as  captive  by  Cortes,  453- 
457;  his  treasures  diverted  from  Spain 
to  France,  503. 

Montgomerie,  John,  governor  of  New 
York,  1568;  sketch  of,  1568. 

Montgomery,  Gen.  Richard,  at  Louisbourg, 
2182;  dies  at  Quebec,  2182,  2478;  ap¬ 
pointed  brigadier-general,  2453  5  succeeds 
Schuyler,  2475;  St.  John  surrendered  to, 
2475 ;  Montreal  surrenders  to,  2475 ;  be¬ 
sieges  Quebec,  2476-2478;  meets  Arnold, 
2477;  portrait,  facing  2478. 

Montgomery,  Sir  Robert,  tries  to  establish 
margraviate  of  Azilia,  1843,  1844. 

Montgomery,  Ward  &  Company,  employ¬ 
ees  of,  strike,  5827. 

Montgomery,  Ala.,  Southern  Confederacy 
organized  at,  4653 ;  first  Confederate  flag 
raised  at,  4661 ;  Wilson  captures,  5284. 

Montgomery,  Fort,  Clinton  captures,  2654- 
2656;  plan  of  capture,  illus.,  facing  2654. 

Monticello,  Kv.,  Morgan  reaches,  5113. 

Montmagny,  Charles  de,  governor  of  Can¬ 
ada,  1967. 

Montmorency  river,  boundary  of  French 
intrenchments,  2237;  English  defeated 
at,  2244-2247. 

Montmorin,  French  foreign  minister  in 
Nootka  Sound  dispute,  3442. 

Montojo,  Admiral,  portrait,  facing  5722. 

Montour,  Catherine,  a  French-Indian 
woman,  her  ferocity  during  massacre  of 
Wyoming,  2751. 

Montreal,  French  colony  at,  harassed  by 
Indians,  159;  named  by  Cartier,  513; 
Indian  name  Hochelaga,  513;  Champlain 
at,  522;  limit  of  De  Mont’s  charter, 
523;  expedition  against,  1442,  1544; 

founded  by  Jesuits,  1968,  1969;  hampered 
by  rivalry  with  Quebec,  1977;  threat¬ 
ened  by  Iroquois,  1977;  garrison  com¬ 
manded  by  Daulac,  1978;  La  Salle  jour¬ 
neys  to,  1995,  1996;  begs  Dieskau  for 
protection,  2091 ;  stripped  of  men,  2092 ; 
Montcalm’s  prisoners  well  treated  at, 
2136,  2137  Loudon  ought  to  have  at¬ 
tacked,  2140;  famine-stricken  in  1759, 
2222;  refuge  of  French  after  loss  of  Que¬ 
bec,  2272;  last  stand  of  French,  2275, 
2276;  Ethan  Allen’s  expedition  against, 
2475 ;  capitulation  of,  2476,  2477 ;  Ameri¬ 
cans  plan  to  attack,  3981,  4053,  4054; 
Canadian  insurrection  begins  in,  4310; 
Fenians  threaten,  5500;  Ottawa  and 
Georgian  Bay  canal,  5950. 


170 


QENERAL  INDEX. 


Montressor,  Capt.  John,  comments  on  cu¬ 
pidity  of  American  officers,  note,  2745. 

Monts,  Pierre  de  Guast,  Sieur  de,  lieuten¬ 
ant-governor  of  Arcadia,  523 ;  his  ex¬ 
pedition  for  commercial  colony,  523-526, 
621;  returns  to  France,  526;  map  of  his 
province,  facing  526;  contests  claim  with 
fur  poachers,  527;  his  charter  revoked, 
528;  meets  Dutch  ships,  541;  his  St. 
Croix  settlements  destroyed  by  Argali, 
676. 

Montserrat  Island,  West  Indies,  discovered 
by  Columbus,  323. 

Moody,  Rev.  Samuel,  opposes  witchcraft 
delusion,  1337;  anecdote  about,  note, 
1401. 

Moody,  Wm.  H.,  secretary  of  the  navy, 
5773  5  attorney-general,  5821. 

Moonanam,  Indian  name  of  Alexander, 
Massasoit’s  son,  note,  1284. 

Moore,  Lieut.-Col.,  British  revolutionary 
officer,  at  battle  of  Ramsour’s  Mill,  2926, 
2927. 

Moore,  Col.  James,  battle  of  Moore’s  creek 
fought  by,  2490. 

Moore,  James,  Jr.,  commands  Carolina  ex¬ 
pedition  against  St.  Augustine,  1796, 
1797;  against  Appalachians,  1798,  1799; 
governor  of  Carolinas,  1799;  leads  South 
Carolina  force  against  Tuscaroras  in 
1712,  1815,  1816;  elected  governor  of 
South  Carolina  by  insurgents  in  1719. 
1829;  conflict  with  Johnson,  1831;  places 
Yamacraws  on  Savannah  river,  1845. 

Moore,  James,  Sr.,  governor  of  Carolina, 
1796;  persecutes  dissenters  and  Catho¬ 
lics,  1796. 

Moore,  Maurice,  skillful  Indian  fighter, 

1815. 

Moore,  Thomas  P.,  minister  to  Colombia, 
4220. 

Moore,  William,  murdered  by  Capt.  Kidd 

1557. 

Moore’s  creek,  battle  of,  2489,  2490,  2504. 
effect  of  the  battle,  2926. 

Moors’  ascendency  and  downfall  in  Spain, 
17,  19,  29;  around  Mediterranean,  105; 
struggle  with  Spaniards,  284,  287 ;  hostile 
to  European  trade,  404. 

Moosa,  Fort,  Ga.,  garrisoned  by  Oglethorpe, 
1899,  1900. 

Moquis,  Indian  tribe,  in  western  United 
States,  163. 

Morales,  intendant  of  New  Orleans,  3736. 

Morales,  Juan,  commander  at  Vera  Cruz, 
4391- 

Moravians  established  Indian  missions  in 
Pennsylvania  and  adjoining  regions. 


1225 ;  oppose  slavery  in  early  18th  cen¬ 
tury,  1837,  1877;  early  history  of,  1865; 
persecuted  by  archbishop  of  Sakburg, 
1866;  emigrate  to  America,  1866,  v868; 
found  Ebenezer,  Ga.,  1868;  second  com¬ 
pany  go  to  Georgia,  1871 ;  in  Georgia 
prosper  without  slavery,  1876,  1882;  re¬ 
move  from  Georgia  to  Pennsylvania, 
1880 ;  influence  of,  2770;  work  of,  among 
the  Indians,  2805 ;  location  of,  2805  ; 
Delawares  join  the,  2805;  led  by  David 
Zeisberger  and  Joseph  Heckewelder, 
2805 ;  Indian  converts  misunderstood 
and  massacred,  2806;  neutral  during 
revolutionary  war,  2811. 

More,  Nicholas,  chief  justice  in  Penn’s  col¬ 
ony,  1218;  impeached  by  assembly,  1225; 
suspended  by  council,  1226;  upheld  by 
Penn,  1226. 

Morell,  G.  W.,  at  seven  days’  battle,  4977; 
at  Malvern  Hill,  4987. 

Moralos  y  Pavon,  Jose  Maria,  leads  revolt 
against  Spanish  rule  in  Mexico,  4274. 

Moreton,  brother  of  Gov.  Moreton,  burned 
by  Spaniards,  1777. 

Moreton,  Joseph,  governor  of  the  Caro¬ 
linas,  1770;  hated  for  putting  down  slave 
trade,  1771,  1772;  reinstated,  1772. 

“Morey”  forgery,  5566,  5567. 

Morfit,  Henry  M.,  sent  by  Jackson  to  in¬ 
vestigate  situation  in  Texas,  4284,  4285. 

Morfontaine,  treaty  of,  signed,  3683,  3684, 

373°. 

Morgan,  Gen.  Daniel,  lives  in  Winchester, 
Va.,  1666;  begins  career  under  Brad- 
dock,  2057;  sketch  of,  2470,  2471;  with 
Arnold  expedition,  2476;  at  Quebec, 
2478;  captured,  2478;  exchanged,  2519; 
Gates’  action  toward,  2562 ;  at  Saratoga, 
2639,  2640;  Gates  removes  corps  of, 
2644;  opens  second  battle  of  Saratoga, 
2649,  2650;  at  second  battle  of  Saratoga, 
2651,  2660;  greatness  of,  2651;  Gates’ 
report  on,  2654;  his  services  unappre¬ 
ciated,  2667;  credit  given  to,  2694;  Clin¬ 
ton  threatened  by,  2732 ;  in  Dunmore’s 
war,  2771,  2772;  recommended  the  ap¬ 
pointment  of  Gates,  note,  2940;  joins 
Gates’  southern  army,  3011;  under 
Greene,  3016;  Tarleton  sent  against, 
3017-3019;  at  Cowpens,  3019,  3020;  plan 
of  battle  of  the  Cowpens,  3021 ;  at  battle 
of  the  Cowpens,  3022-3025 ;  portrait,  fac¬ 
ing  3022;  Catawba  river  crossed  by, 
3026;  Cornwallis  pursues,  3026;  Greene 
assumes  command  of  his  forces,  3027; 
leaves  Greene’s  army,  3028;  commands 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


171 


Virginia  troops  in  whiskey  rebellion, 
3517. 

Morgan,  Gen.  David,  at  defence  of  New 
Orleans,  4084,  4086. 

Morgan,  Edwin  Dennison,  chairman  of  Re¬ 
publican  national  committee,  4597. 

Morgan,  Gen.  G.  W.,  assumes  command  of 
forces  in  eastern  Kentucky,  5110;  skir¬ 
mishes  with  forces  of  Kirby  Smith, 
Sin ;  takes  possession  of  Pike  Creek 
Gap,  5 1 1 1 ;  at  Cumberland  Gap,  5116. 

Morgan,  Col.  George,  land  grant  secured 
by,  3186;  relations  with  Burr,  3827,  3833. 

Morgan,  Henry,  pirate,  portrait,  facing 
1772;  knighted  by  Charles  II.,  1773. 

Morgan,  Col.  J.  D.,  commands  division  un¬ 
der  Pope,  4830. 

Morgan,  Dr.  John,  director-general  of  hos¬ 
pitals,  2708. 

Morgan,  Gen.  John  Hunt,  raid  into  Ken¬ 
tucky,  5111;  attacked  at  Lebanon,  5111; 
crosses  Cumberland  river,  5111 ;  makes 
raid  on  Louisville  and  Nashville  rail¬ 
road,  5112;  moves  to  Chattanooga,  5112; 
at  Knoxville,  5112;  destroys  stores  at 
Lebanon,  5112;  captures  Midway,  5112; 
attacked  at  Paris,  Ky.,  by  Col.  Smith, 
5112;  at  Crab  Orchard,  5113;  reaches 
Monticello,  5113;  report  of  his  raid, 
5113;  escapes  capture,  5115;  in  Ken¬ 
tucky,  5119;  across  the  Ohio,  5119; 
captured  at  New  Lisbon,  5120;  sent  to 
penitentiary  at  Columbus,  O.,  5120;  es¬ 
capes  from  penitentiary,  5120;  makes 
his  way  to  Richmond,  5120;  portrait, 
facing  5120;  in  eastern  Tennessee,  5120; 
last  raid  through  Kentucky,  5121 ;  death, 
5121. 

Morgan,  Mrs.  John  Hunt,  portrait,  facing 
5120. 

Morgan,  John  Pierpont,  in  coal  miners’ 
strike,  5813. 

Morgan,  John  T.,  on  Hawaiian  commission, 

5763-  .  ... 

Morgan,  Lewis  H.,  on  Indian  social  system, 
178,  179;  suggests  “Ganowanian,”  196, 
T97- 

Morgan,  Margaret,  trial  tests  Pennsylvania 
slave  law  of  1826,  4482. 

Morgan,  William,  anti-Mason,  last  seen 
alive  at  Ft.  Niagara,  2227  j  attempts  to 
publish  book  on  Masonry,  4211,  4212; 
kidnapped,  4212;  trial  of  kidnappers, 
4212. 

Morgan,  Fort,  Ala.,  location  of,  5169;  de¬ 
fensive  obstructions  near,  5171 ;  attack 
upon,  5T7I-5I73- 

Mormons,  founded  by  Joseph  Smith,  4435; 


driven  from  Ohio,  Missouri,  and  Illinois, 
settle  in  Utah,  4435,  4436;  unsuccessful 
attempts  to  organize  as  state,  4447;  Bu¬ 
chanan  on,  4573 ;  found  Kane,  4574,  4575  ; 
settle  in  Utah,  4575 ;  Mountain  Mead¬ 
ows  massacre,  4575;  .Brigham  Young 
first  governor  of,  4575 ;  Cumming  suc¬ 
ceeds  Young,  4575;  their  agitation  for 
admission  of  Utah  as  a  state,  5617; 
dedication  of  temple  in  Salt  Lake  city, 
5666,  5667. 

Morning  Light,  U.  S.  sailing  vessel,  4867. 

Morocco,  expedition  to,  by  Magellan,  407; 
operations  against,  3771,  3772. 

Moros,  Indian  tribe,  5746. 

Morrell,  Rev.  William,  sent  over  to  sup¬ 
press  Puritanism,  794;  at  Wessagusset, 
796,  948. 

Morrill,  Lot  M.,  secretary  of  war,  5522. 

Morris,  governor  of  Pennsylvania,  at  Alex¬ 
andria  conference,  2057. 

Morris,  Lieut.,  commander  of  the  Cumber¬ 
land,  4915. 

Morris,  Gouverneur,  on  U.  S.  territorial 
limitation,  2848;  plans  for  national  bank, 
3207;  forecasts  monarchy,  3209,  3210; 
on  army  claims,  3210,  3211;  member  of 
the  Philadelphia  convention,  3266,  life 
sketch,  3266,  3267;  portrait,  facing  3266; 
speech  on  slavery  representation  by, 
3289;  appointed  French  minister,  3447; 
his  criticism  of  French  society,  3455, 
3456;  French  ask  recall  of,  3501;  Mon¬ 
roe  succeeds,  3501,  3577;  enters  the 
senate,  3668;  defends  the  judiciary  law, 
3718,  3719;  on  Erie  canal  commission, 
3931. 

Morris,  Lewis,  chief  justice  of  New  York, 
helps  establish  New  York  Weekly  Jour¬ 
nal,  1569;  portrait,  facing  2500. 

Morris,  Robert,  on  declaration  of  inde¬ 
pendence,  2499;  portrait,  facing  2500, 
2544;  Washington  appeals  to,  2544;  his 
estimate  of  Washington’s  ability,  2552; 
his  refusal  to  comply  with  laws  on  paper 
money,  2856;  member  of  the  Philadel¬ 
phia  convention,  3265 ;  life  sketch,  3265, 
3266;  presented  Washington’s  name  for 
presiding  officer  of  Philadelphia  con¬ 
vention,  3277;  abused  for  his  political 
opinions,  3376;  failure  of,  3609,  3610; 
facsimile  letter  of,  facing  3610. 

Morris  Island,  S.  C.,  view  of,  facing  4676; 
attack  on,  5165. 

Morrison,  Francis,  governor  pro  tem.  in 
Virginia,  1603 ;  reviews  colonial  records 
under  Berkeley,  1604;  leader  in  Bacon’s 
rebellion,  1620. 


172 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Morristown,  N.  J.,  Washington’s  headquar¬ 
ters  at,  2549;  Washington  returns  to, 
2610;  Sullivan  halted  at,  2611;  Charles¬ 
ton  relief  army  leaves,  2939. 

Morristown,  Tenn.,  Longstreet  takes  posi¬ 
tion  at,  5158. 

Morse,  S.  F.  B.,  portrait,  facing  4362;  first 
use  of  telegraph,  4363;  death,  5539. 

Morton,  J.  S.,  secretary  of  agriculture, 

5648. 

Morton,  John,  portrait,  facing  2500. 

Morton,  Levi  P.,  nominated  for  vice-pres¬ 
ident,  5623;  portrait,  facing  5626;  can¬ 
didate  for  president,  5687. 

Morton,  Nathaniel,  nephew  of  Bradford, 
note,  798,  800. 

Morton,  O.  P.,  portrait,  facing  4686;  gov¬ 
ernor  of  Indiana,  4800,  4806;  enemy  of 
Buell,  5127;  reports  disaffection  in  Indi¬ 
ana  and  Illinois,  5197,  5201 ;  contest  with 
Indiana  legislature,  5201 ;  candidate  for 
re-election,  5204;  seizure  of  arms  or¬ 
dered  by,  5204;  secures  appointment  of 
commissioners  to  Santo  Domingo,  5495, 
5496;  candidate  for  president,  5543, 
5544;  on  the  electoral  commission,  5547. 

Morton,  Paul,  secretary  of  the  navy,  5821. 

Morton,  Thomas,  bad  influence  of,  at 
Merry-Mount,  note,  819-825,  882,  890; 
solicitor  for  Gorges  against  Massachu¬ 
setts  Bay,  857,  894;  employed  by  Cleeves, 
951- 

Mosaic  law  deeply  fixed  in  New  England 
ideas,  910;  basis  of  code  of  Connecticut, 
1004;  of  Portsmouth,  R.  I.,  1032;  in 
New  Haven,  1429. 

Moscoso,  Luis  de,  De  Soto’s  successor, 
477  ;■  builds  boats  and  floats  down  the 
Mississippi,  477,  478;  reached  Panuco, 
478;  map  of  his  course,  facing  472. 

Moscow  reached  by  English  navigator 
Chancellor,  589. 

Mosely,  Capt.,  defends  rear-guard  at 
Worthfield,  1292 ;  drives  off  Indians, 
I293- 

Moseley,  Edward,  punished  for  criticising 
Gov.  Eden,  of  North  Carolina,  1824. 

Moses,  T.  J.,  Jr.,  governor  of  South  Caro¬ 
lina,  5431;  defeated  for  judge,  5438; 
care  of  state  funds,  5440;  illegal  election 
of,  5441,  5442. 

Moses’  Kill,  N.  Y.,  Schuyler  retreats  to, 
2578. 

Mosher,  Confederate  tug,  4890. 

Mosquito  coast,  Great  Britain  relinquishes 
claim  to  control  of,  4591. 

Motley,  John  L.,  influence  for  the  Union, 
4923. 


Mott,  Lucretia,  leader  of  women’s  rights 
convention,  5927. 

Motte,  Mrs.  Rebecca,  3047. 

Motte,  Fort,  S.  C.,  Sumter  besieges,  30471 
surrender  of,  3047;  Greene  advances  to, 
3074- 

Moultrie,  Col.  William,  built  Ft.  Sullivan, 
2505 ;  portrait,  facing  2506 ;  his  conten¬ 
tion  with  Lee,  2507;  Prevost  driven 
from  Beaufort,  S.  C.,  by,  2818;  in  com¬ 
mand  of  the  militia,  2819;  at  Black 
Swamp,  2820;  his  blunder,  2821;  com¬ 
mands  Charleston,  2822-2824;  criticises 
Gen.  Lincoln,  2824;  his  character,  2825. 

Moultrie,  Fort,  S.  C., .  victory  of,  2503, 
2504;  building  and  equipment  of,  2505; 
American  trops  at,  2506;  plan  of,  illus., 
facing  2506;  position  of  British  fleeet  at, 
illus.,  facing  2506 ;  losses  at,  2509 ;  con¬ 
gress  sends  frigates  to,  2909 ;  surrender 
of,  2910;  Gardner  urges  strengthening 
of,  4613;  Pickens  orders  seizure  of, 
4627;  view  of,  facing  4676;  attacked  by 
Dupont,  5165. 

Mound  builders,  size  and  type,  123 ;  ac¬ 
count  of,  131-140;  barbaric,  138,  140; 
bones,  146;  utensils,  147. 

Mound  City,  U.  S.  ship,  4833,  4839,  4840, 
4846. 

Mount  Airy,  near  Germantown,  revolution¬ 
ary  engagement  at,  2627,  2628. 

Mount  Defiance,  at  Ticonderoga,  capture 
of,  2638. 

Mount  Desert,  Me.,  devastated  by  Argali, 
676. .. 

Mount  Hope,  Mass.,  seat  of  King  Philip, 
1284;  abandoned  by  him,  1286;  King 
Philip  made  last  stand  at,  1301,  1468. 

Mount  Hope  Bay,  perhaps  explored  by 
Norse,  223,  229. 

Mount  Sterling,  Ky.,  Morgan  driven  from, 
5121. 

Mount  Vernon,  Va.,  how  named,  1665; 
Washingon  liv^s  at,  between  1758  and 
1775,  2175- 

Mount  Wollaston,  see  Merry-Mount. 

Mountain  Meadows,  Utah,  massacre  at, 
4575- 

Moussart,  a  director  in  Dutch  land  syndi¬ 
cate,  569. 

Moustier,  Comte  de,  French  ambassador, 
3446- 

Mowatt,  Capt.,  British  commander,  at¬ 
tacked  Gloucester,  2860;  burned  Fal¬ 
mouth,  2861. 

Mozambique,  Africa,  passed  by  remnant  of 
Magellan’s  fleet,  418. 

Mud  Island,  Ft.  Mifflin  on,  2669. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


173 


Mud  Lick,  battle  of,  3039. 

Mugford,  Capt.  James,  captures  transport 
with  powder,  2862,  2863. 

Muggleton,  Lodowick,  English  fanatic, 
quoted,  1198. 

Muhlenberg,  English  clergyman,  3108. 

Muhlenberg,  Frederick  A.,  elected  speaker 
of  the  house  of  representatives,  3328; 
in  Hamilton-Reynolds  affair,  3601,  3602. 

Muhlenberg,  John,  at  Brandywine,  2619, 
2620;  at  Germantown,  2631;  at  Stony 
Point,  2836;  opposes  Leslie,  3013. 

Mulcento,  lane  of,  Columbus  born  on,  267. 

Mulligan,  James  A.,  captured  at  Lexington, 
4726. 

Munoz,  J.  B.,  Spanish  cosmographer,  note, 
346,  349,  350. 

Munroe,  Col.  John.,  ordered  to  hold  New 
Mexico  intact  against  southern  invaders, 
4475- 

Munsis,  Indian  tribe,  in  New  Jersey.  160. 

Munster,  Ireland,  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert 
governor  of,  597. 

Murderkill  creek,  near  Swedish  settlement 
in  Delaware,  579. 

Murfreesboro,  Tenn.,  Johnston’s  retreat  to, 
4825 ;  Johnston’s  movements  near,  5095, 
5096;  Mitchell  ordered  to,  5109;  federal 
garrison  attacked  by  Forrest,  5113; 
strength  of  Buell’s  army  at,  5122;  Bragg 
concentrates  forces  at,  5126;  Bragg  goes 
into  camp  at,  5151 ;  location  of,  5151 ; 
battle  of,  SI52-5I54;  Bragg  retreats 
from,  5153;  Thomas  takes  possession 
of,  5154;  losses  in  battle,  5154;  Rose- 
crans  leaves,  5159. 

Murphy,  Maj.,  portrait,  facing  5502;  state¬ 
ment  regarding  Fenian  brotherhood  of, 
5502,  5503. 

Murray,  Gen.,  under  Wolfe  at  Quebec, 
2234;  governor  of  Canada,  2234;  attacks 
French  above  Quebec,  2248;  disapproves 
of  storming  Beauport,  2248 ;  suggests 
attack  above  Quebec,  2249;  moves  to 
Point  Levi,  2251 ;  on  Heights  of  Abra¬ 
ham,  2262;  preserves  Quebec,  2272-2276; 
joins  Amherst  at  Montreal  in  1760, 
2276. 

Murray,  Robert,  Gen.  Howe  and  his  officers 
entertained  by,  2518. 

Murray,  William  Vans,  minister  to  France, 
3658;  facsimile  of  his  passport,  facing 
3658;  appointed  commissioner  to  France, 

3659. 

Murray  Hill,  New  York  city,  British  troops 
at,  2518. 

Muscaras  Islands  discovered  by  Columbus, 

310. 


Mussel  Shoals,  Ala.,  settled  by  Cox,  3387. 

Muscogees,  Creek  Indians,  161. 

Muscovy  company  of  England  twice  sends 
out  Hudson,  543,  544;  organized,  589. 

Musgrave,  Col.,  at  battle  of  Germantown, 
2628-2630,  2632. 

Musgrove,  Mary,  infuriated  against  En¬ 
glish,  1027-1029,  1931;  wife  of  inter¬ 
preter  between  Oglethorpe  and  Creeks, 
1855 ;  Indian  interpreter  in  employ  of 
Oglethorpe,  1923,  1924;  marries  Rev. 
Thomas  Bosomworth,  1924;  claims  to 
be  an  Indian  princess,  1925-1927;  makes 
a  bargain  with  Malatche  for  lands,  1925, 
1926;  heads  attack  on  Savannah,  1927. 

Musgrove’s  Mill,  battle  at,  2991 ;  note,  2999. 

Muskhogean,  Indian  stock  in  South,  161. 

Muskingum  river,  O.,  reached  by  Gist, 
2017,  2018;  Moravians  settle  on,  2805; 
Indian  outrages  on,  3410. 

Mutual  Life  Insurance  Co.,  investigation 
of,  5868-5870.. 

Mydelton,  Col.,  in  revolutionary  war,  3053. 

Mystic,  Mass.  (Medford),  in  Massachusetts 
Bay  colony,  879 ;  vessel  built  at,  894. 

Mystic  river,  Mass.,  explored  by  Winthrop, 
879;  cordon  of  militia  extends  to,  2432. 


N. 

Nahant,  Mass.,  Block  explores  as  far  as, 
550;  limit  of  Gorges’  patent,  796. 

Nahant,  U.  S.  ironclad,  4860. 

Nahua,  Indian  tribe,  in  Mexico,  447. 

Nanipacna,  487. 

Nansemond  river,  Virginia  colonists  on, 
659- 

Nantasket,  now  Hull,  Mass.,  Oldham  at, 
81 1 ;  Reverend  Smith  at,  819,  869;  op¬ 
poses  Merry-Mount,  note,  823 ;  included 
in  Massachusetts  Bay,  879;  British  fleet 
at,  2483. 

Nantasket  Roads,  fleet  for  Louisbourg  ex¬ 
pedition  gathers  at,  1394;  naval  battle 
off,  2867. 

Nantes,  revocation  of  the  edict  of,  sends 
Huguenots  to  America,  1480;  preluded 
by  persecution,  1686;  desolated  Protest¬ 
ant  France,  1706;  drives  Huguenots  to 
America,  1746. 

Nanticokes,  Indian  tribe,  160. 

Nantucket,  Mass.,  captured  by  French  fleet, 
1476. 

Napoleon  I.,  taxes  levied  by,  2683;  on 
treaty  of  Morfontaine,  3683,  3684;  offer 
to  Spain  for  Louisiana,  3728-3730,  3732, 
3734;  effort  to  secure  San  Domingo, 


174 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


3732,  3807;  and  Livingston,  3736,  3740; 
sells  Louisiana  to  United  States,  3741, 
3742,  3752;  in  Florida  negotiations, 

3804,  3805;  issues  Berlin  decree,  3848, 
3849,  3947,  3948,  3955 ;  issues  Milan 
decree,  3865,  3866,  3947,  3948;  signs 
peace  of  Tilsit,  3867;  embargo  and, 
3876;  issues  Bayonne  decree,  3881;  re¬ 
lations  with  United  States,  3916-3920, 
3932-3935,  3948;  portrait,  facing  3916; 
conquers  Austria,  3918;  incorporates 
Holland,  3920;  issues  Rambouillet  de¬ 
cree,  3933;  England’s  demands  of,  3939; 
Sweden  opposes,  3955;  Russia  opposes, 
3955,  3956;  refuses  to  rescind  Berlin  and 
Milan  decrees,  3964;  Randolph  on,  3966; 
defeated  at  Leipzig,  4045. 

Napoleon  III.,  portrait,  facing  4924; 
schemes  of,  4924;  negotiations  with  Sli¬ 
dell,  4940;  United  States  declines  medi¬ 
ation  of,  4940. 

Narragansett  Bay  explored  by  Norse,  223 ; 
by  Adriaen  Block,  550;  Indian  tribes  on, 
775,  781,  954;  Williams  intends  to  settle 
on,  904,  1020,  1028;  rapid  settlement  of 
surrounding  region,  912;  Gorton  settles - 
on,  1026;  colonies  on,  learn  to  agree, 
1029;  Atherton  company  buys  land  on, 
1056;  boundary  of  King’s  province,  1460; 
English  naval  raids  in,  2860;  French 
fleet  blockaded  in,  2901. 

Narragansett  colonies  united  under  charter, 

1458. 

Narragansett,  Fort,  captured  with  great 
loss  of  Connecticut  men,  1434;  de¬ 
stroyed,  1466. 

Narragansett  river,  boundary  of  Saybrook 
grant,  849 ;  boundary  of  Atherton  com¬ 
pany  land  tract,  1454. 

Narragansetts,  Indian  tribe,  155;  in  Rhode 
Island,  158;  agreement  with  Dermer, 
741 ;  hostile  to  English,  782,  837,  1007, 
ion;  Miantonomo,  chief  of,  886;  Anne 
Hutchinson  goes  to,  909 ;  in  Indian 
politics,  954;  hostile  to  Pequots,  969; 
R.  Williams  with,  973,  1029;  desire 
English  alliance,  973,  977;  absorb  rem¬ 
nant  of  Pequots,  980;  fight  Mohegans, 
1008-1012,  1056;  submit  to  England, 

1041 ;  why  resentful  of  English  occupa¬ 
tion,  1283,  I284;  ready  to  side  with  King 
Philip  in  his  war,  1294;  great  battle 
with,  1294-1296;  their  strength  con¬ 
sumed,  1295 ;  submitted  to  English 
crown,  1460;  attack  whites  at  South 
Kingston,  1466 ;  defeated  in  great  fight, 
1466. 

Narrows,  N.  Y.  harbor,  passed  through  by 


Hudson,  545,  547;  New  York  attempts 
to  fortify,  1559. 

Narvaez,  Panfilo  de,  contended  with  Cortes, 
■  396,  454,  455 ;  a  colonizer,  400 ;  disasters 
of  expedition,  460-464;  death,  462,  465. 

Nash,  Gen.,  at  Germantown,  2632;  death, 
2633,  3168. 

Nash,  Bennett  H.,  translated  Soncino’s  let¬ 
ter,  429. 

Nashoba  founded,  4210,  4211. 

Nashville,  Tenn.,  founded,  3168;  Jefferson’s 
proclamation  reaches,  3834;  protests 
against  holding  popular  convention  to 
discuss  slavery  question,  4478;  Thomas 
ordered  to,  4812 ;  effect  of  the  news  of 
the  surrender  of  Ft.  Donelson  in,  4825, 
4826;  Forrest’s  raids  on  railroad  near, 
5115;  Buell  prepares  to  advance  upon, 
5124;  siege  of,  5125,  5126;  siege  raised, 
5126;  railroad  reopened  at,  5126;  rail¬ 
road  repaired  at,  5128;  Buell’s  retreat 
to,  5129;  supplies  of  Sherman,  obtained 
from,  5265 ;  Schofield  advances  toward, 
5266;  retreat  of  Schofield  to,  5267; 
Schofield  arrives  at,  5267 ;  Kuklux  con¬ 
vention  at,  5468;  Fenians  at,  5483. 

Nashville,  Confederate  steamer,  4906,  4907. 

Nashville  convention  called  by  Mississippi 
state  convention,  4478 ;  at  first  session 
minority  denounces  compromise  bill,  but 
majority  expresses  confidence  in  con¬ 
gress,  4478,  4479;  at  second  session 
declares  secession  the  right  of  the  South, 
but  proposes  to  preserve  the  Union, 
4479- 

Nassau,  Bahama  Islands,  4850,  4851. 

Nassau,  Fort,  reoccupied  by  the  Dutch, 
580,  582. 

Natchez,  Indian  tribe,  161 ;  in  Oglethorpe’s 
time,  1861,  1862;  lose  their  separate  ex¬ 
istence,  1862,  1863. 

Natchez,  Miss.,  Willing  in,  2788,  2789,  3151; 
view  of,  facing  3150;  Burr  at,  3823; 
surrendered,  4895. 

Natchitoches,  La.,  3830;  Wilkinson  at, 
3831,  3832. 

National  association  of  navy  veterans, 
5917. 

National  banks,  see  Banks,  national. 

National  board  of  arbitration,  5614. 

National  board  of  trade  defines  the  func¬ 
tions  of  the  interstate  commerce  com¬ 
mission,  5847. 

National  civic  federation,  coal  miners  ap¬ 
peal  to,  5809. 

National  export  exposition,  Philadelphia, 
5750,  5751- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


1r-r 

l  0 


National  Gazette,  anti-Federalist  paper, 
3454 

National  Intelligencer,  Washington  news¬ 
paper,  3910,  4075,  4163. 

National  labor  union  organized,  5886,  5887. 

National  party  organized,  5686. 

National  road,  congress  makes  appropria¬ 
tion  for,  3931,  4096;  Monroe  vetoes  a 
bill  for  its  improvement,  4139,  4140; 
near  Columbus,  O.,  illus.,  facing  4139; 
congress  appropriates  funds  for  its 
repair,  4141. 

National  Silver  party,  platform,  5692,  5693; 
endorses  Bryan,  5693. 

National  society  of  colonial  dames  of 
America,  5917,  5918. 

National  teamsters’  union  backs  Chicago 
strike,  5827;  charges  brought  against'  its 
president,  5828. 

National  Union  convention  at  Philadelphia, 
5376. 

National  woman’s  suffrage  society,  5929. 

Native  American  party  hold  convention  in 
Philadelphia,  4425 ;  platform  of  1856, 
4458;  lose  power,  4561. 

Naturalization  bill  passed  by  congress,  5883. 

Naturalization  laws,  first  in  American  col¬ 
onies,  1678;  congress  enacts,  3551,  3626- 
3628;  congress  revises,  3720;  for  Ind¬ 
ians,  5617,  56i9: 

Naugatuck,  U.  S.  ironclad,  4920. 

Naumkeag  (now  Salem,  Mass.)  annoyed 
by  Merry-Mount,  note,  823 ;  Dorchester 
adventurers  removed  to,  863 ;  Endicott 
takes  Conant’s  place,  865 ;  name  changed, 
866. 

Naumkeag  river,  boundary  of  Mason’s 
grant,  790 ;  on  Gorges’  second  grant,  856. 

Nausets,  Indian  tribe,  on  Cape  Cod,  158^ 
carried  to  Spain,  735 ;  hostile,  775. 

Nautilus,  U.  S.  brig,  3989. 

Nauvoo,  Ill.,  Mormons  in,  4435,  4436. 

Navajos,  Indian  tribe,  164. 

Naval  order  of  the  United  States,  5917. 

Navesink  Highlands  of  New  Jersey  seen 
by  Hudson,  545 ;  Clinton  at,  2733. 

Navigation,  early  progress  in,  103-116;  con¬ 
test  over  Mississippi,  3180,  3184. 

Navigation  acts,  British  act  of  1650,  917, 
1281;  substitute  for,  proposed,  1282; 
enforced  in  Virginia«by  Charles  II.,  1603  ; 
effect  on  price  of  tobacco,  1608,  1609 ; 
in  1680,  injured  Virginia,  1628;  of  Eng¬ 
land  interferes  with  North  Carolina 
trade,  1752;  purpose  of,  2351;  re-enacted 
at  restoration,  2352;  details,  2352,  2353; 
enumerated  articles  in,  2352,  2353 ;  inju¬ 
rious  to  colonies,  2354,  2355 ;  enforced  by 


Charles  Townshend,  2357 ;  leads  to  En¬ 
glish  wrangle  over  America,  2360,  2361  ; 
Adams’  effort  to  secure  relaxation  of, 
323°. 

Navigation  acts,  U.  S.,  Macon’s  bill,  No.  1, 
3925-3927 ;  Napoleon  takes  advantage  of, 
3933'  congress  passes  act  of  1816-1817, 
4098. 

Navy,  U.  S.,  measures  taken  to  create, 
2475 ;  Arnold  builds  fleet,  2523 ;  Paul 
Jones’  achievements  in,  2808,  2867,  2896; 
in  revolution,  2859-2900;  continental 
congress  votes  to  equip,  2861 ;  conti¬ 
nental  congress  appoints  a  marine  com¬ 
mittee,  2861 ;  first  officers,  2863 ;  Esek 
Hopkins  made  commander-in-chief, 
2863;  heaviest  relative  loss  in  history  of, 
2865;  foreign  estimation  of,  2874;  con¬ 
tinental  congress  orders  new  vessels  for, 
2880;  number  of  vessels  in  1779,  2881, 
2900;  congress  increases,  3499,  3576, 
3596,  3624;  office  of  secretary  created, 
3623;  work  of,  in  1799-1800,  3663;  con¬ 
gress  reduces,  3717;  Jefferson  opposes, 
3868;  Madison’s  policy  for,  3901,  3921; 
condition  in  1809,  3922;  Randolph  op¬ 
poses,  3929;  congress  on,  in  1811-1812, 
3967;  in  1812,  3988,  3989,  3994,  3996, 

4005;  victories  in  1813,  4020;  condition 
in  1861,  4636,  4637,  4843-4845 ;  appropria¬ 
tions  of  congress  in  1861  for,  4770, 

4910;  demands  of,  in  1864,  5475,  5476; 

Cleveland  on,  5595,  5596;  Harrison  on, 
5625;  naval  display  in  New  York  harbor 
in  1893,  5657-5659;  increased  in  1898, 
5716;  a  naval  militia  proposed,  5859; 

increased  1905,  5963. 

Navy  Island,  headquarters  of  Canadian 
revolutionists,  4310. 

Neale,  Capt.  Walter,  governor  of  Laconia, 
846;  succeeded  by  Francis  Williams, 
946;  tries  to  obtain  commission  for 
Laconia,  949. 

Nebraska,  relics  in  lake  beds,  144;  Dodge 
bill  for  organization,  4525;  second  Ne¬ 
braska  bill,  4530;  third  Nebraska  bill, 
4533  ;  Kansas-Nebraska  bill  passed,  4543  ; 
formation  of  state  government  in,  5190; 
Kinkaid  act  provides  for  homesteads 
in,  5968,  5969. 

Nebraska  act  passed  by  congress,  4561. 

Necessity,  Fort,  Washington’s  intrenchment 
at  Great  Meadows,  Pa.,  2044;  first  pris¬ 
oners  of  seven  years’  war  taken  to,  2047 ; 
De  Jumonville  scouts  near,  2048;  pre¬ 
pares  for  defense,  2049;  attacked  by 
French,  2050;  capitulated,  2051;  Brad- 
dock  dies  and  is  buried  near,  2080. 


176 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Neckar  river,  fugitives  from,  settle  in 
North  Carolina,  1811. 

Negley,  Gen.  J.  S.,  ordered  to  advance 
against  Adams,  5110;  at  Murfreesboro, 
5152;  brigade  at  Chickamauga,  5163. 

Negro,  Cape,  passed  by  Diaz,  402. 

“Negro  Fort/’  on  the  Appalachicola,  4107. 

Negro  plot  of  1741  in  New  York,  1574- 
r579- 

Negro  seamen  act  of  South  Carolina,  4203- 
4206;  Gov.  Troup,  of  Georgia,  on,  4204, 
4205. 

Negro  suffrage  in  Virginia,  1650;  not  pro¬ 
vided  for  in  Lincoln’s  reconstruction 
plan,  5331 ;  Lincoln  and  Sumner  differ 
on  question  of,  5336 ;  Lincoln’s  opinion 
on,  5336,  5337 ;  question  discussed  by 
cabinet,  5347,  5348;  opinions  of  Union 
generals,  5348;  Johnson’s  decision  con¬ 
cerning,  5349;  southern  states  enact  laws 
concerning,  5353 ;  Georgia’s  action,  5356 ; 
limited  suffrage  favored,  5356,  53571 
South  rejects  thirteenth  amendment, 
5368;  opposition  to  suffrage  in  Loui¬ 
siana,  5373,  5375;  in  District  of  Colum¬ 
bia,  5383,  5384;  effect  of,  in  South,  5397, 
5398,  5401. 

Negroes  outnumber  whites  in  South  Caro¬ 
lina  in  18th  century,  1836;  “Lord  Dun- 
more’s  Ethiopian  Regiment,”  2487; 
Charlestown  defenses  strengthened  by, 
2506;  congress  votes  regiment  of,  2823; 
status  of  free,  4206,  4207;  plans  for 
colonization  of,  4286,  4287 ;  Lincoln  sug¬ 
gests  establishment  of  colonies  for,  5061 ; 
fidelity  of,  5063 ;  befriend  Union  sol¬ 
diers,  5064;  captured  in  Chambersburg, 
5085;  ability  as  soldiers,  5167;  limita¬ 
tions  imposed  upon,  53541  opinions 
of  southerners,  5355,  5356 ;  Georgia . 

grants  equal  rights  to,  5356;  condition 
at  close  of  war,  5357 ;  legislation  against, 
in  reconstructed  states,  5369;  accepted 
as  jurors,  5393,  53941  South  angry  over 
supremacy  of,  5423,  5424,  5464,  5465; 
in  Alabama  after  the  civil  war,  5427- 
5429;  in  South  Carolina,  5431-5435,  5445- 
5448 ;  make  wrong  use  of  power,  5436, 
5437,  5462,  5463;  race  problem  of  1906, 
5885;  discussion  of  the  race  question, 
5885 ;  education  of,  5959,  5960 ;  number 
of  in  United  States  in  1905,  5964;  see 
also  Slavery. 

Neil,  death,  2548. 

Neilson,  Fort,  2646. 

Nelson,  Capt.,  brings  supplies  to  Jamaica, 
646. 


Nelson,  Floratio,  viscount,  praises  Decatur, 
3772- 

Nelson,  Samuel,  opinion  in  Dred  Scott  case, 
4566;  U.  S.  envoy  on  joint  high  com¬ 
mission,  5506. 

Nelson,  Thomas,  Jr.,  portrait,  facing  2500. 

Nelson,  Thomas  R.,  counsel  for  Johnson 
in  trial  for  impeachment,  5407. 

Nelson,  Gen.  William,  establishes  Camp 
Dick  Robinson,  4801 ;  forces  Williams 
out  of  eastern  Kentucky,  4807;  at  Pitts¬ 
burg  Landing,  5105;  retires  to  McMinn¬ 
ville,  5115 1  commands  division  in  army 
of  the  Ohio,  5116;  assigned  to  command 
in  Kentucky,  5121. 

Nelson’s  Ferry,  S.  C.,  Buford  at,  2915; 
Cornwallis  at,  3008;  attack  on,  3027; 
British  post  at,  3038. 

Nenemachanew,  Indian  chief,  692. 

Neolithic  age,  note,  128;  Eskimo  tools  of, 
142;  specimens  in  Iowa,  145. 

Neponset  river,  Chickatawbut  on,  887. 

Neptune,  Confederate  steamer,  4865,  48 66. 

Neshaminy  church  founded,  3129. 

Nether  Hundred,  first  name  of  Bermuda 
Hundred,  672. 

Netherlands,  see  Holland. 

Neuse  river,  N.  C.,  lands  on,  surveyed  by 
De  Graffenried  and  Lawson,  1811,  1812; 
Tuscaroras  defeated  on,  1814;  whites 
on,  1814. 

Neustria,  France,  subjugated  by  Norsemen, 
2°5- 

“Neutral  ground  treaty”  between  United 
States  and  Spain,  3832. 

Neutral  Nation  (Attiwandaronks)  preju¬ 
diced  against  Jesuits,  1966;  exterminated 
by  Iroquois,  1972. 

Neutrality  laws,  U.  S.,  recognition  of,  de¬ 
manded  by  the  United  States,  3794,  3806; 
Stephen  on,  3809,  3810;  Jefferson  on, 
note,  3811;  senate  on,  3812;  act  passed 
by  congress  (1816-1817),  4098;  disre¬ 
gard  of,  4105 ;  passage  of,  4106. 

Nevada,  palaeolithics  found  in,  145;  Indians 
in,  163 ;  formation  of  state  government 
in,  5190;  population  in  1880,  5542. 

Neville,  U.  S.  revenue  inspector,  3508. 

Neville,  Judge,  warns  Jefferson  against 
Burr,  3833. 

Nevon,  De,  French  commander  at  Ft. 
Chartres,  2327. 

New  Albion,  name  given  by  Drake  to 
Pacific  coast,  595,  note,  736. 

New  Amstel  (now  New  Castle),  fort  built 
by  Stuyvesant,  1150. 

New  Amsterdam  (New  York),  Walloons 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


177 


become  first  settlers,  556 ;  English  claim 
to,  558;  bought  of  Indians,  558;  rein¬ 
forced  by  northern  and  southern  col¬ 
onies,  patroons  buy  land  near,  562,  569; 
custom-house  rules,  565;  Van  Rensselaer 
in,  567;  a  menace  to  New  Sweden,  580- 
582;  New  Haven  expedition  at,  1014; 
R.  Williams  sails  from,  1028;  named  by 
Van  Twiller,  1120;  Virginians  prisoners 
in,  1121 ;  seal  of,  1122;  after  Kieft’s  mas¬ 
sacre  at  Pavonia,  1135,  1136,  1142;  En¬ 
glish  from  Long  Island  flee  to,  1139; 
great  thanksgiving  in,  1139;  lasting  Ind¬ 
ian  treaty  made  in,  1141;  Stuyvesant’s 
career  in,  1145-1182;  becomes  New  York, 
1431;  early  wealth  of,  1493;  population 
in  1664,  1494;  sends  Dutchmen  to  Caro- 
linas,  1743 ;  traders  from,  supply  arms 
to  Iroquois,  1969. 

New  Bedford,  Mass.,  burned,  2759. 

New  Brunswick  held  by  English  in  1775? 
2124. 

New  Castle,  Del.,  formerly  New  Amstel, 
1150;  transferred  to  Penn,  1204;  Penn 
lands  at,  1207;  capital  of  Delaware,  1251 ; 
supreme  court  at,  affronted  by  Gookin, 
1255;  Howe’s  fleet  off,  2626. 

New  England,  Indians  in  nth  century  in, 
150;  in  17th  century,  157,  158;  winters 
in,  212,  221,  224,  230,  231 ;  coasted  by 
Verrazano,  506;  coast  of,  explored  by 
Champlain,  525;  emigration  to,  537; 
named  by  John  Smith,  551 ;  competition 
for  colonization  of,  551 ;  education  sys¬ 
tematically  developed  in,  686;  refuge  for 
liberals,  689;  Gorges  the  father  of  col¬ 
onization  in,  725;  John  Smith’s  “de¬ 
scription  of,”  735,  736;  early  trade  and 
fisheries,  743,  751 ;  Pilgrims  in,  763,  766, 
774,  797-799,  861,  911;  chosen  by  majori¬ 
ty  of  Pilgrims,  763 ;  church-going  in,  note, 
838;  coast  gradually  becomes  known, 
847;  Gorges’  plan  for  government  and 
division,  851-858,  895,  948;  Massachu¬ 
setts  Bay  colony,  866-879,  896;  almanac 
for,  913;  confederation  of,  914,  915,  920, 
930-933?  1015-1017,  1029,  1048,  .1053; 
Cambridge  platform,  918;  currency  in, 
918,  919;  Gorton  in,  919;  persecutes 
Jesuits,  926,  936;  Quakers  in,  927-944, 
1053-1055;  Cromwell’s  plan  for,  944, 
945 ;  colonization  of  Connecticut,  953- 
1018;  experiments  in  theocracy,  962, 
1035;  Pequot  war,  971-981;  high. char¬ 
acter  of  her  clergy,  984-986;  earthquakes 
in,  988;  flourished  during  Puritan  as¬ 
cendency  in  England,  997 ;  highways  in, 
1006 ;  disputes  between  colonies,  1014, 


1017;  war  with  Holland,  1016;  Roger 
Williams’  successful  mission  to,  1028- 
1030;  colonies  affected  by  protecting 
regicides,  1276;  population  in  1684,  1282; 
effort  to  place  under  royal  governor- 
general,  1283 ;  three  great  events  in,  at 
end  of  17th  century,  1283;  inherent  spirit 
of  local  self-government  in,  1311;  why 
opposed  to  royal  governors,  1311,  1314; 
principles  of  its  government  analyzed 
and  compared,  1317,  1318;  regains  equi¬ 
librium  after  witchcraft  delusion,  1344; 
harassed  in  King  William’s  war,  1348; 
burdened  by  treaty  of  Ryswick,  1349 ; 
expedition  against  Acadia  in  1710,  1356; 
aroused  by  French  attacks  on  Canso 
and  Annapolis,  1388;  urgent  for  expe¬ 
dition  on  Louisbourg,  1389,  1390;  Sir 
Wm.  Pepperrell  richest  man  of  New 
England  in  his  time,  1392 ;  provinces 
rise  to  meet  French  invasion,  1406; 
friends  of,  on  committee  of  plantations, 
1417;  carefully  treated  by  Charles  II., 
1418;  royal  commissioners  come  to  reg¬ 
ulate,  1425 ;  controls  its  own  militia, 
1429;  colonies  hesitate  to  act  with  New 
York,  1430;  swept  by  peculiar  sickness 
of  children,  1449;  colonies  dislike  to  ap¬ 
peal  to  Stuart,  1458;  endangered  by 
royal  commissioners,  1459;  colonial  gov¬ 
ernments,  differed  in,  1477 ;  population 
of  colonies  in  1768,  1504;  Andros  humil¬ 
iated  in,  1512;  temporarily  deprived  of 
freedom,  1513;  determined  to  drive 
French  from  continent,  1543;  gains  in 
population  by  restoration,  1604;  laws 
against  Quakers  compared  with  those 
of  Virginia,  1641 ;  not  filled  with  felons 
by  Popham,  1684;  colonized  by  Puri¬ 
tans,  1713;  Huguenot  families  in,  1746; 
more  fortunate  than  Canada  in  causes  of 
emigration,  1967;  sends  recruits  to  John¬ 
son  in  1755,  2092;  to  be  attacked  by 
Dieskau,  2095 ;  sends  expedition  against 
Nova  Scotia  and  St.  Lawrence,  2109'; 
called  on  by  Loudon  for  four  thousand 
men,  2147;  eager  to  retake  Louisbourg, 
2147;  special  response  to  Pitt’s  letter. 
2165 ;  undertakes  expeditions  against 
Montreal  and  Quebec  in  1757,  2165; 
exhausted  by  seven  years’  war,  2217, 
2218;  makes  tremendous  efforts  in  seven 
years’  war,  2217,  2218;  troops  take  part 
in  capture  of  West  Indies,  2331,  2332; 
Puritanism  vigorous  in  1760,  2344; 

aflame  over  the  news  of  Lexington, 
2431 ;  condition  of  militia  of,  2434;  requi¬ 
sition  of  militia  made  on,  2434;  number 


178 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


of  troops  at  Bunker  Hill,  2453;  campaign 
in,  2479,  2483 ;  discouraging  effects  of 
war  on,  2723;  Howe’s  fleet  ravages  the 
coast,  2759;  expansion  of,  2763;  Fed¬ 
eralists  plan  for,  3779-3782 ;  effect  of  the 
declaration  of  war  of  1812  in,  3976; 
feeling  in,  on  protective  tariff,  4036; 
discontent  with  federal  government  in 
1814,  4090-4092,  4094;  inflamed  by  high 
tariff,  4186,  4187. 

New  England  association  of  farmers,  me¬ 
chanics  and  workingmen  organized,  5886. 

New  England  protective  union  established, 
5886. 

“New  England  spirit  of  persecution  trans¬ 
mitted  to  Pennsylvania,”  by  George 
Keith,  1237. 

New  England  union  loses  its  authority, 
1424-1427;  commissioners  of,  met  to 
repel  Dutch,  1430,  1431 ;  holds  last  meet¬ 
ing,  1437;  recommended  by  Charles  II., 
to  protect  Atherton  company,  1455 ; 
treaty  between  D’Aunay  and  Massachu¬ 
setts  subject  to,  1951,  1955. 

New  England  workingmen’s  association  es¬ 
tablished,  5886. 

New  Feliciana,  Fla.,  settled,  3940. 

New  France,  see  Colonies  in  America, 
French. 

New  Granada  (now  Colombia,  South 
America),  revolt  in,  3939. 

New  Hampshire,  Indians  in,  159;  Weston 
shipwrecked  on  coast  of,  788;  Gorges 
controls  eastern  part,  791 ;  first  settle¬ 
ment  in,  791;  given  to  Mason,  844,  856; 
Quakers  preach  in,  937 ;  Massachusetts 
absorbs,  947,  948;  general  court  in,  993; 
population  in  1750,  1261 ;  taken  under 
control  of  Massachusetts,  1280;  royal 
commissioners  coldly  treated  in,  1282 ; 
disputes  jurisdiction  with  Massachusetts, 
1306;  separated  from  royal  province  un¬ 
der  Phips,  1323 ;  colonists  escape  witch 
delusion,  1343 ;  harassed  in  King  Will¬ 
iam’s  war,  1348;  part  of  territory  dis¬ 
puted  after  treaty  of  Ryswick,  1349 ; 
frontier  towns  attacked  by  Indians,  1356; 
disputes  boundary  with  Maine  and  Mas¬ 
sachusetts,  1379;  contributes  to  expedi¬ 
tion  against  Canada,  1405 ;  colonists  for¬ 
tify  houses  against  Indians,  1409;  under 
Gov.  Wm.  Burnet,  1567;  population  in 
1755,  2009;  men  rout  French  detachment 
at  Lake  George,  2104;  despises  British 
government,  2160;  contributes  generous¬ 
ly  to  campaign  of  1759,  2218;  agrees  to 
endorse  action  of  stamp  act  congress, 
2377;  fails  to  keep  non-importation 


agreement,  2398;  action  on  revolutionary 
war,  2435,  2436;  legislature  authorized 
to  form  new  government,  2474;  favors 
independence,  2497;  assembly  commis¬ 
sions  Stark,  2600,  2601 ;  after  the  revolu¬ 
tion,  3105;  abolishes  slavery,  3106;  on 
British  commerce,  3229;  rebellion  in, 
3242,  3243 ;  favors  Philadelphia  conven¬ 
tion,  3259;  ratifies  U.  S.  constitution, 
3309,  33io,  3312;  ^population  in  1790, 
3422 ;  reply  to  Kentucky  resolutions, 
3650 ;  represented  in  Hartford  conven¬ 
tion,  4092.  4 

New  Hampshire  grants,  see  Vermont. 

New  Hanover  colony,  Spaniards  claim,  but 
Georgia  takes  possession  of,  2142. 

New  Harmony,  Ind.,  established,  4203. 

New  Haven,  Conn.,  convention  at,  2688, 
2689;  Tryon  sacks,  2834. 

New  Haven  colony  buys  lands  on  Dela¬ 
ware  Bay,  583,  1012-1014;  driven  out 
by  Dutch,  584,  585,  995,  1014;  Eaton 
governor  of,  867,  926,  985;  in  New  Eng¬ 
land  union,  915;  mild  toward  Quakers, 
934,  944;  centre  of  colonization  in  Con¬ 
necticut,  957;  founded  by  John  Daven¬ 
port,  984,  985;  organization,  984-992; 
franchise  in,  991-994;  villages  in  juris¬ 
diction,  993,  994;  Massachusetts  jealous 
of,  1016;  possible  removal  to  Jamaica, 
1017;  Whalley  and  Goffe  find  refuge  in, 
1418,  1419 ;  territory  of,  included  in 
Connecticut  by  charter  (1287),  1420; 
loses  its  liberty,  1421,  1422;  divided  in 
opinion  as  to  union  with  Connecticut 
colony,  1422 ;  Winthrop  powerless  to 
help,  1422,  1423;  protests  to  New  Eng¬ 
land  commissioners,  1424;  struggles  to 
retain  independence,  1424,  1425 ;  declined 
to  confer  about  its  independence,  1425 ; 
yields,  1427,  1428;  Yale  college  removed 
to,  1451. 

New  Jersey,  Norsemen  near,  217;  Quakers 
in,  at  time  of  Fox’s  visit,  1185;  David 
Brainerd  preaches  to  Indians  in,  1225 ; 
George  Keith  in,  1233 ;  population  in 
1750,  1261 ;  contributes  to  expedition 
against  Canada,  1405 ;  Andros  attempts 
to  possess,  1508,  1511;  accused  of  en¬ 
croaching  on  New  York,  1526;  suffers 
from  Gov.  Lord  Cornbury,  1559-1561; 
commerce  transferred  to  New  York  be¬ 
fore  revolution.  1596;  troops  at  Ticon- 
deroga,  2196 ;  “Sons  of  Liberty”  organize 
in,  2375 ;  instructs  delegates  to  stamp 
act  congress,  2377 ;  responds  favorably 
to  Massachusetts  in  1768,  2389;  action 
on  revolutionary  war,  2437;  Hessians 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


179 


in,  2473,  2838,  2543,  2550;  not  anxious 
for  independence,  2495-2497;  Tories  raid, 
2520;  Washington  in,  2526,  2529,  2538, 
2550;  Cornwallis  invades,  2527,  2528; 
Howe’s  campaign  in,  2527,  2528;  Corn¬ 
wallis  in,  2527,  2528;  map  of  Howe  and 
Cornwallis’  campaign  in,  facing  2528; 
“Skinners  and  Cowboys”  in,  note,  2538; 
British  almost  expelled  from,  2549;  ac¬ 
tion  on  “new  tenor”  money,  2964,  2965 ; 
Knyphausen  invades,  2967;  mutiny  of 
troops,  3057;  religious  freedom  in,  3110; 
on  land  question,  3153;  on  regulating 
commerce,  3204;  sends  delegates  to  Phil¬ 
adelphia  convention,  3258;  U.  S.  consti¬ 
tution  ratified  by,  3304;  first  election  for 
congress  in,  3326;  population  in  1790, 
3422;  frees  her  slaves,  3770;  convention 
in,  offers  Webster  nomination  for  pres¬ 
ident,  4510;  Democratic  plans  for  fusion 
in,  unsuccessful,  4602;  electoral  vote  in 
i860,  4602 ;  declares  against  Lincoln’s  ad¬ 
ministration,  5061. 

New  Jersey  Gazette,  Washington  assailed 
by,  2701. 

New  Lights  (Methodists),  1661. 

New  Lisbon,  O.,  capture  of  Morgan  at, 
5120. 

New  London,  Conn.,  offshoot  of  Hartford, 
957;  attacked  by  French  fleet,  1476; 
Arnold  sent  against,  3080;  shipbuilding 
at,  3119. 

New  Madrid,  Mo.,  De  Soto  near  site  of, 
475;  Spain  fortifies,  3186;  Americans 
and  Spaniards  meet  at,  3536;  Confeder¬ 
ates  occupy,  4803,  4828-4830;  Pope  be¬ 
sieges,  4830,  4831 ;  federals  hold,  4832- 

4834- 

New  Market,  Va.,  defeat  of  Sigel  at,  5247; 
retreat  of  Early’s  forces  to,  5252. 

New  Mexico,  Indians  in,  163,  164;  earliest 
accounts  by  Europeans,  591 ;  attempt  to 
annex,  4359;  organization  of  territory 
brings  up  slavery  question,  4432,  4433 ; 
makes  unsuccessful  attempt  to  organize 
as  state,  4447;  Soule’s  amendment  con¬ 
cerning  slavery  in,  4473 ;  granted  terri¬ 
torial  government  with  no  restriction  as 
to  slavery,  4480;  plans  to  unite  with 
Arizona,  5871-5875. 

New  Netherland  named  by  Hudson,  545; 
occupied  by  Dutch,  550,  552,  554;  May 
first  governor,  557;  next,  Wm.  Verhult, 
557 ;  Peter  Minuit  sent  out  to  be  gov¬ 
ernor  of,  557,  558;  Manhattan  becomes 
the  capital  of,  559;  Van  Twiller  next 
governor  of,  561 ;  English  ministry  lays 
claim  to,  561 ;  Godyn  prominent  in,  565 ; 


patroons  take  most  valuable  part  of, 
569 ;  good  export  trade  from,  570 ;  fatal 
discord  between  patroons  and  colonial 
.  authorities,  574;  warned  against  attack¬ 
ing  Connecticut,  894;  Quakers  land  at, 
931;  Connecticut  claimed  by,  1013;  seal 
of,  1122;  Gov.  Minuit  leaves  service  of, 
1126;  ill-governed  by  Kieft,  1127;  keeps 
peace  with  Five  Nations,  1129;  secures 
John  Underhill  to  subdue  Indians,  1138; 
to  be  subdued  by  English  commissioners, 
1278;  English  occupation  of,  affects  the 
French,  1986. 

New  Netherland,  Dutch  ship,  555. 

New  Orleans,  La.,  founded  by  French,  2004; 
kept  by  France  in  1763,  2334;  Willing 
in,  2788;  Pollock  in,  3151;  in  1786,  3181; 
Wilkinson  negotiates,  3184,  3185;  U.  S. 
deposit  at,  3563 ;  importance  of,  3724, 
4862,  4882 ;  Livingston  instructed  to  se¬ 
cure,  3729,  3739  5  congress  approves  plan 
to  buy,  3739;  United  States  asks 
Spain  for,  3745 ;  Spain  transfers  to 
France,  3751,  3752;  Burr  at,  3821;  Wil¬ 
kinson  in,  3832,  3833;  Jackson’s  defence 
of,  4080-4086;  map  of  the  British  move¬ 
ments  about,  facing  4082;  Jackson’s  map 
of  the  battle  of,  facing  4084;  claims 
land  given  to  Lafayette,  4166;  affected 
by  panic,  4304;  Spanish  consulate  at¬ 
tacked,  4495;  rejoices  over  secession  of 
South  Carolina,  4622;  Louisiana  seizes 
mint,  custom  house  and  forts  at,  4649; 
blockaded,  4861,  4862;  Confederates  for¬ 
tify,  4882,  4884;  plans  to  capture,  4883, 
4884,  4887,  4888 ;  evacuated,  4892 ;  view 
of  city  hall,  facing  4892 ;  mob  at,  4893 ; 
Federals  occupy,  4894;  Banks  at,  5258; 
constitutional  convention,  5335 ;  second 
convention  called,  5373 ;  measures  to 
prevent  assembly,  5373 ;  massacre  in  Me¬ 
chanics’  Institute  building,  5374,  5375 ; 
Sheridan  removes  mayor  and  city 
judges,  5392;  free-state  convention  held 
at,  5461 ;  society  of  the  united  Confed¬ 
erate  veterans  organized  at,  5920. 

New  Plymouth,  Mass.,  name  given  to  col¬ 
ony  as  whole,  779;  trials  in  the  third 
year,  801,  802;  annexed  to  Massachu¬ 
setts  Bay  colony,  827;  exiles  from,  go  to 
Nantasket,  862;  makes  treaty  with  Mas- 
sasoit,  1284;  included  in  royal  province 
under  Phips,  1323. 

New  Providence,  Bahama  slands,  Hopkins 
sacks  magazines,  2864;  again  sacked, 
2879,  2880. 

New  Rochelle,  N.  Y.,  Anne  Hutchinson 
killed  at,  1136;  Howe  at,  2520. 


180 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


New  Smyrna,  Fla.,  indigo  and  sugar-cane 
cultivated  in,  2337. 

New  Somersetshire,  Me.,  856;  William 
Gorges  deputy-governor,  948. 

New  Spain,  see  Mexico. 

New  Sweden,  572;  founded  and  named,  576, 
580,  586. 

New  Sweden  on  Delaware  Bay,  1126,  1127. 

New  Wales,  Wm.  Penn  wished  to  call 
Pennsylvania  thus,  1193. 

New  York  (city)  at  first  called  Port  May, 
551 ;  buildings  erected  on  State  street  by 
Kieft,  1123;  stockade  at  Wall  street, 
1140;  incorporated  as  a  city,  1497;  popu¬ 
lation  in  1678,  1503;  metropolis  of  the 
western  continent,  1512;  Trinity  church, 
N.  Y.,  chartered  by  Gov.  Fletcher,  1552; 
St.  Paul’s,  N.  Y.,  Lord  Bellomont  buried 
in  church-yard  of,  1558;  negro  plot  in, 
15 77;  a  commercial  centre  before  revo¬ 
lution,  1596;  controls  commerce  of  Con¬ 
necticut  and  New  Jersey,  1596;  rendez¬ 
vous  for  provincial  army  for  Loudon, 
2147,  2149;  French  prisoners  well  treat¬ 
ed  in  1759,  2230;  historical  relics  in 
public  library,  2054,  2284;  a  centre  of 
trade  before  revolution,  2349 ;  comes  to 
collision  with  British  garrison  in  1770, 
2392,  2394;  fight  on  Golden  Hill  between 
Sons  of  Liberty  and  British  soldiers, 
2394;  refuses  to  receive  tea  in  1773, 
2403;  fortifications  around,  2512;  Howe 
forces  Washington  out  of,  2517;  after 
the  revolution,  3137,  3138;  John  street 
theatre,  3138;  Fraunce’s  tavern  in,  3223; 
facing  3224,  3341 ;  selected  as  meeting- 
place  of  congress,  3324;  reception  to 
Washington,  3330;  celebration  over 
French  revolution  successes,  3456,  3457 ; 
welcomes  Genet,  3473 ;  English  ships 
blockade,  3795 ;  workingman’s  party 
founded,  4211;  William  Morgan  affair, 
4211,  4212;  rise  of  anti-Masonic  party, 
4212;  favors  equal  rights’  party,  4293;; 
affected  by  panic,  4304;  visited  by  Polk 
and  his  cabinet,  4417 ;  convention  of 
Liberty  party  (1848),  4425;  the  Crystal 
Palace,  first  exposition  in  America,  4521 ; 
Lincoln’s  Cooper  Union  speech,  4588, 
4589;  rallies  for  the  Union,  4682,  4683; 
incitements  to  violence  in,  5178;  anti¬ 
draft  riot  in,  5179-5183;  efforts  to  restore 
order,  5181;  editors  arrested  in,  5184; 
seizure  of  arms  in,  5204 ;  plot  to  burn, 
5208,  5209;  effect  of  Lee’s  surrender, 
5297;  Lincoln’s  body  borne  through, 
5302;  Johnson  at,  5378;  Democratic  con¬ 
vention  in,  5414;  celebration  on  comple¬ 


tion  of  the  Pacific  railroad,  5494;  mon¬ 
etary  panic  of  1869  in,  5511;  celebration 
of  Washington  centennial  in,  5626;  naval 
display  at  Washington  centennial,  illus., 
facing  5628;  naval  parade  of  1893,  fac¬ 
ing  5656;  celebration  of  the  discovery 
of  the  new  world  by  Columbus  in,  5657- 
5659;  consolidation  into  greater  New 
York,  5695,  5696;  rules  governing  ves¬ 
sels  in  the  harbor  during  war  with  Spain, 
5716,  5717;  aided  San  Francisco,  5878; 
first  labor  unions  organized  in,  5886; 
society  of  war  of  1812  founded  at,  59J1; 
colonial  wars  society  organized,  5913; 
immigrant  station,  5980. 

New  York  (state),  French  settlers  in,  555; 
not  included  in  original  English  terri¬ 
tory,  575;  annexes  Long  Island,  1125; 
Stuyvesant  governor  of,  1145;  under 
same  governor  with  Penn’s  province, 
1232;  population  in  1750,  1261;  taken 
from  Connecticut  Territory,  1269,  1270; 
its  customs  duties  avoided  by  Rhode 
Island  smugglers,  1350;  William  Burnet 
colonial  governor,  1361 ;  contributes  to 
expedition  against  Canada,  1405;  New 
Haven  unwilling  to  yield  to,  1427 ; 
boundary  extended  by  royal  grant  to 
Connecticut  river,  1427;  recaptured  by 
Dutch,  1430,  1465 ;  in  hands  of  English 
permanently,  1431 ;  Sir  Edmund  Andros, 
governor  of,  1431 ;  receives  Rhode  Is¬ 
land  deputies,  1459 ;  important  to  unity 
of  American  colonies,  1493 ;  surrendered 
to  Evertsen,  1501,  1502  ;  restored  to  En¬ 
glish,  1503;  population  in  1678,  1504; 
patent  obtained  a  second  time  by  Duke 
of  York,  1506;  local  self-government, 
1513;  divided  into  counties,  1514;  re¬ 
ceives  lands  of  Onondagas,  1517;  re¬ 
ceives  lands  from  Cayugas,  1518;  de¬ 
lighted  by  accession  of  James  II.,  1525; 
official  records  taken  to  Boston,  1529; 
Frontenac  ordered  to  capture,  1538; 
boundary  disputes  with  Connecticut, 
155 1 ;  general  assembly  on  church  of 
England  bill,  1551 ;  suffers  from  Gov. 
Lord  Cornbury,  1559-1561 ;  population 
increases  during  Queen  Anne’s  reign, 
1564;  excited  over  Andrew  Hamilton’s 
defense  of  Zenger,  1572;  increase  in 
early  18th  century,  1581 ;  general 
assembly  gains  power  during  Gov. 
Clinton’s  term,  1583-1587;  official  life  in, 
1 595 ;  general  account  of,  before  revolu¬ 
tion,  1595-1600;  population  of  province 
before  revolution,  1596;  government, 
1599,  1600;  council,  1599,  1600;  courts, 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


181 


1600 ;  receives  Huguenot  families, 
1746;  exposed  to  French  attack,  2007; 
population  in  1755,  2009;  despises 

British  government,  2160;  receives  vast 
territory  by  treaty  of  Ft.  Stanwix,  2328; 
population  in  1760,  2344;  Dutch  customs 
in,  2345 ;  protests  against  stamp  act, 
2368;  “Sons  of  Liberty”  organize  in, 
2375;  quartering  act,  2384;  responds  fa¬ 
vorably  to  Massachusetts  in  1768,  2389; 
disapproves  non-importing  association, 
2397,  2398,  2411;  encourages  Massachu¬ 
setts  in  1774,  2407;  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  revolution,  2436,  2437;  Tryon  threat¬ 
ens,  2485,  2498,  2499 ;  declaration  ratified 
by  convention  in,  2492 ;  on  declaration 
of-  independence,  2499,  2500;  “Skinners 
and  Cowboys”  in,  note,  2538 ;  British 
plan  to  capture,  2557,  2558;  issues  paper 
money,  2684;  struggle  over  Vermont, 
2763,  2764 ;  Indian  warfare  in,  2838-2840 ; 
Clinton  in,  2905,  2906,  2919,  2969,  3070, 
3072  ;  action  on  “new  tenor”  money,  2964; 
British  avacuate,  3223,  3084;  conditions 
in,  after  the  revolution,  3105;  emanci¬ 
pates  slaves,  3106,  3664,  3665;  religious 
freedom  in,  3110;  shipbuilding  in,  3120; 
land  claim  of,  3153;  cedes  western  iands 
to  the  Union,  3155,  3156;  opposes  impost 
and  revenue,  3216,  3217;  puts  duty  on 
British  goods,  3229;  issues  paper  money, 
3245 ;  instructs  delegates  regarding  Phil¬ 
adelphia  convention,  3258;  opposes 
union,  3271 ;  U.  S.  constitution  ratified 
by,  33i6,  3317;  population  in  1790,  3422; 
effect  of  Jay’s  treaty  in,  3556;  fortifica¬ 
tions  of  harbor  of,  3640;  action  on  the 
Kentucky  resolution,  3652;  Burr  candi¬ 
date  for  governor  of,  3783;  defeated, 
3785 ;  enforcing  the  embargo  in,  3879; 
opposes  the  enforcement  act,  3887 ;  war 
of  1812  along  the  frontier,  3996;  sup¬ 
ports  negro  colony  in  Africa,  4287; 
underground  railroad,  44.90;  political  sit¬ 
uation  in  1851,  4498,  4499;  Democrats 
plan  fusion  in,  4602 ;  declares  against 
Lincoln’s  administration,  5061 ;  popula¬ 
tion  in  1880,  5542;  women  permitted  to 
vote  in  school  elections,  5931;  rejects 
unrestricted  suffrage,  5932. 

New  York ,  U.  S.  ship,  4696,  5732,  5733- 

New  York  Equitable  Insurance  Company, 
investigation  of,  5867-5870. 

New  York  Evening  Post,  3876. 

New  York  Life  Insurance  Company,  inves¬ 
tigation  of,  5868-5870. 

New  York  Tribune,  newspaper,  publishes 
A.  H.  Stephens’  speech,  4623 ;  on  se¬ 


cession,  4638;  on  colonization  plan  for 
slaves,  4647;  criticism  of  Lincoln,  4954- 
4956;  office  attacked  during  draft  riot, 
5182. 

New  York  Weekly  Gazette ,  first  New  York 
newspaper,  1569. 

New  York  World,  circulation  prohibited, 

5187. 

Newark,  N.  J.,  Rev.  Abraham  Pierson  and 
flock  remove  to,  1428;  Washington  at, 
2528;  British  abandon,  2549. 

Newark,  O.,  earthwork  at,  134,  135. 

Newbern,  N.  C.,  settled  by  Swiss,  1805; 
receives  news  of  the  battle  of  Lexing¬ 
ton,  2439;  cession  act  repealed,  3171, 
3172;  captured  by  Federals,  4876. 

Newburg,  N.  Y.,  Washington’s  headquar¬ 
ters,  3208,  3212-3214. 

Newbury,  Mass.,  986. 

Newburyport,  Mass.,  shipbuilding  at,  3118; 
Washington’s  reception  at,  3359. 

Newcastle,  Duke  of  (1736,  1753),  received 
Clinton’s  letter  from  New  York,  1593; 
preferred  by  George  III.  to  Pitt,  2330; 
nominal  premier,  2331. 

Newfoundland,  note,  256;  Cortereal  coasted, 
380;  Verrazano  at,  506;  Cartier  explores 
the  shores  of,  515;  Dutch  in,  541,  553; 
Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  wished  to  colo¬ 
nize,  598,  602,  615;  Brownists  plan  to 
settle  on,  616;  first  selected  by  Lord 
Baltimore,  622 ;  not  included  in  London 
company  and  Plymouth  company  grants, 
743;  Capt.  John  Mason  father  of,  750; 
New  England  interest  in  fisheries,  2723; 
D’Estaing  wanted  to  capture,  2753 ;  dis¬ 
position  of,  in  French-Spanish  negotia¬ 
tions,  2846;  discussion  over  fishing  rights 
off  the  shores  of,  4514;  not  satisfied 
with  treaty  on  fisheries,  5603 ;  in  For¬ 
tune  Bay  dispute,  5604;  complaints 
against  Americans,  5962. 

Newgate  prison,  England,  Wm.  Penn  in, 
1191. 

Newichwanek,  Me.,  846. 

Newman,  Robert,  his  barn  used  for  or¬ 
ganization  of  New  Haven  government, 
990;  one  of  “seven  pillars,”  991;  magis¬ 
trate,  992. 

Newport,  Sir  Christopher,  note,  534;  rav¬ 
ages  Spanish  commerce,  626;  command¬ 
er  of  Jamestown  expedition,  630-632; 
explores  James  river,  634;  feasted  Ind¬ 
ian  chief,  636;  ability  of,  639,  641-643; 
brings  reinforcements,  646;  vice-admiral 
of  second  Virginia  company,  656; 
wrecked  on  the  Bermudas,  658;  reached 


182 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Jamestown,  662;  admiral  of  Virginia, 
note,  665. 

Newport,  Ky.,  Heth’s  advance  creates  pan¬ 
ic  in,  5122. 

Newport^,  R.  I.,  founded,  1034,  1036;  re¬ 
united  with  Portsmouth,  1037;  difficulty 
in  forming  union  with  Narragansett  col¬ 
onies,  1047,  1050;  government  of, 

usurped  by  Coddington,  1453 ;  meeting 
at,  for  reception  of  charter,  1455;  has 
large  proportion  in  general  assembly, 
1457;  political  centre  during  English 
revolution,  1475 ;  attacked  by  French 
fleet,  1476;  Bishop  Berkeley’s  house  near, 
i486;  Bishop  Berkeley  helps  to  found 
the  Ridwood  library,  1487;  classical 
school  at,  1487;  population  in  1748,  1491 ; 
compared  with  New  York  in  colonial 
time,  1597;  chief  seat  of  slave  trade, 
2468;  British  at,  2485,  2755;  Clinton 
occupies,  2531,  2753 ;  Americans  evacu¬ 
ate,  2531 ;  De  Ternay  reaches,  2969, 
2970;  Clinton  attacks  French  at,  2970; 
at  the  close  of  the  revolution,  3119. 

Newport  News,  Va.,  4746,  4915,  4959,  5002. 

News  Letter,  first  periodical  in  America, 
published  in  Boston,  2347. 

Newspapers,  first  in  Rhode  Island,  1488; 
first  in  Virginia,  1665;  first  in  Maryland, 
1709;  first  in  Baltimore,  1711;  published 
in  colonies  in  1763,  2347;  early  United 
States,  3452-3435 ;  Workingman’s  Advo¬ 
cate,  4211;  early  style  of,  4213. 

Newton,  Isaac,  engineer  on  the  Monitor, 
4912,  4921. 

Newtown,  Conn.,  first  name  of  Hartford, 
967. 

Newtown,  now  Cambridge,  Mass.,  laid  out, 
881 ;  fortified,  891 ;  general  court  goes 
to,  907,  908;  Hutchisonians  not  in  favor, 
90  7 ;  friendly  with  other  settlements, 
911;  college  founded  at,  912;  name 
changed,  913 ;  first  printing-press  in 
America  at,  913;  sends  colonies  to  Con¬ 
necticut,  960,  968. 

Newtown,  now  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  battle  of, 
2840. 

Nez  Perce,  Indian  tribe,  5540,  5541. 

Niagara,  Fort,  established  by  the  French, 
1518;  at  beginning  of  seven  years’  war, 
2005 ;  reached  by  Bienville’s  expedition, 
2010;  strengthened  by  French,  2015;  in 
plan  of  Braddock’s  campaign,  2058,  2085 ; 
Shirley’s  expedition  against,  given  up, 
2087-2089;  French  communication  with, 
threatened  in  1755,  2090;  described, 
2223-2 227 ;  awful  tales  and  legends  about, 
2226,  2227;  invested  by  Prideaux,  2227; 


captured  by  Johnson  in  1759,  2230,  2248; 
sends  relief  to  Ft.  Detroit,  2300,  2301 ; 
maintains  intercourse  with  Detroit  in 
Pontiac’s  war,  2300,  2302,  2306;  Brant 
and  Butler’s  headquarters,  2749 ;  strong¬ 
hold  of  Tory-Indian  forays,  2839;  Sen¬ 
ecas  and  Cayugas  seek  refuge  at,  2842; 
American  forces  at,  3995 ;  surrendered 
by  Americans,  4044;  attack  on,  planned 
by  Americans,  4049-4051 ;  captured  by 
the  British,  4056;  illustration  of,  facing 
4056. 

Niagara,  U.  S.  brig,  4028-4030,  4853. 

Niagara  Falls,  La  Salle  first  European  at, 
1991;  Rogers’  rangers  at,  2279;  bill  for 
its  preservation  passed  by  congress, 
5883 ;  utilization  of  water  power,  5938. 

Niagara  river  crossed  by  French  expedi¬ 
tions,  1991 ;  La  Salle  builds  the  Griffin 
on,  1994. 

Niantics,  Indian  tribe,  subject  to  Pequots, 
954 ;  portrait  of  sachem,  facing  954;  take 
part  in  killing  Canonchet,  1467. 

Nicaragua,  reciprocity  treaty  with,  5645. 

Nicaraguan  canal,  congress  on  construction 
.  of,  5758-5760,.  5795,  5796. 

Nicholas,  John,  in  congress,  3596. 

Nicholas,  Wilson  Cary,  on  Kentucky  reso¬ 
lutions,  3646;  in  the  senate,  3668,  3714; 
to  Jefferson  on-  the  constitution,  3748; 
leader  in  congress,  3867;  resolution  on 
repeal  of  the  embargo,  3889. 

Nicholls,  Maj.  Edward,  took  possession  of 
Pensacola,  4078. 

Nicholls,  Sir  Richard,  governor  of  New 
York,  in  command  of  English  expedi¬ 
tion  to  take  New  Amsterdam,  1174, 
1179;  English  commissioner  to  Massa¬ 
chusetts,  1278,  1279;  royal  commissioner 
to  New  England,  1425,  1426,  1458;  asks 
aid  against  New  France  from  Connecti¬ 
cut,  1429 ;  first  English  royal  governor 
of  New  York,  1493;  valuable  services, 
1493,  1494,  1499;  does  not  please  all 
Dutch  inhabitants  of  New  York,  1743. 

Nicholson,  Alfred  Osborn  Pope,  Cass  letter 
on  popular  sovereignty  to,  4527. 

Nicholson,  Sir  Francis,  commands  expedi¬ 
tion  against  Acadia,  1356;  governed 
New  York  under  Andros,  1529;  urges 
consolidation  of  American  colonies, 
1530;  made  governor  of  Virginia  by 
William  III.,  1530;  supported  James  II., 
1532-1534;  unpopular  in  New  York, 

1 533  j  alarmed  inhabitants  by  preparing 
defenses  of  New  York  ,1534;  abandoned 
his  office,  1535;  lieutenant-governor  of 
Virginia  and  Maryland,  1631 ;  develops 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


183 


the  colony’s  resources,  1632 ;  removes 
capital  to  Williamsburg,  1632;  tries  to 
form  colonial  confederacy  against 
French,  1633;  joint  founder  of  William 
and  Mary  college,  1633,  1634;  trans¬ 
ferred  to  Maryland,  1634;  belongs  to 
departing  type,  1635;  proposed  to  re¬ 
store  appointment  of  livings  to  gov¬ 
ernors,  1643 ;  succeeds  Andros  as  gov¬ 
ernor  of  Maryland,  1702;  royal  governor 
ad  interim  of  Carolinas,  1831,  1832;  pro¬ 
motes  education  and  religion,  1832; 
peace  with  Indians,  1832,  1833 ;  captures 
Acadia  for  England,  1958. 

Nicholson,  Capt.  James,  the  Trumbull  com¬ 
manded  by,  2897,  2898. 

Nicholson,  Joseph  H.,  on  Pickering  im¬ 
peachment,  3776,  3778;  manages  im¬ 
peachment  trial  of  Chase,  3777,  3778. 

Nicholson,  Capt.  Samuel,  commander  of 
the  Deane ,  2900. 

Nickajack  river,  Ga.,  intrenchments  of 
Johnston  behind,  5261. 

Nicknames,  religious,  forbidden  by  general 
assembly  of  Maryland,  1682. 

Nicola,  Louis,  letter  to  Washington,  3209. 

Nicolay,  John  G.,  comment  on  McGellan, 
.  4772. 

Nicolet,  Jean,  sent  by  Champlain  to  ex¬ 
plore  western  Canada,  1958;  hears  of 
the  Mississippi,  1959. 

Nicolson,  Samuel  T.,  nominee  for  vice- 
president,  5767. 

Nicuesa,  Diego  de,  376. 

Nina,  Columbia  caravel,  260,  296  and  note, 
297;  illus.,  facing  296,  303;  return  voy¬ 
age,  314,  315,  317,  373;  reproduction  of 
Columbus  caravel,  5657. 

Ninety  Six,  S.  C.,  Cornwallis  sends  force 
to,  2914;  Balfour  at,  2921;  Cruger  at, 
2944;  British  retreat  to,  2991;  Toryism 
of,  2994;  Green  at,  3016,  3049,  3051,  3053; 
British  post  at,  3038;  Cruger  abandons, 
3047;  Rawdon  evacuates,  3054. 

Nino,  Alonzo,  sends  slaves  to  Spain,  333; 
expedition  of,  345;  takes  home  cargo  of 
pearls,  373. 

Niphon,  U.  S.  ship,  captures  the  Ella  and 
Emma,  4869. 

Nipissing,  Lake,  Champlain  entered,  536; 
explored  by  Jean  Nicolet,  1958. 

Nipmucks,  Indian  tribe,  158;  used  as  pre¬ 
text  by  Narragansetts,  887;  King  Philip 
escapes  to,  1286,  1466 ;  ambuscade  among, 
1288. 

Nipsic,  American  warship,  wrecked  at  Apia, 

5639- 


Nixon,  John,  at  Saratoga,  2639;  narrow  es¬ 
cape  of  brigade  of,  2660. 

Nixon,  William  P.,  5662. 

“No  Cross,  No  Crown,”  by  William  Penn, 
1190. 

“No  Quarter,”  origin  of,  note,  2670. 

Noble,  John  W.,  secretary  of  the  interior. 
5624. 

Noddle’s  Island,  East  Boston,  note,  733; 
Maverick  on,  797;  La  Tour  winters  on, 
1954. 

Nogales,  treaty  of,  3531. 

“Nolachucky  Jack,”  nickname  for  John 
Servier,  2997. 

Nome,  Alaska,  gold  discovered  at,  5683; 
development  of,  5683,  5684. 

Nonconformists  do  not  object  to  slave  trade 
in  South  Carolina,  1769. 

Non-importation  agreement,  origin,  2379; 
gains  strength,  2387;  weakened  by  love 
of  gain,  2397 ;  breakers  of,  denounced, 
2398;  act,  3812;  England  aroused  over, 
3846;  suspended,  3851;  proposed  sus¬ 
pension  of,  3898. 

Non-intercourse  act,  congress  passes,  3890; 
announced  to  France,  3918;  not  effective, 
3922;  expires,  3925,  3928;  Napoleon  on, 
3932,  39341  revival  of,  with  England, 
3948-3950. 

Non-partisan  women’s  Christian  temperance 
union,  5923. 

Nook’s  Hill,  Mass.,  intrenchments  at,  2482. 

Nootka  Sound,  view  in  1792,  facing  3440; 
English  and  Spain  dispute  over,  3441, 
3442. 

Norfolk.  Eng.,  a  centre  of  Puritanism,  876; 
sends  settlers  to  Southold,  L.  I.,  992. 

Norfolk,  Va.,  incorporated  in  1736,  1 666; 
Dunmore  at,  2487-2489 ;  Howe  ordered 
to  capture,  2487 ;  destroyed,  2489 ;  Vir¬ 
ginia  tobacco  exported  through,  2832 ; 
burned,  2832;  Leslie  occupies,  3013; 
sends  memorial  to  congress,  3494;  roused 
over  Leopard  and  Chesapeake  affair, 
3856;  British  threaten,  3857;  prepares 
for  war,  3858,  3859;  attacked  by  British 
in  1813,  4040,  4041 ;  Gosport  navy-yard 
at,  4696;  blockaded,  4854. 

Norfolk  county,  Va.,  Dunmore  ravages, 
2487. 

Normandy  settled  by  Norsemen,  205. 

Normans  in  America,  240. 

Norman’s  Kill,  N.  Y.,  Brant  devastates, 

2843. 

Norridgewock,  Me.,  settled  by  Rasle,  1363; 
grew  rapidly,  1368;  burned  by  English, 
1369;  second  expedition  against  ,1371. 


184 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Norridgewocks,  Indian  tribe,  157. 

Norris,  Isaac,  rich  Philadelphia  Quaker 
cited  as  to  war  contributions,  1256. 

Norris,  Moses,  Jr.,  approves  popular  sov¬ 
ereignty,  4539. 

Norsemen,  early  use  of  the  compass,  64; 
their  craft,  106;  colonizing  movements, 
202,  205 ;  superstitions  of,  203 ;  in  south¬ 
ern  Europe  and  Africa,  205;  expeditions 
to  America,  206-242 ;  character,  207,  232, 
233,  241,  242;  method  of  dividing  day, 
212;  facsimile  of  specimen  of  language, 
facing  234. 

North,  Lord,  tries  to  coerce  colonies  by 
“letters  of  instruction,”  2396;  proposes 
Boston  port  bill,  2406 ;  conciliatory  pro¬ 
posal,  2419,  2420;  portrait,  facing  2420; 
proposed  American  embargo,  2484,  2510; 
England’s  entire  policy  reversed  by,  2715, 
2718;  America’s  contempt  for  ,2718; 
actions  of,  regarding  conditions  of 
America,  2719;  George  III.  appeals  to, 
2721;  position  of,  2722;  effect  of  peace 
commission  of,  2725,  2743,  2744;  effect 
of  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis  on,  3084; 
acts  of,  regarding  peace,  3086;  resigna¬ 
tion  of,  3087 ;  coalition  of  Fox  and,  3097, 
3098. 

North,  William,  appointed  adjutant-gener¬ 
al,  3637- 

North  America,  see  Aboriginal  races-  of 
America ;  America,  Pre-Columbian ;  Dis¬ 
covery  and  exploration;  Colonies  in 
America. 

North  Beach,  Fla.,  Ponce  de  Leon  anchored 
at,  388. 

North  bridge  at  Concord,  2426. 

North  Briton ,  Wilkes’  paper,  libels  ministry, 
2359- 

North  Carolina,  Sioux  and  Iroquois  in,  160; 
Rev.  Jones  chaplain  in,  247;  included  in 
grant  to  second  Virginia  company,  656; 
Pequots  retreat  to,  979 ;  in  18th  century, 
1642,  1807;  first  general  assembly,  1724; 
insurrection  in,  about  tobacco  tax,  1754- 
1758;  organized  government  in,  1762, 
1763;  primitive  life  in,  1763,  1764;  no 
place  of  worship  at  close  of  17th  cen¬ 
tury,  1795;  church  of  England  estab¬ 
lished  in,  1804;  religious  feuds  in,  1805; 
throws  off  government  of  South  Caro¬ 
lina,  1805 ;  population  in  1694,  1805 ;  in 
early  18th  century,  1805,  1836;  condi¬ 
tions  in,  previous  to  1722,  1805,  1806; 
religious  conditions,  1806;  dissension  in, 
1808;  general  assembly  of,  forbids  any 
one  to  depart  without  permit,  1815; 
in  danger  of- depopulation,  1815;  drink¬ 


ing  in,  1817;  Gabriel  Johnson  governor 
of,  1835 ;  aids  Oglethorpe  in  expedition 
against  St.  Augustine,  1898;  population 
in  I755>  2009;  diversity  in  inhabitants 
before  revolution,  2345 ;  protest  against 
stamp  act,  2368;  does  not  send  delegates 
to  stamp  act  congress,  2377 ;  disturbed 
by  “regulators”  and  Gov.  Tryon,  2391 ;  re¬ 
ceives  news  of  battle  of  Lexington,  2439; 
elects  delegates  to  continental  congress, 
2439;  Loyalists  in,  2440,  2618;  favors  in¬ 
dependence,  2495;  militia  raised  by,  2818; 
British  outrages  in,  2915-2917;  uprising 
of  patriots,  2931 ;  map  of  Cornwallis’ 
and  Greene’s  route  in,  facing  2938 ;  slave 
law  in,  3106,  3290,  3619,  3620;  religious 
freedom,  3110;  cedes  lands  to  the  Union, 
3156,  3169;  repeals  cession  act,  3171; 
difficulties  with  Tennessee  and  the  state 
of  Franklin,  3171-3175,  3177;  issues  paper 
money,  3246;  appoints  delegates  to  Phil¬ 
adelphia  convention,  3258;  ratifies  U.  S. 
constitution,  3318,  3405,  3406;  condemned 
assumption  of  state  debts,  3376;  popula¬ 
tion  in  1790,  3422;  reply  to  Gist’s  letter 
on  secession,  4607;  secedes,  4684;  de¬ 
sertion  in  regiments  from,  5228;  de¬ 
mands  for  peace  in,  5228;  dissatisfaction 
in,  5229 ;  raids  of  Stoneman,  5270 ;  Davis 
retreats  to,  5308;  operations  of  Sherman 
in,  5310;  Johnston  commands,  53I3-53U; 
Confederate  forces  in,  5313;  Johnson’s 
life  in,  5314;  constitutional  convention, 
5346,  5350 ;  ratifies  the  thirteenth  amend¬ 
ment,  5352;  negro  refugees  in,  5357; 
success  of  free  labor  in,  5360;  military 
control  provided  for,  5383 ;  Sickles  ap¬ 
pointed  military  commander,  5387 ;  con¬ 
flict  between  military  and  civil  au.’uori- 
ties,  5395,  5396;  constitution  ratified, 
5399 ;  ratifies  fourteenth  amendment, 
5413 ;  negro  supremacy  prevented  in, 
5424;  gives  property  rights  to  married 
women,  5929. 

North  Castle,  N.  Y.,  Washington’s  troops 
near,  2521 ;  Col.  Jameson  commandant 
at,  2983. 

North  Dakota  admitted  into  the  Union, 
5622.  . 

North  Kingston,  R.  I.,  Indians  under  Mag¬ 
nus  defeated  at,  1299,  1300. 

North  Pole,  Hudson  searched  for,  543. 

North  river,  Hudson  river  so  called  by  H. 
Hudson,  545. 

North  Set,  maritime  habits  of  dwellers 
near,  115. 

Northam,  N.  H.  (now  Dover),  791;  set¬ 
tled,  947,  948. 


.  GENERAL  INDEX. 


185 


Northampton,  Mass.,  English  stronghold  in 
King  Philip’s  war,  1298;  “Great  Awak¬ 
ening”  began  in,  1449,  1450;  mobs  pre¬ 
vent  court  from  sitting  at,  3238. 

Northcote,  Sir  Stafford,  British  envoy  on 
joint  high  commission,  5506. 

Northern  confederacy  planned  by  Feder¬ 
alists  in  1804,  3779-3784. 

Northern  states,  Calhoun  declares  that  bal¬ 
ance  between  North  and  South  has  been 
destroyed,  4458,  4459 ;  protests  against 
fugitive  slave  law,  4483 ;  condition  of, 
in  i860,  4604;  “Worship  of  the  North” 
a  southern  war  caricature,  facing  4610; 
resources  of,  4663 ;  effect  of  Lincoln’s 
war  proclamation  in,  4680-4682 ;  response 
to  Lincoln’s  proclamation,  4686. 

Northland,  name  given  by  Gosnold  to  coast 
of  Maine,  618. 

Northwest  passage  to  Asia,  Dutch  try  to 
find,  541;  among  Drake’s  ideas,  592; 
later  English  expeditions  for,  597;  Wey¬ 
mouth  searches  for,  621 ;  Sir  Thomas 
Smith  a  patron  of  rearch  for,  630. 

Northwest  territory,  Cayugas  settled  in, 
1518;  division  and  government,  3161- 
3165;  plan  of  division,  facing  3162;  Ind¬ 
ian  troubles,  3187,  3188;  ordinance  of 
1787,  3192-3198,  3357;  first  officers  ap¬ 
pointed  for  governing,  3197;  organized, 
3641 ;  division  into  states,  3674. 

Norton,  Massachusetts  representative  in 
London,  1277. 

Norton,  a  Quaker,  841. 

Norton,  a  trader,  murdered  by  Pequots, 
969. 

Norton,  Gen.  Charles  B.,  plans  centennial 
exposition,  1876,  5526. 

Norton,  E.  J.,  votes  against  impeachment 
of  Johnson,  5412. 

Norton,  Francis,  attorney  of  Wm.  Mason’s 
property,  946. 

Norton,  John,  teacher  of  Boston  church, 
926,  927;  opposed  Quakers,  934,  937- 

Norton,  John,  joins  in  “Ipswich  letter”  to 
Gov.  Winthrop,  1948. 

Norton,  Lieut.-Col.  Walter,  shared  the  Aga- 
menticus  grant,  848. 

Norumbega,  note,  213,  233,  note,  618;  Cham¬ 
plain  expects  to  find,  524;  Ferdinando 
sent  to,  600;  John  W.  Walter  finds  silver 
in,  600;  name  clings  to  Maine,  618; 
Weymouth  sent  to,  621 ;  also  Harlow 
and  Hobson,  734. 

Norwalk,  Conn.,  burned,  2834. 

Norway,  advantage  in  maritime  affairs,  115; 
invaded  by  barbarians,  202 ;  in  Zeno 
story,  249;  coasted  by  Hudson,  544; 


gives  way  to  Maine  in  supplying  ship 
timber,  1359. 

Norwich,  Conn.,  centre  of  Connecticut  col¬ 
onization,  957. 

Norwich,  Eng.,  Brownists  originate  in,  752. 

Nott,  Edward,  governor  of  Virginia  under 
Earl  of  Orkney,  1654. 

Nottaways,  Indian  tribe,  157. 

Nottinghamshire,  Eng.,  separatists  in,  753. 

.Nova  Scotia  perhaps  seen  by  Norsemen, 
150;  probably  by  Verrazano,  506;  De 
Monts  and  Champlain  in,  524;  boundary 
line  of  “Virginia  Company”  passes 
through  middle  of,  627,  743;  reduced  by 
Canada  company,  845 ;  granted  to  Earl 
of  Stirling,  855 ;  included  in  royal  prov¬ 
ince  under  Phips,  1323 ;  name  given  to 
Acadia  in  1713,  1356;  limits  settled, 
1381 ;  given  to  English  by  treaty  of 
Utrecht,  1381;  population  in  1744,  1386; 
Canso  settled  in,  1386;  Shirley  wishes  to 
protect,  1405;  abandoned  by  French, 
1409;  granted  to  Sir  William  Alexander, 
I935>  1938;  seal-catching  in,  1936;  popu¬ 
lation  in  1755,  2009;  divided  between 
French  and  English  in  population,  2009; 
French  fleet  lands  forces  at,  in  1755, 
2059,  2060;  fortified  by  French,  2118; 
given  up  by  France  in  1763,  2334;  Cape 
Breton  annexed  to  in  1763,  2337;  Gou- 
verneur  Morris  on,  2848;  not  satisfied 
with  treaty  on  fisheries,  5603. 

Noyes,  Rev.,  a  Salem  minister  who  per¬ 
secuted  witches,  1342. 

Ntahanada,  Indian  chief  with  Capt.  Han- 
ham,  727. 

Nullification  debated  by  Webster  and 
Hayne,  4228-4231 ;  ordinance  adopted  by 
South  Carolina  convention,  4254,  4255 ; 
South  Carolina’s  action  opposed  by 
Georgia,  4255,  4256;  ordinance  of  nulli¬ 
fication  suspended  in  South  Carolina, 
4259;  ordinance  rescinded,  4259,  4260. 

Nurse,  Rebecca,  accused  of  witchcraft  by 
Parris,  1332,  1333,  1335. 


o. 

Oakes,  Rev.  Thomas,  intercedes  for  Massa¬ 
chusetts  charter,  1322. 

Oakland,  Cal.,  strike  at,  5671. 

Oberlin,  O.,  strong  anti-slavery  centre,  4582. 
O’Brien,  Col.  H.  T.,  murdered  in.  New 
York  draft  riot,  5182. 

Ocampo,  Garcia  del,  sails  with  Ojeda,  376. 
Oceanica.  boats  used  in,  107;  Magellan  does 
not  touch,  413. 


186 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Ocean,  ancient  ideas  of,  89,  90;  Homer’s 
idea  of,  93. 

Oconee  river,  3390,  3392. 

O’Connor,  Charles,  nominated  for  presi¬ 
dent,  5520. 

Oconostota,  Cherokee  chief,  2779. 

Ocracoke  Inlet,  Amidas  and  Barlowe  in, 
605. 

Octarora,  U.  S.  ship,  4897,  5171. 

Odell,  Moses  F.,  on  war  committee,  4783. 

Odell  house,  Rochambeau’s  headquarters, 
illus.,  facing  2980. 

Odiorne’s  Point,  first  settlement  in  New 
Hampshire,  791. 

Odyssey  refers  to  explosive  compound,  75; 
boats  described  in,  107. 

O’Fallon,  Dr.  James,  colonization  schemes, 
3388. 

Ogden,  Peter,  Burr’s  messenger  to  Wilkin¬ 
son,  3826 ;  arrested,  3833 ;  released,  3837. 

Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.,  captured  by  Gen.  Am¬ 
herst  in  1760,  2276;  British  attack,  3996. 

Ogeechee  river,  Highlanders  settled  on, 
1864;  boundary  of  land  ceded  by  Indians 
to  Oglethorpe,  1891. 

Oglesby,  Richard  J.,  4720,  5133;  at  Ft.  Don- 
elson,  4821. 

Oglethorpe,  James  Edward,  governor  of 
Georgia,  663;  reports  story  of  Spanish 
Popish  plot,  1579,  1580;  founder  of 
Georgia,  1842,  1843,  1845-1851;  account 
of  career  and  character,  1846,  1847,  1909, 
1914,  1915;  anecdote  of,  note,  1846; 
portrait,  facing  1846;  aided  by  English 
public  sympathy,  1847-1849;  founds  Sa¬ 
vannah,  1849,  1850;  enjoys  primitive  life 
in  Georgia,  1851 ;  reports  favorable  prog¬ 
ress,  1853 ;  relation  with  the  Indians, 
1855,  1859,  1861 ;  establishes  useful  in¬ 
dustries  in  Georgia,  1863 ;  hospitable  to 
Moravians,  1867,  1868,  1876,  1882,  1884; 
his  noble  character,  1868 ;  takes  Indian 
chiefs  to  England,  1868,  1870;  wishes 
to  Christianize  Indians,  1870,  1871 ;  ad¬ 
mires  character  of  Greeks,  1870;  pres¬ 
ence  of,  important  to  Georgia,  1875 ; 
makes  first  English  effort  to  put  down 
slavery,  1875 ;  unable  to  keep  rum  and 
slavery  out  of  Georgia,  1879,  1880,  1888; 
prepares  for  war  with  Spain,  1886;  made 
brigadier-general,  1887 ;  authorized  to 
raise  a  regiment  in  England,  1887 ; 
greeted  on  return  to  Savannah,  1887; 
in  Indian  council,  1888,  1889 ;  gains 

alliance  of  Indians  against  Spaniards, 
1890;  puts  down  slave  insurrection,  1891, 
1892 ;  in  expedition  against  St.  Augus¬ 
tine,  1895-1897,  1899,  1901 ;  captured  by 


Diego  and  Moosa,  1897;  horrified  by 
Chickasaw  barbarity,  1900;  abandoned 
by  Carolinians  and  Chickasaws,  1900; 
blamed  unjustly  by  South  Carolina, 
1901 ;  prepares  to  meet  Spanish  invasion 
of  Georgia,  1904;  destroys  Spanish 
ships  in  1742,  1906,  1907;  meets  Span¬ 
iards  on  land,  1908,  1909;  promoted, 
1916;  account  of  his  last  years,  1916, 
1918;  American  revolution,  1917;  called 
on  John  Adams,  1917;  remarkable  pow¬ 
ers,  1918;  death,  1918;  friend  of  Dr. 
Johnson,  1918;  would  have  put  down 
Musgrove’s  claim,  1923,  1925;  had  Bos- 
omworth  as  chaplain,  1924;  on  silk 
culture,  3123. 

O’Hara,  Gen.  Charles,  at  battle  of  Guilford, 
3033;  wounded,  3034;  Yorktown  sur¬ 
rendered  by,  3082. 

Ohio,  mounds  in,  132,  136,  142;  Iroquois 
extend  to,  note,  563 ;  Indian  missions  in, 
1225;  Western  Reserve  of  Connecticut, 
1273;  history  of  the  Ohio  colony,  3145- 
3148;  history  of  the  Ohio  company, 
3166,  3193;  map  showing  lands  of  Ohio 
company,  facing  3198;  population  in 
1800,  3693,  3694;  organized  and  admitted 
into  the  Union,  3720,  3721 ;  urges  recog¬ 
nition  of  independence  of  Texas,  4284; 
favors  colonization  of  negroes,  4287; 
boundary  dispute  with  Michigan,  4294- 
4296;  underground  railroad,  4490  ;  polit¬ 
ical  situation  in  1851,  4499;  Republicans 
victorious  in  i860,  4602 ;  declares  against 
Lincoln’s  administration,  5061 ;  Mor¬ 
gan’s  raid  into,  5120;  Morgan  impris¬ 
oned  in,  5120;  ninth  corps  sent  to,  5150; 
arrest  and  trial  of  Vallandigham,  5186, 
5187;  legislature  denounces  Burnside’s 
order  concerning  freedom  of  the  press, 
5188;  Sons  of  Liberty  in,  5202. 

Ohio  centennial  and  northwest  territory 
exposition  at  Toledo,  5750. 

Ohio  company,  beginning  of,  2009,  2010; 
intends  to  check  Pennsylvania’s  growth. 
2015;  builds  fort  on  Ohio  river,  2019. 
2040;  chooses  land  on  the  Kanawha 
river,  2027. 

Ohio  Falls  (Louisville,  Ky.),  Dunmore  pur¬ 
chases  land  from  Indians  at,  2765. 

Ohio  Gazette,  Burr  writes  to,  3827;  Blen- 
nerhassett  replies  in,  3829. 

Ohio  Life  Insurance  and  Trust  Company 
fails,  4572.. 

Ohio  river  discovered  by  La  Salle,  1990, 
1991,  2005;  Bienville  claims  for  France 
all  lands  on,  2011,  2034;  explored  by 
Gist,  2017,  2026;  Ohio  company  chooses 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


187 


land  on,  2027 ;  English  forts  on,  2028, 
2325 ;  formed  by  confluence  of  Alle¬ 
ghany  and  Monongahela  rivers,  2032 ; 
Ft.  Duquesne  on,  2041,  2042;  closed  to 
white  settlers  by  British  government, 
2365;  travel  on,  3694;  views  of,  frontis¬ 
piece,  and  facing  4334. 

Ohio  valley,  French  forts  in,  2002,  2004- 
2006;  in  plan  of  Braddock’s  campaign, 
2058 ;  might  have  been  possessed  by 
English,  2059 ;  controlled  in  1755  by 
Oswego  Fort,  2090,  2091. 

Oil  industry,  5946. 

Ojeda,  Alonso  de,  accompanies  Columbus, 
321;  later  voyages,  349,  376,  377;  Ves¬ 
pucci  with,  note,  351,  352,  356;  illus.  of 
discovery  of  Venezuela,  facing  362; 
captures  Caonabo,  372;  explores  Pearl 
coast,  372,  373 ;  plants  settlement  at 
Darien,  377,  382,  399. 

Ojibways,  see  Algonquins. 

Okechobee  river,  scene  of  Seminole  defeat, 
43  !3-  . 

Oklahoma,  derivation  of  name,  161 ;  opened 
for  settlement,  5645,  5646;  population  in 
1892,  5646;  destructive  storms  in,  5664; 
plan  to  unite  with  Indian  Territory  as 
one  state,  5871-5875. 

Okolona,  Miss.,  Smith  and  Forrest  at, 
5255. 

“Old  Ironsides  ”  name  for  U.  S.  ship  Con¬ 
stitution,  4690. 

Old  Point  Comfort,  Va.,  Fortress  Monroe 
at,  4745- 

Old  Testament  as  foundation  of  public  law, 
910. 

Old  Wilderness  tavern,  Va.,  headquarters 
of  Grant  and  Meade  in  battle  of  wilder¬ 
ness,  5232. 

Oldham,  John,  purchaser  of  Robert  Gorges’ 
patent,  note,  796 ;  treachery  toward  Puri¬ 
tans,  806-81 1,  834;  partly  reformed,  81 1, 
812;  colonist  at  Watertown,  812,  891, 
892 ; ;  takes  patent  on  Saco  river,  847 ; 
at  Nantasket,  862;  grant  of,  included  in 
Massachusetts  Bay  patent,  865 ;  con¬ 
tests  Massachusetts  Bay  title,  890;  re¬ 
ports  favorably  on  Connecticut,  955 ; 
murdered  by  Indians,  970,  971. 

Olds,  Dr.  E.  B.,  arrest  of,  5188. 

Oliver,  Andrew,  stamp  commissioner  for 
Boston,  note,  1390,  2374;  letters  to 
Whatley  disclosed  by  Franklin,  note, 
1390,  2401,  2402;  portrait,  facing  2374. 

Oliver,  Mordecai,  on  committee  to  investi¬ 
gate  conditions  in  Kansas,  4555. 

Oliver  Cromwell,  U.  S.  man-of-war,  3119. 


Olives,  culture  of,  hoped  for  by  Oglethorpe, 
1852.  _ 

Olliwochica,  see  Prophet. 

Olmstead  case,  3897. 

Olney,  Richard,  attorney-general,  5648;  on 
Venezuelan  boundary  dispute,  5677-5679. 

Olympia,  U.  S.  ship,  5722. 

Omaha,  Neb.,  People’s  party  convention  at, 
5647 ;  exposition  at,  5697,  5700-5703 ; 
view  of  exposition  at,  facing  5702. 

Omahas,  Indian  tribe,  162. 

Omnibus  bill,  see  Compromise  of  1850. 

“On  to  Richmond,”  cry  of  the  northern 
press,  4741. 

Onas,  Indian  name  for  William  Penn, 
note,  1266. 

Oneida  lake,  battle  near,  between  Cham¬ 
plain  and  Indians,  536;  Ft.  Stanwix  near, 
2210. 

Oneida,  U.  S.  ship,  3996,  4049,  4890,  4895. 

Oneidas,  Indian  tribe,  in  Six  Nations,  159; 
in  Five  Nations,  1515;  account  of,  1516, 
1517;  friendly  to  Americans  in  revolu¬ 
tionary  war,  1516,  1524;  waver  in  1756 
in  allegiance  to  English,  2137;  side  with 
Americans,  2585,  2595 ;  refuse  aid  to 
Sullivan,  2842 ;  fate  of,  2843. 

O’Neil,  John,  president  of  Fenian  brother¬ 
hood,  5483,  5484;  leads  invasions  into 
Canada,  5499,  5500;  arrest  and  convic¬ 
tion  of,  5502;  portrait,  facing  5502. 

Ongue-Honwe,  name  for  Iroquois,  1515. 

Onis,  Don  Luis  de,  protests  against  Ameri¬ 
can  interference  in  Spanish  possessions, 
4107. 

Onondaga,  N.  Y.,  last  council  of  Iroquois 
confederacy  held  at,  '1516;  capital  of 
Five  Nations,  1517. 

Onondagas,  Indian  tribe,  1515-1517;  ask 
Jesuits  to  establish  a  mission  among 
them,  1974,  1975,  1977;  waver  in  1756  in 
allegiance  with  English,  2137;  England’s 
alliance  with,  2585;  join  the  Americans, 
2634;  losses  of,  2839,  2843. 

Ontanon,  Fort,  Ind.,  captured  by  Pontiac, 
2005,  2308,  2311. 

Ontario,  Fort,  N.  Y.,  built  by  Shirley,  2088. 

Ontario,  Lake,  Champlain  heard  of,  530; 
reached,  536,  537;  Jesuits  of  the  Onon¬ 
daga  mission  flee  to,  1977;  in  French 
chain  of  defenses,  2005  i  Ft.  Oswego  on, 
2007;  crossed  by  Bienville’s  expedition, 
2010;  nearly  abandoned  by  French  in 
1759,  2230;  naval  force  allowed  on, 
5870. 

Opdyke,  George,  mayor  of  New  York  city, 
endeavors  to  end  draft  riot,  5181. 


188 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Opechankanough,  Powhatan’s  brother,  643 ; 
captures  John  Smith,  643,  644;  captured 
by  English,  652,  653 ;  revenge  on  whites, 
653,  692,  695,  718,  719,  823,  1079;  Pott 
tries  to  poison,  696. 

Ophir,  Columbus  thinks  San  Domingo  to 
be,  328. 

Oquendo,  Spanish  warship,  5732,  5733; 
destruction  of,  at  Santiago,  illus.,  facing 
5736. 

Orange,  Prince  of,  see  William  III.,  king 
of  England. 

Orange  culture  tried  in  Carolinas,  1744. 

Orange,  Fort,  569;  Eelkens  at,  572,  573.  . 

Orange  and  Alexandria  railroad,  Jackson 
ordered  to  destroy,  5015. 

Orangeburg,  S.  C.,  3038;  Sumter  at,  3047; 
Rawdon  at,  3054. 

Orarian,  name  for  Eskimo,  165. 

Ord,  Gen.  E.  O.  C.,  at  Iuka,  5131 ;  at  Boli¬ 
var,  5134;  at  Davis’  Mills,  5136;  ap¬ 
pointed  military  commander  of  Missis¬ 
sippi  and  Arkansas,  5388;  measure  of. 
to  relieve  distress,  5396. 

Order  of  American  knights,  5201. 

Order  of  the  loyal  legion,  5916. 

Order  of  military  merit,  Paul  Jones  made 
knight  of,  by  king  of  France,  2895. 

Orders  in  council,  decree  issued  by  the 
king  of  Great  Britain  regulating  com¬ 
merce,  3864-3866,  3898-3900,  3902,  3903, 

3905,  3908,  3913,  3934,  3938,  3987- 

Ordinance  of  1784,  3162. 

Ordinance  of  1787,  history  of,  3192-3198; 
facsimile  of  part  of,  with  Nathan  Dane’s 
anti-slavery  addition,  facing  3194;  con¬ 
gress  confirms,  3357. 

Oregon,  Indians  in,  163 ;  coast  of,  traced 
by  Drake,  592;  joint  occupation  of, 
4112;  Polk’s  advice  concerning  annex- 
tion,  4374;  claims  of  Great  Britain, 
Russia,  and  the  United  States,  4403 ; 
boundary  dispute  bteween  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States  4403-4408;  agita¬ 
tion  in  favor  of  settlement  of,  4404-4405, 
territorial  goverment  organized,  4423; 
contest  over  electoral  vote,  5547-5549. 

Oregon ,  U.  S.  warship,  5725 ;  in  battle  of 
Santiago,  5732,  5733. 

O’Reilly,  Alexander,  governor  of  Louisiana, 
3I5I- 

Orinoco  river  discovered  by  Columbus,  330; 
Ojeda  at,  363,  374;  Raleigh  sent  to  find 
silver  on,  617. 

Oriskany,  N.  Y.  illus.  of  battlefield,  facing 
2586;  battle  of,  2589-2593. 

Orleans,  Island  of,  discovered ,  by  Cartier, 
51 1 ;  Wolfe’s  army  on,  2237. 

Orleans,  Territory  of,  organized,  3761, 


3762;  Claiborne  appointed  governor  of, 
3763 ;  congress  grants  franchise  to, 
3764;  admitted  to  the  Union  as  state  of 
Louisiana,  3942,  3943. 

Orm,  father  of  Ingolf,  203. 

Ormond,  Duke  of,  viceroy  at  Dublin,  1189. 

Orono,  Indian  chief,  1362. 

Orr,  Maj.,  attacks  the  Chickamaugas,  3533. 

Orr,  Hugh,  cotton  manufacturer,  3125. 

Orr,  James  L.,  speaker  of  the  house  in 
1857,  4573 ;  South  Carolina  commission¬ 
er,  4631 ;  member  of  committee  of  Con¬ 
federate  congress  to  interview  Davis 
concerning  peace  negotiations,  5229. 

Ortiz,  Juan,  Soto’s  interpreter,  467,  468; 
captured  by  Indians,  467 ;  rescued  by 
Uztia’s  daughter,  468;  brings  news  of 
Maldonado,  474;  dies,  476. 

“Os  Lusiadas,”  epic  poem  of  Camoens, 
401. 

Osage,  Union  gunboat,  sunk  by  torpedo  in 
siege  of  Mobile,  5283. 

Osages,  Indian  tribe,  162,  illus.,  facing  159. 

Osborn,  T.  W.,  commissioner  of  freedmen’s 
bureau,  5460. 

Osborne,  Sir  Danver,  governor  of  New 

York,  kills  himself,  1593. 

Osborne’s  Hill,  British  occupy,  2617,  2618. 

Osceola,  leader  of  Seminole  Indians,  4312, 
4313- 

Ossabow  Island,  Ga.,  deeded  to  Bosom- 

worth  by  Malatche,  1926. 

Ossipee  Lake,  N.  H.,  Capt.  Lovewell  at, 
1375- 

Ossossane,  Huron  town,  Jesuit  mission  es¬ 
tablished  at,  1964. 

Ostend  manifesto  recommends  sale  of  Cuba 
to  the  United  States,  4549,  4550. 

Osterhaus,  Col.  Peter  J.,  at  battle  of  Pea 
Ridge  4735,  4736. 

Oswald,  Richard,  sent  to  France,  3090,  3091. 

Oswego,  N.  Y.,  trading-post  at,  1565;  re¬ 
tained  by  English,  1565,  1566;  garrison 
at,  doubled  for  King  George’s  war, 
1587;  English  fort  at,  2007,  2087; 

threatened  by  French,  2089;  invested 
by  Montcalm,  2132-2134,  2137;  illus.  of, 
in  1756,  facing  2132;  destroyed  by 
French,  2137,  2211;  restored  by  Eng¬ 
lish,  2137,  2211 ;  secured  by  Gen. 

Amherst  in  1760,  2275 ;  meeting-place 
of  chief  with  Sir  William  Johnson, 
2307;  grand  council  and  treaty  at  in 
1766,  2327;  St.  Leger  at,  2586;  attacked 
by  Sir  James  Yeo,  4061. 

Oswego  river,  Bradstreet’s  victory  on,  2141. 

Otis,  Maj. -Gen.  Elwell  S.,  military  com¬ 
mander  in  the  Philippines,  5739;  moves 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


189 


against  Aguinaldo,  5741,  5742;  portrait, 
facing  5742. 

Otis,  Harrison  Gray,  portrait,  facing  3596; 
in  congress,  3596. 

Otis,  James,  Jr.,  advocate-general  of  Mas¬ 
sachusetts,  2361 ;  argues  against  writs 
of  assistance,  2361,  2362 ;  elected  to  gen¬ 
eral  assembly,  2362;  facsimile  of  signa¬ 
ture,  facing  2362;  publishes  pamphlet  on 
colonial  rights,  2368;  Franklin  approves, 
2386. 

Otis,  James,  Sr.,  considers  writs  of  assist¬ 
ance  illegal,  2361. 

Otsego  lake,  Clinton  at,  2840. 

Ottawa,  Ill.,  near  site  of  La  Salle’s  Ft. 
Crecoeur,  1994. 

Ottawa  river,  534;  explored,  note,  535-537; 
Jean  Nicolet  explores,  1958;  Iroquois 
winter  on,  in  1660,  1977,  1978;  Daulac  at 
falls  of,  1978. 

Ottawas,  Indian  tribe,  met  by  Gist,  2017; 
represent  French  at  Miami  council  at 
Piqua,  2024,  2026;  do  not  sue  for  peace 
in  1763,  2307;  treacherous  at  Ft.  San¬ 
dusky,  2309;  Burgoyne  expedition  join¬ 
ed  by,  2571,  2579.  ' 

Otter  creek,  2600,  2601. 

Otter  Island,  2826. 

Otumba  valley,  Cortes  victorious  in,  458. 

Ovando,  Nicholas  de,  replaced  Columbus, 
336,  337;  refused  to  help  Columbus, 
339,  340. 

Ovid  believes  in  sphericity  of  earth,  95. 

Oviedo,  Gonzalo  Fernandez  de,  Spanish  his¬ 
torian,  468. 

O'Wasco,  U.  S.  ship,  4866. 

Owen,  Robert,  early  life,  4208,  4209;  buys 
New  Harmony,  4208,  4209. 

Owen  law  on  immigration,  5979. 

Oxenstiern,  Axel,  chancellor  of  Sweden, 
portrait,  facing  576;  supports  Swedish 
colonization,  577-579. 

Oxenstiern,  Gabriel,  579. 

Oxford  university,  Eng.,  chair  in,  made 
from  the  Pelican,  596 ;  Sir  William 
Berkeley  at,  717;  Roger  Ludlow  at,  874; 
Sir  Harry  Vane  at,  905 ;  John  Davenport 
at,  985;  William  Penn  studies  at,  1187; 
Col.  Fry  a  graduate  of,  2040. 

Oyster  Bay,  L.  I.,  1012;  Kidd  in,  1556. 

Oyster  Point,  early  name  of  Charleston, 
N.  C.,  1736. 

Ozema  river  San  Domingo  founded  on, 
328. 

P. 

Pacific  Ocean,  101 ;  boats  of  islanders,  107; 


type  of  coast-dwellers,  123,  131,  139; 
historical  connection  with  Europe,  201 ; 
discovered  by  Balboa,  375,  383,  385 ; 
circumnavigated  by  Magellan,  375,  412; 
Bojados  on,  386,  efforts  to  find  all 
water  passages  to,  391,  631,  635;  merits 
its  name,  414;  archipelago  in,  415;  Drake 
plans  to  cross,  592;  Lewis  and  Clark 
reach,  3758. 

Pacific  railroad,  4524;  congress  makes  pro¬ 
vision  for,  4947;  completion  of  in  1868, 
5489,  5492-5494;  building  of,  5489-5492; 
congress  authorizes  investigation,  5607, 
5608. 

Packard,  governor  of  Louisiana,  5455. 

Packing-houses,  investigation  of,  5856;  of 
Chicago,  5936. 

Pacolet  river,  McDowell  on,  2931 ;  Fer¬ 
guson  at,  2934;  Morgan’s  movements 
around,  3016;  Tarleton  at,  3018. 

Padron  Real,  chart  by  Vespucci,  369. 

Paducah,  Ky.,  Grant  occupies,  4719,  4720; 
attacked  by  Forrest,  5255. 

Pago- Pago,  Samoa,  American  coaling  sta¬ 
tion,  5753. 

Paine,  John  K.,  composer  of  “Columbian 
March,”  5660. 

Paine,  Lewis,  see  Powell,  Louis  Paine. 

Paine,  Robert  Treat,  in  Philadelphia,  2437, 
portrait,  facing  2492 ;  sketch  of,  2493, 
2494,  2538;  portrait,  facing  2500. 

Paine,  Thomas,  on  steamboats,  3120;  on 
confederation  in  his  pamphlet  “Common 
Sense,”  3199;  in  Paris,  3711,  3712. 

Paint  creek,  O.,  earthwork  in,  136. 

Pakenham,  Sir  Edward,  succeeds  to  com¬ 
mand  of  British  troops,  4077 ;  attacks 
New  Orleans,  4082-4085;  killed,  4085. 

Pakenham,  Sir  Richard,  negotiates  .  with 
the  United  States  concerning  Oregon, 
4405-4408. 

Palaeolithic  age,  128;  relics,  139,  140;  dis¬ 
pute  concerning,  140,  142;  Trenton  grav¬ 
els,  142 ;  in  Ohio,  142 ;  illus.  of  relics, 
facing  142 ;  in  Indiana,  143 ;  in  Georgia, 
144;  in  Minnesota,  144;  in  Nevada  and 
other  places,  145;  in  Greenland,  236; 
stone  tools  noted  in  Labrador,  380. 

“Palatines”  (Germans)  brought  to  New 
York  by  Gov.  Hunter,  1562. 

Palfrey,  concerning  exemption  of  Plym¬ 
outh  from  dues,  note,  826;  deputy 
from  Salem,  892. 

Palisades,  on  Hudson,  fortified,  2511. 

Pallas,  U.  S.  ship,  2883 ;  fight  with  the 
Countess  of  Scarborough,  2888,  2889. 

Palmer,  James  S.,  rear-admiral,  demands 
surrender  of  Baton  Rouge,  4895 ;  com- 


190 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


mands  the  Iroquois,  4905 ;  at  St.  Thomas, 
5479- 

Palmer,  Gen.  John  M.,  division  commander 
under  Pope,  4830;  in  army  of  the  West, 
5133;  portrait,  facing  5692;  candidate 
for  president,  5693. 

Palmer,  Sir  Roundell,  England’s  chief  coun¬ 
sel  in  Geneva  tribunal  of  arbitration, 
5507. 

Palmer,  Gen.  W.  J.,  pursues  Hood,  5269; 
captures  supply  train,  5269. 

Palmer’s  Island  bought  by  Claiborne,  1073, 
1074. 

Palmerston,  Henry  John  Temple,  viscount, 
portrait,  facing  4924;  prime  minister  of 
England,  policy  toward  the  United 
States  during  the  civil  war,  4936-4938. 

Palmetto  State,  Confederate  ram,  attempt 
to  break  blockade  at  Charleston,  4858. 

Palms,  Cape  of,  Columbus  coasted  by,  31 1. 

Palms,  river  of,  396;  boundary  of  Nar¬ 
vaez’s  province,  460;  of  De  Soto’s,  465- 
478. 

Palo  Alto,  Tex.,  battle  of,  4379. 

Palos,  Spain  Pinzon  at,  260,  294,  318,  373; 
Columbus  at,  295,  297,  317. 

Pamaonke  river  (now  York),  636;  valley 
of,  under  Opechankanough,  643 ;  John 
Smith  on,  652,  Dale  sails  up,  674. 

Pamlico  river,  settlers  on,  slaughtered  and 
tortured  by  Tuscaroras,  1813;  scene  of 
Blackbeard’s  defeat,  1825. 

Pamlico  Sound,  Indians  on,  161. 

Pamunkey  river,  branch  of  York  river, 
note,  636. 

Pamunkies,  Indian  tribe,  696. 

Panama,  Columbus  passed,  339;  Drake  at, 
592;  Admiral  Vernon  gives  up  attack 
on,  1903. 

Panama,  American  congress  at,  4172-4175. 

Panama,  view  of  railroad  depot  at,  facing 
5798;  U.  S.  treaty  with,  5798-5802;  Taft 
sent  to,  5799. 

Panama  canal,  Champlain  conceived  idea 
of,  521;  congress  on,  5759,  5796-5802; 
Clayton-Bulwer  treaty  on,  5760;  Hay- 
Pauncefote  treaty  on,  5761,  5762;  view 
of,  facing  5798 ;  methods  of  construction, 
5801,  5802;  view  of  old  Spanish  fort  near 
entrance  to,  frontispiece ;  finding  of  the 
commission  of  engineers,  5828-5831 ;  final 
action  by  congress,  5883. 

Pan-American  congress,  Washington,  D.  C., 
5621. 

Pan-American  exposition,  Buffalo,  ap¬ 
proved  by  congress,  5749,  5750 ;  descrip¬ 
tion,  5785,  5786;  views  of,  facing  5786; 
McKinley  assassinated  at,  5787. 


Pango  Pango,  Samoa,  United  States  secures 
a  coaling  station  at,  5636. 

Panics,  monetary,  see  Financial  conditions, 
U.  S. 

Panmure,  Fort,  Spanish  capture,  2853. 

Panton,  Rev.  Anthony,  outlawed  by  Har¬ 
vey,  715,  716. 

Panuco,  Mex.,  reached  by  remnant  of  Soto’s 
expedition,  478. 

Panuco  river,  limit  of  Pineda’s  voyage,  394; 
boundary  of  Amichel,  395 ;  reached  by 
De  Garay,  396. 

Paoli  tavern,  disaster  at,  2623,  2624. 

Paper  introduced  for  printing,  58;  manu¬ 
facture  during  colonial  times,  3121. 

Paper  money,  see  Currency,  U.  S. 

Papineau,  Louis  Joseph,  leads  revolution  in 
Canada,  4311. 

Para,  S.  A.,  pearl  reefs,  503. 

Paradise  Point,  Swedes’  name  for  Cape 
Henlopen,  579. 

Parana  river,  S.  Cabot  on,  441. 

Parcel  post  conventions,  5752,  5753. 

Paredes  y  Arrillaya  Mariano,  leader  of 
revolution,  4371 ;  in  power,  4373. 

Parent’s  creek,  Detroit,  scene  of  Dalzell’s 
defeat,  2303,  2304. 

Paria,  Gulf  of,  passed  by  Columbus,  329, 
351;  Ojeda  lands  near,  363. 

Paris,  treaty  of,  ended  seven  years’  war, 
2301,  2302;  ratified,  2334. 

Paris,  Napoleon  at,  3918;  U.  S.  commis¬ 
sioners  on  bimetalism  in,  5682;  meeting 
of  Spanish-American  war  peace  commis¬ 
sioners  in,  5737. 

Paris,  Ky.,  Smith  attacks  Morgan  at,  5112. 

Parish,  David,  takes  up  government  loan  of 
1813,  4013. 

Parita,  Gulf  of,  discovered  by  Bo  j  ados,  386. 

Parker,  Bishop,  3108. 

Parker,  Alton  B.,  nominated  for  president 
by  Democrats,  5817;  telegram  to  the 
convention,  5818,  5819. 

Parker,  Ely  S.,  Seneca  Indian,  in  civil  war, 
1519,  1520;  commissioner  of  Indian  af¬ 
fairs  under  Grant,  1520. 

Parker,  Hyde,  commander  of  British  fleet, 
2814. 

Parker,  Isaac,  reply  of,  3493. 

Parker,  Capt.  John,  at  Lexington,  2424. 

Parker,  Sir  Peter,  cooperates  with  Clinton 
at  Cape  Fear,  2490,  2492;  at  Sullivan  Is¬ 
land,  2507. 

Parker,  Theodore,  on  popular  government; 

3692. 

Parker,  Wharton,  people’s  party  nominee 
for  president,  5768. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


191 


Parker,  William,  petitioned  for  Plymouth 
company,  726. 

Parkinson’s  Ferry,  Pa.,  convention  at,  3510, 
3513,  3517. 

Parkman,  Francis,  on  the  La  Tours,  note, 
1937,  1938;  cited  as  to  Hurons,  1965. 

Parks,  Gen.  John  G.,  succeeds  Burnside  as 
commander  of  ninth  corps,  5245. 

Parks,  William,  prints  first  newspaper  in 
Virginia,  1665;  establishes  Maryland  Ga¬ 
zette,  1709. 

Parmenides  teaches  that  earth  is  round,  94. 

Parris,  Col.,  takes  part  of  people  against 
proprietaries  in  South  Carolina,  1827- 
1830. 

Parris,  Samuel,  pastor  in  Salem,  1330;  his 
daughter  makes  accusations  of  witch¬ 
craft,  1331,  1341 ;  prosecutes  witches  with 
ardor,  1332;  procures  the  conviction  of 
his  enemies,  1336,  1337;  protected 

friends,  1339;  loses  control  of  the  situa¬ 
tion,  1341 ;  driven  out  of  Salem,  1342. 

Parsons,  Eli,  in  Shay’s  rebellion,  3240. 

Parsons,  Samuel  Holden,  commander  of  a 
Connecticut  regiment,  2435;  in  Ticon- 
deroga  expedition,  2443 ;  character,  note, 
2443;  appointed  judge  of  northwest  ter¬ 
ritory,  3197. 

Parsons,  Gen.  Theophilus,  portrait,  facing 
3192;  colonizing  scheme,  3193,  3194. 

Parsons,  William  Barclay,  on  Panama  canal 
commission  of  engineers,  5828. 

Paschal  II.;  Pope  appoints  E.  Gumpesson 
bishop  of  Vinland,  235. 

Pasgualigo,  Lorenzo,  letter  about  Cabot,  424, 
425. 

Paspahegh,  Indian  tribe,  636,  643,  644,  666. 

Pasquotank  Inlet,  N.  C.,  scene  of  Gilman’s 
attempt  to  smuggle  tobacco  1755;  re¬ 
monstrates  against  tax  on  tobacco  1757. 

Pass  a  1’  Outre,  name  of  mouth  of  Missis¬ 
sippi  river,  4862. 

Passaic  river,  Washington  retreats  across, 
2528. 

Passamaquoddy  Bay,  country  around,  an¬ 
nexed  by  Great  Britain  in  1756,  2120; 
disputed  ownership  of  islands  in,  4089, 
4112. 

Passamaquoddy  river,  boundary  line  of 
United  States,  3641. 

Pastancy,  Indian  village  on  Potomac,  673. 

Pastorius,  Franz,  leads  large  colony  to 
Penn,  1198. 

Patagonia,  giants  in,  124,  41 1;  winter  quar¬ 
ters  of  Magellan,  409,  41 1. 

Patapsco  river,  reached  by  John  Smith,  648. 

Patawomeks,  Indian  tribe,  673. 


Pate,  Dr.,  attends  Nathaniel  Bacon  in  last 
illness,  note,  1618. 

Patent  medicines,  bill  to  control  the  com¬ 
merce  in,  5861,  5862. 

Patent  office,  U.  S.,  congress  meets  in 
(1815),  4093;  report  of  commissioner 
for  1905,  5973,  5974- 

Paterson,  William,  tries  to  found  Scotch 
colony  on  isthmus  of  Darien,  1881 ;  grad¬ 
uate  of  Princeton  college,  3130;  member 
of  the  Philadelphia  convention,  3268, 
3280;  portrait,  facing  3284;  on  senate 
judiciary  committee  3338. 

Pathfinder,  name  given  Fremont,  note,  4715. 

Patrick,  military  commander  in  Massachu¬ 
setts  Bay  colony,  882. 

Patrick  Henry,  Confederate  steamer,  at¬ 
tacks  the  Congress  4916;  attacks  the 
Minnesota,  4917;  scuttled,  5305. 

Patriot  Genet,  French  privateer,  3465,  3469. 

Patriotic  organizations,  5910-5921. 

Patroonships,  history  of,  562-571,  583. 

Patterson,  Daniel  T.,  destroys  the  piratical 
settlement  at  Barataria,  4078 ;  commands 
the  Carolina  in  the  defense  of  New 
Orleans,  4082 ;  votes  against  impeach¬ 
ment  of  Johnson,  5412. 

Patterson,  John  J.,  senator  from  South 
Carolina,  5432,  5433. 

Patterson,  Col.  Robert,  at  Saratoga,  2639, 
2652,  2660;  Lexington,  Ky.,  founded  by, 
2776,  3154- 

Patterson,  Gen.  Robert,  at  Martinsburg, 
4747;  retreats  before  Johnston,  4749. 

Pattison  killed  by  the  Indians,  note,  731. 

Patuxets,  Indian  tribe,  735,  775. 

Paugus,  Indian  chief,  legend  of  his  death, 
1375- 

Paul  I.,  Czar  of  Russia,  assassinated,  3731. 

Paulding,  Hiram,  rear-admiral,  sent  to  Gos¬ 
port  navy-yards,  4697 ;  senate  censures, 
4699 ;  plans  of,  for  new  vessels,  4910. 

Paulding,  John,  Andre  captured  by,  2983. 

Paully,  Ensign,  in  command  at  Ft.  San¬ 
dusky,  2309 ;  escaped  death  by  marriage, 
^309. 

Paulus  Hook  (Jersey  City),  British  hold, 
2549;  Lee  captures,  2838;  British  regain, 
2838. 

Pauncefote,  Sir  Julian,  on  treaty  of  arbi¬ 
tration,  5675-5677;  portrait,  facing  5760. 

Pauw,  Cornelius  de,  historian,  568. 

Pauw,  Michael  de,  director  of  New  Nether- 
land,  568;  patroonship  of,  568,  569. 

Pavia,  University  of,  Columbus  at,  270. 

Pavonia  named  by  De  Pauw,  568;  mas¬ 
sacre,  1135. 


192 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Pawcatuck  river,  struggle  for  land  on,  1057; 
boundary  between  Rhode  Island  and 
Connecticut,  1454;  boundary  of  King’s 
province,  1460;  Canonchet  captured  on, 
1467. 

Pawnee,  U.  S.  frigate,  4697,  4855;  senate 
censures  commander  of,  4699. 

Pawnees,  Indian  tribe,  162. 

Pawtucket,  R.  I.,  cotton  mill  at,  3125. 

Pawtuxet,  R.  I.,  early  settlement  in  Rhode 
Island,  1019;  annexed  by  Massachu¬ 
setts  Bay  colony,  1026,  1027,  1042;  quar¬ 
reled  with  Providence  over  territory, 
1469;  Gaspce  burned  near,  2399. 

Paxton,  Pa.,  home  of  “Paxton  Boys,”  2325. 

“Paxton  Boys,”  Pennslyvania  outlaws,  1242 ; 
attempt  to  capture  Philadelphia,  1242, 
1267;  intimidate  colonists,  1267,  1268; 
organize  to  punish  Indians  in  1763,  1267, 
1268,  2325. 

Payne,  Henry  B.,  on  the  electoral  commis¬ 
sion,  5547. 

Payne,  Henry  C.,  postmaster-general,  5773. 

Payne,  Sereno  E.,  introduces  Philippine 
tariff  bill,  5858. 

Pea  Ridge,  Ark.,  battle  of,  4732-4738;  plans 
of  the  battle,  facing  4734. 

Peace  commission,  British,  2722;  effect  of, 
2724,  2725 ;  members,  2725,  2739 ;  refusal 
of  Washington  to  meddle  with,  2744; 
congress  refuses  to  treat  with,  2744, 
2745 ;  comments  of  noted  patriots  on, 
2745 ;  bribery  undertaken  by,  2745,  2746 ; 
farewell  manifesto,  2746;  congress’  coun¬ 
ter  proclamation,  2746;  leaves  for  Eng¬ 
land,  2746. 

Peace  conference  at  the  Hague,  Roosevelt 
on,  5838,  5839. 

Peacock,  British  sloop-of-war,  captured  by 
the  Hornet,  4021. 

Peacock,  U.  S.  sloop-of-war,  illus.,  facing 
3992;  in  war  of  1812,  4089. 

Peak’s  museum,  Philadelphia,  gas  first  used 
in,  4198. 

Pearce,  Gen.  N.  B.,  at  Wilson’s  creek,  4713. 

Pearl  coast,  northern  coast  of  South  Amer¬ 
ica,  Columbus  on,  330;  Ojeda  sailed 
along,  363,  382. 

Pearl  harbor,  Plawaii  coaling  station  for 
the  United  States,  5630. 

Pearls  found  in  South  America,  330;  on 
Savannah  river,  471 ;  in  mussels  in  Con- 
nasauga  river,  472 ;  searched  for  on  Cape 
Cod,  739. 

Pearls,  Gulf  of,  Guerra  and  Nino  in,  373. 

Pearson,  Thomas,  named  Chester,  Pa.,  1208. 

Pechell,  Capt.,  attacks  Craney  Island 
(1813),  4041. 


Pedee  river,  Villafane  marched  to,  488, 
2935 ;  Irish  settlement  near,  2936;  Mar¬ 
ion’s  operations  around  the,  2938;  Gates’ 
army  crosses  the,  2943;  Wemyss’  out¬ 
rages  on,  2995;  Marion’s  movements 
around,  3008. 

Pedrarias  Cape,  Davila,  governor  of  New 
Andalusia,  385 ;  persecution  of  Balboa, 
385,  386;  in  Darien,  464. 

Peekskill,  N.  Y.,  Heath  occupies,  2526; 
Howe  sacks  magazines  at,  2566;  Clin¬ 
ton’s  feint  on,  2655 ;  abandonment  of, 
2656. 

Pegram,  Col.  William  J.,  at  Rich  Mountain 
pass,  4742. 

Peirce,  John,  takes  out  patent  for  Plymouth 
colony,  749,  762,  797,  825. 

Peirce,  William,  master  of  the  Charity,  807; 
helped  to  settle  Cape  Ann  trouble,  812; 
arrives  in  the  Griffin,  965. 

Peirsey,  Abraham,  member  of  the  commis¬ 
sion  to  Virginia,  705. 

Pekin,  China,  latitude  compared  with  other 
places,  note,  280;  Boxer  rebellion  in, 
5774,  5779- 

Pelham,  Lord,  requests  advancement  of 
Pitt,  2143. 

Pelican,  Drake’s  ship,  593 ;  circumnavigates 
the  globe,  595 ;  Drake  knighted  on,  by 
Elizabeth,  595 ;  chair  made  of,  596. 

Pelican,  British  ship,  captures  the  Argus 
in  war  of  1812,  4023. 

Pelisipia,  proposed  state  of,  3162. 

Pemberton,  Gen.  J.  C.,  ordered  to  Missis¬ 
sippi  to  take  command,  5138;  at  Vicks¬ 
burg,  5142,  5146-5149;  Grant’s  plans 

against,  5143;  sends  expedition  against 
Grierson,  5145;  succeeded  by  Johnston, 
5146;  forces  routed  by  Stoneman,  5270. 

Pembroke,  William  Herbert,  third  earl  of, 
patentee  of  Plymouth  council,  744. 

Pena,  Manual  de  la,  arranges  terms  of 
peace,  4400. 

Pendleton,  Edmund,  in  first  continental 
congress,  2409;  presided  over  Virginia 
convention  of  1788,  3315. 

Pendleton,  George  H.,  selected  by  Demo¬ 
crats  as  presidential  candidate,  5414. 

Penguin,  British  sloop-of-war,  captured  by 
the  Constitution,  4089. 

Peninsular  campaign,  civil  war,  U.  S.,  map 
of,  facing  4782 ;  McClellan  conducts, 
4789-5004 ;  geography  of,  4959-4963 ;  bat¬ 
tles  of  Seven  Pines  and  Fair  Oaks, 
4968-4971,  4977;  McClellan’s  retreat, 

4982;  Malvern  Hill,  4988,  4989;  review 
of,  5003,  5004. 

Penn,  Hannah  (Callowhill),  widow  of 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


193 


William  Penn,  receives  rich  legacy, 
1257,  1258;  her  sons,  1258;  character, 
1259;  opposes  paper  money  in  Pennsyl¬ 
vania,  1263 ;  property  endangered  by  Sir 
William  Keith,  1264;  dies,  1266. 

Penn,  John,  (called  the  “American”),  son 
of  William,  born  in  Philadelphia,  1244, 
1258;  worthy  successor  of  his  father, 
1259;  in  treaty  of  Ft.  Stanwix,  1259; 
dies,  1259. 

Penn,  John,  grandson  of  William,  governor 
of  Pennsylvania,  1260;  dealt  with  “Pax¬ 
ton  Boys,”  1267 ;  negotiated  treaty  of  Ft. 
Stanwix,.  1268;  last  of  proprietary 
founders,  1273 ;  his  experience  during 
revolution,  1273,  1274;  portrait,  facing 
25°°- 

Penn,  Richard,  son  of  William,  1258;  not 
actively  connected  with  province,  1260; 
petition  refused  by  King,  2471,  2472. 

Penn,  Thomas,  younger  son  of  William, 
1258;  tricked  Indians  in  “Walking  Pur 
chase,”  1259;  in  treaty  of  Ft.  Stanwix, 
1256,  1260;  dies,  1260. 

Penn,  William,  success  with  Indians,  160; 
compared  with  Charles  Calvert,  Lord 
Baltimore,  1118;  interested  in  America 
by  Fox,  1185;  his  family  and  education 
1185-1188;  becomes  a  Quaker,  1187, 
1188;  defies  church  of  England,  1188, 
1193;  preaches  Quakerism,  1188,  1 191 ; 
in  naval  warfare  on  North  Sea,  1189; 
writes  theological  works,  1190;  impris¬ 
oned  for  Quakerism,  1190,  1191 ;  a  favor¬ 
ite  at  court,  1191;  marries,  1191;  his 
signature  and  seal,  facsimile,  facing 
1194;  becomes  proprietary  of  Pennsyl¬ 
vania,  1194;  his  letter  to  the  old  colo¬ 
nists,  quoted,  1194,  1195;  draws  charter 
of  Pennsylvania,  1195;  vast  powers  of, 
1 195-1 197 ;  tries  to  win  colonists,  119 7; 
encourages  settlers,  1197,  1198;  refuses 
to  sell  monopoly  of  Indian  trade,  1198; 
makes  his  first  settlement,  1200;  pub¬ 
lished  “Frame  of  Government,”  1201 ; 
changed  ballott  for  viva  voce  vote,  1202; 
had  no  gallows,  1204;  gains  free  passage 
through  Delaware,  1204;  arms  on  bound¬ 
ary  stones,  1205 ;  picture  of  boundary 
stone,  facing  1206;  farewell  conversation 
with  Charles,  1206;  first  voyage  to 
America,  1207,  1208;  visits  Lord  Balti¬ 
more,  1209,  1691,  1692;  receives'  lower 
counties,  1209,  1210;  treaty  of  with  Ind¬ 
ians,  1210-1213,  2019;  mixed  nationali¬ 
ties  in  colony  of,  1210;  landing-place  of, 
1215;  council  reduced  in  number,  1216; 
opposed  in  England,  1218;  transfers 
powers  to  agents,  1218;  his  farewell  let¬ 


ter,  quoted,  1218,  1219;  presides  at  trial 
of  witch,  1219,  1220;  relations  with 

Bradford  and  Claypoole,  1221 ;  inter¬ 
cedes  with  King  James  for  Quakers, 

1221,  1222;  secured  pardon  for  Locke, 

1222,  1761 ;  accused  of  complicity  with 

Jesuits,  1222;  rebuffed  by  William  of 
Orange,  1223 ;  accused  of  treason,  1223 ; 
rights  taken  away  and  restored,  1224; 
returned  to  America,  1224;  upheld 
Moore,  1226;  reproaches  colony,  1227, 
1228;  appoints  Blackwell  deputy,  1228; 
does  not  proclaim  William  and  Mary, 
1230;  corresponds  with  James,  1231; 
needed  in  province,  1233 ;  esteems  Keith, 
1238;  deprived  of  power,  1238;  restored, 
1239;  portrait,  facing  1242;  visits  prov¬ 
ince  second  time,  1243;  builds  Penns- 
bury  manor,  1244;  makes  new  treaty 
with  Indians,.  1246 ;  buys  up  over  lords 
of  neighboring  tribes,  1247 ;  gives  new 
charter  to  province,  1248;  strives  to 
keep  lands,  1249;  appoints  advisory 
council,  1249;  sails  for  England,  1250; 
financial  embarrassment  of,  1250;  mort¬ 
gages  proprietary  interests,  1250;  suffers 
paralysis,  1250;  portrait,  facing  1250; 
arrives  in  America,  1251 ;  his  character, 
1251,  1252;  refuses  to  surrender  quit- 
rents,  1253,  1254;  appointed  Gookin 

lieutenant-governor,  1255 ;  his  final  pro¬ 
test  to  the  Pennsylvania  assembly,  1257; 
dies,  1257;  his  sons,  1258-1260;  his  will 
contested,  1258 ;  Connecticut’s  dispute 
with  his  heirs  over  Wyoming,  1269-1271, 
1274;  protects  Rhode  Island,  1481; 
bought  east  Jersey,  1509;  opposed  by 
Fletcher,  1551 ;  warns  Fletcher  to  “tread 
softly”  in  Pennsylvania,  1552;  celebra¬ 
tion  in  Philadelphia  (1882)  in  memory 
of,  5587. 

Penn,  William,  Jr.,  eldest  son  of  William 
Penn,  arrives  in  America,  1251 ;  his 
character,  1251,  1252;  contests  his 

father’s  will,  1258. 

Penn,  Sir  William,  British  admiral,  father 
of  William  Penn,  his  career,  1186;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  1186;  displeased  by  son’s 
Quakerism,  1188,  1190;  is  reconciled. 

1191;  creditor  of  crown,  1192. 

Pennacooks,  Indian  tribe,  158. 

“Pennamite  Wars,”  over  Wyoming  district, 
1249,  1271. 

Pennington,  William,  speaks  of  the  house. 

4587. 

“Pennsbury  Manor,”  Penn’s  country  seat, 
1244. 

Pennsylvania  in  Lord  Baltimore’s  grant, 
1063 ;  why  peopled  by  Dutch  and  Ger- 


194 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


mans,  1191;  granted  to  Penn  for  debt 
to  his  father,  1192;  value  of,  then  and 
now,  1192;  how  named,  1193;  boundary 
under  Penn,  1193,  1194;  disputes  about, 
with  Duke  of  York  and  Lord  Baltimore, 
1193,  1194;  charter  as  drawn  by  Penn, 
1195,  1196;  general  assembly  under  Penn, 
1202,  1205 ;  little  crime  in,  during  Penn’s 
time,  1204;  first  meeting  of  general  as¬ 
sembly,  1208,  1209;  local  industries  in, 
1210;  market  of,  in  West  Indies,  1210; 
David  Brainerd  preaches  to  Indians  in, 
1224;  general  assembly  gains  privilege 
of  initiating  laws,  1238;  rapid  growth 
in  Penn’s  time,  1243,  1256;  opposes 
Penn’s  bills  about  negroes  and  Indians, 
1246;  passes  act  for  gradual  emancipa¬ 
tion  of  slaves,  1246;  quarrels  with  Del¬ 
aware,  1248;  demands  quit-rents  of 
Penn,  1253 ;  mourns  Penn,  1257 ;  exports 
of,  1260;  population  in  1750,  1261,  1262; 
rapid  growth,  1262;  legislature  recog¬ 
nizes  private  rights  in  Wyoming,  1273 ; 
transfers  Penn’s  property  to  state,  1274; 
contributed  to  expedition  against  Can¬ 
ada,  1405;  Dutch  New  Yorkers  settled 
in,  1500;  involved  in  Iroquois  hostilities, 
1523;  accused  of  encroaching  on  New 
York,  1526;  sends  troops  against  French- 
Indian  invasion  in  1690,  1542;  militia 
of,  embraced  in  Fletcher’s  commission, 
1551 ;  sends  colonists  to  Shenandoah 
valley,  1658;  a  refuge  for  Moravians, 
1880,  1886;  exposed  to  French  attack 
in  1785,  2007;  jealous  of  Virginia  and 
Maryland,  2015;  assembly  votes  money 
for  defense  in  seven  years’  war,  2082, 
2083;  Acadians  sent  to,  2128,  2129; 
undertakes  to  capture  Ft.  Duquesne, 
2165 ;  alarmed  by  Indian  atrocities  in 
1763,  2316;  prompt  in  self-defense,  2317; 
refused  to  fight  under  British  officers, 
2317;  population  in  1760,  2344;  Quakers 
control  about  1750,  2345;  general  in¬ 
telligence  in,  before  revolution,  2346; 
protests  against  stamp  act,  2368;  “Sons 
of  Liberty”  organized  in,-  2375 ;  instructs 
delegates  to  stamp  act  congress,  2377; 
at  beginning  of  revolution,  2437,  2438, 
2492 ;  assembly,  2494,  2495,  2700,  2701 ; 
opposed  independence,  2496 ;  spread  of 
colonial  population  in,  2764;  Dunmore’s 
land  claims  in,  •  2765,  2766 ;  mutiny  of 
troops,  3056;  at  close  of  revolution, 
3104;  emancipation  of  slaves  by,  3106; 
soldiers  demand  pay,  3218;  puts  duty  011 
British  goods,  3229;  effect  of  paper 
money  in,  3246;  sends  delegates  to  Phil¬ 
adelphia  convention,  3258;  U.  S.  con¬ 


stitution  ratified  by,  3303,  3304,  3317, 
3318;  on  assumption  of  state  debts,  3372; 
new  constitution,  3409,  3410;  population 
in  1790,  3422;  facsimile  of  “Hold-up” 
notice  in,  facing  3508 ;  whiskey  riots 
in,  3503,  3520;  action  on  the  Kentucky 
resolutions,  3652;  Fries  riot,  3665;  Gov. 
McKean  makes  political  changes,  36 77 ; 
local  politics  in  1806  in,  3817;  action  in 
the  Olmstead  case,  3897;  urges  recogni¬ 
tion  of  independence  of  Texas,  4284; 
supports  group  of  transported  negroes 
in  Africa,  4287;  case  of  Prigg  vs.  Penn¬ 
sylvania,  4482;  Republican  cause  in, 
strengthened  by  tariff  plank,  4601 ;  fu¬ 
sion  plans  of  Democrats  defeated  in, 
4602;  Republicans  victorious  in  i860, 
4602 ;  governor  calls  out  state  militia, 
5028;  Lee’s  plans  concerning,  5032,  5033; 
map  of,  facing  5052;  Stuart  invades, 
5053>  5054;  citizens  taken  prisoners  by 
Confederate  army,  5054;  declares  against 
Lincoln’s  administration,  5061 ;  strength 
of  Confederate  army  in,  5085 ;  Meade 
crosses  into,  5086;  battle  of  Gettysburg, 
5087-5093 ;  political  situation  in  1864, 
Sl97,  5J98;  Early’s  raid,  5248;  anthracite 
coal  miners  strike,  5809-5815;  discovery 
of  petroleum  oil  fields  in,  5946. 

Pennsylvania,  U.  S.  brig,  4696;  illus.  of 
its  burning,  facing  4696. 

Pennsylvania  Magazine,  edited  by  Thos. 
Paine,  2493. 

Pennsylvania  society  for  the  promotion  of 
manufactures  and  mechanic  arts,  con¬ 
vention  at  Harrisburg  in  1827,  4183,  4184. 

Penobscot,  Me.,  D’Aunay  captures  factory 
at,  1943,  1950. 

Penobscot  expedition  against  Rasle,  1370- 
1372. 

Penobscot  river,  probably  the  “Norumbega” 
of  Walsingham,  600;  limit  of  John 
Smith’s  map,  735 ;  claimed  by  the  French, 
833;  naval  battle  near,  2880;  Gen. 
Lowell  at,  2882. 

Penobscots,  Indian  tribe,  157. 

Pensacola,  Fla.,  taken  by  Spaniards  in  1781, 
2337;  seized  by  Jackson,  4079,  4110; 
returned  to  Spain,  4080,  4111;  navy-yard 
seized,  4649;  blockaded,  4854;  evacuated, 
4894;  Bragg  summoned  to  Corinth  from, 
5095 ;  orders  of  Sherman  to  fleets  at, 
5272. 

Pensacola  Bay,  on  Cantino  map,  358,  note, 
375;  reached  by  Mirelo,  391;  boundary 
of  Amichel,  395;  De  Velasco  tries  to 
settle,  487;  reinforcements  for,  2808; 
England  retains,  2853. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


195 


Pensacola,  U.  S.  ship,  in  New  Orleans  ex¬ 
pedition,  4884,  4888,  4890. 

Pensions,  congress  acts  on,  3437,  3438; 
Cleveland  on,  5597,  5598,  5609,  5610; 
congress  legislation  on,  5643;  report  of 
commissioner  of,  for  1905,  5974. 

People’s  alliance  submits  plans  for  peace 
during  anthracite  coal  strike  of  1902, 
5812. 

People’s  party,  convention  and  platform 
(1892),  5647;  fusion  wing  of,  5768,  5769; 
demand  government  ownership  of  rail¬ 
roads,  5846. 

Peoria,  Ill.,  Joliet  and  Marquette  feasted  at, 
by  Indians,  1992. 

Pepperrell,  Sir  William,  the  Washington  of 
New  England,  1391 ;  commands  Louis- 
bourg  expedition,  1391 ;  sketch  of,  1391, 
1393 ;  portrait,  facing  1392 ;  captures 
Louisbourg,  1399-1401 ;  made  lieutenant- 
general,  1402 ;  knighted,  1402 ;  contends 
for  share  of  prize  money  for  his  sol¬ 
diers,  1403 ;  associated  in  command  with 
Gen.  Braddock,  2056. 

Pepys,  Samuel,  notes  the  habits  of  Carr,  the 
royal  commissioner,  1459. 

Pequot  river,  early  name  of  Thames  river, 

.  Conn.,  Mason  expedition  passed  mouth 
of,  974;  supplies  left  at,  977. 

Pequots,  Indian  tribe,  in  Connecticut,  158; 
Mohegans  tried  to  ally  English  against, 
829,  887;  Uncas  rebelled  against,  954, 
955 ;  account  of  war  with  English  969- 
981;  effect  of  their  destruction,  1008; 
befriended  Connecticut  during  King 
Philip’s  war,  1434;  take  part  in  killing 
Canonchet,  1467. 

Perceval,  Spencer,  prime  minister  of  Eng¬ 
land,  American  policy,  3935-3937- 

Percy,  Lord,  at  Lexington,  2427 ;  at  Dor¬ 
chester  Heights,  2481,  2482;  at  battle  of 
Long  Island,  2513;  at  Newport,  R.  I., 
2531 ;  before  Harlem  Heights,  2526. 

Percy,  Capt.  George,  one  of  original  James¬ 
town  settlers,  651 ;  trouble  with  Indians, 
659;  councillor,  660 ;  portrait,  facing  664; 
deputy-governor,  667. 

Percy,  Capt.  N.  H.,  attacks  Ft.  Bowyer, 

4079. 

Percy,  William,  patriot  clergyman,  3108. 

Perdido  river,  Florida,  3152;  eastern  bound¬ 
ary  for  Louisiana,  3754,  3764,  3941. 

Perestrelo,  father-in-law  of  Columbus,  271. 

Perez,  Juan,  befriends  Columbus,  289,  290, 
3i7. 

Perkiomen  creek,  Washington  encamped 
near,  2625. 

Pernambuco,  S.  A.,  Pinzon  at,  374,  375. 

Perote  held  by  Quitman,  4394. 


Perquimans  river,  N.  C.,  Durant  settled 
near,  1718. 

Perry,  C.  H.,  2898. 

Perry,  Matthew,  Calbraith,  Commodore, 
blockades  Gulf  of  Mexico,  4392;  con¬ 
cludes  treaty  between  the  United  States 
and  Japan,  4548. 

Perry,  Oliver  Llazard,  creates  a  lake  fleet, 
4026,  4027;  achieves  a  great  victory  on 
Lake  Erie,  4028;  portrait,  facing  4028; 
facsimile  of  his  report  to  navy  depart¬ 
ment,  facing  4030;  harasses  British 
retreat  from  Alexandria,  4076. 

Perry,  U.  S.  brig-of-war,  4902. 

Perryville,  Ky.,  Buell  and  Bragg  meet, 
5123;  battle  of,  5123,  5124. 

Personal  liberty  laws  enacted  by  state  legis¬ 
latures,  4545 ;  proposition  to  repeal, 
4639 ;  Republicans  on,  4644. 

Peru,  stone  works  in,  128,  147;  silver  mines 
discovered  in,  377;  storied  riches  of, 
383,  386,  469;  Pizzaro’s  conquest,  464; 
De  Soto’s,  464;  Drake’s  career  on  coast, 
592;  promoted  American  congress  at 
Panama,  4172. 

Peter,  Rev.  Hugh,  minister  in  Rotterdam 
and  Boston,  904,  905;  portrait,  facing 
904. 

“Peter  Porcupine,”  nickname  of  Dr.  Priest¬ 
ley,  3551. 

Peters,  Richard,  member  of  board  of  war, 
2699. 

Petersburg,  Va.,  founded  by  Col.  William 
Byrd,  1666;  Charleston  relief  army 
arrives  at,  2939;  Methodist  revival  at, 
3115;  strategic  point  in  Richmond 
campaign,  5242 ;  siege  of,  5243 ;  attack 
on,  5243,  5244;  views  around,  facing 
5244;  Lee  withdraws  large  force  from, 
5245 ;  Lee’s  plans  concerning,  5285 ; 
Gordon  at,  5286 ;  Grant’s  plans  of  attack, 
5287;  assault  upon,  5288. 

Petrel,  Confederate  ship,  4901,  4903. 

Pettigrew,  Gen.  James  J.,  wounded,  4970; 
at  Gettysburg,  5091. 

Pettit,  John,  approves  popular  sovereignty, 
4539- 

Pfister,  Francis,  at  Bennington,  2603;  mor¬ 
tally  wounded,  2605. 

Phelps,  Samuel  Shethar,  member  of  the 
“grand  committee”  (1850),  4474. 

Phelps,  William,  magistrate  in  Connecticut, 
967,  1001. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa  fraternity  organized,  3x28. 

Philadelphia  in  grant  to  Arundel  and  Sur¬ 
rey,  856;  in  Baltimore’s  grant,  1063: 
site  not  included  in  Penn’s  original 
tract,  1193;  Chester  now  suburb  off 
1208;  South  street,  southern  limit  of 


196 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Philadelphia,  1214;  description  of  orig¬ 
inal  settlement,  1214,  1215;  Wicocoa, 
Indian  name  of,  1214;  Blue  Anchor 
tavern,  1215;  democratic  features  of 
government,  1216;  sumptuary  laws  in, 
1217;  women  tried  for  witchcraft  in, 
1219-1221 ;  first  school  in,  1220 ;  Brad¬ 
ford’s  printing-press  in,  1220,  1221 ;  first 
books  in,  1221 ;  “Friends’  School”  in, 
1230;  George  Keith  in,  1230-1237; 
victims  of  Indians  taken  through,  1242; 
prosperity  at  time  of  Penn’s  second 
visit,  1243,  1244;  in  1699,  1243,  1244; 
early  wharfs,  1244;  Penn's  house  in, 
1244;  Vine  street,  Sassafras  street,  Mul¬ 
berry  street,  Walnut  street,  mentioned 
by  Penn,  1244;  Arch  street,  origin  of 
name,  1244;  receives  new  charter  from 
Penn,  1250 ;  disinherits  Logan  library, 
1255;  prepares  to  defend  itself  in  war 
with  French,  1294;  early  mail  service, 
1659;  first  lines  of  stage  coaches  and 
sailing  vessels,  1711;  continental  con¬ 
gress  removed  from,  in  1776,  1 7I21 

French  traders  sent  to,  in  1753,  2029; 
starting-point  of  Bouquet’s  march,  2320; 
first  medical  school  in  United  States  at, 
2347;  centre  of  trade  before  revolution, 
2349;  supports  non-importation  agree¬ 
ment,  2398;  will  not  receive  tea  in  1773, 
2403;  encourages  Massachusetts  in  1774, 
2407;  first  continental  congress  meets  in, 
2409 ;  receives  news  of  Lexington,  2437 ; 
Putnam  fortifies,  2529;  congress  leaves, 
2530,  2621 ;  Arnold  put  in  command  at, 
2567,  2730,  2972;  Lee’s  plan  to  capture, 
2608;  Howe’s  campaign  against,  2609, 
2610,  2613,  2622,  2624,  2626,  2668,  2726, 
2727;  Washington  marches  through, 
2613,  3079;  Washington  orders  Hamil¬ 
ton  to  make  requisition  on,  2621 ;  Corn¬ 
wallis  enters,  2624;  Tory  and  Quaker 
rejoicing  at,  2624,  2625;  Clinton  at, 
2711,  2727,  2730;  Germain  orders  aban¬ 
donment  of,  2726;  plight  of  loyalists  in, 
2729,  2730 ;  return  of  congress  to,  2730 , 
3376,  3393 ;  D’Estaing  fleet  arrives  at, 
2752;  riot  on  account  of  paper  money 
in,  2855;  U.  S.  frigate  Randolph  sails 
from,  2877;  Paul  Jones  arrives  at,  2896; 
Charleston  relief  army  arrives  at,  2939; 
Phillips  commands  at,  3068 ;  colonial 
ship-building  at,  3120 ;  early  history, 
3140;  soldiers  threaten  congress  at, 
3218;  rejoicing  over  adoption  of  the 
constitution  in,  3319;  Washington  en¬ 
tertained  by,  3329;  French  alliance 
anniversary  celebrated  in,  3458 ;  Genet 
arrives  in,  3467;  yellow  fever  in,  3477- 


3479,  3609;  effect  of  Jay’s  treaty  in, 
3556;  Marshall’s  reception  at,  3624; 
Burr  at,  3819;  visited  by  Polk  and  his 
cabinet,  4417;  convention  of  native 
Americans  in  1848,  4425 ;  Whig  conven¬ 
tion  of  1848,  4429;  underground  rail¬ 
road  depots  near,  4490;  preparations  for 
defense,  5028;  Lee’s  plan  concerning, 
5033 ;  Lincoln’s  body  borne  through, 
5302;  National  Union  convention,  5376; 
convention  of  Loyal  Unionists,  5376; 
celebration,  completion  of  the  Pacific 
railroad  at,  5494;  centennial  exposition 
of  1876,  5526-5530,  5616,  5617;  exposi¬ 
tion  at,  views  of,  facing  5530;  celebra¬ 
tion  in  memory  of  William  Penn  in, 
5587;  export  exposition  at,  5750;  gen¬ 
eral  society  of  war  of  1812  organized, 
5912;  immigrant  station,  5980. 

Philadelphia,  Confederate  steamer,  England 
violates  neutrality  in  escape  of  the, 
4937- 

Philadelphia,  U.  S.  flagship,  in  naval  dis¬ 
play  in  New  York  (1893),  5657. 

Philadelphia,  U.  S.  ship,  captured  by  Tripo¬ 
li,  3771 ;  destroyed  by  Decatur,  377 1, 
3772. 

Philadelphia  Columbian  Observer ,  news¬ 
paper,  4163. 

Philadelphia  convention  assembles,  3277; 
Washington  president  of  the,  3277; 
William  Jackson,  secretary,  32 77;  Vir¬ 
ginia  resolution  and  others,  3277,  3278; 
struggle  over  compromises,  3285-3287; 
discussion  on  slavery,  3290,  3291 ;  on 
commerce,  3291 ;  on  the  executive,  3291- 
3293;  on  judiciary,  3293,  3294;  on  su¬ 
preme  court,  3204;  old  vs.  new  states, 
3294;  on  franchise,  3294;  senate  vs. 
house,  3294 ;  on  fugitive  slaves  and 
militia,  3294;  question  of  amendments, 
3295,  3296;  Franklin’s  appeal,  3296; 
Washington’s  speech,  3297,  3298;  the 
work  of,  3251,  3299,  .3300,  3320. 

Philip  II.,  king  of  Spain,  made  king  of 
Naples  and  Sicily  by  Charles  V.,  486; 
undertakes  to  colonize  Florida,  487,  488; 
plans  armada,  500. 

Philip  III.,  king  of  Spain,  protests  against 
Virginia  colony,  626. 

Philip  V.,  king  of  Spain,  allied  with  France 
against  English  colonies,  1802;  agrees 
to  convention  with  England  in  1733, 
1894;  claims  right  of  search,  1894;  does 
not  pay  indemnity,  1895. 

Philip,  King,  Indian  chief,  151 ;  sachem  of 
Wampanoag  Indians,  1284;  baptized  at 
Plymouth,  note,  1284;  portrait,  facing 
1284;  treacherous  at  treaty,  1288.; 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


197 


founds  Indian  league,  1289;  transfers 
war  to  Rhode  Island,  1298,  1299;  forced 
to  disguise  himself,- 1300;  killed  at  Mt. 
Hope,  1301,  1302. 

Philip,  John  W.,  portrait,  facing  5732. 

Philippine  Islands,  Magellan  killed  on,  406, 
415;  insurrection  in,  5719-5721 ;  Span¬ 
ish  troops  in,  5721,  5723;  Gen.  Merritt, 
military  governor,  5724;  5739;  MacAr- 
thur  reaches,  5724;  Otis  in,  5739;  Aguin- 
aldo’s  proclamation,  5740;  U.  S.  policy 
in,  5741,  5746;  Lawton’s  military  opera¬ 
tions  in,  5741-5743 ;  plan  for  establish¬ 
ment  of  civil  government  in,  5744,  5745; 
hostilities  after  close  of  war,  5746,  5747; 
Roosevelt’s  message  on,  5793,  5794;  Chi¬ 
nese  in,  5795 ;  legislation  concerning,, 
5821,  5822;  tariff  and  U.  S.  trade  with, 
5856-5859;  objections  to  Chinese  immi¬ 
gration  in,  5906,  5907. 

Philips,  Richard,  mentioned  in  Acadian 
memorial,  2116. 

Philipse,  Col.,  concerned  in  “Negro  Plot” 
in  New  York,  1576. 

Phillips,  Wendell,  led  Boston  Abolitionists, 
4315;  protested  against  fugitive  slave 
law,  4488;  portrait,  facing  5184;  speech 
in  New  York,  5185;  favored  women’s 
suffrage,  5928. 

Phillips,  Gen.  William,  British  artillery 
with  Burgoyne  headed  by,  2570;  at 
Saratoga,  2639,  2641,  2648,  2658;  com¬ 
mands  at  Philadelphia,  3068 ;  in  Vir¬ 
ginia,  3069;  death,  3069;  Arnold  suc¬ 
ceeds,  3069. 

Phillips,  William  A.,  commanded  brigade 
of  Indians  in  civil  war,  4733. 

Philo  Parsons,  merchant  vessel,  Beal  seizes, 
5205 ;  headed  for  Sandusky  Bay,  5205 ; 
Beal  tried  for  seizure  of,  5206. 

Phipps’  farm,  now  Lechmere  Point,  East 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  2423. 

Phips,  Sir  William,  governor  of  New  Eng¬ 
land,  1322 ;  in  Boston,  1323 ;  career, 
1324,  1325;  had  special  court  for  witch¬ 
craft  cases,  1335 ;  wife  accused  of  witch¬ 
craft,  1341 ;  orders  release  of  witch 
prisoners,  1341 ;  protested  against  annual 
salaries,  1346;  called  to  England,  1347; 
dies,  1347 ;  his  relations  with  Elisha 
Cooke,  1350 ;  his  expedition  against 
Quebec,  1442,  1544,  1545 ;  his  militia 
commands,  1477;  his  Acadia  expedition, 
1543,  I958- 

Phoebe,  British  ship,  4024;  captures  the 
Essex. 

Phoenicia,  pioneer  in  navigation,  98;  one 
of  Mediterranean  states,  105 ;  in  ship¬ 
building,  109,  hi. 


Phoenix,  British  ship,  646-648. 

Piankeshaws,  Indian  tribe,  council  of,  2023- 
2026. 

Pichon,  secretary  of  French  legation  at 
The  Hague,  3658. 

Pickens,  Col.  Andrew,  sketch  of,  2816, 
2817;  troops  from  Ninety-six  raised  by, 
2817,  3049;  Hamilton  assailed  by,  2817; 
at  Kettle  creek,  2817,  2819;  South 

Carolina  patriot,  2926;  joins  Morgan, 
3016,  3017;  at  the  Cowpens,  3021,  3023; 
portrait,  facing  3022 ;  at  Eutaw  Springs, 
3074,  3078. 

Pickens,  Francis  N.,  portrait,  facing  4608; 
governor  of  South  Carolina,  4616; 
on  secession,  4616,  4617;  orders  to  Maj. 
Anderson,  4627,  4628. 

Pickens,  Fort,  Florida,  saved  from  seces¬ 
sionists,  4650. 

Pickering,  John,  district  judge  in  New 
Hampshire,  impeached,  3776,  3778,  3779. 

Pickering,  Timothy,  member  of  board  of 
war,  2696;  appointed  Indian  commis¬ 
sioner,  3523;  enters  Washington’s  Cab¬ 
inet,  3561;  Monroe  and,  3581,  3600; 
anger  at  Pinckney’s  treatment  by 
France,  3594;  in  plot  to  invade  Loui¬ 
siana,  3607,  3608,  3639;  wants  Hamilton 
to  have  second  place  in  the  army,  3635, 
3636;  George  and,  3656;  Logan  cen¬ 
sured  by,  3657;  resigns  from  Adams’ 
cabinet,  3679 ;  member  of  congress,  3769, 
3781;  portrait,  facing  3680;  on  the  posi¬ 
tion  of  Federalism,  note,  3781,  3782; 
on  election  of  Burr  for  governor  of 
New  York,  3783;  on  war  with  Great 
Britain,  3873 ;  on  the  embargo,  3876. 

Pickett,  Gen.  G.  E.,  charge  at  Gettysburg, 
5091,  5092. 

Picture-writing,  Indian,  illus.,  facing  187. 

Piedmont,  Italy,  silk  weavers  from,  brought 
to  Georgia,  1852. 

Piedmont,  Va.,  defeat  of  Breckenridge  at, 

,  5247. 

Pierce,  Franklin,  made  brigadier-general, 
4395 ;  nominated  for  president  by  Dem¬ 
ocrats,  4504;  early  life,  4509,  4510; 
elected  president,  4512;  portrait,  facing 
4516;  inauguration,  4517;  cabinet,  4518; 
message  to  congress,  4524;  approves  re¬ 
peal  of  Missouri  compromise,  4533 ; 
signs  Kansas-Nebraska  bill,  4543;  op¬ 
posed  the  free-state  movement  in  Kan¬ 
sas,  4554;  last  annual  message  to  con¬ 
gress,  4561 ;  record  as  president,  4561, 

.  4562. 

Pierce,  John,  killed  by  shot  from  British 
ship  Leander,  3814;  public  funeral,  3814; 
facsimile  announcement  of  the  funeral 


198 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


procession  for,  facing  3814;  England 
aroused  over  the  killing  of,  3847. 

Pierpont,  Gov.  F.  H.,  guaranteed  support 
of  U.  S.  government,  5347. 

Pierrepont,  Edwards,  attorney-general, 
5522. 

Pierse,  Thomas,  in  house  of  burgesses, 
681. 

Pierson,  Rev.  Abraham,  minister  of  South¬ 
ampton,  993. 

Pigafetta  with  Magellan,  note,  41 1. 

Pigot,  Gen.  Robert,  at  Newport,  2755,  2756; 
at  battle  of  Butts  Hill,  2758. 

Pike,  Gen  Albert,  commands  Indian  divi¬ 
sion  at  Pea  Ridge,  4733. 

Pike,  James  S.,  describes  legislature  of 
South  Carolina  in  1873,  5433-5435- 

Pike,  Zebulon  M.,  explorations  of,  3759, 
3760;  begins  the  attack  on  York,  4049; 
death  of,  4050. 

Pike  creek  gap,  Ga.,  Union  forces  occupy, 

.  Siii- 

Pilgrims,  connection  with  early  Brownist 
colony,  615;  sail  from  Delfthaven,  745; 
in  Holland,  757,  758;  Gorges  befriends, 
759;  gain  a  patent,  760;  leaders  of,  762; 
depart  from  England,  765,  766;  voyage, 
766-770 ;  compact,  768 ;  landing  of,  770, 
798-800;  found  Plymouth,  771,  772; 
character,  772-774,  7&b  787-789,  796; 
dealings  with  Indians,  774-777,  781,  782, 
784-788,  886;  their  danger  from  Lyford 
and  Oldham,  804-812 ;  buy  up  share  of 
the  adventurers,  816-818;  illus.  of  relics 
and  signatures,  facing  838;  befriended 
by  Wincob,  864;  Massachusetts  Bay  col¬ 
ony  in  peculiar  position  towards,  869. 

Pillow,  Gideon  J.,  made  major-general, 
4395 ;  at  Contreras,  4396 ;  fall  of  Chapul- 
tepec,  4399;  quarrel  with  Scott,  4400; 
defeated  at  Belmont,  4721 ;  advance  on 
Cairo,  note,  4729,  4803 ;  fortifies  Mem¬ 
phis,  4802;  occupies  New  Madrid,  4803; 
at  Columbus,  Ky.,  4803,  4804;  at  Ft. 
Donelson,  4817,  4820-4823;  in  Nashville, 
4825 ;  denounced  and  relieved  of  com¬ 
mand,  4826. 

Pillow,  Fort,  Tenn.,  garrison  of,  4838; 
naval  duel  near,  4839;  evacuated,  4840; 
Federals  take  possession  of,  4840,  4841 ; 
attack  on,  5255 ;  captured  by  Forrest, 
5256;  massacre  of  garrison,  5256. 

Pimas,  Indian  tribe,  in  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico,  164. 

Pinckney,  Gen.  Charles,  plans  defenses  for 
South  Carolina,  2439;  delegate  to  the 
Philadelphia  convention,  3270,  3271 ; 

sketch  of,  3270;  on  slave  trade,  3289; 
enters  the  senate,  366 9;  appointed  min¬ 


ister  to  Spain,  3713;  U.  S.  minister  to 
Spain,  3713,  3737;  on  Louisiana  pur¬ 
chase,  3745;  negotiations  for  Florida, 
.  3804,  3805. 

Pinckney,  Gen.  Charles  Cotesworth,  min¬ 
ister  to  France,  3583,  3594,  3595;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  3594;  part  in  X,  Y,  Z,  plot, 
3612,  3616;  Adams  appoints  major-gen¬ 
eral,  3637,  3638;  candidate  for  president, 
3678,  3687;  Federalists’  choice  for  pres¬ 
ident,  3799,  3884;  on  the  embargo,  3881, 
3882;  toast  offered  by,  4187. 

Pinckney,  Thomas,  minister  to  England, 
3447 ;  minister  to  Madrid,  3535 ;  nego¬ 
tiating  treaty  by,  3535 ;  negotiates  Span¬ 
ish  treaty,  3561,  3562;  candidate  for 
vice-president,  3585 ;  campaigning  for, 
3680;  on  England’s  policy,  3903;  negoti¬ 
ations  with  Wellesley,  3936-3938;  asks 
recall  of  orders  in  council,  3937;  asks 
for  passports,  3938. 

Pindall,  representative  from  Virginia,  de¬ 
mands  stringent  fugitive  slave  law,  4120. 

Pine  Mountain,  Ga.,  Spears  ordered  to, 
51 1 1 ;  Johnston  fortifies,  5260;  abandoned 
by  Confederates,  5260. 

Pineda,  Alonzo  Alvarez  de,  notices  the 
Mississippi,  359,  394;  explores  the  Gulf 
coast,  394. 

Pinkney,  William,  negotiates  treaty  with 
England,  3845-3849;  presents  American 
bill  of  claims  to  England,  3847;  resigns 
ministry  to  Russia,  4102;  on  the  Mis- 
souri-Maine  bill,  4124. 

Pinta,  Columbian  caravel,  296,  373;  picture, 
facing  296;  first  to  see  new  world,  302, 
303;  Pinzon  goes  off  with,  312-315,  317, 
318;  reproduction  of  Columbus’  caravel, 

.  5657. 

Pinzon,  Martin  Alonzo,  with  Columbus,  290, 
293;  captain  of  Pinta,  296;  deserted, 
312-314;  returns,  317,  318;  death,  318, 

.  373- 

Pinzon,  Vincente  Yanez,  captain  of  Nina, 
260,  296,  373;  expedition  of,  note,  358, 
360,  374,  note,  375- 

Piqua,  O.,  Miami  town  reached  by  Gist, 
2022. 

Piqualenees,  Indian  tribe,  meet  Gist  with 
pipe  of  peace,  2022. 

Piracy  in  Rhode  Island  before  revolution, 
1478,  1479;  a  recognized  business  in 
17th  century,  1553;  welcomed  and  up¬ 
held  by  South  Carolina,  1772-1776,  1787, 
1788,  1822;  Charleston  a  port  of  entry 
for,  1772,  1774;  put  down  by  James  II., 
1775;  campaign  against,  1822-1826;  in 
1817,  4105;  on  American  coast,  4078, 
4106,  4107. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


199 


Piscataqua  (Little  Harbor,  N.  H.)  en¬ 
croached  on  Plymouth  trade,  820; 
alarmed  by  Merry-Mount,  note,  823 ;  not 
in  New  England  union,  914. 

Piscataqua  river,  Verrazano  lands  near, 
506;  first  settlement  in  New  Hampshire 
on,  791,  794;  considered  hopeful  for  fur 
trade,  844;  dividing  line  between  grants 
of  Mason  and  Gorges,  856;  dividing  line 
between  lands  of  Gorges  and  Rigby,  952. 

Piscataways,  Indian  tribe,  rise  against  Vir¬ 
ginians,  1613. 

Pitcairn,  Maj.  John,  at  Lexington,  2423 
2424;  mortally  wounded,  24 72. 

Pitt,  William,  first  earl  of  Chatham,  sug¬ 
gests  honor  to  Gen.  Pepperrell,  1402; 
great  ability,  2143,  2272 ;  early  career, 
2143;  his  relations  with  George  II., 
2143;  his  era  very  brilliant,  2143, 
2144;  makes  sweeping  changes  in  En¬ 
glish  administration  of  government,  2163, 
2164;  his  confidence  in  himself,  2164; 
portrait,  facing  2164;  influence  on  Anglo- 
Saxon  extension,  2175;  Pittsburg  named 
for,  2175;  authorizes  two  regiments  of 
Highlanders  for  America,  2176;  gives 
Wolfe  command  of  expedition  against 
Quebec,  2186;  his  position  strengthened 
by  capture  of  Louisbourg,  2186;  shocked 
by  Abercrombie’s  failure,  2199;  plans 
grand  campaign  in  Canada,  2214-2217 ; 
his  relations  with  Wolfe,  2233,  2249, 
2250,  2272;  wishes  to  acquire  Louisiana 
in  1763,  thwarted  by  George  III.,  2329; 
cast  aside  for  the  weak  Bute,  2330; 
urges  keeping  Canada  in  1763,  2333, 
2334;  denounces  treaty  of  Paris,  2335, 
2336;  less  necessary  to  England  in  peace 
than  in  war,  2341;  resigns,  2356;  forced 
into  office  by  national  disaster,  2356; 
brings  victory  to  England,  2356;  unable 
to  stop  colonial  trade  with  French  dur¬ 
ing  war,  2357;  champion  of  American 
colonies,  2381 ;  cited,  2381 ;  directs  new 
ministry  in  1766,  2383;  becomes  Earl  of 
Chatham,  2383 ;  policy  thwarted  in  later 
years,  2383;  American  policy,  2411,  2717- 
2721 ;  death,  2721. 

Pitt,  William,  the  younger,  champions 
American  cause,  3086,  3227;  death  in 
1806,  3811. 

Pitt,  Fort,  Pa.,  named  for  William  Pitt, 
2174;  repels  attack  in  Pontiac’s  war, 
2315;  fortified  against  Pontiac,  2316;  at¬ 
tacked  by  Indians,  2317-2320;  Willing 
at,  2788,  3421. 

Pittsburg,  Pa.,  English  and  French  come 
to  hostilities  near,  in  1753,  2029;  named 
for  William  Pitt,  2175;  annexed  to  Vir¬ 


ginia  by  Dunmore,  2766;  Girty  threat¬ 
ens,  2797;  glass  manufactured  at,  3122; 
St.  Clair  at,  3413;  view  in  1790,  facing 
3422;  alarm  over  whiskey  riots,  3510, 
3512,  3518;  land  office  at,  3674;  Burr  at, 
3820;  Free-soil  convention,  4507;  con¬ 
vention  of  army  veterans  at,  5377 ;  strike 
of  railroad  employes  in  1877,  5552,  5553 ; 
Prohibition  party  convention  at,  5685; 
sends  aid  to  San  Francisco,  5878;  union 
veteran  legion  organized  at,  5915;  leads 
in  iron  and  steel  products,  5936;  builds 
canal  from  junction  of  Alleghany  and 
Monongahela  rivers  to  Lake  Erie,  5951. 

Pittsburg,  U.  S.  ironclad,  4819,  4833,  4836, 
4846. 

Pittsburg  Landing,  Tenn.,  selected  as  point 
for  assembling  Union  army,  5096;  loca¬ 
tion,  description  of,  5097,  5098;  strength 
of  Union  forces  at,  5098;  preliminary 
fighting  at,  5098,  5099;  battle  of,  5100- 
5106;  Halleck  arrives  at,  5106. 

Pittsylvania,  proposed  colony,  3146. 

Pizarro,  Francisco,  in  command  at  San 
Sebastian,  376 ;  conquers  Peru,  464,  469. 

Placentia,  Newfoundland,  attacked  by 
French,  1387. 

“Plant  Cutters”  in  Virginia,  1629,  1631, 
1632,  1650,  1651. 

“Plantation  Covenant”  in  New  Haven,  988, 

989. . 

Plantations,  committee  of,  demands  estab-  . 
lishment  for  church  of  England  in  Mary¬ 
land,  1688. 

Plassey,  battle  of,  ruins  French  dominion  in 
India,  2340. 

Plato,  conception  of  the  earth,  94. 

Platt,  Thomas  C.,  senator  from  New  York, 
5570. 

Plattsburg,  American  army  at  in  war  of 
1812,  4002;  Hampton  encamped  at,  4052, 
4055 ;  Izard  collects  his  troops  at,  4065. 

Pleasant  Hill,  La.,  retreat  of  Banks  to, 
5258. 

Pleasant  Valley,  Md.,  McLaws  occupies, 
5037. 

Pleasanton,  Gen.  Alfred,  covers  retreat  of 
McClellan’s  army,  5002;  at  Turner’s 
Gap,  5040;  ordered  to  pursue  Stuart, 
5053 ;  succeeds  Stoneman,  5084 ;  pursues 
Price,  5257. 

Plessis,  missionary  with  Champlain,  535. 

Pliny  believes  in  sphericity  of  earth,  95. 

Plough,  ship  of  the  “Familists,”  848. 

“Plough  Patent,”  patent  of  “Familists,”  847; 
bought  by  Alexander  Rigby,  951. 

Plumer,  William,  describes  Jefferson,  3706; 
on  ratification  of  Louisiana  purchase 
treaty,  3780. 


200 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Plummer,  Gen.  J.  B.,  at  New  Madrid,  4830; 
at  Point  Pleasant,  4831,  4832. 

Plymouth,  Eng.,  Puritans  sailed  from,  537; 
Sir  John  Hawkins  in,  590,  591 ;  excited 
over  Armada,  613;  Weymouth  arrives 
at,  622 ;  colonizing  schemes  in,  627 ; 
Gorges  governor  of,  726;  Popham  col¬ 
ony  sailed  from,  728;  Mayflower  and 
Spccdivell  put  back  to,  765 ;  farewell 
service  at,  for  Massachusetts  Bay  colo¬ 
nists,  879. 

Plymouth,  N.  C.,  attacked  by  Gen.  Hoke, 
5173,  5174;  captured,  5174;  recaptured 
by  Union  forces,  5176. 

Plymouth,  U.  S.  sloop-of-war,  4696,  4913. 

Plymouth  colony,  Mass.,  William  Bradford 
governor,  538,  558;  individual  energy 
gains  success,  585 ;  patent  for,  signed, 
749 ;  Pilgrims  land  at,  769-771 ;  Indian 
troubles,  774,  77 5,  781,  786,  835,  973, 
980,  1007 ;  accomplishes  much  during 
first  year,  776,  777;  civil  government 
developed  in,  777,  836,  837;  named,  779; 
first  title-deed  in,  781 ;  sickness  in,  774, 
7;  8,  779;  Weston  makes  trouble  at,  778- 
780,  783-787;  fortified,  782;  menaced 
by  Peirce’s  greed,  797 ;  location,  798- 
800;  trouble  from  Oldham,  806-812,  891; 
trouble  with  Lyford,  804-811,  889,  891; 
trouble  at  Cape  Ann,  812;  business  ar¬ 
rangements  with  Adventurers,  812-8T9; 
first  minister  at,  819,  note,  820;  enlarged 
by  Allerton’s  efforts,  820,  953 ;  experi¬ 
ence  with  Merry-Mount,  820-825 ;  new 
patent,  825-827;  reason  why  it  was  out¬ 
stripped,  828-834;  injured  by  success  of 
Puritans  in  England,  833 ;  first  mur¬ 
der  in,  834;  acquires  Bradford’s  rights, 
835;  legal  capital,  836;  facsimile  of 
leaf  from  Bradford’s  history  of,  fac¬ 
ing  836;  in  New  England  confederation, 
837,  838;  death  of  founders,  839;  policy 
toward  Quakers,  840-842,  926,  931,  934, 
936;  Gorges  includes  it  in  his  own 
grant,  856;  takes  part  in  establishment 
of  Massachusetts  Bay  colony,  869;  slow 
in  growth,  875 ;  Roger*  Williams  in,  900, 
901 ;  helps  to  found  Harvard  college, 
912;  relation  to  Anne  Hutchinson’s  set¬ 
tlement,  914,  920;  in  New  England 
union,  915;  Winslow  and  Bradford  pro¬ 
pose  moving  to  Connecticut,  954,  955, 
963 ;  sends  Holmes  to  Windsor,  955,  956, 
960;  troubled  by  Roger  Williams,  1020; 
ready  to  annex  Narragansett  Bay  colo¬ 
nies,  1027,  1047,  1048;  at  beginning  of 
King  Philip’s  war,  1286;  sends  rescue 
party  to  Bloody  Brook,  1293. 

Plymouth  company  chartered,  627 ;  powers, 


limits,  etc.,  628-631 ;  separates  from  Lon¬ 
don  company,  655,  656;  early  efforts  to 
establish  colonies,  725-751 ;  name 
changed,  746. 

Plymouth  council,  744,  751. 

Plymouth  Rock,  landing  on,  770-772. 

Pocahontas,  traditional  story  of,  645 ;  cap¬ 
tured  by  Argali  as  hostage,  673,  674; 
adopts  Christianity,  674;  marries  John 
Rolfe,  674,  675;  goes  to  New  England, 
676;  founder  of  home  education  in  Vir¬ 
ginia,  685. 

Pocasset,  see  Portsmouth,  R.  I. 

Pocock,  Admiral,  besieges  Havana  in  1762, 
233 L  2332. 

Pocono  Mountains,  Pa.,  2752. 

Pocotaligo  river,  W.  Va.,  3039. 

Pogge,  British  schooner,  3853. 

Poictiers,  British  ship,  captures  the  Wasp , 
3992. 

Poinsett,  Joel  R.,  appointed  minister  to 
Mexico,  4169;  recalled,  4220;  minister 
to  Mexico,  secures  charter  for  Masonic 
lodge,  4275;  secretary  of  war,  4303. 

Point  Aux  Trembles,  Quebec,  Lewis  ar¬ 
rives  at,  2273;  Arnold  withdraws  to, 
2477. 

Point  Comfort,  Va.,  named,  633 ;  in  second 
Virginia  charter,  656;  Ft.  Algernoune 
built  at,  660;  sends  expedition  to  Mary¬ 
land,  1071 ;  Virginians  sent  back  to,  1121. 

Point  Gaspe  reached  by  Cartier,  509. 

Point  Isabel,  Taylor  sends  stores  to,  4374; 
occupies  town,  4377. 

Point  Judith,  R.  I.,  Howe’s  fleet  off,  2756. 

Point  Levi,  Quebec,  Wolfe’s  attempts  at, 
2239,  2240;  priests  lead  attack  on  Wolfe’s 
battery,  2240;  Montcalm  attacks,  2243; 
essential  to  Wolfe’s  safety,  2252;  start¬ 
ing-point  of  Wolfe’s  men  from  fleet, 
2257- 

Point  Pleasant,  Va.,  Maj.  Andrew  Lewis 
victorious  at,  2171 ;  battle  of,  2772-2775. 

Point  St.  George,  Cal.,  Drake’s  experience 
near,  593. 

Pokagon,  Simon,  at  world’s  fair  in  Chicago 
(1893),  5661. 

Pokanoket,  Massasoit’s  residence,  777,  785. 

Pokanokets,  Indian  tribe,  in  Massachu¬ 
setts,  158;  desert  King  Philip,  1301. 

Polk,  James  K.,  portrait,  facing  4366;  in¬ 
auguration,  4367;  early  life,  4368;  char¬ 
acteristics  as  politician,  4368;  cabinet, 
4369 ;  offers  Calhoun  mission  to  England, 
4370;  transfer  of  the  Globe,  4370;  plans 
for  administration,  4371 ;  orders  Taylor 
to  Mexico,  4373,  4374;  message  to  29th 
congress,  4374,  4375 ;  war  message,  4378 ; 
desires  peace,  4384;  fears  popularity  of 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


201 


Taylor,  4387 ;  effect  of  his  inaugural, 
4405 ;  message  to  29th  congress,  4406 ; 
signs  bill  terminating  joint  occupancy  of 
Oregon,  4407;  advocates  reduction  of 
tariff,  4408;  special  message  requesting 
money  with  which  to  further  peace  ne¬ 
gotiations  with  Mexico,  4410;  decrease 
of  popularity  shown  in  state  elections 
of  1846,  4411 ;  visits  New  England,  4417; 
messages  to  30th  congress,  4418,  4419, 
4432;  loses  support  of  Silas  Wright  and 
Martin  Van  Buren,  4426;  death  of,  4437; 
his  personality,  4437,  4438. 

Polk,  Gen.  Leonidas,  invades  Kentucky, 
4719-4721 ;  at  Belmont,  4721-4723;  plan 
to  dominate  the  Mississippi  river,  4803 ; 
fortifies  Columbus,  Ky.,  4803,  4804;  evac¬ 
uates  Columbus,  4827 ;  summoned  to  Cor¬ 
inth  from  Mississippi,  5095;  attends 
Beauregard’s  council  at  Corinth,  5107; 
made  second  in  command  of  Bragg’s 
army,  5119;  advises  retreat  from  Mur¬ 
freesboro,  5153;  position  at  Shelbyville, 
5159;  killed  at  Lost  Mountain,  5260. 

Polk,  Col.  William,  resignation  of,  3014. 

Pollard,  Anne,  first  to  land  on  Copp’s  Hill, 
880. 

Pollard,  E.  A.,  description  of  evacuation  of 
Richmond,  5303-5305- 

Pollock,  Oliver,  in  New  Orleans,  3151. 

Polo,  Marco,  tradition  claimed  that  he  in¬ 
troduced  gunpowder,  65 ;  implies  breadth 
of  Asia,  261;  read  by  Columbus,  278; 
accounts  of  West  Indies,  305,  313,  326; 
seven  thousand  spice  islands,  325 ;  sails 
through  Indian  ocean,  330. 

Polygamy,  tenet  of  the  Mormon  church  in 
1852,  4575 ;  manifesto  on,  by  president 
of  Mormon  church,  5667. 

Polynesians,  same  stock  as  North  American 
Indians,  123. 

Polypotamia,  proposed  state  of,  3162. 

Pomeroy,  Gen.  Seth,  in  Louisbourg  expe 
dition,  1394;  at  Bunker  Hill,  1394;  re¬ 
paired  guns  taken  from  French  at  Louis¬ 
bourg,  1397;  takes  command  of  Williams’ 
regiment  at  Lake  George,  2102;  ap¬ 
pointed  general,  2418 ;  at  Cambridge, 
2433;  appointed  brigadier-general,  2452; 
at  Bunker  Hill,  2462. 

Pomham,  Indian  chief  in  Rhode  Island, 
1042;  submits  to  Massachusetts  Bay  col¬ 
ony,  1043;  dispute  over  his  lands,  1458; 
sells  land  to  Gorton,  1460. 

Pompton,  N.  J.,  troops  mutiny  at,  3057. 

Ponce  de  Leon,  Juan,  empowered  to  ex- . 
plore  Florida,  359;  discovers  and  ex¬ 
plores  Florida,  386,  390,  397;  with  Co¬ 
lumbus,  387,  392;  governor  of  Porto 


Rico,  387 ;  searches  for  fountain  of 
youth,  387,  388;  explores  Bahamas,  390; 
royal  patent,  390 ;  experiences  delays 
and  difficulties,  391,  392;  death,  393;  let¬ 
ter  to  Charles  V.,  393 ;  last  combat,  393 ; 
arrangement  of  domain,  395 ;  his  part 
in  settlement  of  new  world,  399,  400. 

Ponce,  P.  R.,  Americans  occupy,  5734. 

Pond,  Col.  Preston,  forces  in  battle  of 
Pittsburg  Landing,  5103. 

Ponderson,  John,  one  of  “seven  pillars” 
of  New  Haven,  991. 

Pontchartrain,  Lake,  part  of  boundary  be¬ 
tween  French  and  English  territory  in 
1763*  2334;  boundary  of  Louisiana,  3943. 

Pontgrave  sails  under  De  Chauvin’s  patent, 
520;  captain  under  Champlain,  521;  un¬ 
der  De  Monts,  524;  in  charge  of  colony 
at  Port  Royal,  526,  529. 

Pontiac,  Indian  chief,  forms  league  against 
English,  1518;  joined  by  Miamis,  2013; 
his  confederacy,  2281,  2282;  character 
and  history,  2281-2283  i  probably  con¬ 
tributes  to  Braddock’s  defeat,  2282 ;  dis¬ 
perses  ambush  laid  for  Rogers,  2283; 
foresees  results  of  English  dominion, 
2285 ;  plans  destruction  of  English,  2286, 
2287 ;  undertakes  reduction  of  Ft.  De¬ 
troit,  2287;  arouses  vengeance  in  Indian 
council,  2290,  2291 ;  perfects  details  for 
seizure  of  Ft.  Detroit,  2291,  2292;  be¬ 
trayed,  2293 ;  checkmated  at  fort,  2293 ; 
resorts  to  open  war,  2295,  2296;  begins 
siege  of  Ft.  Detroit,  2296,  2297;  his  deal¬ 
ings  with  Canadians,  2299 ;  outwitted  by 
crews  on  English  schooners,  2300,  2302, 
2306;  ignorant  of  power  of  England, 
2302 ;  prepares  ambush  for  Dalzell,  2303 ; 
tries  to  conciliate  whites,  2305 ;  forbids 
Ottawas  to  make  peace,  2307;  finally 
submits,  2307;  manner  of  death,  2308; 
burial-place,  2308 ;  makes  last  effort  of 
savagery,  2308;  captures  English  posts 
and  controls  from  Alleghanies  to  Missis¬ 
sippi  river,  2308,  2315;  yields  to  treaty 
with  Johnson,  2327. 

Pontiac’s  war,  Quaker  action  in,  1241 ;  pur¬ 
pose  of,  2173;  plans  for,  2286;  plot  at 
Detroit  foiled,  2292-2294;  wqr  declared, 
2296 ;  Detroit  attacked,  2298 ;  Rogers’ 
rangers  at  Bloody  Run,  2302-2306; 
breaking  up  of  the  league,  2307;  capture 
of  English  forts,  2308-2315;  minor  at¬ 
tacks,  2315;  attack  on  Ft.  Pitt,  2316- 
2320;  Bouquet’s  march,  2320-2322;  bat¬ 
tle  of  Bushy  Run,  2321-2325;  peace 
treaty  of  1776,  2327;  a  protest  against 
civilization,  2328;  entailed  taxation  on 
colonies,  2365. 


202 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Poor,  Enoch,  at  Saratoga,  2639,  2640. 

Poor  Richard’s  Almanac,  2683,  2883. 

Pope,  John,  senator  from  Kentucky,  3946. 

Pope,  Gen.  John,  commands  in  Fremont’s 
campaign,  4723;  in  command  in  central 
Missouri,  4730-4732;  at  New  Madrid, 
4830,  4831,  4833,  4834;  constructs  float¬ 
ing  batteries,  4835,  4836;  report  on 
operations  against  Island  No.  10,  4837; 
at  Ft.  Pillow,  4838;  succeeds  McClellan, 
5007;  averse  to  leaving  army  of  the 
West,  5007;  reports  to  Stanton,  5007; 
portrait,  facing  5008 ;  difficulties  of  posi¬ 
tion  of,  5008 ;  takes  command  of  army  of 
Virginia,  5008;  plans  to  combine  Union 
armies,  5009 ;  appointment  criticised, 
5010;  principles  of  campaign,  5010,  5011; 
effect  of  orders,  5011;  begins  campaign, 
5012;  threatens  Gordonsville,  5012;  or¬ 
ders  Banks  corps  to  Cedar  Mountain, 
5012;  retreat  to  Rappahannock,  5014; 
telegrams  to  Halleck,  5014;  army  joined 
by  Porter’s  corps,  5014;  complains  of 
Halleck’s  inactivity,  5015;  Lee’s  cam¬ 
paign  against,  5015,  5016;  arrival  at 
Bristol  Station,  5017;  learns  of  Jackson’s 
whereabouts,  5017;  orders  concentration 
of  army  at  Manassas,  5017;  strength  of 
forces  at  White  Plains,  5017;  arrives  at 
Manassas,  5017;  plans  to  crush  Jackson, 
5019;  battle  of  Groveton,  5020;  second 
battle  of  Bull  Run,  5021-5024;  reaches 
Centreville,  5024;  battle  of  Chantilly, 
5025 ;  ordered  to  northwest,  5025 ;  re¬ 
sults  of  campaign,  5025 ;  McClellan  suc¬ 
ceeds,  5026;  reasons  for  his  failure,  5026, 
5027;  at  Corinth,  5106-5108;  recalled 
from  Ft.  Pillow,  5133;  in  army  of  the 
West,  5133;  ordered  to  resume  his 
former  command,  5139;  military  com¬ 
mander  of  Georgia,  Florida  and  Ala¬ 
bama,  5388;  action  in  Georgia,  5391; 
succeeded  by  Meade,  5391 ;  orders  of, 
5394-5397; 

Popham,  Sir  Francis,  takes  Sir  John’s 
place,  732;  disappointed  in  American  in¬ 
vestments,  733 ;  in  council  of  Plymouth, 
744- 

Popham,  George,  nephew  of  Sir  John  Pop- 
ham,  726;  president  of  Popham  colony, 
728-730;  dies,  731. 

Popham,  Sir  John,  heads  interests  of  Plym¬ 
outh  company,  627,  725,  726;  portrait, 
facing  726;  dies,  728;  his  policy  of  col¬ 
onizing  Maine  with  felons,  1684. 

“Popish  plot”  feared  in  New  York,  1579, 
1581 ;  suspected  in  Maryland,  1696,  1697. 

Poplar  Spring  church,  Va.,  capture  of  Con¬ 
federate  works  at,  5246. 


Popular  sovereignty,  Dickinson  on,  4528; 
Douglas  on,  4528;  Cass  on,  4527,  4539; 
approved  by  Toombs,  Pettit  and  Norris, 
4539- 

Population',  U.  S.,  in  1783,  3134;  increase 
in,  3693,  3694;  of  United  States  in  1870, 
5498;  in  1905,  5963,  5964. 

Populists,  national  convention  of  1896,  5691, 
5692. 

Porcupine,  U.  S.  schooner,  4028. 

Porpoise,  Cape,  847;  annexed  to  Massachu¬ 
setts  Bay,  952. 

Port  Brest,  Labrador,  reached  by  Cartier, 
508. 

Port  Hudson,  La.,  map  of  fortifications  at, 
facing  5142;  strength  of  forces  at,  5142; 
siege  of,  5149,  5150;  surrender  of,  5150. 

Port  May,  early  name  for  New  York  city, 
551- 

Port  Republic,  Va.,  reinforcement  of  Early 
at,  5250. 

Port  Royal,  see  Annapolis,  N.  S. 

Port  Royal,  S.  C.,  settled  by  Ribault,  480; 
claimed  by  Spaniards,  488;  relinquished 
by  Sayle  expedition,  1734,  1735 ;  efforts 
to  settle,  1738,  1745;  expedition  to,  4872, 
4873 ;  captured,  4874,  4877 ;  Sherman’s 
base  of  supplies,  5 277. 

Port  Royal,  U.  S.  ironclad,  4920. 

Port  Royal  Sound,  497. 

Port  San  Julian,  Magellan’s  harbor,  409. 

Porter,  Gen.  Andrew,  brigade  commander, 
4747;  at  Bull  Run,  4753-4755-  . 

Porter,  David  D.,  admiral,  portrait,  facing 
4022 ;  his  cruise  in  the  Essex,  4023 ; 
portrait,  facing  4862 ;  on  the  capture  of 
New  Orleans,  4881,  4883,  4884;  and 
Farragut,  4887;  shells  Ft.  Jackson,  4891; 
at  Vicksburg,  4895;  attacks  Ft.  Fisher, 
5281 ;  Lincoln  accompanies,  to  Richmond, 
5298 ;  in  Richmond,  5307 ;  monograph  on 
St.  Thomas,  5476,  5477. 

Porter,  Gen.  Fitz  John,  Burnside  succeeds, 
4774;  commands  the  fifth  provisional 
corps,  4962;  ordered  to  Hanover  Court- 
House,  4965 ;  at  Gaines’  Mill,  4979,  4981 ; 
at  Malvern  Hill,  4987-4990;  portrait, 
facing  5008;  march  from  Falmouth, 
5014;  shows  contempt  for  Pope,  5017; 
ordered  to  Centreville,  5019;  ordered  to 
Gainesville,  5020;  attacks  Jackson,  5020; 
at  second  battle  of  Bull  Run,  5021,  5022; 
troops  forced  to  retreat,  5022;  court- 
martialed,  5026;  exonerated  and  re¬ 
stored  to  rank,  5026;  in  charge  of  fifth 
corps,  5031 ;  ordered  to  join  McClellan, 
5032;  at  battle  of  Antietam,  5051;  state¬ 
ment  concerning  Sheridan,  5288;  dis- 


203 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


missed  from  the  army,  5584;  restored 
to  army,  5598. 

Porter,  John,  assistant  in  Portsmouth,  1038. 

Porter,  Peter  B.,  on  Erie  canal  commission, 
3931 ;  on  special  committee  of  foreign 
relations,  3964;  his  duel  with  Smyth, 
4001 ;  in  command  of  militia  under 
Brown,  4061;  defeated  on  the  Niagara, 
4062;  reinforces  Scott  at  Lundy’s  Lane, 
4063 ;  harasses  British  retreat  from 
Alexandria,  4076;  appointed  secretary  of 
war,  4192. 

Porterfield,  Col.  G.  A.,  defeats  Virginia 
militia,  4694;  defeated,  4741,  4742. 

Porterfield,  Lieut.-Col.  William,  reinforces 
Gates,  2943,  2944,  3011 ;  at  battle  of  Cam¬ 
den,  2948,  2951,  2953. 

Portland,  Duke  of,  see  Bentinck,  W.  H.  C. 

Portland,  Me.,  harbor  missed  by  Cham¬ 
plain,  525 ;  Hevett  in,  794 ;  founded,  848 ; 
burnt,  2474;  Christian  endeavor  society 
founded,  5921.  > 

Portland,  Ore.,  aided  San  Francisco,  5878. 

Porto  Rico  discovered  by  Columbus,  323 ; 
Ponce  de  Leon  governor  of,  387,  388, 
392;  Americans  occupy,  5734;  U.  S. 
commissioners  to,  5735,  5736;  Spaniards 
evacuate,  5736;  congress  on  bill  for  es¬ 
tablishment  of  civil  government  in,  5756- 
5758;  U.  S.  imports  of  sugar  from, 
5858;  conditions  in  1906,  5862;  its  con¬ 
dition  prior  to  American  occupancy, 
5862,  5863;  discontent  in,  5864;  bill  to 
extend  U.  S.  citizenship  to  the  Porto 
Ricans,  5865,  5866. 

Porto  Santo,  Columbus  spends  honeymoon 
in,  271,  272. 

Porto  Seguro,  Brazil,  point  first  seen  by 
Cabral,  378. 

Portsmouth,  Eng.,  Argali  sails  from,  657. 

Portsmouth,  Me.,  John  Paul  Jones  sails 
from,  2874;  ship-building  at,  3119; 
Washington’s  reception  at,  3359. 

Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  harbor  missed  by- 
Champlain,  525;  factory  at,  846;  treaty 
of,  in  1685,  1303;  rejoicings  over  adop¬ 
tion  of  the  constitution  in,  3319;  peace 
conference  at,  in  1905,  5834. 

Portsmouth,  R.  I.,  government  formed  .at, 
1030;  differs  from  Providence  in  prin¬ 
ciple,  1032,  1048;  divisions  in,  1034-1036; 
union  with  Newport,  1037;  declared  it¬ 
self  a  colony,  1049. 

Portsmouth,  Va.,  Matthews  burns,  2832; 
exportation  of  tobacco  through,  2832; 
Arnold  at,  3030;  Cornwallis  evacuates, 
3072. 

Portugal,  a  Mediterranean  state,  105 ;  ad¬ 
vantage  in  maritime  affairs,  1 1 5 ;  held 
by  Arabs,  244;  Alfonso  V.  addresses  Co 


lumbus,  274;  at  war  with  Castile,  276; 
interested  in  exploration,  280,  379;  loses 
new  world,  284;  dealings  of  John  II. 
with  Columbus,  282-284,  286,  298,  315, 
316;  rivalry  with  Spain,  321,  333;  dis¬ 
pute  over  papal  bull,  322,  441 ;  gains 
Brazil,  322;  outmatches  Spain  in  sea 
route,  333;  Cabral  gains  land  in  South 
America  for,  378;  native  land  of  Da 
Gama,  401,  402;  of  Magellan,  406;  dis¬ 
honorable  conduct  of  sovereigns,  408; 
De  Haro  discovers  strait  of  Magellan, 
note,  41 1 ;  at  war  with  Spain,  500;  in 
power  of  Spain,  625;  joins  armed  neu¬ 
trality,  3066;  David  Humphreys  U.  S. 
minister  to,  3447;  ports  closed  to  Eng¬ 
land,  3867. 

Portuguese  in  America,  see  Discovery  and 
exploration :  for  Portugal. 

Pory,  John,  facsimile  of  letter  written  by, 
facing  680 ;  in  commission  to  Virginia, 
705 ;  sends  copies  of  assembly’s  reply  to 
James  I.,  70 7;  explores  Carolinas  and 
writes  account,  1715,  1716. 

Posidonius,  of  Rhodes,  calculated  size  of 
earth,  96. 

Postal  service,  U.  S.,  first  post-office  estab¬ 
lished  in  English  colonies,  1249;  Spots- 
wood  as  postmaster-general,  1659;  be¬ 
tween  Philadelphia  and  Williamsburg 
in  early  18th  century,  1659;  Franklin  as 
postmaster-general,  2060 ;  congress  con¬ 
tinues  continental  service,  3338;  second 
congress  on,  3431,  3432;  in  1800,  3696; 
reduction  of  postal  rates,  4497,  4498; 
post-office  scandal,  5825,  5826;  report  of 
postmaster-general  for  1905,  5975 1  merit 
system  inj  5975,  5976. 

Postmaster-general  made  a  member  of  the 
cabinet,  4216. 

Potatoes  taken  from  Virginia  to  England, 
611. 

Potonjac  canal  company,  5848. 

Potomac  river  explored  by  John  Smith, 
648;  a  boundary  of  Baltimore’s  grant, 
1063 ;  boundary  of  Culpeper’s  estate, 
1626;  his  colony  on,  1070;  Dunmore 
sails  up  the,  2489;  Maryland  and  Vir¬ 
ginia’s  jurisdiction  over  the,  3248;  loca¬ 
tion  of  the  capital  on  the,  3356;  Mc¬ 
Clellan’s  description  of  the  defenses 
along,  note,  4772 ;  Confederates  erect 
shore  batteries  along,  4854 ;  Confeder¬ 
ates  abandon  works  along,  4855 ;  Lee 
crosses,  into  Maryland,  5027;  Jackson 
and  Walker  cross,  5037;  location  of 
Maryland  Heights  and  Harper’s  Ferry, 
5037 ;  battles  near,  5042,  5043 ;  Lee  cross¬ 
es  into  Virginia,  5050;  Union  troops 
cross,  5051,  5052;  Confederates  cross 


204 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


into  Pennsylvania,  5053 ;  fords  guarded 
by  Union  troops,  5053,  5054;  Ewell’s 
corps  crosses  into  Maryland,  5085 ; 
Hookers  army  crosses,  5085 ;  Lee’s  re¬ 
treat  across,  5093;  Early  crosses  into 
Maryland,  5248. 

Potomacs,  Indian  tribe,  695. 

Pott,  John,  comes  to  Virginia,  692;  tries 
to  poison  Indians,  696;  in  government 
of  Virginia,  710-712 ;  convicted  of  cattle¬ 
stealing,  712. 

Pottawattomies,  Indian  tribe,  Sulpitians 
have  mission  among,  1991 ;  ruled  by 
Pontiac,  2281 ;  fierce  warriors,  2282 ;  sue 
for  peace  at  Detroit,  2301 ;  continue  hos¬ 
tilities,  2302,  2304;  treacherous  at  Ft. 
St.  Joseph,  2309,  2310,  3959. 

Potter,  representative,  opposes  repeal  of 
non-importation  act,  4010. 

Poultry,  income  from,  in  1905,  59 72. 

Poulsen,  Vladimir,  invents  telegraphone, 
5944- 

Pound  Gap,  Ky.,  4807,  4808. 

Poutrincourt,  Biencourt,  built  Ft.  Lomeron, 
1936,  1938. 

Powell,  senator  from  Kentucky,  4643. 

Powell,  Louis  Payne,  stabs  Seward,  5301 ; 
wounds  Seward’s  son,  5301 ;  arrested 
and  hung,  5302. 

Powell,  Capt.  Nathaniel,  last  autocratic  gov¬ 
ernor  of  Virginia,  679. 

Powell’s  valley,  massacre  in,  2768. 

Power,  Thomas,  in  Spanish  intrigues,  3536? 
3603. 

Powers,  Caleb,  arrested  and  conviction  of, 
5754,  5755- 

Powers,  John  L.,  arrested,  5754. 

Powhatan,  Indian  chief,  not  real  name,  160, 
632 ;  massacres  remnant  of  Roanoke  col¬ 
ony,  615;  his  residence,  635,  636;  in 
peace  party,  637,  638;  involved  in  Indian 
politics,  644,  645;  in  Pocahontas’s  story, 
645,  673-675;  trades  with  Newport,  647; 
crowned,  650,  note,  651 ;  supplies  corn, 
652;  incites  Indian  hostilities,  669;  dies, 
692. 

Powhatan,  Kan.,  tornado  nearly  destroys, 

5664. 

Powhatan,  U.  S.  ship,  4854,  4858,  4883. 

Powhatan  river,  632. 

Powhatans,  Indian  tribe,  sell  land  to  Eng¬ 
lish,  note,  660. 

Pownall,  Thomas,  member  of  the  Ohio  col¬ 
ony,  3147. 

Preble,  Edward,  on  cruiser  Protector,  2882; 
portrait,  facing  3770;  expedition  against 
Tripoli,  377T  3772- 

Preble,  W.  P.,  minister  to  the  Netherlands, 
4220. 


Preble,  U.  S.  ship,  4067,  4862. 

“Pre-Columbian  Discovery  of  America  by 
the  Northmen,”  by  De  Costa,  note,  209. 

Prence,  Thomas,  one  of  guarantors  of 
Plymouth  debt,  note,  818;  governor  of 
Plymouth,  836,  839. 

Prendergast,  Commodore,  establishes  the 
Atlantic  coast  blockade,  4853. 

Prentiss,  Gen.  B.  M.,  forces  at  Pittsburg 
Landing,  5098-5100;  in  charge  of  sixth 
division  at  Pittsburg  Landing,  5098. 

Presbyterian  church  in  Maryland,  1088; 
in  New  York,  1505,  1560,  1561,  1596; 
at  Port  Royal,  S.  C.,  1745,  1746;  in 
Charleston  at  end  of  17th  century,  1795; 
in  Georgia  before  the  revolution,  1921 ; 
opposes  a  bishop  of  America,  2363,  2364. 

Prescott,  Gen.  Richard,  commander  at 
Newport,  R.  I.,  2531,  2753;  Lee  ex¬ 
changed  for,  2731,  note,  2734,  2754; 
character,  2753,  2754 ;  Gen.  Pigot  re¬ 
places,  2755. 

Prescott,  Dr.  Samuel,  warns  Concord,  2423. 

Prescott,  William,  served  under  Winslow, 
2433 ;  commander  at  Bunker  Hill,  2457, 
2459- 

President,  title  and  etiquette  of,  3332-3334; 
effort  to  change  method  of  his  election, 
4171 ;  congress  increases  salary,  5510. 

President J  U.  S.  war  ship,  3952,  3953,  3988, 
4089. 

Presidential  mansion,  illus.  of  the  first,  fac¬ 
ing  3334- 

Presidential  succession,  3435 ;  act  of  1885, 
5592,  5593- 

Presqu’  Isle,  Lake  Erie,  bloody  battle  at, 
between  Eries  and  Iroquois,  1973 ;  fort 
on  site  of  city  of  Erie,  2005 ;  Bienville’s 
expedition  on,  2010;  Rogers’  rangers  at, 
2279;  fort  taken  by  Pontiac,  2308,  2312- 

2314. 

Presqu’  Isle,  Pa.,  fortified,  3525. 

Press  gang  forbidden  in  colonies  by  act  of 
Queen  Anne,  1411,  1413. 

Preston,  Capt.,  commissioner  to  Maryland, 
1100;  leader  of  Puritans  in  Maryland. 
1105. 

Preston,  Capt.,  in  “Boston  massacre,”  2395. 

Preston,  Gen.  William,  estimate  of  deser¬ 
tions  in  Confederate  army,  5219. 

Preston,  William  C.,  opposes  discussion  of 
slavery  by  congress,  4317;  takes  active 
part  in  1840  campaign,  4326. 

Prevert,  Sieur,  captain  under  Champlain, 
521. 

Prevost,  Gen.  Augustine,  east  Florida  held 
by,  2726,  2811-2814;  invades  Georgia, 
2813,  2816,  2817;  facsimile  of  proclama- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


205 


tion  issued  by,  facing  2816;  at  Beaufort, 
S.  C.,  2818,  2825,  2827 ;  at  Charleston, 
2821,  2823,  2824;  at  John’s  Island,  2824, 
2825;  replies  to  D’Estaing,  2827,  2828; 
booty  secured  in  raid  of,  2917,  2918. 

Prevost,  Sir  George,  on  smuggling  during 
war  of  1812,  4043;  attempts  to  capture 
Sackett’s  Harbor,  4051 ;  attacks  Platts- 
burg,  4065-4068. 

Price,  Capt.,  aids  in  expedition  against  St. 
Augustine,  1898. 

Price,  Maj.,  at  battle  of  Fallen  Timbers, 
3527- 

Price,  Gen.  Sterling,  joins  secessionists, 
4706,  4707 ;  interview  with  Lyon,  4710, 
4711;  at  Wilson’s  creek,  4713,  4724; 
Fremont’s  campaign  against,  4723,  4724; 
at  Osceola,  4730,  4731 ;  evacuates  Spring- 
field,  4732;  sketch  of,  4733;  attends 
Beauregard’s  council,  5107;  commands 
district  of  the  Tennessee,  5118;  at  Tu¬ 
pelo,  5119;  strength  of  force  of,  5119; 
advances  to  Iuka,  5129;  Halleck’s  plans 
against,  5129;  Grant’s  plans  against, 
5130-5132;  battle  of  Iuka,  5132;  with¬ 
draws  to  Baldwyn,  5132;  in  Arkansas, 
5257;  drives  back  Steele,  5257;  raids 
Missouri,  5257 ;  defeated  by  Pleasanton, 
5257;  escapes  into  Arkansas,  5257. 

Prideaux,  Dean  Humphrey,  author  of  a 
Bible  history,  1214. 

Prideaux,  Gen.  John,  commands  Niagara 
expedition  in  1759,  2215,  2216,  2223; 
killed,  2227;  succeeded  by  Johnson  and 
Gage,  2228;  to  have  cooperated  with 
Wolfe,  2247. 

Prigg  v.  Pennsylvania,  4481,  4482. 

Prince,  Gen.  H.  U.,  in  battle  of  Cedar 
Mountain,  5013;  captured,  5013. 

Prince,  Thomas,  arbitrator  for  English  in 
treaty  of  Hartford,  1013. 

Prince’s  Fort,  Maj.  Dunlap  at,  2931. 

Princess  Anne  county,  Va.,  Dunmore  rav¬ 
ages,'  2487. 

Princeton,  N.  J.,  map  of  campaign  around, 
facing  2528;  Washington  at,  2529,  2547, 
2548;  Putnam  at,  2549,  2550;  congress 
moves  to,  3159,  3218. 

Princeton  university  in  colonial  times,  2347; 
defends  non-importation  agreement, 
2398;  early  history,  3129;  famous  grad¬ 
uate,  3130. 

Princeton  disaster,  4360. 

Pring,  Martin,  adventures  on  Cape  Cod, 
619,  620,  727. 

Printing,  by  block,  54-56 ;  practiced  by 
Chinese,  55 ;  practiced  in  southern 
Europe,  55,  61 ;  specimens  of  block,  fac¬ 
ing  56;  invention  of  movable  types,  57; 


claimants  to  honor  of  invention,  57-61 ; 
coincident  with  Columbian  epoch,  57 ; 
spoliation  of  presses  in  Mainz,  60;  cause 
and  effect,  62,  63;  first  printing-press  in 
America,  913;  first  press  in  Philadelphia, 
1220;  first  books  published  in  Philadel¬ 
phia,  1221;  Bradford’s  press  in  New 
York,  1552;  put  down  by  Virginia  royal¬ 
ists,  1625,  1631,  1652,  1653;  none  in 
Carolinas  previous  to  1722,  1805 ;  in  the 
American  colonies,  2341 ;  stimulated  by 
discussion  before  revolution,  2348. 

Printz,  Johan,  governor  of  New  Sweden, 

585. 

Prior,  R.  A.,  member  of  provisional  con¬ 
gress,  5217. 

Prisoners  of  war,  British  treatment  of, 
during  revolution,  2709,  2710;  facsimile 
letter  of  Washington  to  Howe  on  ex¬ 
change  of,  facing  2710;  exchange  of 
American  and  British,  2897. 

Pritchard,  Gen.  B.  D.,  pursues  and  captures 
Jefferson  Davis,  5309. 

Private  car  mileage,  5849,  5850. 

Privateers  prey  on  Spanish  ships,  503,  507; 
work  of  American,  2859,  2870,  2879, 
2880,  2882,  2900 ;  continental  congress 
authorizes,  2863,  2864;  facsimile  of  com¬ 
mission  issued  by  congress  to,  facing 
2864;  French,  3467,  3469;  Confederate, 
4901-4903,  49io;  England  on,  4935; 
United  States  on,  5718. 

Privy  council  of  Great  Britain,  Lord  Dela¬ 
ware  member  of,  656;  disapproves  self- 
government  for  colonies,  699,  705,  706; 
investigation  of  London  company,  700- 
705 ;  defied  by  Virginia  assembly,  706, 
707;  James  I.  makes  promises  for,  708; 
Charles  I.  appoints  a  commission  from, 
for  Virginia,  710;  suggestion  of  free 
government  made  to,  71 1;  gives  patent 
for  new  council  for  Plymouth,  745 ; 
dealings  with  monopolists  in  the  two 
companies,  747,  748,  750;  hesitate  to 
grant  charter  to  Plymouth  colony,  827; 
Massachusetts  charter  attacked  before, 
853 ;  complaints  about  Massachusetts 
Bay  colony  before,  894,  895 ;  allowed 
the  planting  of  Roman  Catholic  state 
in  America,  1068;  dealings  with  Clai¬ 
borne,  1072,  1074. 

Procter,  Gen.  Henry  A.,  reinforces  Malden, 
3983;  at  Maguaga,  3984;  defeats  the 
Americans  at  Frenchtown  in  1813,  4017- 
4019;  besieges  Ft.  Meigs,  4020;  invades 
the  United  States  and  attacks  Ft. 
Stephenson,  4025,  4026;  defeats  Procter, 
4026;  retreats  before  the  American 


206 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


forces,  4031 ;  is  defeated  at  Thames, 
Can.,  4032. 

Procter,  Redfield,  secretary  of  war,  5624. 

Proctor,  Elizabeth,  accused  of  witchcraft, 
1333,  1334. 

Proctor,  Thomas,  on  the  Brandywine,  2614; 

Products  of  Pennsylvania  province,  1260; 
of  Rhode  Island  in  18th  century,  1483; 
semi-tropical  in  Carolinas,  1744,  1748; 
of  Georgia  before  revolution,  1920;  na¬ 
tive  products  of  Ohio  seen  by  Gist, 
2022;  indigenous  of  Detroit  region, 
2283-2285 ;  staples  of  English  colonies 
before  revolution,  2349,  2351 ;  “free  list” 
in  navigation  acts,  2352,  2353. 

Prohibition  party,  convention  and  platform, 
1888,  5623,  5624;  convention  and  plat¬ 
form  (1892),  5647,  5648;  convention  and 
platform  (1896),  5685,  5686. 

Promontory  Point,  Utah,  view  of  cere¬ 
monies  attending  completion  of  Pacific 
railroad  at,  facing  5492. 

Prophet,  Indian  medicine  man,  sketch  of, 
3956,  3957;  treaty  of  Ft.  Wayne  in¬ 
creases  his  following,  3959,  3960. 

Prospect  Hill  (Somerville,  Mass.),  British 
at,  2430;  Putnam  fortifies,  2466. 

“Prospect  of  the  Arts  and  Sciences  in 
America,”  by  Bishop  Berkeley,  1487. 

Protector,  U.  S.  cruiser,  2882. 

Protection,  see  Tariff. 

Protestant  association,  formed  in  Mary¬ 
land  by  John  Coode,  1699,  1700. 

Protestantism,  political  effect  of,  590;  re¬ 
inforced  by  English  colonies  in  Amer¬ 
ica,  625 ;  strong  in  American  colonies, 
1059,  1060. 

Protestants  in  Virginia  befriend  Leonard 
Calvert,  1083 ;  hated  by  Catholic  French, 
1365 ;  missions  useless  among  Abenakis, 
1 377 ;  widely  separated  from  Catholics 
in  English  colonies,  1596;  leagued 
against  Louis,  1633 ;  dread  the  return 
of  Catholic  power,  1686;  in  Maryland, 
1695,  1705,  1706;  in  Carolinas,  1744, 
1745,  1795;  their  missions  compared  with 
those  of  Catholics,  1797,  1798;  in  con¬ 
flict  with  Catholics  in  18th  century, 
2029;  encouraged  to  settle  in  Acadia, 
2112,  2113;  their  civilization*  in  Canada 
menaced,  2276. 

Protestants,  French,  see  Huguenots. 

Providence,  Md.,  first  name  of  Annapolis, 
1090;  renamed  Annapolis,  1707. 

Providence,  N.  C.,  Davie  at,  2996. 

Providence,  R.  I.,  not  in  New  England 
union,  914;  settled  by  Roger  Williams, 
1019,  1028,  1031 ;  Baptist  church  estab¬ 
lished  at,  1022,  1023 ;  Blackstone  at,  1022, 


1023;  division  of  lands  in,  1023,  1024; 
first  constitution  of,  1024;  arbitration 
in,  1024,  1025 ;  Gorton  in,  1027 ;  differ¬ 
ence  between  it  and  Portsmouth,  1032; 
in  union  of  Rhode  Island  colonies,  1047- 
1050;  its  proportion  in  general  assembly 
in  1663,  1457;  two  sets  of  officers  elected, 
1463 ;  partly  burned  during  King  Philip’s 
war,  1467;  quarreled  with  Pawtuxet 
over  territory,  1469;  with  Warwick  over 
jurisdiction,  1469;  dislikes  submission 
to  Andros,  1474;  internal  discord  in, 
1669 ;  terminus  of  first  stage  coach  route 
in  United  States,  2348;  encourages  Mas¬ 
sachusetts  in  1774,  2407;  news  of  the 
battle  of  Lexington  reaches,  2434;  Esek 
Hopkins  blockaded  at,  2534;  paper 
money  in,  2685,  3244;  Brown  university 
at,  3131 ;  letter  of  merchants  to  Phil¬ 
adelphia  convention,  3259. 

Providence,  U.  S.  brig,  2867,  2869;  Capt. 
jRathbourne  commands,  2880,  2882,  2896. 

Province  Island,  Howe  plants  batteries  on, 
2673. 

Providence  plantations,  meeting  of  freemen 
of,  1455- 

Providence  river  (Narragansett  river) 
claimed  as  boundary  of  Connecticut, 
1454- 

Provincetown,  Mass.,  Mayflower  drops  an¬ 
chor  in,  767. 

Provincial  congress  convenes  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  2417;  elects  Joseph  Warren,  pres¬ 
ident,  2417;  passes  act  organizing  the 
militia,  2417,  2418;  dissolves,  2418;  re¬ 
assembles  at  Concord,  2434. 

Provoost,  Bishop,  3108;  portrait,  facing 
3110;  consecration  of,  3112,  3332. 

Prudden,  Rev.  Peter,  first  pastor  at  Mil¬ 
ford,  Conn.,  989. 

Prussia,  Moravians  flee  to,  1866;  George 
applies  to,  for  aid,  2472,  2682. 

Ptolemy,  astronomer,  teaches  the  earth  to 
be  round,  95 ;  speaks  of  Faroe  Islands, 
204;  relied  on  by  Columbus,  277,  279. 

Public  lands,  see  Lands,  public. 

Public  schools  in  North  and  South,  5986. 

Publication,  first,  in  America,  913. 

Puebla,  Ruy,  Gonzalez  de,  Spanish  minister 
to  England,  writes  about  Cabot,  424, 
436;  held  by  Worth,  4394. 

Pulaski,  Count,  Casimer,  portrait,  facing 
2554;  sketch  of,  2555;  at  Germantown, 
2632 ;  cavalry  under,  2707 ;  resignation 
of,  2707;  independent  force  organized 
under,  2707 ;  Grey’s  attack  on  le¬ 
gion,  2760;  in  skirmish  with  Prevost, 
2822 ;  at  Savannah,  2830 ;  mortally 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


207 


wounded,  2830;  legion  destroyed  by  Fer¬ 
guson,  note,  2930. 

Pulaski,  Fort,  Georgia  seizes,  4649;  cap¬ 
tured,  4857;  construction  of,  4879,  4880; 
surrender  of,  4881. 

Pulaska,  Tenn.,  starting-point  of  Morgan’s 
Kentucky  raid,  5111;  Kuklux  Klan 
started  in,  5467. 

Pulitzer,  Joseph,  leader  of  the  Liberal  Re¬ 
publicans,  5517. 

Pullman  strike,  Chicago  (1894),  5668-5672. 

Purcell,  Flenry,  English  clergyman,  3108. 

Purdy,  Col.,  defeated  by  the  British,  4055. 

Purdy,  Tenn.,  road  leading  to,  5098; 
strength  of  Confederate  forces  at,  5099. 

Pure  food  bill,  passage  of,  5861,  5862,  5883. 

Puritans  embark  for  America,  537,  758- 
765;  foster  education,  68 6;  in  Virginia, 
717,  718,  721;  go  to  Maryland,  721; 
protected  by  Cromwell,  722,  723 ;  Sir 
John  Popham  prominent  among,  725 ; 
persecuted  by  Elizabeth,  752;  some  be¬ 
come  separatists,  752,  869,  876;  in  Hol¬ 
land,  752,  756-758,  760 ;  settlement  at 
Plymouth,  766-789,  799,  803;  Lyford’s 
treachery  toward,  806-808;  try  to  secure 
minister  for  Plymouth,  819,  note,  820; 
dislike  for  Merry-Mount,  note,  822,  823- 
825 ;  favored  by  Warwick,  843 ;  opposed 
by  Gorges,  844;  in  Massachusetts,  861, 
877,  889,  891 ;  Charles  I.  changing  policy 
towards  emigration,  863,  868,  note,  875, 
958;  in  better  classes,  874,  875;  in  Con¬ 
necticut,  899;  joined  by  Anne  Hutchin¬ 
son  and  Sir  Harry  Vane,  905 ;  treatment 
of  Quakers,  925 ;  type  in  popular  litera¬ 
ture,  927;  send  out  colonies  from  Massa¬ 
chusetts  Bay,  957;  John  Davenport  iden¬ 
tified  with,  985 ;  ascendency  in  England 
strengthens  New  England,  997;  unjustly 
blamed,  1004;  nonconformists,  1088;  un¬ 
mindful  of  favors  in  Maryland,  1088; 
win  in  battle  of  the  Severn,  1108-1110; 
trade  with  the  Dutch,  1120;  dread  Stuy- 
vesant,  1144;  compared  with  Quakers  in 
Pennsylvania,  1237;  in  conflict  with  An¬ 
dros,  1314;  strong  in  appeal  to  con¬ 
science,  1315;  assert  principles  of 
freedom,  1317;  compared  to  Greeks, 
1317;  especially  affected  by  witchcraft 
delusion,  1329,  1344;  in  Massachusetts 
opposed  Gov.  Joseph  Dudley,  1352;  op¬ 
posed  by  Clarendon,  1421 ;  entrenched  at 
Yale  college,  1451;  fear  Catholic  power 
on  throne,  1500;  flee  to  America  after 
restoration,  1604;  in  Maryland,  1674, 
1683;  flee  to  New  England,  1713;  in 
South  Carolina,  1738,  1765-1767,  1769; 


object  to  tax  on  tobacco  in  North  Caro¬ 
lina,  1756;  in  New  England  in  1760, 
2344. 

Purrysburg,  Ga.,  Lincoln’s  move  on,  2819; 
McIntosh  withdraws  from,  2821. 

Putnam,  Col.  Ii.  S.,  assault  upon  Ft.  Wag¬ 
ner,  5168;  killed,  5169. 

Putnam,  Capt.  Israel,  in  battle  in  the 
woods,  1758;  too  intrepid  at  Lake 
George,  2098;  shows  courage  during  in¬ 
vestment  of  Ft.  William  Henry,  2151, 
2152,  2154;  visits  ruins  of  Ft.  William 
Henry,  2159;  tries  to  save  Gen.  Howe, 
2192;  present  when  Howe  fell,  2193; 
with  rangers  after  Ticonderoga,  2200; 
captured  by  Indians,  2202;  tortured,  and 
nearly  burned  alive,  2202-2205 ;  portrait, 
facing  2202;  adventures  in  1758,  2210; 
fights  his  first  naval  battle  on  the  Sorel, 
2221 ;  captured  ships,  2221 ;  remarkable 
ride  to  Cambridge,  2432;  appointed 
officer  of  Connecticut  troops,  2435 ;  ap¬ 
pointed  major-general,  2452 ;  at  Bunker 
Hill,  2462 ;  at  Prospect  Hill,  2466 ;  at 
Cobble  Hill,  2480,  2481 ;  places  obstruc¬ 
tions  in  North  and  East  rivers,  2511;  as¬ 
sumes  command  at  Brooklyn  Heights, 
2512;  New  York  defended  by,  2516, 
2518;  Ft.  Washington  occupied  by,  2519; 
sent  to  Hackensack,  N.  J.,  2526;  fortifies 
Philadelphia,  2529,  2550;  Princeton  oc¬ 
cupied  by,  2549,  2550;  militia  under, 
2650,  Fiskill,  2656 ;  court-martialed,  note, 
2656;  Gates  sends  reinforcements  to, 
2672;  criticism  of,  2694;  petition  for 
land  grants,  3159. 

Putnam,  Rufus,  colonizing  schemes,  3193; 
founded  Marietta,  3198,  3410;  portrait, 
facing  3410;  on  Indian  affairs,  3521; 
treaty  with  Wabash  Indians  secured  by, 
3522. 

Putnam’s  rock,  on  Lake  Champlain,  scene 
of  Putnam’s  ambush  for  Molang,  2206- 
2210. 

Pyle,  Col.,  at  battle  of  Guilford,  3031. 

Pyles’  Ford,  Pennsylvania  militia  guard, 
2614. 

Pym,  John,  imprisoned  by  James  I.,  691; 
one  of  grantees  in  Warwick’s  patent,  849. 

Pynchon,  William,  founder  of  Springfield, 
Mass.,  867;  portrait,  facing  866;  Massa¬ 
chusetts  commissioner  for  Connecticut, 
967. 

Pyquag,  early  name  of  Wethersfield,  Conn., 
959- 

Pythagoras  teaches  spherical  shape  of  earth, 
94- 

Pytheas  of  Marseilles,  navigator,  204. 


208 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Q. 

Quaker  guns,  in  civil  war,  4787. 

Quaker  Hill,  R.  I.,  Sullivan  at,  2755. 

Quakers  in  Plymouth,  837,  839,  840,  842; 
in  Massachusetts  Bay  colony,  899,  925, 
944;  origin  of  name,  923;  very  aggres¬ 
sive  at  first,  924;  in  Maryland,  1088, 
1 1 16,  1673,  1683;  in  various  colonies  in 
18th  century,  1185;  settle  under  Penn, 
1198,  1199;  object  to  ballot,  1202;  ac¬ 
company  Penn,  1207 ;  come  to  Penn¬ 
sylvania,  1210;  relations  with  the  Ind¬ 
ians,  1210-1213;  persecuted  in  England, 
1218;  Penn  secures  relief  for,  1222,  1223; 
oppose  Moravians,  1225;  government 
under  Penn,  1226-1229;  George  Keith, 
Quaker  preacher,  1230,  1233-1238;  pa¬ 
triotism,  1240-1243;  “fighting  Quaker,” 
favorite  character  in  literature,  1243 ; 
John  Penn  remained  a,  1244;  in  Penn¬ 
sylvania  in  early  colonial  times,  1252, 
1261,  1405 ;  refuse  to  take  official  oath, 
1256;  of  Dover,  N.  H.,  true  to  their 
principles,  1373,  1374;  relieved  from  tax¬ 
ation  for  state  church  in  New  England, 
1447;  in  Rhode  Island,  1464,  1465,  1488; 
lose  power  gradually,  1478;  rage  against 
Dualey,  1481 ;  persecuted  in  Virginia, 
1641 ;  settle  in  Shenandoah  valley  in 
early  18th  century,  1658;  in  North  Caro¬ 
lina,  1764,  1765,  1794,  1805;  have 

one  place  of  worship  in  Charleston,  S. 
C.,  1795 ;  allowed  to  give  affirmation 
instead  of  oath,  1810;  ministers  in  South 
Carolina  oppose  slavery,  1837 ;  of  Penn¬ 
sylvania  made  peace  with  Braddock 
through  Franklin,  2060;  irritate  British 
officers  in  1763,  2317;  in  Pennsylvania 
object  to  putting  down  Indian  outrages, 
2325 ;  control  Pennsylvania  in  1750, 
2345 ;  during  American  revolution,  2437, 
2438,  2492,  2613,  2624,  2625,  2811,  2856; 
description  of  their  service  at  close  of 
revolution,  3142;  petition  to  congress 
against  slavery,  3377,  3378,  3618;  liberate 
their  slaves,  3619 ;  petition  congress  to 
prevent  kidnapping  of  free  negroes, 
4IT9- 

Quapaws,  Indian  tribe,  162. 

Quarles,  Gen.  W.  A.,  wounded  at  Franklin, 
5267. 

Quarrel  Point,  Ga.,  in  Oglethorpe’s  plan 
of  attack  on  St.  Augustine,  1899. 

Quarry,  Col.,  governor  of  South  Carolina, 
sympathizes  with  pirates,  1772. 

Quartering  act,  New  York  province  refuses 
to  comply  with  terms  of,  2384. 


Quay,  Matthew  S.,  candidate  for  president, 
5688. 

Quebec,  Can.  (city),  Cartier  settled  near 
site  of,  512,  514,  577;  Roberval’s  colony 
near,  518;  founded  by  Champlain,  529, 
530,  532,  536,  538;  French  colony  de¬ 
feated  by  English,  538,  539;  reduced  by 
Canada  company,  845 ;  hampered  by 
rivalry  with  Montreal,  1977;  threatened 
by  Iroquois,  1977,  1980;  French  troops 
landed  at,  in  1755,  2090;  Dieskau’s  ex¬ 
pedition  starts  from,  2090;  sends  reapers 
to  Montreal  in  1755,  2092;  French  head¬ 
quarters  in  1755,  1766,  2131,  2132;  fam¬ 
ine  stricken  in  1758,  2179;  Wolfe  and 
Montgomery  meet  death  at,  2182;  expe¬ 
dition  against,  in  command  of  Wolfe, 
2187,  2236,  2249,  2269,  2270;  captured  by 
British,  2215,  2223,  2231,  2272;  called 
the  Gibraltar  of  America,  2231 ;  monu¬ 
ments  to  Wolfe  and  Montcalm  at,  2271 ; 
Schuyler’s  expedition  to,  2475 ;  Mont¬ 
gomery  at,  2476-2478;  Arnold  at,  2476, 
2477 ;  map  of  Arnold’s  march  against, 
facing  2476;  English  garrison  at,  2477; 
Americans  driven  out  of,  2478;  British 
transports  at,  2861 ;  U.  S.  immigrant 
station  at,  5980. 

Quebec,  Can.  (province),  remnants  of 
Abenaki  tribe  in,  1362;  attack  against, 
planned  by  Sir  William  Phips,  1442; 
endangered  by  Five  Nations,  1531 ;  at¬ 
tacked  by  colonists  (1690),  1544;  evac¬ 
uated  by  English,  1632;  tossed  between 
French  and  English,  1935;  mission  of 
Notre  Dame  des  Anges,  built  in,  i960; 
receives  some  of  fugitive  Hurons,  1972; 
final  attempt  on,  by  French,  2273,  2275; 
England  wins  (1759),  2340;  to  include 
lake  region  in  Townshend’s  scheme, 
2357;  English  province  after  treaty  of 
Paris,  2364. 

Queen  Anne’s  war  (American  phase  of 
war  of  Spanish  succession),  Deerfield 
massacre  of  1704,  1353;  Nicholson’s  cap¬ 
ture  of  Acadia  in  1710,  1356;  war  closed 
by  treaty  of  Utrecht  in  1713,  1356,  1381, 
note,  2011,  2110,  2111;  Moore’s  expe¬ 
dition  against  the  Spanish  in  Florida, 
1796-1799;  Spanish  attack  on  Charleston 
in  1706,  1802-1804. 

Queen  Charlotte,  British  ship,  4028-4030. 

Queen  Esther,  Indian,  also  called  Catherine 
Montour,  2751. 

Queen  of  France,  U.  S.  ship,  2881,  2896. 

Queen  of  the  West,  Federal  ram,  in  battle 
of  Memphis,  4841,  4842. 

Queens  college,  see  Rutgers  college. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


209 


Queenstown,  province  of  Quebec,  expedi¬ 
tion  at,  1991. 

Queenstown  Heights,  Can.,  Brock’s  forces 
at,  3997 ;  movements  in  the  battle  at, 
3998,  3999;  surrender  at,  3999;  Dear¬ 
born’s  opinion  on  defeat  at,  3999. 

Quesada,  mutinous  captain  with  Magellan, 
410. 

Quezzi,  Italy,  home  of  Columbus’  mother, 
268. 

Quibbletown,  N.  J.,  Washington  at,  2609. 

Quiguate,  Indian  town  found  by  Soto,  476. 

Quinby  Bridge,  S.  C.,  fight  at,  3055.  _ 

Quincy,  Edmund,  becomes  an  Abolitionist, 
43U- 

Quincy,  Josiah,  acts  as  counsel  for  soldiers 
after  Boston  massacre,  2396;  description 
of  a  presidential  levee  by,  3334;  leader 
in  congress,  3803,  3867,  3901 ;  prefers 
war  to  an  embargo,  3886;  charges  Jef¬ 
ferson’s  administration  with  deceit,  3888 ; 
on  the  admission  of  Louisiana,  3942 ; 
on  army  bill  of  1812,  4005;  on  war  of 
1812,  4006;  on  financial  measures  of 
1812,  4009. 

Quincy,  Mass.,  Merry-Mount  in,  812. 

Quinnipiack,  Indian  name  of  New  Haven, 
987;  sold  by  Indians,  992. 

Quintanilla,  Alonzo  de,  favors  Columbus, 
288,  291. 

Quinto,  Italy,  birthplace  of  Columbus,  267. 

Quitman,  John  A.,  holds  perote,  4394; 
made  major-general,  4395;  fall  of  Cha- 
pultepec,  4390;  City  of  Mexico,  4400. 


R. 

Rabida,  De  la,  Franciscan  convent,  289. 

Racehorse,  British  brig,  2866. 

Radford,  Confederate  commander,  4760, 
4915. 

Radisson  explores  region  of  great  lakes, 
x959^ 

Rafn,  Karl  Christian,  researches  of,  note, 
209;  idea  of  Norse  route,  217;  gives  date 
to  Thorfinn’s  visit,  219. 

Railroad,  underground,  for  fugitive  slaves, 
4489,  4490,  4545: 

Railroads  begun  in  United  States,  4196, 
4197;  relation  to  national  improvements, 
4197;  view  of  ceremonies  attending  com¬ 
pletion  of  Pacific  railroad,  facing  5492; 
number  of  miles  in  1871,  5499 ;  strike 
of  1877,  5552,  5553;  southwestern  strike, 
5599;  Chicago  strike,  5599,  5600;  strike 
of  1894,  5668-5674;  regulation  of  rates, 
5835 ;  Roosevelt  suggests  shorter  hours 
for  employees,  5836 ;  bill  regulating  rates 


passed  by  congress,  5846-5855,  5883 ; 
“Granger”  railroad  legislation,  5848; 
“industrial  railroads,”  5851-5853;  provi¬ 
sion  for  arbitration,  5894,  5895;  growth 
in  South,  5952,  5953;  condition  in  1905, 
5965;  prosecutions  against,  for  rebating, 
5973- 

Raines  bill  passed  by  New  York  legisla-'" 
ture,  5696. 

Raleigh,  Sir  Walter,  Elizabeth’s  grant  to, 
recognized  by  Dutch,  558;  half-brother 
of  Sii  Humphrey  Gilbert,  598;  plans 
colony  to  baffle  Catholic  party,  599 ; 
upholds  Gilbert  at  court,  600;  portrait, 
facing  602 ;  his  extraordinary  endow¬ 
ments,  603 ;  takes  up  Gilbert’s  •  work, 
604;  commissioned  to  plant  colony,  604; 
forbidden  to  go  in  person,  605 ;  intro¬ 
duced  potatoes,  corn,  and  tobacco  to 
England,  61 1;  absorbed  by  conflict  with 
Spanish  armada,  613;  renews  endeavors 
to  establish  colony,  616,  617;  imprison¬ 
ment  and  death,  617 ;  his  plan  carried 
on  by  Gosnold,  618,  619;  related  by 
marriage  to  Sir  Thomas  Bale,  668; 
compared  with  Gorges,  725 ;  uncle  of 
Raleigh,  Gilbert,  726 ;  colony  at  Roanoke, 
r7r5- 

Raleigh,  city  of,  Raleigh’s  settlement  on 
Roanoke  Island,  61 1;  incorporators 
merged  in  London  company,  616. 

Raleigh,  N.  C.,  Sherman’s  plans  concerning, 
5315;  Sherman’s  fears  concerning,  5316, 
5317;  Grant’s  action  at,  5320;  conflict 
between  military  and  civil  authorities 
at,  5395,  5396. 

Raleigh,  Confederate  gunboat,  4915. 

Raleigh,  The,  one  of  Gilbert’s  ships,  601. 

Raleigh,  U.  S.  ship,  Capt.  Thompson  com¬ 
mands,  2873 ;  captured,  2880,  2881 ;  built 
at  Portsmouth,  Me.,  3119. 

Raleigh  tavern  at  Williamsburg,  Va., 
illus.,  facing  3128. 

Rail,  Col.,  at  Trenton,  N.  J.,  2530;  char¬ 
acter  of,  2530 ;  Washington’s  plan  to 
capture,  2539. 

Ramapo  Clove,  near  Haverstraw,  N.  Y., 
Washington  at,  2600. 

Rambouillet  decree  issued  by  Napoleon, 

3933-  .  .  .  • 

Ramirez,  Juan,  inherited  rights  from  De 
Ay  lion,  399. 

Ramsay’s  Mills,  Cornwallis  at,  3036. 

Ramseur,  Gen.  Stephen,  killed  at  Winches¬ 
ter,  5252. 

Ramsey,  French  commandant  of  Quebec  in 
1759,  2269.  2270. 

Ramsour’s  Mill,  battle  of,  2926,  2927; 
Cornwallis  at,  3026. 


I 


210 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Ramusio  published  a  translation  of  Ver- 
razano’s  story,  note,  504;  reports  him 
a  prey  to  cannibals,  507. 

Randall  attempts  to  bribe  congress,  3567. 

Randall,  A.  W.,  succeeds  Dennison  as  post¬ 
master-general,  5371 ;  accompanies  John¬ 
son  on  electioneering  tour,  5378. 

Randall,  Samuel  J.,  introduces  bill  to  re¬ 
store  political  rights,  5557. 

Randolph,  Beverly,  governor  of  Virginia, 
graduate  of  William  and  Mary  college, 
3128;  member  of  commercial  conven¬ 
tion,  3248,  3249;  governor  of  Virginia 
on  extradition,  3435,  3436;  appointed 
Indian  commissioner,  3523. 

Randolph,  Edmund  Jennings,  graduate  of 
William  and  Mary  college,  3128;  mem¬ 
ber  of  commercial  convention,  3248, 
3249;  facsimile  of  his  letter  to  James 
Madison  on  the  Philadelphia  conven¬ 
tion,  facing  3258;  member  of  the  Phila¬ 
delphia  convention,  3261 ;  life  sketch, 
3261 ;  Virginia  resolution  presented  to 
Philadelphia  convention  by,  3277-327 9 ; 
portrait,  facing  3284;  attorney-general, 
3340;  opinions  regarding  extradition, 
3436 ;  his  connection  with  Genet,  3473 ; 
secretary  of  state,  3501 ;  assists  in  Burr 
trial,  3839. 

Randolph,  Edward,  sent  to  Massachusetts 
to  control  revenues,  1281,  1282 ;  incensed 
by  Boston,  1303,  1304;  appointed  censor 
in  Massachusetts  Bay,  1313;  imprisoned 
in  Boston,  1321 ;  royal  commissioner  to 
Massachusetts,  1436,  1437;  against 

Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut,  1437, 
1438,  1470,  I47B  1478. 

Randolph,  Henry,  clerk  of  Virginia  assem¬ 
bly,  1603,  1604. 

Randolph,  Isham,  on  Panama  canal  com¬ 
mission  of  engineers,  5829. 

Randolph,  John,  of  Roanoke,  descended 
from  Pocahontas,  note,  675,  3671 ;  on 
Jay’s  treaty,  3558;  scandal  involving, 
3558>  3559;  explanation  of  Fauchet’s 
charges,  3560;  resigns  from  cabinet, 
3560;  his  vindication,  3560,  '  3561 ;  his 
theory  of  co-equal  power  of  treaty-mak¬ 
ing,  3568 ;  enters  congress,  3668 ;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  3670;  sketch  of,  3671;  his 
speech  upon  the  army,  3671,  3672 ;  on 
Louisiana  boundary,  3764,  3765 ;  opposes 
Yazoo  claims,  377  o,  3786;  opposes 
Madison,  3770,  3816,  3883;  on  Pickering 
impeachment,  3776;  assumes  prosecution 
of  Chase,  3778,  3788,  3789;  reply  to 
Jefferson  on  price  for  the  Floridas, 
3805,  3806;  blocks  action  of  the  house, 
3806;  on  the  pamphlet  “Examination,” 


3811;  opposes  non-importation,  3813; 
downfall,  3815,  3816;  suspects  Wilkin¬ 
son,  3841;  on  the  embargo,  3880,  3889; 
supports  Monroe,  3883 ;  attacks  U.  S. 
army,  3901,  3929;  on  the  condition  of 
congress,  3932;  on  non-intercourse  bill, 
3948;  quarrel  with  Eppes,  3949,  3950; 
appointed  on  special  committee  of  for¬ 
eign  relations,  3964;  opposes  war  of 
1812,  3965,  3966,  4007;  on  army  bill  of 
1812,  4005;  objects  to  protective  tariff, 
4096;  compared  to  Clay  in  his  methods, 
4103,  4104;  moves  to  reconsider  vote  on 
Missouri  bill,  4126;  on  position  of  Mis¬ 
souri  in  1820,  4131 ;  opposes  Adams’ 
administration,  4171 ;  duel  with  Clay, 
4175;  minister  to  Russia,  4220. 

Randolph,  Peyton,  owned  records  of  Lon¬ 
don  company,  note,  709 ;  presides  over 
adjourned  Virginia  assembly,  2393; 
president  of  first  Continental  Congress, 
2409,  2448;  graduate  of  William  and 
Mary  college,  3128. 

Randolphs  of  Roanoke,  note,  675 ;  killed  by 
Indians,  694. 

Randolph,  U.  S.  frigate,  Capt.  Nicholas 
Biddle  commands,  2877,  2878. 

Ranger,  U.  S.  sloop,  John  Paul  Jones, 
commander,  2874;  its  condition  and 
achievements,  2874-2876,  2881 ;  fight 

with  the  Drake,  2876;  its  loss,  2896; 
built  at  Portsmouth,  Me.,  3119. 

Ransom,  T.  E.  G.,  at  Ft.  Donelson,  4821. 

Ranters,  fanatic  sect  in  England,  927. 

Rantoul,  Robert,  senator  from  Massachu¬ 
setts,  4499. 

Raphael,  a  native  of  Florence,  344. 

Rapidan  river,  Jackson’s  retreat  to,  5014; 
encampment  of  Lee  on  banks  of,  5231, 
5232 ;  fighting  on,  5233 ;  condition  of 
country  in  vicinity,  5234;  army  of  the 
Potomac  crosses,  5246. 

Rapp,  George,  4207. 

Rappahannock  river,  Spaniards  on,  499; 
John  Smith  on,  644,  649;  explored  by 
Argali,  673 ;  boundary  of  Culpeper’s 
estate,  1626;  Johnston’s  position  on, 
4787;  Jackson  crosses,  5015;  Burnside 
plans  to  cross,  5069;  position  of  Fred¬ 
ericksburg,  5071 ;  Union  forces  cross, 
5072;  withdraw  to  north  bank,  5075; 
Sedewick’s  movements  near,  5082. 

Rappites  built  Harmony  in  Pennsylvania, 
4207,  4208;  built  New  Harmony  in  Indi¬ 
ana,  4208;  sell  to  Owen,  4208. 

Raritan,  U.  S.  ship,  4696. 

Raritans,  Indian  tribe,  made  treaty  with 
Van  Twiller,  1120;  unjustly  attacked  by 
Kieft,  1130. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


211 


Rascon,  owner  of  Columbus’  ship  the  Pinta, 
298. 

Rasle,  Sebastian,  Jesuit  missionary  to  the 
Abenakis,  1363,  1364;  his  influence 

dreaded,  1365 ;  secretly  corresponds  with 
Vaudreuil,  1367,  1369;  English  try  to 
secure,  1369-1371 ;  makes  Abenaki  dic¬ 
tionary,  1369;  death,  1372,  1373,  1376. 

Ratcliffe,  John,  commander  of  one  ship  in 
Jamestown  expedition,  630;  member  of 
local  council,  632 ;  opposed  by  some 
members,  note,  641 ;  made  president, 
642 ;  favors  Archer,  643 ;  disabled,  647 ; 
Smith’s  story  about,  648;  term  expired, 
649;  returned  with  “Third  Supply,”  658; 
builds  Ft.  Algernoune,  660;  killed,  661. 

Ratcliffe,  Philip,  undesirable  colonist,  88 8; 
complains  in  England,  894. 

•Ratford,  Jenkin,  British  deserter,  3854; 
death,  3856. 

Rathbone,  Maj.  H.  R.,  at  Ford’s  theatre, 
5299;  wounded  by  Booth,  5300. 

Rathbourne,  Capt.  John  P.,  commanded  the 
Providence ,  2880. 

Rattlesnake  dens,  2189. 

Rawdon,  Lord,  attacks  Ft.  Montgomery, 
2656;  Clinton  joined  by,  2908;  later 
career,  note,  2908;  portrait,  facing  2910; 
withdraws  to  Camden,  2921 ;  his  Cam¬ 
den  outrage,  2932 ;  soldiers  desert,  2933 ; 
sails  for  Carolina,  2939 ;  prepares  to 
meet  Gates,  2944,  2946;  battle  of  Cam¬ 
den,  2954,  2956 ;  Cornwallis  leaves  com¬ 
mand  to,  2996;  at  batfle  of  Hobkirk’s 
Hill,  3040,  3042,  3043;  perilous  position 
of,  3046;  retreats  to  Charleston,  3047; 
Sumter  harasses  march  of,  3048;  at 
Monck’s  Corner,  3048;  Greene  pursued 
by,.  3053;  at  Ft.  Granby,  3054,  3055; 
retirement  and  capture  of,  3055. 

Rawlins,  John  A.,  succeeds  Schofield  as’ 
secretary  of  war,  5419. 

Raymond,  Henry  J.,  reports  political  con¬ 
ditions  in  New  York,  5197;  at  National 
Union  convention,  5376. 

Raynor,  Thurston,  magistrate  of  New 
Haven  jurisdiction,  994. 

Raystown,  Pa.,  old  name  of  Bedford, 
2167,  2169. 

Razilly,  Claude  de,  knight  of  Malta,  re¬ 
occupied  Port  Royal,  1941 ;  dies,  1941 ; 
his  heirs  sell  land  to  D’Aunay,  1942. 

Read,  George,  portrait,  facing  2500;  mem¬ 
ber  of  the  Philadelphia  convention, 
3269;  sketch  of,  3269. 

Read,  James,  a  smith  at  Jamestown,  642. 

Read,  Col.  James,  leads  New  Hampshire 
troops,  2436. 


Reading,  Pa.,  magazine  at,  2623 ;  proposed 
for  national  capital,  3355. 

Reagan,  John  H.,  Confederate  postmaster- 
general,  4660;  portrait,  facing  4660. 

Reapportionment  of  congressional  repre¬ 
sentation,  bill  of  1790,  3428-3430. 

Rebecca,  baptismal  name  of  Pocahontas, 

674. 

Reciprocity  omitted  from  treaty  of  1780, 
3099 ;  efforts  to  attain,  3227 ;  U.  S.  trea¬ 
ties  of,  5645;  Roosevelt  on,  5793. 

Reconstruction  following  the  civil  war, 
discussed  in  Lincoln’s  last  cabinet  meet¬ 
ing,  5329;  Lincoln’s  ideas,  5329,  5330; 
reconstruction  bill  passed  July  4,  1864; 
5331-5333;  disapproved  by  Lincoln, 
5333 ;  Lincoln’s  proclamation,  5333 ;  pro¬ 
test  of  Congressmen  Wade  and  Davis, 
5333*  5334;  Lincoln’s  message  to  con¬ 
gress,  5334;  Ashley’s  bill  defeated,  5334; 
Trumbull  reports  joint  resolution  on 
Louisiana  reconstruction,  5335,  5336; 

Sumner’s  idea  of,  5336 ;  Lincoln’s  view 
of  Louisiana  reconstruction,  5336-5338; 
affairs  in  Tennessee,  5338,  5339;  John¬ 
son’s  proclamation  of  amnesty  and  par¬ 
don,  5344-5346;  proclamations  for  recon¬ 
struction  of  various  states,  5346;  negro 
suffrage  discussed,  5348;  constitutional 
conventions  in  seceded  states,  5349- 
5352 ;  action  concerning  negroes  in 
South,  5353-5357;  Johnson’s  message  to 
congress,  December,  1865,  5360,  5361 ; 
opposition  in  congress,  5361 ;  recon¬ 
structed  states  denied  representation, 
5362;  debate  in  congress  upon  admis¬ 
sion  of  states,  5363,  5364;  fourteenth 
amendment  passed,  5367,  5368;  rejected 
by  all  reconstructed  states  except  Ten¬ 
nessee,  5368;  majority  and  minority  re¬ 
ports  of  reconstruction  committee  of 
congress,  5369,  5370;  trouble  in  Louisi¬ 
ana,  5372-5375;  Johnson  restates  posi¬ 
tion,  5379-5381 ;  Stevens’  reconstruction 
bill,  5383,  5384;  passes  congress,  5384; 
vetoed  by  Johnson,  5385,  5386;  repassed 
by  congress,  5386;  supplementary  recon¬ 
struction  bill  passed,  5387;  vetoed  and 
repassed,  5387 ;  military  commanders 
assigned  to  southern  districts,  5387, 
5388;  congressional  interpretation  of  re¬ 
construction  acts,  5389 ;  bill  passed  by 
congress,  5389;  president’s  reasons  for 
vetoing,  5389,  5390;  clashes  of  authority 
in  various  southern  states,  5391,  5392; 
Stanbery’s  interpretation  of  reconstruc¬ 
tion  acts,  5392,  5393 ;  provisions  and 
regulations  made  by  military  governors, 


212 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


5395-5399;  constitutions  ratified  by  re¬ 
constructed  states,  5399,  5400;  ratify 
fourteenth  amendment,  5400;  constitu¬ 
tions  approved  by  congress,  5400;  con¬ 
gressmen  admitted,  5400;  difficulties  of 
the  reconstructed  governments,  5401 ; 
Johnson’s  opinion  of  the  policy  of  con¬ 
gress,  5415,  5416;  Johnson  urges  repeal 
of  unjust  measures,  5415;  four  states 
unrecognized  by  congress,  5417;  Georgia 
denied  admission  to  the  senate,  5417; 
Virginia  admitted,  5417,  5418;  Mississip¬ 
pi  and  Texas  admitted,  5418;  difficulties 
in  Georgia,  5421,  5422;  Georgia  ad¬ 
mitted,  5422 ;  era  of  reconstruction  ter¬ 
minated,  5422;  conditions  resulting  from 
the  reconstruction  act,  5423 ;  the  South 
during  reconstruction,  5429-5474,  5498; 
what  was  accomplished  by,  5462. 

Recovery,  Fort,  3530. 

Red  Bank,  N.  J.,  Fort  Mercer  at,  2626; 
battle  of,  2670,  2671 ;  Cornwallis  sent 
against,  2673. 

Red  Cloud,  Indian  chief,  197. 

Red  Head,  Onondaga  chief,  advocates  alli¬ 
ance  with  English,  2211. 

Red  Jacket,  Indian  chief,  1519;  at  Maumee 
Indian  council,  3523. 

Red  river.  Pike  explores,  3759,  3760;  Banks’ 
expedition  up,  5258. 

Red  Shoes,  Indian  chief,  proposes  treaty 
between  Choctaws  and  Oglethorpe,  1861. 

Red  Sticks,  Indian  tribe,  massacre  by,  4037; 
besiege  Talladega,  4038;  attack  Floyd, 
4057;  defeated  at  Horse  Shoe  Bend, 
4058,  4059 ;  organized  into  military  com¬ 
panies  by  the  British,  4078;  their  village 
raided  by  Jackson,  4109. 

Red  Stone  creek,  in  plan  of  Washington’s 
Ohio  expedition,  2043. 

Reed,  Harrison  H.,  elected  governor  of 
Florida,  5460,  5461. 

Reed,  Joseph,  Lee  intrigues  with,  against 
Washington,  2532,  2693;  Washington 

reinforced  by,  2534;  in  Trenton  plan 
2539,  2540;  British  peace  commission 
endeavor  to  bribe,  2746;  an  enemy  of 
Arnold,  2975. 

Reed,  S.  B.,  places  last  tie  on  Pacific  rail¬ 
road,  5493. 

Reed,  Thomas  B.,  candidate  for  president, 
5687. 

Reeder,  Andrew,  first  governor  of  Kansas, 
4551 ;  territorial  delegate  to  congress 
from  Kansas,  4553 ;  his  election  ignored 
by  congress,  4555;  elected  to  the  senate, 
4555;  indicted  for  treason,  4556;  unsuc¬ 
cessful  candidate  for  Republican  nom¬ 
ination  for  vice-president  in  i860,  4600. 


Reeve,  Tapping,  indicted  for  libel,  3817. 

Regular  army  and  navy  union,  5916. 

‘‘Regulators”  in  North  Carolina,  2391. 

Rehoboth,  Mass.,  settled  by  Plymouth  men, 
834;  devastated  in  King  Philip’s  war, 
1287. 

Reid,  Jacob,  candidate  for  judge  in  South 
Carolina,  5437. 

Reid,  Whitelaw,  nominated  for  vice-presi¬ 
dent,  5646. 

Reinier,  King,  sends  Columbus  to  Tunis, 
269. 

Relief,  U.  S.  steamer,  4636. 

Religion  in  middle  ages,  27;  connection  of 
Christianity  with  spirit  of  discovery,  28; 
of  Aztecs,  447,  448,  450,  452;  motive 
of  Coligny’s  colonies,  479,  488,  490; 
Roman  Catholic  mission  in  Maryland, 
499;  religious  animosity  prevents  France 
from  colonizing  successfully,  501,  502; 
basis  of  colonies  in  New  England,  910. 

Religious  conditions  of  various  sects  at 
the  close  of  the  revolution,  3107-3117, 
3142. 

Religious  organizations,  5921-5923. 

Remmel,  Valentine,  Social-Labor  nominee 
for  president,  5767. 

Renappi,  a  name  for  Delaware  Indians, 
2019. 

Rene,  duke  of  Lorraine,  established  a  lit¬ 
erary  center,  370. 

Reno,  Gen.  J.  S.,  assists  Pope,  5019;  at 
second  battle  of  Bull  Run,  5021-5023; 
ordered  to  Chantilly,  5025 ;  commands 
ninth  corps  under  McClellan,  5032; 
killed  at  South  Mountain,  5041 ;  cam¬ 
paign  against  the  Indians,  5515. 

Renshaw,  U.  S.  army,  expedition  against 
Galveston,  4865-4867 ;  death,  4867. 

Rensselaer,  Van,  see  Van  Rensselaer. 

Rensselaer  county  included  in  patroonship 
of  Kiliaen  Van  Rensselaer,  567. 

Reprisal,  U.  S.  ship,  prizes  captured  by, 
2555;  achievements  of,  2870,  2871. 

Republican,  French  privatger,  3465. 

Republican  party  organized,  4546-4561 ;  na¬ 
tional  convention  and  platform  of  1856, 
4557-456o;  controls  house  in  36th  con¬ 
gress,  4587;  gains  strength,  4587,  4588; 
convention  at  Chicago,  4596-4600; 
strengthened  in  Pennsylvania  by  tariff 
plank,  4601;  on  fugitive  slave  law,  4644; 
members  in  congress  attribute  reverses 
to  Lincoln,  5076;  caucus  of  senators, 
5076;  discrimination  against  Democratic 
sections  by  war  department  officials, 
5179;  protests  of  press  against  arbitrary 
arrests,  5185;  action  on  Burnside’s  or¬ 
der,  5188;  convention  of  radicals  at 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


213 


Cleveland,  5194,  5195;  nominates  Fre¬ 
mont  for  president,  5194;  Baltimore 
convention  nominates  Lincoln  and 
Johnson,  5195;  platform  of,  5195;  radi¬ 
cal  candidates  withdraw,  5212;  re-elec¬ 
tion  of  Lincoln,  5212;  radicals  favor 
Johnson,  5343 ;  secures  passage  of  thir¬ 
teenth  amendment,  5362 ;  opinion  con¬ 
cerning  admission  of  states,  5363 ;  dis¬ 
trusts  Johnson,  5372;  majority  of  con¬ 
gress  in  1866,  5379 ;  members  in  con¬ 
gress  fear  Johnson’s  power  of  dismissal, 
5384;  Republican  state  officers  and  con¬ 
gressmen  elected  in  South  Carolina, 
Louisiana,  Georgia,  and  Florida,  5399 ; 
house  vote  on  impeachment  of  John¬ 
son  a  party  vote,  5406;  Republican  sen¬ 
ators  voting  against  impeachment,  5412; 
Chicago  convention,  5413 ;  platform, 
5413;  nominates  Grant  and  Colfax,  5413, 
5414;  election  of  Grant  and  Colfax,  5414; 
in  South  Carolina,  5444,  5445,  5458, 
5459;  in  Florida,  5460,  5461;  split  in 
1872,  5517;  convention  in  1872,  5520; 
convention  in  1876,  5544;  convention  in 
1880,  5564;  convention*  in  1884,  5589; 
convention  in  1888,  5622,  5623 ;  conven¬ 
tion  in  1892,  5646 ;  convention  in  1896, 
5686-5688;  convention  in  1900,  5769- 
5772;  convention  of  1904,  5819,  5820; 
see  also  Federalists;  Whigs;  Liberal 
Republican  party. 

Resaca,  Ga.,  Johnson  retreats  to,  5260. 

Resaca  de  la  Palma,  Texas,  battle  of,  4380. 

Restoration  in  England,  effect  on  Virginia, 
1601,  1603,  1604,  1639;  importation  of 
felons  to  America  resumed  at,  1684, 
1685.  _ 

Resumption  act,  congress  passes,  5561. 

Revenge,  U.  S.  cutter,  achievements  of, 
2872,  2873,  3869. 

Revenue,  see  Tariff,  Taxation. 

Revere,  Paul,  at  Concord,  2421 ;  his  signal 
plan,  2422;  his  famous  “midnight  ride,” 
2423. 

Revolution,  American,  Quakers  in,  1242; 
wipes  out  Penn  claims,  1258;  throws 
Pennsylvania  paper  money  into  disuse, 
1263 ;  caused  Pennsylvania  land  to  be¬ 
long  to  people,  1272 ;  Maryland  Gazette 
important  in,  1709;  Oglethorpe  sympa¬ 
thizes  with,  1917;  may  be  said  to  have 
begun  in  seven  years’  war,  2015;  teaches 
England  how  to  keep  other  colonies, 
2054;  Ft.  Niagara  a  British  stronghold 
during,  2226,  2227;  American  revolution 
also  an  English  one,  2339;  cause  of, 
2339;  opinion  in  England  contemporary 
with  American  revolution,  note,  2340 ; 


arguments  concerning,  stimulate  print¬ 
ing-press,  2348;  its  principles  and  re¬ 
sults,  2350;  special  active  causes,  2351- 
2355-_ 

Revolutionary  war,  provincial  congress, 
2420;  Lexington  and  Concord,  2420- 
2430 ;  preparations  of  the  separate  colo¬ 
nies,  2434-2441 ;  Ticonderoga,  2443-2446, 
2567-2575,  2638 ;  continental  congress, 
2448-2450 ;  Washington  chosen  com¬ 
mander-in-chief,  2450-2452;  Bunker  Hill, 
2453,  2456-2464;  organization  of  the 
American  army,  2465-2470 ;  Canadian 
campaign,  2475-2479 ;  British  evacuate 
Boston,  2479-2484;  Dunmore  ravages  the 
southern  coast,  2486-2489;  battle  of 
Moore’s  creek  and  its.  effect,  2490-2504; 
declaration  of  independence,  2496-2500; 
Ft.  Moultrie,  2507-2509 ;  battle  of  Long 
Island,  2513-2516;  Harlem  Heights, 
2519;  battle  of  White  Plains,  2521; 
Arnold  on  Lake  Champlain,  2522-2525 ; 
battle  of  Trenton,  2539-2543;  battle  of 
Princeton,  2547,  2548 ;  foreign  officers, 
2554,  2555,  2705-2707;  battle  of  Oris- 
kany,  2588-2593 ;  battle  of  Bennington, 
2599-2607;  battle  of  Brandywine,  2614- 
2621;  massacre  of  Paoli,  2623,  2624; 
British  in  Philadelphia,  2624,  2625,  2729, 
2730;  battle  of  Germantown,  2627-2633; 
first  battle  of  Saratoga,  2639-2644;  sec¬ 
ond  battle  of  Saratoga,  2648-2654;  Bur- 
goyne’s  surrender,  2660-2667 ;  Ft.  Mercer 
and  engagements  in  the  Delaware,  2669- 
2674;  conditions  of  the  army,  2675,  2683, 
2691,  2693,  2707,  3056,  3057;  financial 
conditions  during  the  war,  2682,  2691, 
2853,  2858,  2962,  2966,  3057,  3058;  Wash- 
inton  and  the  Conway  cabal,  2693-2704; 
Great  Britain’s  war  policy  in  1778,  2711- 
2726;  alliance  with  France,  2713,  2969- 
2971;  battle  of  Monmouth,  2734-2742; 
massacre  of  Wyoming,  2747-2752 ;  mas¬ 
sacre  of  Cherry  valley,  2760-2762 ;  the 
West  during  the  war,  2763-2806;  British 
campaigns  in  the  South,  2807-2832,  2905- 
2961 ;  Stony  Point,  2835-2838 ;  Paulus 
Hook,  2838;  Sullivan’s  Iroquois  cam¬ 
paign,  2839-2844;  French-Spanish  alli¬ 
ance  against  Great  Britain,  2844-2853 ; 
condition  of  the  United  States  in  1779- 
80,  2853,  2901-2903,  2967-2969;  work  of 
the  American  navy,  2859-2900;  Clinton’s 
Charleston  expedition,  2905-2914;  bat¬ 
tle  of  Ramsour’s  Mill,  2926,  2927;  battle 
of  Camden,  2951-2957;  Arnold’s  treach¬ 
ery,  2978-2988;  battle  of  Musgrove’s 
Mill,  2991 ;  battle  of  King’s  Mountain, 
3001-3007;  battle  of  the  Cowpens,  3018- 


214 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


3025;  battle  of  Guilford  Court-House, 
3032-3035 ;  battle  of  Hobkirk’s  Hill, 
3042-3045;  Lafayette  in  Virginia,  3069; 
battle  of  Eutaw  Springs,  3074-3078; 
siege  of  Yorktown,  3081-3083;  the  sur¬ 
render  of  Cornwallis,  3082-3084;  peace 
negotiations  and  treaty,  3091-3100;  naval 
battle  of  Rodney  and  De  Grasse,  3091, 
3092;  condition  of  the  United  States  at 
close  of  the  war,  3103-3144. 

Reynolds,  Dr.,  most  learned  man  in  James 
I/s  time,  983,  984. 

Reynolds,  Gen.  J.  R,  commands  under 
Pope,  5019;  at  Groveton,  5020;  at  second 
battle  of  Bull  Run,  5022;  mortally 
wounded  at  Gettysburg,  5087. 

Reynolds-PIamilton  affair,  3600-3602. 

Rhea,  John,  president  of  republic  of  west 
Florida,  3940;  congressman  from  Ten¬ 
nessee,  4108. 

Rhett,  Robert  Barnwell,  leads  southern 
delegation  in  slavery  controversy  in  con¬ 
gress,  4316,  4317;  in  contest  at  organiza¬ 
tion  of  26th  congress,  4323 ;  on  secession, 
4618. 

Rhett,  Capt.  William,  commands  Charles¬ 
ton  ships  in  French  attack,  1802,  1803 ; 
captures  Bonnet,  the  pirate,  1823. 

Rhine  river,  fugitives  from,  settle  in  North 
Carolina,  1811. 

Rhode  Island,  Narragansetts  in,  158;  Norse¬ 
men  in,  216,  217;  explored,  but  not 
named  by  Adriaen  Block,  550;  connec¬ 
tion  of,  with  Warwick’s  patent,  849; 
Blackstone  first  white  settler  in,  note, 
880;  Roger  Williams  in,  904,  1019;  Anne 
Hutchinson’s  settlement  in,  914;  Gorton 
in,  920,  921 ;  Baptists  in,  922 ;  Quakers 
use  it  as  a  rendezvous,  930,  931 ;  barred 
from  New  England  union,  1029;  govern¬ 
ment  of  colony  organized,  1030-1032 ; 
general  court  instituted,  1033 ;  land  laws 
in,  1040,  1041,  1057;  R.  Williams  gained 
patent  for  Narragansett  colonies,  1046; 
settlements  united,  1047 ;  Quakers  tol¬ 
erated,  1053-1055;  discontinued  use  of 
wampum,  1057;  land  holdings  in,  1059; 
religious  toleration  later  than  in  Mary¬ 
land,  1068;  Quakers  in,  1185;  population 
in  1750,  1261 ;  acquiesced  in  royal  usurpa¬ 
tion,  1282;  Andros  governor  of,  1318; 
boundary  on  Connecticut  side  arbitrated, 
1420 ;  “Great  Awakening”  spread  to, 
1450;  opposed  plan  of  Albany  congress, 
1452,  1491 ;  not  disturbed  by  restoration, 
1453;  charter,  provisions  of,  1456-1458; 
involved  in  boundary  disputes,  1457; 
sends  deputation  to  New  York,  1459; 
to  govern  King’s  province  in  1665,  1460; 


excluded  from  New  England  union, 
1461 ;  as  described  by  royal  commission¬ 
ers,  1461,  1462;  general  court  of  1669, 
1464;  not  involved  in  war  with  Dutch, 
1466;  devastated  in  King  Philip’s  war, 
1467;  population  compared  with  Connec¬ 
ticut,  1470;  population  in  1679,  1470; 
refuses  to  recognize  surveying  commis¬ 
sion  of  1683,  1471 ;  does  not  give  up 
document  of  its  charter,  1473,  1475, 
1476;  house  of  deputies  separates  from 
council,  1477;  gains  in  public  spirit, 
1478;  general  assembly,  1478-1480, 
1488;  visited  by  Earl  of  Bellomont,  1479; 
condition  of,  unsatisfactory,  1479,  1480; 
population  in  1702,  1480;  in  1708,  1483, 
1485 ;  settles  boundary  dispute  with 
Connecticut,  1481 ;  alarmed  in  war  of 
Spanish  succession,  1482;  repels  French 
fleet  in  1703,  1482;  tariff  laws  in  early 
18th  century,  1484;  government  in  1713, 
1484;  census  in  1730,  1487;  first  news¬ 
paper,  1488 ;  contributes  to  war  of  Span¬ 
ish  succession,  1489 ;  takes  part  in  Louis- 
bourg  expedition,  1490;  population  in 
1748,  1491 ;  disorders  in  during  18th  cen¬ 
tury,  1481,  1492 ;  Capt.  Kidd  goes  to, 
1556;  not  an  attractive  model  of  free 
community  in  early  18th-century,  1642; 
population  in  1755,  2009;  objects  to 
sugar  act  of  1733,  2354;  protests  against 
stamp  act,  2368 ;  prints  Hopkins’  pam¬ 
phlet,  2368;  postpones  indemnity  for 
stamp  act  riots,  2384;  fails  to  keep  non¬ 
importation  agreement,  2398 ;  supported 
by  other  colonies  in  Gaspee  affair,  2400; 
assembly  takes  action  on  revolutionary 
war,  2434,  2435,  2495 ;  Bunker  Hill  troops 
of,  2453;  Lee  sent  to  Newport,  2485; 
number  submit  to  Howe’s  proclamation, 
2531 ;  map  showing  campaign  in,  facing 
2753,  2754;  Rhode  Island  campaign,  2753, 
27 54;  condition  at  close  of  revolution, 
3104;  on  slavery,  3106;  opposes  custom 
duty,  3205;  on  British  commerce,  3229; 
paper  money,  3244;  on  the  Philadelphia 
convention,  3259 ;  constitution  ratified 
by,  3405,  3406;  population  in  1790,  3422; 
on  Kentucky  resolutions,  3651;  repre¬ 
sented  in  the  Hartford  convention,  4091, 
4092;  Dorr  rebellion,  4356;  draft  in, 
5178;  ratifies  thirteenth  amendment,  5213. 

Rhode  Island,  U.  S.  ship,  saves  the  crew  of 
the  Monitor,  4922. 

Riall,  Sir  Phineas,  defeated  at  Chippewa 
and  Lundy’s  Lane,  4062,  4063. 

Ribault,  Jean,  in  command  of  Coligny’s  ex¬ 
pedition,  479;  sets  up  a  column  for 
France  on  St.  John’s  river,  480;  builds 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


215 


Ft.  Charles,  481 ;  second  expedition  to 
America,  482-485 ;  magnanimity  to  Lau- 
donniere,  486,  590 ;  in  conflict  with  Span¬ 
iards,  489,  490 ;  his  fleet  wrecked,  491 ; 
slain  by  Spaniards,  494,  495. 

Rice,  culture  of,  introduced  in  Carolinas, 
1790 ;  cultivation  of,  increases  slave  la¬ 
bor,  1836;  cultivated  in  Georgia  before 
revolution,  1920;  staple  before  revolu¬ 
tion,  2349. 

Richard,  ship,  sent  out  by  Plymouth  com- 
pany,  727. 

Richard,  American  sloop,  3814. 

Richards,  Daniel,  organizes  “Loyal  League” 
in  Florida,  5460. 

Richardson,  Gen.  Israel  B.,  brigade  com-, 
mander,  4747;  at  Bull  Run,  4752,  4762; 
at  Centreville,  4760;  at  Malvern  Hill, 
4988. 

Richardson,  Capt.  John  S.,  at  battle  of  Bull 
Run,  4753. 

Richardson,  Gen.  Richard,  Tarleton’s  out¬ 
rages  against,  3008,  3009. 

Richardson,  William  A.,  defends  Kansas- 
Nebraska  bill,  4543. 

Richardson,  Fort,  Miss.,  captured  by  Con¬ 
federates,  5135;  retaken,  5135. 

Richebourg,  Caude  Philippe  de,  leader  of 
Huguenot  company  in  Virginia,  1634. 

Richelieu,  Jean  Du  Plessis,  Cardinal, 
strengthened  colony  in  Canada,  538,  539; 
establishes  trading  companies  in  Canada, 
r934- 

Richelieu  river  on  route  of  expedition 
against  Canada  in  1690,  1544;  Iroquois 
starting-point  for  assault  on  Quebec, 
1980. 

Richmond,  duke  of,  his  American  policy, 
2717;  his  relations  with  Chatham,  2719- 
2721 ;  appointed  in  Rockingham  cabinet, 
3089. 

Richmond,  Can.,  Fenians  propose  to  cap- 
_  ture,  5499,  5500. 

Richmond,  Ky.,  Morgan  at,  5ir3- 

Richmond,  Va.,  English  on  site  of,  635; 
founded  by  Col.  Wm.  Byrd,  1666;  in¬ 
corporated,  1666;  became  capital,  1666; 
Arnold  burns,  3030;  Lafayette  in,  3069; 
Burr  at,  3836,  3837,  3839;  seceding  dele¬ 
gates  from  Charleston  convention  of 
Democratic  party  meet  at,  4594;  gov¬ 
ernment  property  from  Harper’s  Ferry 
removed  to,  4695;  McClellan  prepares 
for  campaign  against,  4788 ;  note,  4791 ; 
Confederate  forces  at,  479b  497b  49731 
Jackson  returns  to,  4798;  Rogers’  ex¬ 
pedition  against,  4920,  4921 ;  map  of 
surrounding  country,  facing  4960;  panic 
in,  5003;  McClellan’s  retreat  from,  5006; 


Pope’s  proposed  march  to,  5009;  Mc¬ 
Clellan  advances  toward,  5055,  5056;  Lee 
intercepts  advance,  5055 ;  martial  law  in, 
5066;  Burnside  plans  attack  on,  5069; 
Stoneman  ordered  to  cut  Lee’s  line  of 
communication  with,  5079;  Lee  con-' 
siders  advisability  of  retreat  to,  5083 ; 
peace  conference  at,  5200 ;  conditions  iny 
5221,  5223 ;  riots  in,  5222 ;  Christmas 
dinner  given  at,  5223;  Francis  P.  Blair, 
Sr.,  interviews  Davis  at,  5225 ;  return 
of  peace  commissioners  to,  5227 ;  pub¬ 
lic  meeting  at,  5227 ;  Butler  advances 
against,  5231 ;  Sheridan’s  raids  near, 
5236,  5239,  524o;  Grant  and  Lee  advance 
toward,  5240;  Grant’s  plan  of  operations 
against,  5242 ;  Lee  enters,  5242 ;  Han¬ 
cock  attacks  from  the  north,  5245 ;  Gen. 
Butler  takes  outer  defenses,  5246;  oper¬ 
ations  against,  5285 ;  Lee  telegraphs 
Davis  to  evacuate,  5289 ;  Lincoln  visits, 
5298,  5307;  evacuation  of,  5303,  5305; 
public  property  in,  5305 ;  ruins  of,  in 
1865,  facing  5306;  occupied  by  Gen. 
Weitzel,  5306;  martial  law  proclaimed 
at,  5306 ;  Confederate  government  offi¬ 
cials  flee  from,  5307;  Lee’s  plans  to  re¬ 
gain,  5314;  news  of  evacuation  reaches 
Sherman,  5315;  Halleck  in  command  at, 
5320;  Sherman  passes  through,  5321, 
5322;  body  of  Jefferson  Davis  removed 
to,  5666;  aid  sent  San  Francisco,  5878. 

Richmond,  Confederate  ironclad,  4901 ; 
blown  up  in  James  river,  5304. 

Richmond,  U.  S.  ship,  4862,  4863,  4888, 
.  4895. 

Richmond  Examiner,  newspaper,  note,  4635. 

Richmond  Whig,  newspaper,  note  4641. 

Ricketts,  Gen.  James  B.,  Bull  Run,  4753- 
4755 ;  wounded,  4757 ;  at  Cedar  Moun¬ 
tain,  5014;  at  Manassas,  5019;  in  battle 
of  Antietam,  5045. 

Ridgefield,  Conn.,  Arnold  and  Tryon  fight 
at,  2566. 

Riedesel,  Baron,  Hessian  troops  command¬ 
ed  by,  2473;  at  Ticonderoga,  2573,  2574; 
Bennington  raid  proposed  by,  2601 ;  his 
advice  to  Burgoyne  before  Saratoga, 
2647 ;  at  Saratoga,  2648,  2652 ;  retreat 
of,  2658;  kindly  treated  by  Schuyler, 
2664,  2665. 

Riedesel,  Madame,  account  of  Burgoyne’s 
campaign  by,  2570,  2635,  note,  2636;  suf¬ 
ferings  of,  2661. 

Rienzi,  Miss.,  Rosecrans  ordered  to,  5130. 

Rigand,  Philippe  de,  governor-general  of 
French  colonies,  1362,  1363. 

Rigby,  Alexander,  buys  “Plough  Patent,” 
951;  died,  952. 


216 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Right  of  search  under  international  law, 
3063;  France  on,  3063,  3064;  Frederick 
the  Great  on,  3063 ;  Catherine  of  Russia 
on,  3063;  English  enforces,  3539;  Jeffer¬ 
son  on,  3858;  English  press  on,  3861. 

Riley,  Gen.  Bennett,  assumes  charge  of 
civil  affairs  in  California,  4447. 

Ringmann,  Prof.,  in  court  of  duke  of  Lor¬ 
raine,  370. 

Rio  Bravo  river  claimed  as  western  bound¬ 
ary  of  Louisiana  by  Jefferson,  3754. 

Rio  de  Janeiro,  Bay  of,  Pinzon  and  Solis 
on,  375 ;  Magellan  in,  409. 

Rio  de  la  Plata  discovered  by  Solis  and  De 
Lepe,  375 ;  explored  by  Magellan,  409. 

Rio  Grande  river,  stonework  antiquities 
found  south  of,  147;  Pike  at  the,  3760. 

Ripley,  Eleazar  W.,  reinforces  Scott  at 
Lundy’s  Lane,  4063 ;  returns  to  Chip¬ 
pewa,  4065. 

Ripley,  Joseph,  on  Panama  canal  commis¬ 
sion  of  engineers,  5829. 

Ripley,  Miss.,  Rosecrans  pursues  Van  Dorn 
to,  5137. 

Rising  Sun  tavern,  at  Germantown,  Pa., 

2628. 

Risingh,  governor  of  New  Sweden,  cap¬ 
tured  New  Amstel,  1151. 

Ritchie,  Thomas,  editor  of  Daily  Union, 
4371- 

Rittenhouse,  David,  his  connection  with 
Genet,  3467. 

River  Queen,  steamer,  Lincoln  on  board  of, 
.  5315- 

Rives,  John  Cook,  editor  of  Globe,  4370. 

Rives,  William  C.,  minister  to  France,  4220. 

Roads  in  colonial  period,  1006,  2348. 

Roanoke,  U.  S.  frigate,  4843,  4913,  4917. 

Roanoke  Island,  N.  C.,  colony  at,  rescued 
by  Drake,  596,  610;  Simon  Ferdinando 
in,  600;  Barlowe  visits  chief  on,  607; 
colony  established,  608;  Lane  thinks 
place  unsuitable,  609 ;  Grenville’s  men 
on,  612;  first  English  child  born  on,  612; 
extinction  of  colony,  614,  615,  631;  later 
settlement  on,  1715;  Burnside’s  expedi¬ 
tion  against,  in  1861,  4874-4876;  capture 
of,  illus.,  facing  4876. 

Roanoke  river,  settlements  on,  ravaged  by 
Tuscaroras,  1813;  Gist  on,  2026;  Albe¬ 
marle  on,  5174. 

Roanoke  Sound,  battle  in,  4876. 

Roberts,  Jonathan,  proposes  the  prohibi¬ 
tion  of  slavery  in  Missouri,  4124. 

Robertson,  Lieut.-Gen.,  tries  to  save  Andre, 
2987. 

Robertson,  Senator,  Chamberlain’s  letter  on 
the  Hamburg  massacre  to,  5446,  5447. 

Robertson,  James,  in  Dunmore’s  war,  2772, 


2773;  commands  troops  against  Indians, 
3390. 

Robertson,  William,  collector  of  customs 
for  New  York,  5570. 

Roberval,  Seigneur  de,  commissioned  to 
establish  colony  in  Canada,  515;  asso¬ 
ciated  with  Cartier,  516-518. 

Robeson,  Geo.  M.,  appointed  secretary  of 
navy,  54 19,  5522. 

Robin,  Abbe,  early  Boston  described  by, 
3142. 

Robinette,  Fort,  Miss.,  attack  upon,  5135, 
5J36- 

Robinson,  clerk  of  Pennsylvania  provincial 
court,  1225. 

Robinson,  Gen.,  aided  in  attack  on  Platts- 
burg,  4066. 

Robinson,  president  of  Virginia  council, 
takes  place  of  governor,  1667. 

Robinson,  Beverly,  house  of,  illus.,  facing 
2980;  headquarters  of  Arnold,  2980;  his 
efforts  to  save  Andre,  2987. 

Robinson,  Charles,  elected  governor  of  Kan-, 
sas  by  Free-soil  party,  4552;  indicted 
for  treason,  4556. 

Robinson,  Capt.  Isaiah,  commands  the 
Sachem  and  Andrea  Doria,  2866. 

Robinson,  J.  M.,  lieutenant-governor  of 
Texas,  4278. 

Robinson,  John,  great  separatist  leader, 
character,  754,  804,  805 ;  built  up  cplony 
in  Leyden,  756;  his  writing,  757;  his 
farewell  letter,  764,  765 ;  advised  the 
compact,  767;  opinion  on  destruction  of 
Wituwamat,  787,  788;  death,  816. 

Robinson,  William,  persecuted  as  Quaker, 
936,  938;  facsimile  of  his  letters  to  Fox, 
facing  936. 

Rochambeau,  Count  de,  arrives  in  Ameri¬ 
ca,  2970 ;  Clinton  attempts  to  capture, 
2970;  portrait,  facing  2970;  his  head¬ 
quarters,  illus.,  facing  2980;  Clinton 
wants  Andre’s  case  referred  to,  2987; 
Washington  and  De  Grasse  cooperate 
with,  3068,  3073;  at  Wethersfield,  Conn., 
3070;  movements  after  Yorktown,  3083 ; 
succeeds  Leclere,  3735. 

Rochdale  Hundred,  Va.,  laid  off  by  Dale, 
672. 

Roche  Du  Bout,  Wayne  at,  3526. 

Rocheblave,  French  commander  of  Kas- 
kaskia,  2781. 

Rock  creek,  Pa.,  Slocum  at,  5088. 

Rock  Castle  creek,  Ky.,  Daniel  Boone  at, 
2767. 

Rockingham,  Marquis  of,  at  head  of  old 
Whig  ministry  (1765),  2360;  resigns, 
2383;  his  American  policy,  2717;  on 
British  peace  manifesto,  2747;  ministry 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


217 


of,  3088,  3089;  portrait,  facing  3088; 
death,  3093. 

Rocky  Mount,  S.  C.,  Turnbull  at,  2921 ; 
Tories  attempt  to  organize  at,  2929; 
Sumter  attacks,  2933 ;  British  garrison, 
2944. 

Rocky  Mountains,  western  boundary  of 
French  territorial  claim,  2004,  2006. 

Rodes,  Gen.  R.  E.,  killed  in  battle  of  Fish¬ 
er’s  Hill,  5249. 

Rodgers,  John,  Jr.,  Adm.,  portrait,  facing 
4840;  organizes  inland  navy,  4846;  com¬ 
mands  the  Weehawkin,  4860;  fight  with 
the  Atlanta,  4860;  fleet  of,  4920;  com¬ 
mands  flotilla  on  James  river,  4989. 

Rodgers,  John,  Sr.,  Com.,  commands  the 
General  Monk  in  fight  with  the  Hyder 
Ally,  2899,  2900;  rank  in  U.  S.  navy, 
3624;  commander  of  the  President,  3952, 
3953 ;  wounded,  3989 ;  harasses  British 
retreat  from  Alexandria,  4076. 

Rodman,  Gen.  I.  P.,  in  battle  of  Antietam, 
5047,  5048 ;  killed,  5048. 

Rodney,  Admiral,  character,  note,  2870; 
arrives  in  New  York,  2971;  attacks  and 
pillages  St.  Eustatius,  3065,  3066;  re¬ 
turns  to  England,  3079;  battle  with  De 
Grasse,  3091,  3092. 

Rodney,  Caesar,  in  first  continental  con¬ 
gress,  2409;  his  influence  on  colony’s 
vote,  2499;  portrait,  facing  2500;  man¬ 
ager  in  Chase  impeachment  trial,  note, 
3788;  attorney-general,  3803,  3896;  as¬ 
sists  in  Burr  trial,  3838 ;  appointed  min¬ 
ister  to  Argentine  republic,  4142. 

Rodondo,  Don  Antonio  de,  commanded 
Spanish  expedition  against  Georgia  in 
1742,  1904;  disgraced  by  his  government 
for  defeat,  1915. 

Roe,  Sir  Thomas,  patentee  in  Plymouth 
council,  744;  mouthpiece  of  Virginia 
company,  746. 

Roebling,  John  A.,  designs  and  builds 
Brooklyn  bridge,  5588. 

Roebling,  W.  A.,  builds  Brooklyn  bridge, 
5588. 

Rogers,  minister  brought  to  Plymouth  by 
Allerton,  819. 

Rogers,  L.  W.,  director  American  railway 
union,  indictment,  arrest  and  sentence 
of,  5673,  5674- 

Rogers,  Capt.  Woodes,  drives  pirates  from 
Bahamas,  1822. 

Rogers,  Col.  W.  P.,  at  Corinth,  5136;  killed 
in  attack  upon  Ft.  Robinette,  5136. 

Rogers,  Maj.  Robert,  at  Ticonderoga,  2188, 
2192,  2193,  2200-2202;  commander  of 
“Rogers’  rangers,”  2192,  2277;  concib'ates 
Indians  on  Lake  Erie,  2279,  2280,  2283 ; 


accompanies  Dalzell’s  party  against  Pon¬ 
tiac,  2303,  2305. 

Rogers’  rangers  at  Ticonderoga,  2188,  2192, 
2193;  in  conflict  with  Moland,  2201- 
2210;  in  seven  years’  war,  origin  of, 
2217;  as  marines  under  Putnam,  2221; 
account  of,  2277,  2278. 

Roldan,  Francisco,  revolts  from  Columbus, 
331;  put  down,  334,  337;  drowned,  338. 

Rolfe,  John,  marries  Pocahontas,  note,  645, 
note,  650,  674;  colonial  secretary,  656, 
note,  675 ;  raised  first  tobacco  crop  in 
Virginia,  670;  sends  letter  to  Powhatan, 
675;  goes  to  England,  note,  675,  676. 

Rolla,  Mo.,  Curtis  leaves,  5731. 

Rollins,  Gen.  John  A.,  secretary  of  war, 
5522;  death,  5522. 

Roman,  A.  B.,  Confederate  commissioner, 
4661. 

Roman,  Cape,  touched  by  Villafane,  488. 

Roman  law  in  New  England,  910,  91 1. 

Romans  learn  shipbuilding,  hi;  maritime 
ability  compared  with  that  of  other  na¬ 
tions,  in,  1 12;  overwhelmed  by  barba¬ 
rians,  202,  203. 

Romayne,  Dr.,  in  plot  to  invade  Louisiana, 
3605. 

Rome,  Ga.,  Soto  encamped  near  site  of,  472. 

Rome,  Italy,  crusaders  in,  44;  intercourse 
with  Constantinople,  53 ;  printing-press 
in,  61 ;  spherical  shape  of  earth  known 
in,  95 ;  a  maritime  power,  105 ;  warships 
of,  in;  inhabitants  of,  differ  from  Ital¬ 
ians,  in;  memorial  services  for  McKin- 
ley  in,  5790. 

Romney,  British  sloop-of-war,  2389,  2390. 

Roosevelt,  Theodore,  secures  taxation  of 
public  franchises  in  New  York,  5697; 
“Rough  Riders”  commanded  by,  5728; 
nominated  for  vice-president,  5769,  5770; 
succeeds  McKinley,  5788 ;  statement  re¬ 
garding  policy  of,  5788 ;  first  official 
message  to  congress,  5791 ;  on  anarchy, 
579 1,  5792;  on  trusts,  5792;  on  labor 
question,  5793;  on  over-capitalization, 
5793 ;  on  tariff,  5793 ;  on  Cuba  and  the 
Philippines,  5793,  5794;  on  Monroe  doc¬ 
trine,  57941  investigation  of  coal  strike 
in  1902,  5810-5815;  nominated  for  pres¬ 
ident,  5819;  sketch  of,  note,  5819,  5820; 
election  of,  5820;  his  second  cabinet, 
5821 ;  portrait,  facing  5821 ;  position  on 
the  post-office  scandal,  5825 ;  on  Panama 
canal,  5831 ;  effects  peace  between  Rus¬ 
sia  and  Japan,  5833,  5834;  annual  mes¬ 
sage  (1905),  5838-5840;  opposes  spoils 
system  in  consular  appointments,  5845 ; 
on  railroad  rates,  5847,  5853,  5854; 

Y 


218 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


opinion  of  59th  congress,  5883,  5884; 
on  Chinese  immigration  question,  5905. 

“Roosevelt’s  Quack,”  negro  burned  in  panic 
of  “Negro  Plot,”  1578,  1579. 

Root,  Elihu,  secretary  of  war,  5772;  suc¬ 
ceeds  Hay  as  secretary  of  state,  5821, 
5833 ;  on  treaty  of  1818,  5962,  5963. 

Root,  Joseph  M.,  speaks  against  slavery 
and  disunion  in  house,  4449,  4450. 

Rose,  George  Henry,  British  envoy  to 
America,  3869;  negotiations  in  Chesa¬ 
peake  controversy,  3871-3874;  leaves 
Washington,  3875. 

Rose,  Sir  John,  consults  Grant  on  war 
claims,  5505. 

Rose,  British  ship,  1308;  in  Boston  har¬ 
bor,  1319,  1321. 

Rosecrans,  Gen.  William,  attacks  Pegram, 
4742;  succeeds  McClellan,  4771 ;  in  the 
Shenandoah  valley,  4797 ;  enters  Corinth, 
5108;  succeeds  Buel  as  commander  of 
department  of  the  Ohio,  5126;  reorgan¬ 
izes,  5128;  portrait,  facing  5128;  con¬ 
centrates  forces  at  Nashville,  5128;  or¬ 
dered  to  Jacinto  and  Rienzi,  5130; 
ordered  to  attack  Iuka,  5130;  marches 
upon  Iuka,  5131 ;  ignores  Grant’s  order, 
5131;  battle  with  Price,  5132;  ordered  to 
Corinth,  by  Grant,  5132;  in  army  of  the 
West,  5133;  strength  of  forces  under, 
5134;  plans  to  resist  attack  at  Corinth, 
5134;  in  battle  of  Corinth,  5135;  pursues 
Van  Dorn  to  Ripley,  5136,  5137;  recalled 
by  Grant,  5137;  reply  to  Grant,  5137; 
order  to  his  troops,  5138;  battle  of  Mur¬ 
freesboro,  5 15 1-5 1 53 ;  strength  of  forces 
before  battle,  5154;  losses,  5154;  re¬ 
lieved  of  command  of  army  of  the 
Cumberland,  5154;  sent  to  Missouri, 
5155;  Burnside  to  reinforce,  5157,  or¬ 
dered  to  drive  Johnston  into  Georgia, 
5159;  plan  of  campaign,  5160;  object  of 
campaign,  5161 ;  plan  of  advance  of, 
5161 ;  reaches  Chattanooga,  5161 ;  battle 
of  Chickamauga,  5162-5164;  losses,  5164; 
at  Chattanooga,  5164;  food  supply  cut 
off,  5164;  at  St.  Louis,  5202;  in  Mis¬ 
souri,  5257. 

Ross,  Col.,  at  Ft.  Donelson,  4822. 

Ross,  E.  G.,  votes  against  impeachment  of 
Johnson,  5412. 

Ross,  George,  portrait,  facing  2500. 

Ross,  James,  Gallatin  succeeded  by,  3486. 

Ross,*  Maj.-Gen.  Robert,  sails  for  Chesa¬ 
peake  Bay,  4070;  at  battle  of  Bladens- 
burg,  4073 ;  enters  Washington,  4075; 
advances  on  Baltimore,  4076;  death, 

4077.  ..  _ 

Rossiter,  citizen  of  Guilford,  1424. 


Roswell,  Sir  Henry,  one  of  first  Massa¬ 
chusetts  association,  864. 

Rotterdam,  Holland,  aids  Moravians,  1867. 

Rouen,  parliament  of,  9;  colony  from,  520. 

Rouen,  Archbishop  of,  supports  Sulpitians 
in  Montreal,  1983. 

Rouse,  John,  punished  as  Quaker,  841,  933. 

Rousseau,  Confederate  commodore,  organ¬ 
izes  fleet  at  New  Orleans,  4899,  4900. 

Rousseau,  Gen.  Lovell  H.,  sends  troops  to 
defend  Louisville,  4806;  at  Murfrees¬ 
boro,  5152;  at  Cleveland  convention, 
5377- 

Rowland,  Thomas  F.,  monitor  built  in  pri¬ 
vate  yard  of,  4910. 

Rowlandson,  Mrs.,  captured  by  Indians, 
1296. 

Rowley,  Mass.,  cloth-making  at,  3124. 

Roxbury,  Mass.,  part  of  Massachusetts  Bay 
colony,  879;  Anne  Hutchinson  at,  909; 
opposed  tax  for  Newtown,  962. 

Roxbury  Heights,  Mass.,  fortifications  of, 
2456. 

Royal  Americans,  in  second  attack  on  Ft. 
Duquesne,  2167;  in  Niagara  expedition 
in  1759,  2223,  2247,  2262. 

“Royal  Greens,”  Johnson  organizes,  2486; 
in  St.  Leger  expedition,  2584,  2586; 
Wyoming  invaded  by,  2750. 

Ruddell’s  Station,  Ky.  (Ruddell’s  Mills), 
Indians  under  Col.  Byrd  destroy,  2792. 

Rugely’s  Mill,  S.  C.,  British  detachment  at, 
2944. 

Ruger,  Gen.  Thomas  H.,  Grant’s  instruc¬ 
tions  to,  on  South  Carolina  election, 
5448-5451. 

Ruggles,  Gen.  Daniel,  brigade  at  Pittsburg 
Landing,  5103. 

Ruggles,  Timothy,  chairman  of  stamp  act 
convention,  2377;  loyalist  leader,  2417. 

Ruiz,  Sancho,  pilot  of  Columbus,  315. 

Rule  of  1756,  379L  3810,  3898,  3899,  3908. 

“Rules  for  the  Trial  of  Witchcraft,”  by  Sir 
Matthew  Hale,  1328. 

Rum,  prohibition  of,  in  Georgia  contested, 
1877;  introduced  in  Georgia,  1919,  1920; 
contest  over  tariff  on,  3344,  3345. 

Rumsey,  James,  invented  a  steamboat,  3121, 

3695- 

Runyon,  Gen.  Theodore,  division  command¬ 
er,  4748;  Johnston’s  statement  regarding 
division  of,  note,  4765. 

Rush,  Dr.  Benjamin,  portrait,  facing  2500; 
intrigues  against  Washington,  2532, 
2693,  2701 ;  appointed  surgeon-general, 
2708. 

Rush,  Richard,  declines  treasury  portfolio, 
4045;  minister  to  Great  Britain,  4102; 
negotiates  with  Canning  in  regard  to 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


219 


the  recognition  of  the  South  American 
republics,  4144-4147 ;  appointed  secretary 
of  treasury,  4169;  nominated  vice-presi¬ 
dent,  4190;  on  naval  force  on  great 
lakes,  5870. 

Rusk,  Jeremiah,  secretary  of  agriculture, 
5624. 

Russell,  Gen.  D.  A.,  killed  in  battle  of 
Fisher’s  Hill,  5249. 

Russell,  Lord  John,  provokes  revolt  in  Can¬ 
ada,  4310;  on  Trent  affair,  4929-4932; 
on  slavery,  4935 ;  policy  during  civil  war, 
4938,  4940,  494 L  4943  5  attempt  to  ignore 
Confederate  states,  5230;  offensive  at¬ 
titude,  5503. 

Russell,  Jonathan,  senate  refuses  to  con¬ 
firm  his  appointment  as  minister  to 
Sweden,  4015;  appointed  on  peace  com¬ 
mission  (1813),  4045;  attacked  Adams* 
conduct  at  Ghent,  4163. 

Russellville,  Ky.,  Secession  convention  at, 
4808,  4809. 

Russia  opened  to  Europe,  589;  George  ap¬ 
plies  to,  for  troops  in  American  revo¬ 
lution,  2472 ;  opposes  continental  system 
of  Napoleon,  3955;  offers  to  mediate 
between  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain  in  war  of  1812,  4011,  4012;  claims 
American  territory,  4148,  4149;  ratifies 
agreement  with  United  States  in  regard 
to  northwestern  coast  of  America,  4165 ; 
friendship  for  the  Union,  4924;  on  for¬ 
eign  intervention  in  the  civil  war,  4940; 
demands  indemnity  for  Boxer  outrages, 
5833- 

Russo-Japanese  war,  its  outbreak  and  the 
conference  which  closed  it,  5833,  5834. 

Rutgers,  Elizabeth,  her  lawsuit  against 
Waddington,  3139. 

Rutgers  college,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J., 
early  history  of,  3132. 

Rutherford,  Gen.,  commanded  North  Caro¬ 
lina  militia,  2818,  2819;  opposed  Raw- 
don’s  march,  2947;  at  the  Pedee  river, 
2942;  wounded  and  captured,  2955. 

Rutledge,  Edward,  motion  in  congress  on 
independence  of,  2497;  portrait,  facing 
2500;  on  Ft.  Sullivan,  2506;  president 
of  the  provincial  congress,  2506;  powder 
furnished  by,  2509;  on  committee  to 
consult  with  Howe,  2517. 

Rutledge,  John,  governor  of  South  Caro¬ 
lina,  2818;  militia  enrolled,  2820;  on 
surrender  of  Charleston,  S.  C.,  2824; 
correspondence  with  D’Estaing,  2827; 
dictatorial  power  given,  2906;  Lincoln 
sends  him  out  of  Charleston,  2910 ;  corn- 
emission  officers,  note,  2999;  assists 
Greene,  3015;  delegate  to  the  Philadel¬ 


phia  convention,  3270;  sketch  of,  3270; 
electoral  vote  for  vice-president  of, 
3326;  justice  of  the  supreme  court, 
3339,  357o;  as  chief  justice,  3570. 

Rutledge,  Timothy,  in  first  continental  con¬ 
gress,  2409. 

Ruysch’s  world  map,  note,  41 1. 

Ruyter,  Michel  Ade,  Dutch  admiral,  1144, 
1497. 

Ryswick,  treaty  of,  news  reaches  Massa¬ 
chusetts,  1349;  enables  England  to  man¬ 
age  colonies,  1477;  influences  Frontenac’s 
plans,  1552;  restores  Acadia  to  France, 
1958;  on  claims  of  France  in  America, 
note,  2011. 


S. 

Saale,  North  German  Lloyd’s  steamship  in 
the  Hoboken  fire,  5783. 

Sabbath  Day  Point,  Lake  George  so  named 
by  Gen.  -  Abercrombie,  2190. 

Sabine  City,  Tex.  (Sabine  Pass),  federal 
post  in  civil  war,  4864,  4867,  4898. 

Sabine  Cross-Roads,  La.,  battle  of,  5258. 

Sabine  Peninsula,  Me.,  site  of  Popham  col¬ 
ony,  729. 

Sabine  river,  Wilkinson  defends  line  of 
the,  3831 ;  Spanish  limits  at  the,  3832; 
boundary  of  Louisiana,  3943;  Crocker 
raids,  4865. 

Sable  Cape,  fur  trade  begins  on,  1936;  the 
La  Tours  at,  1936-1938,  1940,  1941. 

Sable  Island,  near  Nova  Scotia,  Marquis 
de  la  Roche  on,  519;  Sir  Humphrey 
Gilbert  coasts,  602. 

Sachem,  American  ship,  28 66. 

Sackett,  W.  Augustus,  speaks  against  sla¬ 
very  and  disunion  in  house,  4449,  4450. 

Sackett’s  Harbor,  American  base  in  war  of 
1812,  3995,  3996,  4026,  4049,  4050,  4052, 
4053;  view  of,  facing  4048;  British  de¬ 
feat  at,  4051. 

Saco  (city),  Me.,  owes  settlement  to 
Richard  Vines,  739;  also  Richard  Bony- 
thon,  950 ;  Gorges’  council  holds  first 
meeting  at,  948;  annexed  to  Massachu¬ 
setts  Bay,  952. 

Saco  Bay,  Me.,  noted  by  Champlain,  525. 

Sacos,  Indian  tribe,  in  Maine,  swept  away 
.  by  plague,  note,  733. 

Sacramento,  Cal.,  strike  at,  5671. 

Sag  Harbor,  N.  Y.,  Meigs  destroys  British 
magazine  at,  2567. 

Saga,  in  Iceland,  206;  describes  adventures 
of  Bjarne,  208,  209;  of  Lief  Ericsson, 
212-216;  of  Thorvald  Ericsson,  216-218; 
of  Thorstein  Ericsson,  218-220;  of  Thor- 


220 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


finn  Karlsefne,  219-227,  note,  229,  237, 
242;  Madoc  story,  246. 

Sagadahoc  river.  Mo.,  fort  at,  729,  note, 
733,  734  5  legend  of  Indians  at,  note,  731 ; 
boundary  of  “State  County,”  793;  “Fam- 
ilists”  fail  to  settle  on,  848;  dividing 
line  between  grants  of  Gorges  and  Lord 
Alexander,  856. 

Saguenay  river,  Canada,  found  by  Cartier, 
51 1 ;  Champlain  explored,  521,  529. 

Sahcajahweah,  the  bird  woman,  with  Lewis 
and  Clark  expedition,  3758;  services  of, 
3758,  3759- 

Sailor’s  Creek,  Va.,  Sheridan  captures 
Ewell’s  corps  at,  5290. 

St.  Albans,  Vt.,  Young’s  raid  in,  5206; 
Canadian  government  refunds  money  to, 

5207- 

St.  Andrews,  Ga.,  visited  by  Oglethorpe ; 
1883;  fort  at,  built  by  Oglethorpe,  1884; 
invaded  by  Spanish  in  1742,  1906. 

St.  Augustine,  Fla.,  founded,  168,  490; 
named  by  Vespucci,  355;  Solis  at,  375; 
Ponce  de  Leon  takes  possession  of,  388, 
389;  Spanish  occupy,  49b  493,  495,  497; 
destroyed  by  Drake,  500;  Spaniards  re¬ 
tired  from  Jamestown  to,  657;  Spaniards 
at,  made  peace  with  Gov.  Archdale, 
*793 ;  attacked  by  Carolina  colonists, 
1796,  1797;  tabby  used  in,  1883;  notified 
of  Oglethorpe’s  boundary,  1884;  attacked 
by  Oglethorpe,  1897-1899;  landing-place 
of  Spanish  expedition  in  1742,  1904; 
Spaniards  returned  to,  after  invasion  of 
Georgia,  1915 ;  Provost’s  headquarters 
at,  2811;  Charles  Lee’s  expedition 
against,  2812;  Gadsden  sent  to,  2993; 
Matthews  captures,  in  1812,  3973 ;  Com¬ 
modore  Rogers  at,  4878;  submits  to  the 
United  States,  4878. 

St.  Botolph’s  church,  Boston,  Eng.,  illus., 
facing  876;  John  Cotton,  ex-rector  of, 
893 • 

Saint-Castin,  Jean  Vincent  de  l’Abadie, 
Baron,  sketch  of,  1368. 

Saint-Castin,  Joseph,  Baron,  1368. 

St.  Catherine’s  Bay,  Cartier  at,  508. 

St.  Catherine’s  Island,  Ga.,  deeded  to  the 
Bosomworths  by  Malatche,  1926,  1932. 

St.  Charles  river,  Cartier  on,  511;  Jesuit 
mission  established  on,  i960;  boundary 
of  French  intrenchments,  2237;  French 
fleet  in,  2243. 

St.  Christopher,  West  Indies,  Swedes  at, 
581. 

St.  Clair,  Gen.  Arthur,  at  Trenton,  2540; 
appointed  major-general,  2564;  super¬ 
sedes  Gates,  2564;  at  Ticonderoga, 
2568-2572 ;  reaches  Castleton,  2573 ;  at 


Ft.  Edward,  2574;  criticisms  on,  note. 
2575,  note,  2576,  note,  2577;  congress 
recalls,  2578,  2908;  troops  snub,  3056; 
governor  of  the  northwest  territory, 
3197,  3380,  3381 ;  his  Indian  expedition 
and  its  defeat,  3381,  3411,  3413,  3422; 
Washington’s  anger  at,  3418;  Wayne 
succeeds,  3420 ;  announces  end  of  Ind¬ 
ian  war,  3530. 

St.  Clair,  Sir  John,  wounded  at  Braddock’s 
defeat,  2076. 

St.  Clair  -Lake,  French  established  on, 
2284. 

St.  Clement,  French  ship,  1945-1951. 

St.  Clement’s  Island,  Md.,  Lord  Balti¬ 
more’s  expedition  landed  on,  1070. 

St.  Cloud,  Fort,  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  view 
of,  facing  4824. 

St.  Croix  Island  selected  for  colony  of  de 
Monts,  524,  621 ;  devastated  by  Argali, 
676. 

St.  Croix  river.  New  Brunswick,  boundary 
of  Sir  William  Alexander’s  territory, 
750;  the  true,  3641. 

St.  Die,  Duke  of  Lorraine’s  court  at,  361 ; 
accepts  Vespucci’s  letters,  370. 

St.  Eustatius,  West  Indies,  Admiral  Rod¬ 
ney  captures  and  pillages,  3065 ;  Hol¬ 
land  recovers,  3085. 

St.  Francis  river,  Soto  found,  475. 

St.  George  Fort,  Fla.,  built  and  abandoned 
by  Oglethorpe,  1884. 

St.  George  Island,  Popham’s  colony  at, 
728. 

St.  Helena,  S.  C.,  attempts  to  settle,  1738. 

St.  Helena  Bay,  Fla.,  Spanish  settlement 
at,  497. 

St.  Helena  Island,  S.  C.,  attacked  by  Span¬ 
iards,  1742. 

St.  Ignace,  Jesuit  Huron  mission  town, 
destroyed  by  Iroquois,  1971. 

St.  Jean,  Fort,  also  called  Ft.  La  Tour, 
1942;  D’Aunay  attempts  to  take,  1945; 
Mme.  de  La  Tour  arrives  at,  1952; 
captured  by  D’Aunay,  1953 ;  gained  by 
La  Tour  from  widow  of  D’Aunay, 
T957- 

St.  John,  island  of,  West  Indies,  proposed 
purchase  of,  by  United  States,  5477, 
5478;  English  view  of  transaction,  5478. 

St.  John  river,  N.  S.,  Claude  de  La  Tour 
has  grant  on,  1938;  first  Jesuit  mission 
among  Hurons  on,  1963,  1964;  fort  on, 
captured  by  English,  2120. 

St.  John’s,  landing  of  Sir  Humphrey  Gil¬ 
bert,  601 ;  silver  found  at,  602. 

St.  John’s,  Quebec,  captured  and  sackarf  by 
Arnold,  2447,  2448;  British  reoccupy, 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


221 


2475 ;  Montgomery  besieges  and  cap¬ 
tures,  2475 ;  Fenians  propose  to  capture, 
5499;  O’Neill  at,  5500,  5502. 

St.  John’s  Island,  in  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence, 
see  Prince  Edward  Island. 

St.  Johns  river,  Fla.,  discovered  by  Cor- 
dillo,  397 ;  sought  by  de  Ayllon,  397 ; 
perhaps  reached  by  Cabot,  437;  visited 
by  Ribault,  480;  called  river  of  May, 
480;  settled  on  by  Laudonniere,  482; 
Menendez  attacks  French  at  mouth  of, 
489;  de  Gourgues  enters,  498;  San 
Pedro  built  on,  499;  boundary  of  Caro¬ 
lina  grant  of  Charles  II.,  1722;  claimed 
as  boundary  by  Oglethorpe,  1884;  limit 
of  English  sovereignty  over  Creek  lands 
in  1859,  1891 ;  Federal  gunboats  patrol, 
4879. 

St.  Joseph  Fort,  Mich.,  captured  by  the 
Indians,  2308,  2309. 

St.  Joseph,  Mich.,  on  site  of  French  fort, 
2005. 

St.  Joseph,  Jesuit  mission  among  Hurons, 
destroyed  by  Iroquois,  1970. 

St.  Joseph,  Sisterhood  of,  established  at 
Montreal  by  Sulpitians,  1977. 

St.  Lawrence,  Gulf  of,  probably  explored 
by  Cabot,  433;  explored  by  Champlain, 
522;  boundary  of  Acadia,  523;  omitted 
from  charters  by  London  and  Plymouth 

companies,  743 ;  lands  on  given  up  to 
France  in  1763,  2334. 

St.  Lawrence,  U.  S.  frigate,  sinks  the 
Petrel,  4903 ;  attempts  to  attack  the 
Merrimac,  491 7. 

St.  Lawrence  church,  London,  John  Dav¬ 
enport,  rector  of,  985. 

St.  Lawrence  river,  Champlain  on,  500; 
thought  to  be  northwest  passage,  510; 
explored  by  Cartier,  511-513;  Roberval 
on,  518;  Champlain  on,  521,  522;  fur 
traders  wish  to  dominate,  526;  colony 
on,  by  Champlain,  529,  532,  533,  1059; 
tribes  on,  ask  aid,  530,  535 ;  Richelieu 
interested  in  colony  on,  538;  French 
claims  on,  respected  by  English,  627 ; 
reputed  to  be  the  route  to  the  South 
sea,  649 ;  Plymouth  company  plans  to 
take  in,  744 ;  boundary  of  Laconia 
grant,  845  ;  boundary  of  Abenaki  coun¬ 
try,  1361;  Indian  commerce  on,  1522; 
real  centre  of  French  settlements,  1933; 
vast  tract  on,  given  to  Sir  Alexander, 
1935 ;  boundary  of  D’Aunay’s  grant, 
1955 ;  boundary  of  French  possessions 
in  America,  1986;  in  chain  of  French 
defenses,  2005 ;  Bienville’s  expedition 
on,  2010;  closed  to  the  French  in  1758, 


2177,  2178;  route  of  attack  on  Canada 
in  1759,  2214;  fierce  tides  of,  225 7; 
impassable  in  winter,  2272,  2273;  lands 
on,  given  up  by  France  in  1763,  2334; 
operations  on,  in  war  of  1812,  3995 ; 
proposed  tolls  over  water-ways  con¬ 
necting,  5644. 

St.  Lazarus,  name  given  to  the  Philippine 
Islands  by  Magellan,  415. 

St.  Legers,  Col.  Barry,  sketch  of,  note, 
2584;  expedition  against  Ft.  Stanwix, 
2584,  2598;  portrait,  facing  2586;  at 
battle  of  Oriskany,  2588-2594. 

St.  Louis,  Ala.,  Appalachian  remnant  goes 
to,  1799. 

St.  Louis,  Can.,  Jesuit  mission  destroyed 
by  Iroquois,  1971. 

St.  Louis,  Mo.,  established  by  French  in 
1764,  2005  ;  Southern  hotel  marks  Pon¬ 
tiac’s  burial-place,  2308 ;  Pontiac  killed 
near,  2308 ;  G.  R.  Clark’s  expedition  to, 
2780-2782 ;  Sinclair’s  expedition  attacks, 
2791;  Lewis  and  Clark  return  to,  3759; 
Pike  at,  3759;  Burr  and  Wilkinson  at, 
3823;  Germans  in,  opposed  to  slavery 
and  secession,  4703 ;  Lyon  defends, 
4704;  its  condition  in  1861,  4708;  excite¬ 
ment  in,  over  Fremont’s  removal, 
4725;  Gen.  Price  threatens,  5257;  John¬ 
son  makes  speech  in,  5378;  Democratic 
convention  at,  5544;  railroad  strike  of 
1877  at,  5553 ;  railroad  strike  in  east 
St.  Louis,  5599;  Democratic  national 
convention  of  1888,  5622 ;  national  Dem¬ 
ocratic  convention  of  1904,  5817. 

St.  Louis,  Fort,  Can.,  beginning  of  Quebec, 
529;  Champlain  refuses  to  surrender 
to  English,  538. 

St.  Louis,  Fort,  Ill.,  established  by  La. 
Salle,  1996;  reached  by  La  Salle’s  sur¬ 
vivors,  1997,  1998. 

St.  Louis,  Fort,  Tex.,  destroyed  by  Ind¬ 
ians,  1998. 

St.  Louis,  U.  S.  gunboat,  in  attack  on  Ft. 
Henry,  4814;  in  attack  on  Ft.  Donel- 
son,  4819,  4820;  at  Island  No.  10,  4833; 
at  Pensacola,  4843. 

St.  Malo,  Brittany,  birthplace  of  Cartier, 
507;  he  sails  from,  508,  510;  returns  to, 
510,  515;  colony  of  De  Monts  returns 
to,  528. 

St.  Mark,  flag  of  Venice,  raised  in  North 
America,  425. 

St.  Mark’s,  Fla.,  objective  point  of  Moore’s 
expedition  against  Appalachians,  1798; 
seized  by  Jackson,  4109. 

St.  Mark’s  Bay,  Fla.,  probably  reached  by 
Narvaez,  462. 


9  99 

/  )  /  J  Z  J 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


St.  Mary’s  Island,  Azores,  Columbus  at, 

3U- 

St.  Mary  of  the  Onondagas,  Jesuit  mission, 

1975- 

St.  Mary’s,  Md.,  capital  of  oLrd  Balti¬ 
more’s  province,  1075 ;  Ingle  flees  from, 
1083 ;  capital  transferred  to  Providence, 
Md.,  1090;  British  government  sends 
instructions  to,  1904;  headquarters  of 
Catholic  party,  1103;  given  up  as  cap¬ 
ital,  1707. 

St.  Mary’s  Falls  canal,  proposed  suspen¬ 
sion  of  Canadian  vessels  through,  5644. 

St.  Mary’s  river,  Md.,  Baltimore’s  expedi¬ 
tion  on,  1070,  1072;  connected  with 
Savannah  river,  1883 ;  final  boundary 
of  Georgia,  1884,  2142,  2336;  Spanish 
fleet  in  (1742),  1905;  Nicolet  explores 
its  rapids,  1958;  Florida  boundary  at, 
3563. 

St.  Paul  Island,  in  Pacific,  seen  by  Magel¬ 
lan,  413. 

St.  Peter’s  Island,  N.  S.,  an  early  meeting- 
place  for  ships,  515. 

St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  McKinley  memor¬ 
ial  services  at,  5790. 

St.  Philip,  Port  Royal  Sound,  stockade 
built  by  Menendez,  496,  497;  aban¬ 
doned,  500. 

St.  Philip,  Fort,  guards  New  Orleans, 
4881 ;  location  and  description,  4885 ; 
Bailey  attacks,  4888,  4890. 

St.  Pierre,  French  leader  in  New  France, 
169;  French  commandant  in  Ft.  Le 
Boeuf  receives  message  from  Gov.  Din- 
widdie,  2030,  2034,  2035,  2038. 

St.  Simon,  Marquis  de,  landing  and  opera¬ 
tions  of,  3079. 

St.  Simon’s  Bay,  fight  between  Spaniards 
and  Oglethorpe  in,  1906,  1907. 

St.  Simon’s  Island,  Ga.,  fortified  by  Ogle¬ 
thorpe,  1882 ;  Spaniards  invade,  1905, 
1907. 

St.  Stephen’s,  London,  John  Davenport’s 
church,  985. 

St.  Thomas,  West  Indies,  view  of,  facing 
5476;  Porter  recommends  as  a  naval 
base,  5476;  proposition  to  purchase, 
5477;  Denmark’s  demands  regarding, 
5477,  5478 ;  English  views  of  transaction* 
5478;  tariff  and  the  purchase  of,  5479; 
earthquake  in,  5479;  change  of  senti¬ 
ment  regarding  the  purchase,  5480; 
vote  to  be  annexed  to  United  States, 
5480;  Denmark  ratifies  treaty  for  pur¬ 
chase  of,  5481 ;  attitude  of  European 
powers  on  treaty  concerning,  5481 ; 


Grant  favors  treaty,  5481 ;  Sumner 
opposes,  5482. 

St.  Vincent,  West  Indies,  D’Estaing  con¬ 
quers,  2827. 

Sainte  Marie,  Falls  of,  French  formally 
claim  northwest  during  great  meeting 
at,  1990. 

Sainte  Marie  of  the  Hurons,  Jesuit  mis¬ 
sion,  1966;  spared  from  Iroquois  de¬ 
struction,  1971 ;  given  up,  1972. 

Salamanca,  university  of  Spain,  sphericity 
of  earth  taught  at,  95 ;  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella  at,  285. 

Salary  grab,  congress  on  the,  5511. 

Salcedo,  Spanish  governor,  on  closure  of 
Mississippi  to  American  commerce, 
3737- 

Salem,  Mass.,  site  in  Mason’s  grant,  790; 
•note,  823 ;  origin  of  name,  866 ;  church 
at,  878,  879 ;  Endicot  at,  882 ;  deals  with 
R.  Williams,  900-904;  helps  found  Har¬ 
vard  college,  912;  the  Southwicks  in, 
932;  Quakers  preach  in,  937;  capitalists 
in,  in  early  times,  1283 ;  witchcraft 
delusion  in,  1330;  merchants  of,  petition 
for  Louisbourg  expedition,  1390 ;  made 
port  of  entry  by  Port  bill,  2406;  assem¬ 
bly  meets  in,  in  1774,  2407;  general 
court  ordered  to  convene  at,  2417;  pro¬ 
vincial  congress  organized  at,  2417; 
British  attempt  to  capture  cannon  at, 
2419;  marine  industry  of,  3118;  mer¬ 
chants  of,  protest  against  “Essex”  deci¬ 
sion,  3809. 

Salem,  O.,  Moravian  settlement  of  Dela¬ 
ware  Indians,  2805. 

Saline ,  U.  S.  sailing  vessel,  4803. 

Salinero,  Giulio,  prophesies  greatness  of 
Columbus,  288. 

Salisbury,  Earl  of,  a  leader  of  London 
company,  627. 

Salisbury,  Lord,  on  bimetalism,  5683. 

Salisbury,  N.  C.,  Buford  retreats  to,  2915; 
Cornwallis  at,  3028;  frigate  Alliance , 
built  at,  3118;  captured  by  Stoneman, 
5270. 

Salmon  Falls,  N.  H.,  French  and  Indian 
massacre  in,  1542. 

Salmon  river,  discovery  of  source,  3758. 

Salmoneus,  king  of  Elis,  perhaps  had  gun¬ 
powder,  75. 

Salt,  debate  over  tariff  on,  3346. 

Salt  Lake,  Utah,  convention  of  Mormons 
at,  5617. 

Salt  Lake  city,  dedication  of  the  Mormon 
temple  at,  5666. 

Salt  river,  chart  of,  facing  4426. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


223 


Saltcatchers  (now  Salkatachie,  N.  C.), 
Yemassees  defeated  at,  1820. 

Saltonstall, .  Capt.  Dudley,  position  in  navy, 
2863 ;  in  expedition  against  British  at 
Penobscot,  2882. 

Saltonstall,  Gurdon,  governor  of  Connecti¬ 
cut,  1002. 

Saltonstall,  Sir  Richard,  one  of  Warwick 
patentees,  849,  867,  874;  portrait,  facing 
864;  no  favoritism  towards,  883,  886; 
house  of,  892;  answers  charges  against 
colony,  894;  one  of  founders  of  Say- 
brook,  958;  sends  party  to  settle  Wind¬ 
sor,  960. 

Saltonstall,  Richard,  justice  in  special  court 
for  witchcraft  cases,  1335 ;  resigns,  1337 ; 
joins  in  “Ipswich  letter”  to  Gov.  Win- 
throp,  1948. 

Saltville,  Va.,  salt-works  burned  by  Stone- 
man,  5270. 

Saluda  river,  S.  C.,  Ninety-six  on,  2914; 
Sumter  on,  3047. 

Salvador,  Central  America,  reciprocity 
treaty  with,  5645. 

Samana  or  Atwood’s  Key,  Bahama  Islands, 
305. 

Samana  Bay,  Santo  Domingo,  European 
efforts  to  secure,  5495;  Grant’s  mes¬ 
sage  on,  5495. 

Samar,  one  of  Philippine  Islands,  sighted 
by  Magellan,  414. 

Samoa,  complications  with  Germany  over, 
5636-5638;  U.  S.  treaty  with,  5636;  Ger¬ 
many  secures  treaty  with,  5636;  civil 
war  in,  5 636;  Germany  tries  to  secure 
possession  of,  5637;  establishment  of 
protectorate  over,  5637;  Germany’s  ef¬ 
forts  to  control,  5637-5639;  disastrous 
hurricane  at,  5639;  commission  settles 
difficulties  by  partitioning  the  islands, 
5753. 

Samoset,  Indian  friend  of  Pilgrims,  775. 

Sampson,  William  T.,  admiral,  commands 
north  Atlantic  squadron  in  1898,  5717; 
approves  Hobson’s  plan,  5726 ;  portrait, 
facing  5732 ;  destroys  Cervera’s  fleet, 
5732,  5733 ;  on  Cuban  military  commis¬ 
sion,  5736. 

Samson,  British  ship,  lost  on  northern  voy¬ 
age,  588. 

San  Antonio,  Magellan’s  deserting  ship, 
412. 

Sandacourt,  Jean  de,  in  court  of  Duke  of 
Lorraine,  370. 

Sanders,  leader  of  Weston’s  colony,  785. 

San  Domingo,  West  Indies,  founded,  328; 
mutiny  at,  334,  note,  338 ;  sends  help 
to  Darien,  377;  Menendez  sends  ship 
thither,  491 ;  slave  trade  in,  497 ;  Ad¬ 


miral  Penn  defeated  at,  1186;  Natchez 
Indians  sent  to,  1862;  Napoleon’s  effort 
to  secure,  3732;  L’Ouverture  revolution 
in,  3732,  3733,  3735,  3807;  Leclerc  in, 
3732,  3733;  French  reconquer,  3733; 
French  troops  in,  decimated  by  yellow 
fever,  3734;  congressional  bill  against 
trade  with,  3807;  its  proposed  annexa¬ 
tion  to  the  United  States,  5494-5496; 
Grant  favors  proposition,  5494-5496; 
congress  opposes  treaty  with,  5495,  5496; 
Cleveland  on  the  treaty  with,  5594;  reci¬ 
procity  treaty  with,  in  1891,  5645;  treaty 
negotiated  with,  in  1905,  5824,  5825. 

Sandusky,  O.,  Cayugas  at,  1518;  Senecas 
at,  1519;  on  the  site  of  old  fort,  2005; 
English  traders  detained  at,  2011; 
French  at,  gain  control  of  Wyandots, 
2018;  French  at,  informed  of  decision 
of  Miami  council,  2026;  vessels  seized 
by  John  Y.  Beal  near,  5205. 

Sandusky,  Fort,  O.,  taken  by  Pontiac,  2308, 
2309 ;  Col.  Bradstreet  frightened  from, 
2326. 

Sandusky  river,  Moravians  ordered  by  El¬ 
liott  to  move  to  the  head  of,  2806. 

Sandwich,  Can.,  Hull  captures,  3982;  Hull 
evacuates,  3984;  Brock  at,  3985. 

Sandwich,  Mass.,  settled  by  Plymouth  men, 
829. 

“Sandy  Foundation  Shaken,”  in  work  by 
Wm.  Penn,  1190. 

Sandy  Hook,  Maj^  explored,  551 ;  Howe’s 
fleet  at,  2740;  D’Estaing  anchors  off, 
2752. 

Sandys,  Sir  Edwin,  one  of  drafters  of 
third  Virginia  charter,  667;  draws  up 
form  of  government,  678,  679;  embroiled 
with  Sir  Thomas  Smith,  688;  portrait, 
facing  688;  aims  for  democratic  gov¬ 
ernment,  689;  imprisoned,  690,  749;  his 
brother  goes  out  to  colony,  691 ;  at  va¬ 
riance  with  James  I,,  697,  702,  707; 
compared  with  Gorges,  726;  protests 
to  privy  council,  745. 

Sandys,  George,  treasurer  of  Virginia,  691 ; 
assistant,  710. 

San  Francisco  captured,  4382;  destroyed 
by  earthquake  and  fire,  5875-5877;  effect 
of  earthquake  in,  illus.,  facing  5876 ; 
aid  sent,  5877-5879 ;  safety  of  shipping 
facilities,  5879,  5880;  “Sons  of  the 
American  Revolution”  organized,  5913, 
5914;  immigrant  station,  5980. 

San  Francisco,  Bay  of,  probably  occupied 
by  Drake,  593,  and  note,  593. 

San  Ildefonso,  treaty  of,  3730;  treaty  of 
Morfontaine  contradicts,  3730. 


224 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Sanitary  commission  in  McClellan’s  army 
at  Harrison’s  Landing,  4993. 

San  Jacinto ,  U.  S.  cruiser,  in  Trent  affair, 
4925- 

San  Jose,  Cal.,  losses  by  earthquake,  5881, 
5882. 

San  Juan,  Cuba,  view  of,  facing  5728. 

San  Juan,  P.  R.,  Americans  occupy,  5734; 
view  of,  facing  5736. 

San  Juan  Hill,  Cuba,  attack  on,  5729. 

San  Juan  River,  Nicaragua,  note,  631. 

San  Lucar,  Spanish  port,  Columbus  at,  329, 
340 ;  Ovando  at,  336 ;  Magellan  sails 
from,  407 ;  remnant  of  expedition  re¬ 
turns  to,  419;  Sebastian  Cabot  sails 
from,  441;  Narvaez  sails  from,  460; 
excited  over  Soto’s  expedition,  466. 

San  Martins,  West  Indies,  discovered  by 
Columbus,  323. 

San  Mates,  Fla.  (formerly  Ft.  Caroline), 
Spanish  at,  493,  495-497,  499- 

San  Miguel,  Spanish  settlement  on  the 
present  side  of  Jamestown,  Va.,  398,  399. 

San  Miguel,  Mex.,  De  Vaca  at,  463. 

San  Miguel,  Gulf  of,  named  by  Balboa, 
383 ;  settlements  on,  385. 

San  Pablo  Island,  barren  island  seen  by 
Magellan,  413. 

San  Pedro,  fort  on  St.  Johns  river,  Fla., 
499. 

San  Pelayo ,  flagship  of  Menendez,  489. 

San  Pietro  Island,  Sardinia,  Columbus  at, 
269. 

San  Salvador,  Bahama  Islands,  discovered 
by  Columbus,  305. 

San  Sebastian,  Columbia,  settled  by  Ojeda, 
376,  382. 

San  Sebastian,  Spain,  France  confiscates 
American  vessel  at,  3919,  3920. 

Sans-Culottes,  French  privateer,  3465. 

Santa  Anna,  Antonio  Lopez  de,  elected 
president  of  Mexico,  4275 ;  leads  Mexi¬ 
can  army  against  Texas,  4280-4282;  de¬ 
feated  and  taken  prisoner,  4282,  4283 ; 
exile  of,  4371;  returns  to  Mexico,  4384; 
siege  of  Monterey,  4385 ;  at  Buena  Vis¬ 
ta,  4389 ;  Cerro  Gordo,  4393 ;  peace  ne¬ 
gotiations  with  Trist,  4394;  Contreras 
and  Cherubusco,  4396;  evacuation  of 
City  of  Mexico,  4400;  correspondence 
with  Scott  called  for  by  the  house,  4419. 

Santa  Argo  (Cape  Verde  Islands),  rem¬ 
nant  of  Magellan’s  expedition  at,  419. 

Santa  Cruz,  Spanish  name  of  Brazil,  378. 

Santa  Cruz  Islands,  West  Indies,  discov¬ 
ered  by  Columbus,  323 ;  Luna’s  men 
winter  at,  487 ;  proposition  of  United 


States  to  purchase,  5477 ;  Denmark’s 
demands  regarding,  5477. 

Santa  Fe,  N.  M.,  founded  later  than  St. 
Augustine,  490;  taken  by  Gen.  Kearny, 
4382.  , 

Santa  Fe,  Spain,  Columbus  at,  292,  294. 

Santa  Maria,  Columbian  caravel,  296,  303 ; 
picture,  facing  296;  reproduction  of  Co¬ 
lumbus’  caravel,  5657. 

Santa  Maria  de  la  Concepcion,  West  Ind¬ 
ies,  found  by  Columbus,  308. 

Santangel,  Luis  de,  favors  Columbus,  291 ; 
lends  him  money,  293. 

Santarem,  Viscount  de,  keeper  of  Portu¬ 
guese  archives,  364. 

Santa  Rosa  Bay  (Ichuse),  Spanish  colony 
near,  487. 

Santee  river,  S.  C.,  Villafane  goes  to,  488; 
revolutionary  campaign  around,  2913, 
2990,  2992,  3008,  3038,  3042;  Irish  settle¬ 
ment  near,  2936. 

Santiago  (city),  Cuba,  Hobson’s  attempt 
to  blockade  harbor  channel,  5725,  5726; 
plan  to  attack,  5728;  number  of  Spanish 
troops  in,  5728;  Shafter  demands  sur¬ 
render  of,  5729;  Toral  refuses  to  sur¬ 
render,  5729,  5730;  bombardment  of, 
5730;  Toral  offers  to  evacuate,  5730; 
surrender  of,  5731 ;  naval  battle  at,  5731- 
5733 1  view  of  naval  battle  at,  in  1898, 
facing  5736. 

Santiago  de  Cuba,  province  of,  condition 
at  the  close  of  the  war,  5737;  reestab¬ 
lishing  order  in,  5737,  5738. 

Santiago  de  Cuba,  U.  S.  vessel,  4845. 

Santo  Domingo,  see  San  Domingo. 

Sanute,  Yemassee  chief,  1819,  1820. 

Saometo  Island,  West  Indies'  discovered 
by  Columbus,  309. 

Sapello  Island,  Ga.,  deeded  to  Bosomworth 
by  Malatche,  1926. 

Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  massacre  at,  in  1746,  1590; 
first  battle,  2638-2644;  plan  of  the  bat¬ 
tles,  facing  2638;  English  and  American 
intrenchments  at,  2646,  2647 ;  second  bat¬ 
tle,  2648-2654 ;  Burgoyne’s  surrender, 
2664. 

Saratoga,  proposed  state  of,  3162. 

Saratoga,  U.  S.  ship,  cruise  and  fate,  2897; 
in  battle  of  Plattsburg,  4067,  4068. 

Sardinia,  Columbus  in,  269. 

Sargasso  sea,  Arab  expedition  to,  244; 
alarmed  Spaniards,  300. 

Sargeant,  John,  nominated  for  vice-pres¬ 
ident,  4239;  obtains  Tyler’s  opinion  on 
bank  bill,  4345 ;  presents  new  bank  bill 
to  house,  4345. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


225 


Sargent,  F.  P.,  commissioner-general,  re¬ 
port  on  immigrants  arriving  in  1905, 
5982,  5983. 

Sargent,  Winthrop,  appointed  secretary  of 
the  northwest  territory,  3197;  governor 
of  Mississippi,  3641. 

Sassacus,  Pequot  chief,  killed,  979. 

Sassacus ,  Union  ram,  in  attack  upon  Plym¬ 
outh,  5174- 

Satouriona,  Florida  chieftain,  482 ;  French 
planned  to  entrap,  484. 

Saturiba,  chieftain  in  Florida,  in  league 
with  De  Gourgues,  498. 

Saugatuck  river,  Conn.,  Arnold  and  Tryon 
at,  2566. 

Saugus,  Mass.  (Lynn),  in  Massachusetts 
Bay  colony,  879;  Tarratine  Indians  at, 
887. 

Saunders,  Admiral,  transports  Wolfe’s 
army  to  Quebec  in  1759,  2236;  accom¬ 
panies  Wolfe  on  examination  of  French 
defenses,  2242. 

Saunders,  W.  M.,  started  the  “Loyal 
League,”  5460. 

Saunder’s  Creek,  S.  C.,  in  revolutionary 
campaign,  2946,  2948,  2951. 

Savage ,  British  ship,  captured  in  revolu¬ 
tion,  2899. 

Savage’s  Station,  Va.,  location,  4961 ;  Mc¬ 
Clellan’s  headquarters,  4982;  battle  at, 
4983- 

Savannah,  Ga.,  site  of,  selected  by  Ogle¬ 
thorpe,  1849;  built,  1850,  1851,  1853; 
fort  at,  1852 ;  division  of  labor  at,  1852, 
1853;  sickness  at,  1853;  in  1733  has 
common  garden,  1853,  1854;  grows  rap¬ 
idly,  1863 ;  Moravians  entertained  in, 
1867 ;  scene  of  the  Bosomworths’  at¬ 
tempt  for  power,  1927,  1932;  occupied 
by  Gen.  Prevost  during  revolution,  2337; 
map  of  campaign  around,  facing  2812; 
Clinton’s  objective  in  southern  cam¬ 
paign,  2813;  Prevost  occupies,  2813, 
2816,  2827;  French  and  Americans  be¬ 
siege,  2827-2830;  plan  of  the  siege,  illus., 
facing  2828;  British  garrison,  2920; 
evacuated  by  British,  3083 ;  blockade  at, 
4855 ;  blockade  running  at,  4857,  4858 ; 
attempt  to  break  blockade  at,  4859;  the 
Atlanta  at,  4860;  federals  threaten, 
4877,  4878;  effect  of  the  news  of  sur¬ 
render  of  Ft.  Pulaski  on,  4481 ;  map  of 
Sherman’s  march  to,  facing  5 272;  orders 
of  Sherman  to  fleets  at,  5272;  roads 
near,  barricaded,  5275 ;  Sherman  occu¬ 
pies,  5276;  capture  of  Ft.  McAllister, 
5277;  Sherman  demands  surrender  of, 
5278;  evacuated  by  Hardee,  5278;  Sher¬ 


man  enters,  5278;  Foster  in  command 
at,  5310. 

Savannah,  Tenn.,  location  of,  5097- 

Savannah,  Confederate  privateer,  4901, 
4902. 

Savannah  river,  shell-heaps  on,  129 ;  reached 
by  Soto,  471 ;  charter  boundary  of 
Georgia,  1841 ;  used  as  line  of  defence 
for  South  Carolina,  1845,  1854;  lands 
on,  ceded  to  Oglethorpe  by  Indians, 
1891  ‘,  in  revolutionary  campaigns,  2814, 
2818,  2819,  2914. 

Saxe,  Marshal,  noted  French  general,  Dies- 
kau  serves  under,  2090. 

Saxons  in  America,  240 ;  in  England,  257. 

Say  and  Sele,  Lord,  employed  Hocking  to 
steal  fur  trade,  832 ;  one  of  grantees  in 
Warwick  patent,  849;  buys  land  bn 
Cocheco  river,  946;  one  of  founders  of 
Saybrook,  958;  portrait,  facing  958;  on 
committee  of  Plantations,  1417;  favor¬ 
able  to  Connecticut  colony,  1419,  1420. 

Saybrook,  Conn.,  extent  of  grant,  849 ;  cir¬ 
cumstances  of  founding,  958;  history  of, 
959;  John  Winthrop,  Jr.,  governor,  969; 
opposed  to  Pequot  war,  971 ;  occupied 
by  John  Winthrop  the  younger,  1120; 
first  site  of  Yale  college,  1444;  Saybrook 
platform  adopted  at,  1448;  Yale  college 
removed  from,  1451 ;  Capt.  Bull  meets 
Andros  at,  1507. 

Saybrook  platform  established  for  church 
discipline,  1448. 

Sayle,  Col.  William,  commands  expedition 
in  1670  for  Port  Royal,  1734,  1735;  made 
governor  of  South  Carolina,  1734;  dies, 
1735;  brings  “grand  frame”  for  govern¬ 
ment  of  South  Carolina,  1750. 

Scammell,  Alexander,  appointed  adjutant- 
general,  2708. 

Schenk,  Gen.  Robert  C.,  in  army  of  the 
Potomac,  4747 ;  at  Bull  Run,  4755 ;  de¬ 
feated  by  Jackson  near  Stanton,  4798; 
on  joint  high  commission,  5506;  on  U. 
S.  war  claims,  5508 ;  reply  of  Fish  to, 
5508. 

Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  colonial  post,  1504; 
attacked  b}r  French  and  Indians,  1537, 
1539-1542;  Gov.  Fletcher  at,  1550;  limit 
of  French  attack,  on  Iroquois,  1986; 
Shirley  at,  2086;  Oneida  Indians  at, 

2843- 

Schley,  Adm.  Winfield  S.,  portrait  fac¬ 
ing  5732i  in  temporary  command  of 
fleet  at  battle  of  Santiago,  5732;  on 
Porto  Rico  military  commission,  5736. 

Schlosser,  Ensign,  commander  at  Ft.  St. 
Joseph,  1763;  captured,  2310. 


226 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Schmitz,  mayor  of  San  Francisco  at  time 
of  earthquake,  5876. 

Schoepf,  Gen.,  at  Fishing  Creek,  4810. 

Schofield,  Gen.  J.  M.,  ordered  to  drive 
Longstreet*  from  East  Tennessee,  5253; 
arrives  at  Franklin,  5266;  battle  of 
Franklin,  5266,  5267;  losses  at  Frank¬ 
lin,  5267;  retreats  to  Nashville,  5267; 
in  battle  of  Nashville,  5268;  transferred 
to  the  coast,  5270 ;  Sherman’s  army 
left  in  command  of,  5315 ;  views  on 
negro  suffrage,  5348;  assigned  to  Vir¬ 
ginia  as  military  commander,  53871  ac_ 
tions  in  Virginia,  5391 ;  measure  to  re¬ 
lieve  distress,  5396;  nominated  as  secre¬ 
tary  of  war,  5413;  remains  temporarily 
under  Grant,  5419;  Grant’s  cabinet, 
5521,  5522 ;  at  Washington  centennial 
inaugural  celebration,  5628. 

Schoharie  valley,  Brant  devastates,  2843. 

Schonbriinn,  O.,  a  Moravian  village  of  Del- 
. aware  Indians,  2805. 

Schoner,  Martin,  showed  Straits  of  Ma¬ 
gellan  on  globes  in  15 15»  note,  411. 

Schurz,  Carl,  supports  Lincoln,  4601 ;  lead¬ 
er  of  the  Liberal  Republicans,  5517 1 
secretary  of  the  interior,  555 1  1  enforces 
civil  service  rules,  5554. 

Schuyler,  Peter,  first  mayor  of  Albany, 
1542;  portrait,  facing  1548;  influential 
with  Indians,  1549;  expedition  against 
Montreal,  1549,  1550;  obliged  to  sur¬ 
render  Ft.  George,  2135,  2136. 

Schuyler,  Philip,  appointed  major-general, 
2452 ;  Quebec  expedition  of,  2475 ;  sup¬ 
presses  Johnston,  2485 ;  northern  depart¬ 
ment  commanded  by,  2522 ;  feud  with 
Gates,  2522,  2562;  portrait,  facing  2522; 
Washington  reinforced,  2525;  resigna¬ 
tion  of,  2561 ;  congress  refuses  resigna¬ 
tion,  2562 ;  reinstatement  of,  2563 ;  Ar¬ 
nold  esteems,  2565;  at  Ticonderoga, 
of,  2569,  2970;  incessant  labor  of,  2575; 
Burgoyne  obstructed  by,  2576,  2577;  Ft. 
Edward  evacuated  by,  2577 ;  retreats  to 
Moses  Kill,  2577;  congress  recalls,  2578; 
retreats  to  Ft.  Miller,  2578;  retreats  to 
Stillwater,  2578;  Washington  reinforces, 
2579 ;  relieves  Ft.  Stanwix,  2595 ;  Stark’s 
relations  with,  2601 ;  Gates  succeeds, 
2607;  Gates  assisted  by,  2635;  British 
burn  his  home,  2659;  kindly  treatment 
to  Reidesels  and  Burgoyne  by,  2664, 
2665 ;  unappreciated  services  of,  2667 ; 
elected  senator,  3327. 

Schityler,  Fort,  see  Ft.  Stanwix. 

Schuylkill  river,  boundary  of  New  Sweden, 
579;  English  occupied  land  on,  584; 


boundary  of  Philadelphia,  1213;  Wash¬ 
ington  at,  2622,  2624;  Howe’s  march 
along,  2624;  at  Germantown,  2627. 

Schwarz,  Berthold,  discovers  gunpowder, 
79- 

Science,  advances  in,  at  end  of  19th  cen¬ 
tury,  5937-5946. 

Scioto  company  affected  by  ordinance  of 

.1787,  3194. 

Scioto  river,  O.,  mound  near,  135;  Dela¬ 
wares  live  near,  2018;  mouth  of,  passed 
by  Gist,  2021. 

Scituate,  Mass.,  settled  by  Plymouth  men, 
828,  830;  mackerel  fishery  of,  3118. 

Scalopis,  Count  Frederick,  on  Geneva  tri¬ 
bunal  of  arbitration,  5507. 

Scorpion,  U.  S.  schooner,  4028. 

Scotch  in  America,  in  Pennsylvania  object 
to  bribing  Indians,  1267 ;  traits  of,  in 
early  New  York,  1597;  in  Shenandoah 
valley  in  early  18th  century,  1658;  set¬ 
tlers  on  banks  of  Yadkin  in  North  Caro¬ 
lina,  2016;  reformers  become  teachers 
in  the  colonies,  2346 ;  in  South  Caro¬ 
lina  during  the  revolution,  2489,  2927; 
Scotch-Irish  in  South  Carolina  during 
revolution,  2916.  See  also  Highlanders. 

Scott,  Catherine,  sister  of  Hutchinson, 
1055. 

Scott,  Gen.  Charles,  at  Germantown,  2631; 
at  battle  of  Monmouth,  2735,  2736;  ex¬ 
pedition  against  the  Indians,  3411-3413. 

Scott,  Edward,  granduncle  of  Sir  Walter 
Scott,  1487. 

Scott,  John,  active  in  gaining  rights  for 
Atherton  company,  1454. 

Scott,  R.  K.,  governor  of  South  Carolina, 
corrupt  administration  of,  5431. 

Scott,  Gen.  T.  M.,  wounded  at  Franklin, 
5267. 

Scott,  Sir  Walter  grandnephew  of  Ed¬ 
ward  Scott  in  Rhode  Island,  1487. 

.Scott,  Sir  William,  decision  in  Essex  case, 
3804. 

Scott,  Gen.  Winfield,  at  battle  of  Queens¬ 
town  Heights,  3998;  in  command  at 
Buffalo,  4060 ;  portrait,  facing  4062 ; 
wins  battle  of  the  Chippewa,  4062 ;  wins 
battle  of  Lundy’s  Lane,  4062-4065 ;  his 
connection  with  Jackson,  4108;  pursues 
Black  Hawk,  4252,  4253;  sent  by  Jack- 
son  to  Charleston  to  resist  interfer¬ 
ence  with  duties,  4256;  sent  by  Van 
Buren  to  Canadian  frontier,  4311;  pro¬ 
ceeds  against  Seminoles,  4313;  candi¬ 
date  for  Whig  nomination  in  1839,  4324; 
characterization  of,  4383 ;  in  command 
of  American  forces,  4387;  at  Vera  Cruz, 
439L  4392;  Gerro  Gordo,  4392;  quarrel 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


227 


with  Trist,  43941  Contreras  and  Cheru- 
busco,  4396;  reasons  for  delay,  4397; 
breaks  off  peace  negotiations,  4398;  at¬ 
tacks  Molino  del  Rey,  4398;  fall  of 
Chapultepec,  4399;  takes  City  of  Mex¬ 
ico,  4400;  his  entrance  into  City  of 
Mexico,  illus.,  facing  4400 ;  quarrels 
with  officers,  4400 ;  returns  to  Washing¬ 
ton,  4400;  correspondence  with  Santa 
Anna  and  Taylor  called  for  by  the 
house,  4419 ;  unsuccessful  candidate  for 
Whig  nomination  in  1848,  4429;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  4504;  nominated  for  pres¬ 
ident  by  Whigs,  4505-4507 ;  not  sup¬ 
ported  by  his  party,  4509;  defeated, 
4512;  advises  Buchanan  to  strengthen 
coast  forts,  5612,  4613,  4648;  on  the 
feasibility  of  occupying  Ft.  Sumter, 
4674;  recommended  Lee  for  general-in¬ 
chief,  4700,  4701 ;  McClellan’s  treatment 
of,  4776,  4777;  McClellan  succeeds,  4778; 
Confederates  fear  his  plan  of  Missis¬ 
sippi  invasion,  4802. 

Scrivener,  Matthew,  member  of  Jamestown 
council,  646-648. 

Sea  Adventure,  flagship  of  “Third  Supply” 
for  Virginia,  657. 

Seabury,  Samuel,  portrait,  facing  3110; 
bishop  of  Connecticut,  31 11,  3112. 

Seahorse,  British  ship,  4076. 

Seal  fishery,  dispute  of  England  and 
United  States  over  the,  56 67,  5668.  ' 

Search,  right  of,  see  Right  of  search. 

Sebastian,  Judge,  in  Spanish  plot,  3536. 

Sebastian,  Benjamin,  in  the  Burr  conspir¬ 
acy,  3828. 

Secession  threatened  in  slavery  discussion 
in  36th  congress,  4587;  Buchanan’s  at¬ 
titude  towards,  4603,  4604;  letter  of 
Gist  regarding,  4607;  answer  to  Gist’s 
letters  on,  4607,  4608 ;  southern  states 
organizing  for,  4608,  4609;  enthusiasm 
over,  in  South  Carolina,  4610-4612 ;  re¬ 
lation  of  slavery  to,  4611;  Buchanan 
on,  4614,  4615;  Gov.  Pickens  on,  4617; 
Charleston  convention,  4617;  movement 
for,  of  slow  growth,  4617,  4618;  South 
Carolina  ordinance  of,  4618-4620;  Steph¬ 
en  D.  Lee  on,  note,  4623 ;  plan  to  pre¬ 
vent,  4637-4639;  Horace  Greeley  on, 
4638;  Thurlow  Weed  on,  4639;  Stephen 
A.  Douglas’  speech  on,  4641,  4642;  Jef¬ 
ferson  Davis  on,  4645 ;  southern  con¬ 
gressmen  resolve  on,  4645,  4646;  states 
secede,  4649;  spread  of,  4650,  4651; 
Georgia’s  vote  for,  4658;  Alabama’s  vote 
on,  4658 ;  Stephens’  speech  against,  4659 ; 
North  Carolina  and  Tennessee  secede, 


4684;  Missouri  declares  against,  4685; 
Arkansas  secedes,  4685. 

Second  Broad  river,  Cornwallis  at,  3026. 

Seconoco,  Indian  chief,  sells  land  to  Will¬ 
iam  Arnold,  1042;  submits  to  Massa¬ 
chusetts  Bay  colony,  1043. 

Seddon,  James  A.,  Confederate  secretary 
of  war,  report  on  arming  negroes,  5224. 

Sedgwick,  Gen.  John,  at  Fair  Oaks,  4968, 
4969;  at  Allen’s  farm,  4983;  at  Malvern 
Hill,  4988;  portrait,  facing  5000;  forces 
near.Frederickburg,  5078;  manoeuvres  to 
deceive  Lee,  5°79 ;  at  Chancellorsville, 
5082;  corps  under  command  of,  5232; 
in  battle  of  the  wilderness,  5233 ;  at 
Spottsylvania,  5236;  killed  at  Spottsyl- 
vania,  5236. 

Sedgewick,  Maj.-Gen.  Robert,  captures 
Acadia  for  the  British  in  1654,  r957- 

Sedgwick,  Theodore,  Hamilton’s  letter  on 
disunion  to,  3785. 

Sedition  bill  of  1798,  its  objects  and  pro¬ 
visions,  3623-3634;  cause  of,  3642;  Mat¬ 
thew  Lyon  first  offender  against,  3642- 
3644;  Jefferson  on,  3645,  3646;  opposi¬ 
tion  to,  3646-3653;  supported  by  con¬ 
gressional  committee,  3662;  attempt  to 
repeal,  3672. 

Seekers,  sect  in  Rhode  Island,  1035. 

Seekonk,  R.  I.,  settled  by  people  from 
Massachusetts,  91 1;  Roger  Williams  in, 
1020,  1046. 

Segovia,  Spain,  Columbus  at,  340. 

Segura,  Father,  sent  to  plant  settlement  in 
Maryland,  499. 

Selden,  John,  one  of  drafters  of  third  Vir¬ 
ginia  charter,  667;  feared  by  James  I., 
and  arrested,  690. 

Select  vestries  act  of  1779,  3110. 

Selishes,  Indian  stock,  in  British  North 
America,  165. 

Selkirk,  Earl  of,  Paul  Jones  attempts  to 
kidnap,  2876. 

Selma,  Ala.,  captured  by  Wilson,  5284. 

Seminary  Ridge,  Pa.,  Buford’s  cavalry 
takes  possession  of,  5087;  attacked  by 
Hill,  5087. 

Seminole  war  in  1817-1818,  4107-41 12,  4311- 
4313- 

Seminoles,  Indian  tribe,  in  Florida,  161 ; 
in  the  civil  war,  note,  4732,  4733. 

Semmes,  Capt.  Raphael,  commands  the 
Sumter,  4903-4905;  portrait,  facing  4906; 
commands  the  Alabama,  49°7;  career 
of,  4907-4909 1  fight  with  the  Kearsarge, 
4907-4909. 

Senauki,  Indian  woman  taken  to  England 
by  Oglethorpe,  1868. 


\ 


228 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Seneca,  his  idea  of  width  of  ocean,  102, 
280. 

Seneca  castle,  chief  seat  of  Seneca  Ind¬ 
ians,  2841 ;  Sullivan  destroys,  2842. 

Seneca  Chief,  steamer,  4196. 

Seneca  lake,  Sullivan  ravages  sides  of, 
2841. 

Senecas,  Indian  tribe,  one  of  the  Six  Na¬ 
tions,  159;  in  Five  Nations,  1515;. adopt 
remnant  of  Onondagas,  1517;  joined 
by  Cayugas,  1518;  friendly  to  United 
States  during  war  of  1812,  1519;  rise 
against  Virginians,  1613;  chief  of,  killed 
at  Long  Saut,  1980;  visited  by  La  Salle 
and  Sulpitians,  1990,  1991 ;  made  treaty 
with  Miamis,  2013;  wavers  in  1756  in 
allegiance  to  Englisk,  21 37 ;  commit  at¬ 
rocities  at  Ft.  Le  Boeuf,  2315;  driven  off 
from  Ft.  Niagara,  2315;  English  alli¬ 
ance,  2585 ;  in  massacre  of  Wyoming, 
2750;  outrages  at  massacre  of  Cherry 
valley,  2761 ;  Sullivan  ravages  country 
of,  2840,  2841 ;  civilization  of,  2841 ;  fate 
of  the,  2842,  2843 ;  Philadelphia  visited 
by,  3522 ;  confirm  treaty  with  United 
States,  4059. 

Senegal,  West  Africa,  discovered  by  Prince 
Plenry  of  Portugal,  402. 

Separatists  petition  to  settle  in  Newfound¬ 
land,  615;  origin  in  England,  752,  753, 
864;  driven  to  Holland,  754-757;  ad¬ 
venturers  hostile  to,  805,  812;  vitality 
of  the  movement,  869 ;  non-separatists 
in  Massachusetts  Bay  colony,  870;  Mas¬ 
sachusetts  Bay  colony  a  centre,  870, 
876;  misrepresented  by  Roger  Williams, 
901. 

Serapis,  British  ship,  battle  of  the  Bon- 
homme  Richard  under  Paul  Jones  with, 
2887-2894. 

Sergeant,  John,  commissioner  to  American 
congress  at  Panama,  4172,  4174. 

Serrano,  Francisco,  friend  of  Magellan, 
407;  owes  life  to  Magellan,  408;  se¬ 
cretly  ordered  to  kill  Magellan,  408; 
murdered  on  the  Moluccas,  418. 

Serurier,  French  minister  to  the  United 
States,  3949;  relations  with  Monroe, 
3954;  introduces  Count  Crillen,  3970. 

Seven  Cities,  island  of,  a  fabled  island 
of  the  Atlantic  ocean,  434,  436. 

“Seven  Days,”  battles  of  the,  4977-4998; 
results  of  the  battles,  4994. 

“Seven  Pillars,”  governors  of  the  New 
Haven  colony,  991. 

Seven  Pines,  Va.,  battle  of,  4967-4970. 

Seven  years’  war,  see  French  and  Indian 
war. 


Severn  river,  Md.,  province  founded  on, 
1090;  Protestants  had  headquarters  on, 
1103;  battle  on,  1106,  mo. 

Sevier,  Ambrose  Hundley,  carries  treaty 
of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo  to  Mexican  gov¬ 
ernment,  4421. 

Sevier,  John,  in  Dunmore’s  war,  2771 ;  at 
battle  of  Point  Pleasant,  2773 ;  South 
Carolina  patriot,  2926;  portrait,  facing 
2996;  sketch  of,  2997;  at  King’s  Mount¬ 
ain,  3004;  president  of  Jonesboro  con¬ 
vention,  3170;  governor  of  state  of 
Frankland,  3172;  his  relations  with  Tip- 
ton,  3175,  3177;  land  scheme  of,  3388; 
commands  troops  in  southwest,  3389 ; 
attacks  the  ,  Cherokees,  3533 ;  appointed 
governor  of  Tennessee,  3534;  appointed 
brigadier-general,  3637;  member  of  the 
12th  congress,  3963. 

Seville,  Columbus  passes,  289;  Fonseca, 
archdeacon  of,  319;  Columbus  sick  at, 
340,  368;  Vespucci  at,  345,  364,  369; 
Magellan  in,  407 ;  the  Cabots  in,  436, 
439- 

Sewall,  May  Wright,  conducts  department 
of  women’s  progress  at  Chicago  expo¬ 
sition  congresses,  5662. 

Sewall,  Samuel,  judge  of  special  court  for 
witchcraft  cases,  1335 ;  portrait,  facing 
1336;  publicly  repents  his  mistake,  1338, 
1342. 

Sewall,  Samuel,  arrested  for  inquiring  con¬ 
cerning  case  of  Sims,  negro  slave,  4491. 

Sewall’s  Point,  Va.,  the  Merrimac  at,  4917. 

Seward,  Frederick  W.,  stabbed  by  Powell, 
5301- 

Seward,  William,  H.,  active  in  Whig  cam¬ 
paign  of  1848,  4431 ;  member  of  senate, 
4442 ;  speech  in  senate,  March,  1848, 
4466,  4467;  on  repeal  of  Missouri  com- 
.  promise,  4539 ;  leader  in  Republican  par¬ 
ty?  4559;  “irrepressible  conflict”  speech 
at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  4580,  4581 ;  plea 
for  peace  and  union,  4589,  4590;  un¬ 
successful  candidate  for  Republican 
nomination  for  president  in  i860,  4596, 
4598,  4599;  opinion  of  Buchanan’s  mes¬ 
sage  to  second  session  of  36th  congress, 
4603,  4604;  on  Buchanan’s  message, 
4615;  presents  petitions  for  Crittenden 
compromise,  note,  4641 ;  his  compromise 
proposition,  4645 ;  appointed  secretary  of 
state,  4669 ;  in  cabinet  contest  of  1861, 
4670;  Cameron  supported  by,  4670;  opin¬ 
ion  on  secession,  4671 ;  Lincoln’s  reply 
to  his  proposal  to  acquiesce  in  seces¬ 
sion,  4671,  4672;  declines  to  receive  Con¬ 
federate  commissioners,  4672,  4673 ;  on 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


229 


the  Trent  affair,  4929-4932;  portrait, 
facing  4952;  on  the  proclamation  of 
emancipation,  4953,  4954;  consults  with 
governors  about  recruiting,  5005 ;  re¬ 
ports  to  Lincoln,  5006;  opposes  appoint¬ 
ment  of  McClellan,  5030;  considered 
clog  on  administration,  5076;  dismissal 
requested  by  Republican  senators,  5076; 
resigns,  50 77 ;  recalled  by  Lincoln,  50 77 ; 
member  of  Hampton  Roads  conference, 
5226 ;  fall  from  carriage,  5298 ;  Powell’s 
attempt  to  assassinate,  5301 ;  approves  ’ 
Johnson’s  policy,  5378 ;  opposes  Stevens’ 
reconstruction  bill  and  tenure  of  office 
bill,  5385 ;  on  naval  base  in  Antilles, 
5476;  trip  to  the  West  Indies,  54771 
endorses  Porter’s  views  regarding  St. 
Thomas,  5477;  on  ratification  of  treaty 
with  Denmark,  5481 ;  death,  5539. 

Sewell,  Arthur,  nominated  for  vice-presi¬ 
dent,  5690;  Populists  endorse,  5692. 

Seymour,  Horatio,  defeated  for  governor 
of  New  York,  4498;  addresses  a  mass¬ 
meeting  in  New  York  city,  5178;  takes  - 
measures  to  suppress  riot,  5181  ;•  acts  as 
chairman  of  Democratic  convention, 
5209;  nominated  for  presidency,  5414; 
death,  5621. 

Seymour,  Rev.  Richard,  chaplain  of  Pop- 
ham  colony,  729. 

Seymour,  Gen.  Truman,  at  second  battle 
of  Bull  Run,  5023;  assigned  command 
of  assault  upon  Ft.  Wagner,  5  167; 
wounded  in  assault,  5169. 

Sforza,  Ludovico,  Soncino’s  letter  to,  426. 

Shabbakonk  creek,  near  Trenton,  N.  J., 
2545- 

Shackamaxon,  Penn’s  treaty  with  the  Ind¬ 
ians  made  at,  1210. 

Shafter,  Gen.  William  R.,  Garcia  to  co¬ 
operate  with,  5728;  demands  surrender 
of  Santiago,  5729;  receives  news  of  Cer- 
vera’s  fleet,  5729;  Toral  surrenders  to, 
5730,  573 1- 

Shaftesbury,  Earl  of,  1722;  political  ideas 
of  the  “grand  model,”  1728;  supports 
North  Carolina  colonists  in  struggle 
with  Miller,  1759 ;  flees  to  Holland,  1760. 

Shakespeare,  William,  adapted  the  name 
.  “Caliban”  from  Caribbees,  323;  friend 
of  Earl  of  Southampton,  618;  “The 
Tempest”  suggested  to,  by  William 
Strachey’s  narrative,  658. 

Shannon,  Wilson,  governor  of  Kansas, 
4553*  4354;  replaced  by  Geary,  4557- 

Shannon,  British  frigate,  captures  the  Ches¬ 
apeake,  4021,  4022. 

Shark  Island  seen  by  Magellan,  413. 


Sharkey,  W.  L.,  president  of  Nashville  con¬ 
vention,  4478. 

Sharp,  commandant  at  Albany,  replaced 
by  Tallmadge  in  1689,  1539. 

Sharpe,  governor  of  Maryland  at  Alexan¬ 
dria  conference,  2057. 

Sharpless,  Edward,  pilloried  for  betraying 
information  to  England,  707. 

Sharpsburg,  Md.,  location  of,  5042;  Jack- 
son  arrives  at,  5044. 

Shattuck,  Job,  leads  riot  in  Massachusetts 
in  1786,  3239. 

Shaw,  Maj.,  defeats  ex-Gov.  Moses  in 
South  Carolina  election,  5438. 

Shaw,  Leslie  M.,  secretary  of  treasury, 
5772,  5821.  , 

Shaw,  Col.  R.  G.,  in  second  attack  on  Ft. 
Wagner,  5167,  5168;  killed  in  the  as¬ 
sault,  5168. 

Shawmut,  former  name  of  Boston,  727. 

Shawnees,  Indian  tribe,  buy  Seneca  lands, 
1519;  Spanish  Yemassees  a  branch  of, 
1818;  adopted  remnant  of  Tuscaroras, 
1821 ;  on  Ohio  river,  friendly  to  Gist, 
2021;  took  side  of  French  in  Seven 
years’  war,  2021 ;  favorable  to  English, 
2025;  defeated  at  Point  Pleasant,  2171; 
in  Dunmore’s  war,  2769,  2772,  2775 ;  mes¬ 
sage  of  White  Eyes  to,  2798;  their  out¬ 
breaks  on  western  frontier,  3189,  3532; 
confirm  treaty  with  United  States,  4059. 

Shawneetown,  on  the  Ohio,  frontier  post, 
3691. 

Shawomet,  R.  I.,  Gorton’s  tract  of  land, 
921,  1043,  1044- 

Shay’s  rebellion  in  Massachusetts,  3240- 
3242;  effect  of,  3256. 

Shea,  Cornelius  P.,  prolonged  Chicago 
strike,  5828. 

Sheaffe,  Sir  Roger  H.,  commanded  British 
at  Queenstown  Heights,  3999. 

Sheffield,  Lord,  on  navigation  act,  3099. 

Sheffield,  Edmund,  first  Earl  of  Mulgrave, 
patentee  of  Plymouth  council,  744,  749; 
sells  Cape  Ann  region,  794,  862. 

Shelburne,  Lord,  president  of  English 
board  of  trade,  2365,  2366;  secretary 
of  state  under  Pitt,  2383 ;  urges  the 
premiership  of  Chatham,  2720 ;  friend¬ 
ship  for  Americans,  2721,  2722;  state¬ 
ment  on  British  peace  manifesto,  2747 ; 
George  III.  urges  him  to  form  cabinet, 
3087 ;  portrait,  facing  3088 ;  in  Rocking¬ 
ham’s  cabinet,  3089;  his  character,  3089, 
3090;  his  ministry,  3093;  Franklin  on 
his  sincerity,  3094;  Americans’  debt  to, 
3095;  resignation,  3098. 


230 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Shelby, .  Gov.,  Spanish-American  filibuster¬ 
ing  expedition  prompted  by,  3476,  3477- 

Shelby,  Evan,  in  Dunmore  war,  2771 ;  ex¬ 
pedition  against  the  Cherokees,  2790. 

Shelby,  Isaac,  South  Carolina  patriot,  2926; 
at  Cherokee  Ford,  2934;  checks  Fer¬ 
guson,  2938 ;  at  battle  of  Musgrove’s 
Mill,  2991,  2997;  portrait,  facing  2996; 
at  King’s  Mountain,  3004-3006 ;  rein¬ 
forces  Harrison  in  war  of  1812,  4030; 
in  battle  at  Thames,  Canada,  4032;  de¬ 
clines  portfolio  of  war  department,  4102. 

Shelbyville,  Tenn.,  Bragg’s  forces  at,  5160; 
driven  out  by  Rosecrans,  5160. 

Sheldon,  Col.,  Andre  taken  to  headquar¬ 
ters  of,  2984. 

Shellabarger,  Samuel,  resolution  of,  5363. 

Shenandoah,  Confederate  ship,  4901. 

Shenandoah  claims  Geneva  tribunal  award 
in,  5509- 

Shenandoah  valley,  map  of,  facing  5250; 
for  civil  war  campaigns  in,  see  names 
of  battles. 

Shepherd,  Gen.,  in  Massachusetts  riots  in 
1786,  3239. 

Shepherd,  Alexander  R.,  governor  of  the 
District  of  Columbia,  first,  5532. 

Shepherdstown  Ford,  Md.,  Lee’s  retreat 
over,  5043. 

Shepley,  Gen.  G.  F.,  appointed  military 
governor  of  Richmond,  5306. 

Sheridan,  Gen.  Philip  H.,  at  Perryville, 
5124;  in  army  of  the  West,  5133;  at 
Murfreesboro,  5152;  in  battle  of  Mis¬ 
sionary  Ridge,  5156,  5157;  pursues 

Bragg,  5157;  drives  Early  from  Shen¬ 
andoah  valley,  5212;  in  battle  of  wilder¬ 
ness,  5232 ;  expedition  toward  Rich¬ 
mond,  5235,  5239,  5240;  attacks  defenses 
of  Richmond,  5240;  captures  Cold  Har¬ 
bor,  5240 ;  commands  troops  in  Shenan¬ 
doah  valley,  5249;  pursues  Early,  5249; 
battle  of  Fisher’s  Hill,  5249,  5250;  de¬ 
vastates  Shenandoah  valley,  5250;  sum¬ 
moned  to  Washington,  5251 ;  battle  of 
Cedar  creek,  525.1,  5252;  portrait,  facing 
5252;  raid  through  central  Virginia, 
5252;  moves  from  Winchester  to  Char¬ 
lottesville,  5285;  joins  Grant,  5285; 
forces  in  Richmond  campaign,  5286; 
ordered  to  destroy  railroads,  5287 ;  com¬ 
mands  assault  upon  Confederate  lines 
at  Petersburg,  5287,  5288 ;  cuts  off  Lee’s 
retreat,  5289 ;  captures  wagon  train, j 
5289 ;  pursues  Lee’s  forces,  5290 ;  makes 
important  captures,  529°>  529T  '>  ordered 
into  Sherman’s  department,  5320;  state¬ 
ment  concerning  negro  suffrage,  5357; 


report  concerning  New  Orleans  massa¬ 
cre,  5375 ;  appointed  military  commander 
of  Louisiana  and  Texas,  5388;  removes 
Gov.  Wells,  of  Louisiana,  5391 ;  removes 
officials  in  New  Orleans,  5392;  upheld 
by  congress,  5392 ;  orders  that  negroes 
be  accepted  as  jurors,  5394;  order  re¬ 
voked  by  Hancock,  5394;  Johnson  de¬ 
nounces  military  administration  of,  5511 ; 
congress  passes  bill  restoring  army 
grade  in  favor  of,  5614. 

Sheridan,  Mrs.  Philip  H.,  congress  rejects 
pension  bill  in  favor  of,  5614. 

Sheridan,  Richard  B.,  opposes  American 
treaty  of  peace  in  1783,  3098. 

Sheridan,  Roger,  appointed  on  committee 
of  independence,  2497;  portrait,  facing 
2500,  3284;  member  of  the  Philadelphia 
convention,  3267;  life  sketch  of,  3267; 
on  slave  trade,  3289,  3351 ;  on  national 
debt,  3366 ;  on  state  debts,  3368 ;  na¬ 
tional  bank  favored  by,  3400;  enters 
the  senate,  3423. 

Sherley,  James,  one  of  the  guarantors  of 
Plymouth  debt,  note,  818,  note,  827, 
831 ;  suspects  Gorges,  853. 

Sherman,  John,  on  committee  to  investi¬ 
gate  affairs  in  Kansas,  4555 ;  secretary 
of  the  treasury  under  Hayes,  5551 ;  be¬ 
comes  vice-president,  5592 ;  candidate 
for  president,  5623 ;  in  McKinley  cabi¬ 
net,  5695. 

Sherman,  Roger,  in  continental  congress, 
2409. 

Sherman,  Gen.  Thomas  W.,  commander  of 
military  expedition  against  Port  Royal 
in  1861,  4872,  4873,  4879. 

Sherman,  Gen.  William  T.,  brigade  com¬ 
mander  in  army  of  the  Potomac  in  1861, 
4747;  Bull  Run,  4754-4757;  comment 
on  battle  of  Bull  Run,  note,  4763 ;  suc¬ 
ceeds  Anderson  in  command  of  the  de¬ 
partment  of  the  Cumberland,  4806;  life 
sketch  of,  note,  4806;  succeeds  Grant 
in  command  of  the  district  of  Cairo, 
4826 ;  opinion  of  Plooker,  5077 ;  division 
marches  to  the  Tennessee  river,  5096; 
in  battle  of  Pittsburg  Landing,  5098- 
5100,  5102,  5105;  pursues  Confederate 
forces,  5105;  attacked  by  Forrest  and 
forced  to  retreat,  5105;  in  army  of  the 
Wset,  5133;  ordered  to  move  toward 
Memphis,  5139;  ordered  to  meet  Grant 
at  Columbus,  5142;  arrives  at  Helena, 
5142;  advance  on  Vicksburg,  5T43;  at¬ 
tack  defeated,  5144;  defeats  Confeder¬ 
ates  at  Jackson,  5146;  takes  possession 
of  Hinds’  Bluff,  5146;  at  siege  of  Vicks- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


231 


burg,  5148;  pursues  Johnson,  5149; 
reaches  Chattanooga,  5155;  at  Mission¬ 
ary  Ridge,  5155,  5156;  advances  to 
Knoxville,  5158;  returns  to  Chatta¬ 
nooga,  5158;  ordered  to  mo^e  against 
Johnson,  5232 ;  prepares  for  his  march 
through  Georgia,  5254;  ordered  to  de¬ 
stroy  lines  to  Meridian,  5254 ;  leaves 
Vicksburg,  5255 ;  destroys  Jackson  and 
Meridian,  5255 ;  returns  to  Vicksburg, 
5255 ;  assigned  to  the  command  of  di¬ 
vision  of  the  Mississippi,  5259 ;  prepara¬ 
tions  for  campaign,  5259 ;  instructions 
of,  to  his  officers,  5259 ;  march  from 
Chattanooga  to  Dalton,  5260;  battle  of 
Kenesaw  and  Lost  Mountain,  5260,  5261 ; 
attacked  by  Hood,  5262 ;  plans  to  seize 
Atlanta,  5263 ;  cuts  off  Atlanta’s  food 
supplies,  5263 ;  march  to  Jonesboro, 
5263 ;  enters  Atlanta,  5264 ;  Georgia  in 
control  of,  5264;  losses  from  Chatta¬ 
nooga  to  Atlanta,  5264;  makes  Atlanta 
a  military  garrison,  5264;  protest  of 
municipal  authorities  against  order  for 
removal  of  inhabitants,  5265 ;  reply  to 
municipal  authorities  of  Atlanta,  5265, 
5266 ;  fortifies  Allatoona,  5266 ;  march 
to  the  sea,  5271-5284;  leaves  Atlanta, 
5271 ;  orders  public  property  to  be  de¬ 
stroyed,  5271 ;  plans  to  separate  Caroli- 
nas  from  gulf  states,  5272 ;  orders  to 
fleets  on  the  coast,  5272 ;  map  of  his 
march  to  Savannah,  facing  5 272;  divi¬ 
sion  of  forces  of,  5272;  destroys  rail¬ 
roads  in  Georgia,  5273 ;  arrives  at  Mil- 
ledgeville,  5274;  invests  Savannah,  5276; 
portrait,  facing  5276 ;  captures  Ft.  Mc¬ 
Allister,  5277 ;  demands  surrender  of  Sa¬ 
vannah,  5278;  map  of  his  final  campaign, 
facing  5278 ;  enters  city,  5278 ;  message 
to  Lincoln,  5278;  Lincoln’s  reply,  5278; 
end  of  march  to  the  sea,  5279 ;  field  order 
of,  5279;  damage  to  Georgia,  5279; 
leaves  Savannah,  5310;  enters  Colum¬ 
bia,  5311;  relieves  citizens  of  Columbia, 
5311;  leaves  Columbia,  5311;  occupies 
Charleston,  5312;  arrives  at  Cheraw, 
5312;  advances  to  Fayetteville,  5312; 
battle  of  Bentonville,  5313;  reaches 
Goldsboro,  5314;  plans  against  Lee, 
5314;  consults  with  Lincoln  and  Grant, 
5314,  5315;  returns  to  Goldsboro,  5315; 
interview  with  Johnston,  5316,  5317; 
offers  terms  to  Johnson,  5317;  holds 
council  with  generals,  5317;  terms  of 
agreement  with  Beauregard  signed  by, 
5318;  reports  of  Johnston’s  surrender, 
5319;  action  criticised  by  Stanton,  5319; 


Stanton’s  charges  against,  5319;  leading 
newspapers  denounce,  5319;  Stanton’s 
orders  against,  5320;  Halleck’s  order 
against,  5320;  Grant  conveys  order  of 
president  to,  5320;  ultimatum  to  John¬ 
ston,  5320;  writes  to  Stanton,  5320; 
anger  against  Stanton  and  Halleck, 
5321 ;  note  to  Halleck,  5321 ;  interview 
with  Johnson  and  Grant,  5322;  attitude 
toward  Stanton,  5322;  army  at  Alexan¬ 
dria,  5323 ;  army  reviewed  in  Washing¬ 
ton,  5323 ;  views  on  negro  suffrage, 
5348;  opinion  of  Johnson,  5379;  at  cen¬ 
tennial  celebration  of  Washington’s  in¬ 
auguration,  5628. 

Sherman  act,  congress  passes,  5646;  Dem¬ 
ocratic  platform  on,  5647;  effect  of  the, 
5649. 

Shetland  Isles  invaded  by  barbarians,  202 ; 
easy  passage  to,  205;  perhaps  “East- 
land,”  note,  256. 

Shields,  Gen.  James,  at  Cerro  Gordo,  4393 ; 
at  battle  of  Kernstown,  4797;  Jackson 
defeats  at  Cross  Keys,  4798. 

Shiloh,  Tenn.,  map  of  battle,  facing  5096; 
battle  of,  5100-5106. 

Shinghais,  Indian  chief,  2032. 

Ship  company  organized  by  Swedish  mer¬ 
chants,  576. 

Ship  Island,  in  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Union 
troops  occupy,  4864;  department  of  the 
west  gulf  squadron,  4864. 

Shipbuilding,  primitive  craft,  103,  104,  106; 
canoes,  107;  keel-boat,  108;  Egyptian 
two-masted  galleys,  108;  sails  added 
108,  109;  Phoenician  biremes,  109;  pic¬ 
tures  of  medkevarl  boats,  facing  106, 
no;  Greek  boats  have  metal  beaks,  no; 
of  14th  and  15th  centuries,  114;  Narvaez 
compelled  to  engage  in,  462;  Soto  also, 
475;  his  survivors  also,  477;  first  Eng¬ 
lish  vessel  built  in  North  America, 
729;  first  in  New  England,  913;  flourish- 
in  Rhode  Island,  1480;  important  col¬ 
onial  interest,  2349;  in  colonial  times, 
3118,  3119;  on  Lake  Bennett,  illus.,  fac¬ 
ing  5682 ;  improvements  in,  5938. 

Shippack  creek,  near  Germantown,  Pa., 
Washington  camped  near,  2625. 

Shippen,  Edward,  chief  justice  of  supreme 
court  of  Pennsylvania,  3677. 

Shippen,  Margaret,  married  Benedict  Ar¬ 
nold,  2974. 

Shippen,  Dr.  William,  appointed  director- 
general  of  hospitals,  2708. 

Shirley,  William,  governor  of  Massachu¬ 
setts,  1380;  portrait,  facing  1380;  com¬ 
missioner  in  boundary  dispute,  1381 ; 


232 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


reduces  Louisbourg,  1389,  1400,  1407, 
1589;  urges  England  to  send  reinforce¬ 
ments,  1404;  during  press-gang  riots, 
1412,  1413;  associated  with  Braddock, 
2056,  2085,  2086;  at  Alexandria  confer¬ 
ence,  2057;  built  strong  forts  at  Oswego, 
2087,  2088 ;  increases  his  armament,  2088, 
2089;  builds  fleet  on  lake,  2090;  at  Os¬ 
wego,  2091 ;  levies  troops  to  use  on 
Lake  Champlain,  2138;  appoints  Brad- 
street  commissary  general,  2140;  ap¬ 
pealed  to  in  dispute  over  billeting,  in 
1757,  2161,  2162;  proposes  union  of  the 
colonies  under  parliamentary  control, 
2355- 

Shirley  Hundred,  Va.,  laid  off  by  Dale,  672. 

Shoals,  isles  of,  included  in  patent  of  La¬ 
conia,  846. 

Shoreham,  opposite  Ticonderoga,  Allen 
marches  to,  2444. 

Shoshoneans,  Indian  stock,  in  western 
United  States,  163. 

Shreveport,  La.,  Steele  advances  toward, 
5256;  object  of  Red  river  expedition, 
5258 ;  Confederate  depot  of  supplies, 
S258. 

Shute,  Lieut.-Col.  Samuel,  royal  govern¬ 
or  of  Massachusetts  Bay  colony,  1358; 
in  controversy  with  citizens,  1359,  1360; 
excused  from  service,  1361. 

Siberia,  proposed  colonization  of  slaves  in, 
4647. 

Siboney,  Cuba,  Sampson  confers  with  Shat¬ 
ter  at,  5732;  Gen.  Miles  at,  5733- 

Sicily,  northmen  in,  205;  Philip,  king  of, 
487. 

Sickles,  Gen.  Daniel  E.,  on  Confederates  at 
Fair  Oaks,  4970 ;  at  Chancellorsville, 
S079,  5980;  assigned  military  commander 
of  North  Carolina,  5387,  5388;  orders 
that  negroes  be  accepted  as  jurors,  5394; 
humane  regulations  of,  5394.  5395  5  con¬ 
flict  between  civil  and  military  authori¬ 
ties  in  North  Carolina,  5396;  relieved 
of  his  command,  5396. 

Sidney,  Algernon,  friend  of  William  Penn, 
1195;  cited  on  government,  1201. 

Sidney,  Henry,  assists  in  drawing  up  Penn¬ 
sylvania  charter,  1195. 

Sidon,  one  of  Mediterranean  states,  105 ; 
left  few  records,  109. 

Sieyes,  Emanuel,  portrait,  facing  3612. 

Siegel,  Gen.  Franz,  cuts  off  McCulloch’s 
reinforcements  in  Arkansas,  4711;  com¬ 
mands  in  Fremont’s  campaign,  4723; 
Curtis  supersedes,  4731 ;  commands  di¬ 
vision  under  Curtis,  4731 ;  evades  cap¬ 
ture  by  Van  Oorn,  4734;  battle  cf  Pea 


Ridge,  4736;  his  comment  on  battle  of 
Pea  Ridge,  4737,  4738;  portrait,  facing 
5008;  succeeds  Fremont’  5008;  strength 
of  corps,  5008;  at  Cedar  Mountain, 
5014;  criticised  by  Pope,  5014;  at  Ma¬ 
nassas,  5019,  5020;  attacks  Jackson  at 
Groveton,  5020;  at  second  battle  of  Bull 
Run,  5022,  5023 ;  commands  Eleventh 
Corps,  5031 ;  succeeded  by  Howard, 
5078;  ordered  to  seize  Stevenson,  5109; 
in  Shenandoah  valley,  5247 marches  to¬ 
ward  New  Market,  5247;  defeated  by 
Breckenridge,  5247;  defeated  by  Early, 

.  5248. 

Silk,  manufacture  of,  planned  in  Carolinas, 
1744;  culture  of,  hoped  for  by  Ogle¬ 
thorpe,  1852 ;  raw  silk  in  Georgia  before 
revolution,  1920;  culture  during  colo¬ 
nial  period,  3122,  3123. 

Sill,  Gen.  J.,  at  Stevenson,  5110. 

Silliman,  American  revolutionary  officer, 
pursues  Tryon  through  Connecticut, 
2566. 

Silver  given  to  French  colonists,  482;  Cher¬ 
okee  region  explored  for,  496 ;  Drake 
finds,  in  California,  594;  near  the  No- 
rumbega,  600;  found  at  St.  John’s,  602; 
worn  in  the  Carolinas,  606 ;  Raleigh 
tries  to  find,  617;  abundant  in  Old  De¬ 
troit,  2285 ;  historical  resume  of  its  coin¬ 
age  value,  5561,  5562;  house  passes  the 
Blared  bill  on  free  coinage  of,  5563 ;  pres¬ 
ident  vetoes  Bland  bill  on,  5563  5  rea~ 
sons  for  veto,  5563 ;  congress  passes 
bill  for  free  coinage  of,  5564;  Cleve¬ 
land  message  on  coinage  of,  5595;  con¬ 
gress  orders  purchase  of  bullion,  5643 ; 
Sherman  act  on,  5646 ;  effect  of  the 
Sherman  act  on,  5649;  depreciation  of, 
^649 ;  Cleveland  special  message  regard¬ 
ing  coinage  of,  5650,  5651;  congress 
repeals  the  Sherman  act  on,  5651 ;  re¬ 
storing  the  coinage  of,  5681 ;  Republi¬ 
can  platform  of  1896  on,  5687 ;  Demo¬ 
cratic  platform  of  1896  on,  5689;  coin¬ 
age  of,  5978. 

Silver  certificates,  congress  orders  issue 

of,  5043,  5044. 

Silver-grey  Whigs,  4498.. 

Silver  Republican  party  in  1896,  5687;  na¬ 
tional  convention  party  in  1900,  577U 
principles  of,  5771 ;  indorses  Democratic 
nominees,  571. 

“Silver  Water,”  Mohawk  name  of  Lake 
George,  2145. 

Simcoe,  Col.  John  G.,  commanded  “Queen’s 
Rangers,”  2628;  raided  Virginia,  3070; 
built  fort  at  Maumee,  3525. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


233 


Simcoe,  Ontario,  Champlain  wintered  at, 

.  537- 

Sinaloa,  Mex.,  De  Vaca  at,  463. 

Sinclair,  Lieut.-Gov.,  British  Indian  ex¬ 
pedition  fitted  out  by,  2791. 

Sines,  Portugal,  Da  Gama’s  birthplace,  401. 

Singletary,  Amos,  on  the  powers  of  con¬ 
gress  under  the  constitution,  3307. 

Singetary,  John,  arrested  for  breach  of 
neutrality  laws,  3469. 

Sinnekaas,  Dutch  name  of  Senecas,  1518. 

Sioux,  Indian  tribe,  follow  fishing  op¬ 
portunities,  157,  163;  in  South  Carolina, 
160;  picture,  illus.,  162;  in  Missouri 
valley,  157,  162;  in  Colorado,  163;  on 
the  James  river,  635;  join  French  in  war 
on  Iroquois,  2013,  2018;  war  with,  5515; 
Gens.  Crook  and  Terry  sent  against  the, 
5515;  battle  on  the  Little  Big  Horn 
river,  5515;  massacre  of  Custer  and 
command,  5515;  driven  into  Canada, 
5515 ;  government  support  of,  5618. 

Sitting  Bull,  Indian  chief,  Crook  and  Terry 
sent  against,  5515;  escapes  into  Canada, 
55i6. 

“Six  Companies”  send  Chinese  laborers  to 
United  States,  5900. 

Six  Nations,  origin,  159;  conquests,  159, 
160;  huts,  176;  in  time  of  Pontiac,  1519; 
banded  together,  1567;  ceded  territory 
to  England,  1567;  promised  fealty  to 
English  in  King  George’s  war,  1587; 
negotiate  treaty  about  Shenandoah  val¬ 
ley,  1658;  favorable  to  English  in  1754, 
2025;  displeased  by  Shirley  in  1755, 
2093 ;  not  sincere  friends  of  either 
French  or  English,  2707;  send  men  to 
Bradstreet’s  expedition  against  Fronte- 
nac,  2211;  English  alliance  with,  2585; 
division  of,  2585,  2586;  Dunmore  renews 
treaty  with,  2772;  distrust  U.  S.  gov¬ 
ernment,  3522;  see  also  Five  Nations. 

Skelton,  Rev.  Samuel,  pastor  of  Massa¬ 
chusetts  Bay  colony,  869. 

Skene,  Maj.  Philip,  British  agent,  2445; 
sketch  of,  note,  2445 ;  munition  taken 
from  storehouses  of,  2447;  joins  Bur- 
goyne,  2599 ;  confiscation  of  his  estates, 

3T39-  . 

Skenesborough  (Whitehall),  residence  of 
Maj.  Skene,  2445;  Americans  embark 
for,  2572 ;  retreat  of  Americans  from, 
2573;  British  occupy,  2573,  2574,  2576; 
Tories  join  Burgoyne  at,  2599;  Bur- 
goyne  evacuates,  2637. 

“Skinners,”  name  of  ostensible  patriots 
during  revolution,  2538. 


Skitwarroes,  Indian  with  Raleigh  Gilbert, 
728. 

Skolnus,  Johann,  exploration  of,  260. 

Skraellings,  found  in  North  America,  150, 
151,  218;  in  conflict  with  Norsemen, 
224,  227;  in  “Icelanders  Booklet,”  236. 

Slade,  William,  opposes  slavery,  4316,  4317. 

Slander  punished  by  ducking  in  colonial 
times,  1651. 

Slater,  Samuel,  portrait,  facing  3124;  father 
of  cotton  manufacturing  in  America, 

3125. 

Slaughter,  Thomas,  delegate  to  convention 
on  Kentucky  independence,  2777. 

Slavery  revived  and  approvel  by  church 
in  .  Columbian  epoch,  38 ;  difference  of 
opinion  on  slave-trade  in  Spain,  332, 
333;  emancipation  of  slaves  by  Isabella, 
333;  in  Vespucci’s  story,  356,  363,  364; 
Ojeda  engaged  in  slave  trade,  376;  Cor- 
tereal  enslaves  the  Indians,  380 ;  De 
Ayllon  frees  the  slaves  brought  him  by 
Cordillo,  397;  Sebastian  Cabot  engaged 
in  slave  trade,  441 ;  Indians  enslaved 
by  Narvaez,  460;  by  Soto,  466,  468-470, 
472;  Ortiz  enslaved  by  Indians,  468; 
De  Gourgues  commissioner  to  engage 
in  the  African  slave-trade,  497;  Dutch 
West  India  company  engages  in  slave 
trade,  565 ;  Hawkins,  an  English  slave 
trader,  590,  591 ;  negroes  sold  in  Vir¬ 
ginia  in  1619,  682;  all  colonies  enslave 
captives  during  war,  1078;  Scotch  sol¬ 
diers  sold  as,  1003;  in  Pennsylvania  de¬ 
nounced  by  George  Keith,  1234;  first 
anti-slavery  declaration,  1245 ;  Penn’s  at¬ 
titude  towards,  1245;  Quakers  persist¬ 
ent  against,  1246;  ends  among  American 
Quakers,  1246;  opposed  in  Rhode  Is¬ 
land,  1482,  1483;  in  New  York  before 
the  revolution,  1596,  1599;  injures  Vir¬ 
ginia,  1644;  imposed  by  English  gov¬ 
ernor,  1644;  conditions  of,  in  early  18th 
century,  1644-1646,  1837;  causes  for  in 
Carolinas,  1749,  1750;  Oglethorpe  tries 
to  put  it  down,  1875 ;  forced  on  Georgia, 
1876,  1877;  forced  on  Virginia  and  South 
Carolina,  2362,  2363;  objected  to  by 
first  continental  congress,  2411;  in  South 
Carolina  during  revolutionary  war, 
2811,  2820,  2918;  restrictions  on  in  dif¬ 
ferent  states,  3106;  prohibited  in  north¬ 
west  territory,  3162;  Rufus  King  on, 
3163;  in  the  ordinance  of  1787,  3195, 
3196;  contests  over  in  the  Philadelphia 
convention,  3283,  3288,  3289,  3295 ; 

George  Mason  on  slave-trade,  3290; 


234 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Ellsworth  on,  3290;  congressional  de¬ 
bates  on,  in  1789,  335E  3352,  3378; 
Quakers  petition  congress  against,  3377, 
3618;  number  of  negroes  in  the  United 
States  in  1790,  422;  Americans  sold  as 
slaves  by  the  Moorish  pirates,  3445, 
3446;  illus.  of  a  Guinea  slave-ship,  fac¬ 
ing  3500;  congress  on  foreign  slave 
trade,  3500;  New  York  emancipates  her 
slaves,  3664,  3665;  Henry  Clay  on,  3667; 
Philadelphia  freedmen  petition  against, 
3670;  congress  discountenances  such  pe¬ 
titions,  3671 ;  effect  of  the  cotton-gin, 
3695 ;  viewed  with  disfavor  by  slave 
owners,  3698;  its  effect  on  men,  3698, 
3699;  result  of  the  Louisiana  purchase 
on,  3755,  3756;  in  Orleans  territory, 
3762,  3764;  eighth  congress  on,  3769; 
South  Carolina  on,  3769,  3770;  New 
Jersey  acts  on,  3770;  Indiana  and  Illi¬ 
nois  territory  petitions  for,  377 0;  nth 
congress  discusses,  3902;  struggle  over 
the  admission  of  Missouri,  41141  efforts 
to  restrict  slave  trade,  4120;  more  strin¬ 
gent  fugitive  slave  law  demanded  in 
1819,  4120;  discussion  on  admission  of 
Missouri,  4122,  4123 ;  Great  Britain  at¬ 
tempts  to  stop  slave  trade,  4155,  4156; 
handicap  to  South,  4202,  4203;  negro 
seaman  act  of  South  Carolina,  4203- 
4206;  Gov.  Troup,  of  Georgia,  on,  4204, 
4205;  abolition  of,  by  New  York,  4206; 
plays  important  part  in  Texas  question, 
4285 ;  anti-slavery  petitions  presented  to 
congress,  4296,  4297;  agitation  in  25th 
congress,  4315,  4 3*7,  43*91  condemned 
by  Van  Buren  in  farewell  message,  4328; 
discussions  in  27th  congress,  43531  “Cre¬ 
ole”  case,  43541  Adams  secures  repeal 
of  rules  against  slavery  petitions,  4365 ; 
enters  into  Texas  question,  4366;  acqui¬ 
sition  of  slave  territory  opposed  by  Clay 
in  his  Lexington  speech,  4416;  upheld  by 
Calhoun,  44171  status  of,  in  territories 
debated  in  congress,  4423-4425 ;  Demo¬ 
cratic  platform  of  1848  takes  negative 
stand,  4428;  Free-soil  platform  of  1848 
opposes,  4430,  4431 ;  discussed  in  sec¬ 
ond  session  of  30th  congress,  4432-4435; 
beginning  of  active  pro-slavery  senti¬ 
ments  in  South,  4443-4446;  Clay’s  speech 
in  senate,  4454-4457 ;  Calhoun’s  speech 

in  senate,  4458-4462;  Webster’s  speech 

in  senate,  4462-44 66;  Seward’s  speech 

in  senate,  4466,  4467;  discussed  by  Soule 
in  senate,  4470-4473 ;  attempt  to  fasten 
slavery  upon  Kansas,  4587;  Lincoln’s 
attitude  towards,  as  expressed  in  his 


Cooper  Union  speech,  4588,  4589;  dis¬ 
cussion  of,  becomes  universal,  4591, 
4592 ;  >  leads  to  breach  in  Democratic 
party,  4592-4594;  opposed  by  Republi¬ 
can  platform  in  i860,  4597,  4598;  im¬ 
portant  factor  in  secession,  4611;  Buch¬ 
anan  on  northern  agitation  against,  4614; 
Lincoln  on,  4624,  4646,  4668 ;  Critten¬ 
den  compromise  on,  4640 ;  Republicans 
on,  4644;  plan  for  gradual  emancipation 
in  1861,  4646,  4647;  Jefferson  Davis  on, 
4655,  4656;  congress  offers  constitutional 
amendment  on,  4657 ;  Southern  Confed¬ 
eracy  on,  4661,  4662 ;  A.  H.  Stephens 
on,  4662;  Jefferson  quoted  on,  4662; 
Fremont  attempts  to  emancipate  slaves 
of  Missouri,  4717,  4718,  4953;  But¬ 
ler’s  decision  on  slaves  as  contra¬ 
band,  4745,  4746;  congress  confiscation 
act  on  slaves,  4767,  4768;  southern  con¬ 
gressmen  act  in  interest  of,  4768 ;  effect 
of  the  institution,  4925 ;  England’s  atti¬ 
tude  toward,  4935,  4936 ;  treaty  with 
England  on  slave  trade,  4947;  congress 
abolishes,  in  territories  and  District  of 
Columbia,  4947 ;  Lincoln  on  compensated 
emancipation,  4949-4951 ;  opposition  to 
the  plan,  4952 ;  Hunter’s  unwarranted 
attempt  to  emancipate  slaves  in  seceded 
states,  4953 ;  Lincoln  charged  with  favor¬ 
ing,  4953 ;  Lincoln  and  his  cabinet  on 
emancipation,  4953,  4954,  4956-4958 ;  Lin¬ 
coln’s  reply  to  Greeley  on,  4955,  4956; 
abolished  by  the  emancipation  procla¬ 
mation,  5060;  Lincoln’s  opinion  of,  5061- 
5063 ;  thirteenth  amendment  adopted, 
5213;  reconstructed  states  abolish,  5332; 
bill  concerning  abolition  of,  5332;  bill 
objected  to  by  Lincoln,  5333;  abolished 
by  Louisiana,  5335;  by  Tennessee,  5339; 
by  South  Carolina,  5349;  by  Alabama, 
5350;  by  Georgia,  5350;  by  Florida, 
5351 ;  by  Texas,  5352;  thirteenth  amend¬ 
ment  ratified  by  southern  states,  5353; 
false  ideas  of  slaves  regarding  freedom, 
5354- 

Slemmer,  Lieut.  Adam,  saves  Ft.  Pickens 
to  the  Union  in  1861,  4650. 

Slidell,  John,  envoy  to  Mexico,  4373 ;  re¬ 
ports  Cuba  bill,  4581 ;  Confederate  en¬ 
voy  to  England  and  France,  4926;  cap¬ 
tured  and  imprisoned  by  Wilkes,  4926- 
4928;  released  by  U.  S.  government, 
4932,  4933.1  reception  in  London  to,  4933 ; 
his  negotiations  with  France,  4940;  in¬ 
terview  with  the  emperor  of  France, 
4940. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


235 


Sloat,  John  D.,  takes  seaports  of  Califor¬ 
nia,  4382 ;  succeeded  by  Stockton,  4383. 

Slocum,  Gen.  Henry  W.,  at  battle  of 
Gaines’  Mill,  4980;  at  Malvern  Hill, 
4988;  in  Hooker’s  Virginia  campaign, 
5078;  at  Gettysburg,  5088;  in  Sher¬ 
man’s  march  to  the  sea,  5272 ;  arrives 
at  Milledgeville,  5274;  consults  with 
Sherman,  5317. 

Slocum,  steamer,  see  General  Slocum. 

Slaughter,  Col.  John,  succeeds  Leisler  as 
governor  of  New  York,  1546-1548;  dies, 
1549. 

Smack’s  Island,  near  Albany,  N.  Y.,  the 
limit  of  Van  Rensselaer’s  patroonship, 

S67. 

Smallpox,  Pocahontas  died  of,  note,  675 ; 
Indian  villages  swept  by,  740;  in  Phips’ 
expedition  against  Canada,  1545;  in  rev¬ 
olutionary  army,  2478,  2831,  2907,  3049. 

Smallwood,  William,  at  Brooklyn  Heights, 
2514;  at  Paoli,  2623,  2624;  at  German¬ 
town,  2631 ;  at  battle  of  Camden,  2954, 
2956 ;  at  Providence,  3009 ;  in  command 
of  North  Carolina  militia,  3011. 

Smibert,  George,  artist  with  Bishop  Berke¬ 
ley,  1487. 

Smith,  Gen.  A.  J.,  reinforces  Thomas,  5267; 
at  Nashville,  5268;  sent  to  New  Orleans, 
5269. 

Smith,  Adam,  a  friend  of  Lord  Shelburne, 
2722. 

Smith,  Gen.  C.  F.,  selects  Pittsburg  Land¬ 
ing  as  assembly  point  for  army,  5096; 
at  Pittsburg  Landing,  5098;  death,  5098. 

Smith,  Caleb  B.,  appointed  secretary  of 
interior,  4669. 

Smith,  Charles  Emory,  in  McKinley’s  cab¬ 
inet,  5772. 

Smith,  Gen.  Charles  F.,  at  Paducah,  5720; 
march  from  Paducah  to  Columbus,  4720 ; 
in  Ft.  Donelson  campaign,  4817,  4822, 
4823 ;  appointed  major-general,  4826. 

Smith,  Lieut.-Col.,  Francis,  British  officer 
at  battle  of  Lexington,  2423-2425;  at’ 
Concord,  2426,  2427. 

Smith,  Gerritt,  aids  in  rescue  of  Jerry,  a 
negro  slave,  4492 ;  appeal  to  people  for 
Missouri  compromise,  4534. 

Smith,  Col.  Green  Clay,  attacks  Morgan  at 
Paris,  Ky.,  5112. 

Smith,  Gen.  Gustavus,  before  battle  of 
Fair  Oaks,  4966;  succeeds  to  Johnston’s 
command,  4969. 

Smith,  Henry,  governor  of  Texas,  4278. 

Smith,  Hiram,  killed  by  a  mob,  4436. 

Smith,  Hoke,  in  Cleveland’s  second  cabi¬ 
net,  5648. 


Smith,  Israel,  indicted  for  treason,  3841. 

Smith,  James,  portrait,  facing  2500. 

Smith,  John  (of  Virginian  history),  be¬ 
lieves  in  northern  water  route  to  India, 
544;  gives  name  to  New  England,  551, 
736;  finds  no  trace  of  Roanoke  colony, 
615;  adventure  in  Rappahannock  coun¬ 
try,  621;  one  of  Virginia  council,  632; 
character,  632;  portrait,  facing  632; 
colonial  treasurer,  639;  famous  expe¬ 
dition  up  the  Chickahominy,  642-646; 
writes  “The  True  Relation,”  note,  643, 
646;  sails  up  York  river,  647;  re¬ 
ports  route  to  South  sea,  647;  tries  to 
find  it  by  Potomac,  648;  by  Susquehan¬ 
na,  649;  president  of  council,  649;  651; 
autocrat,  652;  his  stories  untrustworthy, 
652-654,  660,  709,  730,  731,  738,  740; 
colony  suffers  under,  659,  660;  returns 
to  England,  660;  leaves  legacy  of  Ind¬ 
ian  hatred,  675;  position  towards  com¬ 
pany  in  England,  705 ;  publishes  his 
“General  Historie,”  note,  709;  second 
chance  to  found  colony,  734,  735 ;  makes 
map  of  New  England  coast,  735,  736; 
assumes  title  of  “Admiral,”  737;  last 
expedition,  739;  dies,  739. 

Smith,  John,  senator  from  Ohio,  his  letter 
to  Burr,  3829;  indicted  for  treason,  3841. 

Smith,  Jonathan,  on  the  constitution  of 
the  United  States,  3308. 

Smith,  Joseph,  founds  Mormons,  4435 ; 
killed  by  a  mob,  4436. 

Smith,  Joshua,  in  a  treasonable  plot  of  Ar¬ 
nold,  2981. 

Smith,  Gen.  Kirbjr,  at  battle  of  Bull  Run, 
4758;  prepares  to  attack  Sill,  5110;  at 
Cumberland  Gap,  5110;  at  Pike  Creek 
Gap,  5 1 1 ;  orders  given  by  Bragg,  5118; 
portrait,  facing  5120;  threatens  Cumber¬ 
land  Gap,  5121 ;  occupies  Lexington, 
5122;  at  Frankfort,  5122;  returns  to 
Chattanooga,  5124;  supplies  captured  in 
Kentucky  by,  5125;  Price  reinforced  by 
troops  from  army  of,  5257;  surrenders 
to  Canby,  5323. 

Smith,  Melancthon,  approves  plans  for 
armored  vessels,  4910. 

Smith,  Col.  Morgan  L.,  at  Ft.  Donelson, 
4822. 

Smith,  Nathan,  Massachusetts  rioters  led 
by,  3239.  • 

Smith,  Rev.  Ralph,  at  Nantasket,  819,  869; 
assisted  by  Roger  Williams,  900. 

Smith,  Robert,  appointed  secretary  of  navy, 
3712;  secretary  of  state  in  Madison’s 
cabinet,  3896;  negotiates  with  Jackson, 
3912;  Jackson’s  rupture  with,  3914,  3915; 


236 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


incompetence  of,  3921 ;  Madison  re¬ 
moves,  3950,  3951. 

Smith,  S.  W.,  representative  from  Mich¬ 
igan,  59th  congress,  on  war  vessels  in 
great  lakes,  5870. 

Smith,  Samuel,  commands  Ft.  Mifflin,  2669; 
commanded  Maryland  troops  in  whiskey 
rebellion,  3517;  in  congress,  3517;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  3596;  opposes  the  embargo 
in  1809,  3388;  influence  of,  3896;  opposes 
U.  S.  bank,  3947. 

Smith,  Sydney,  on  taxation  act,  4948. 

Smith,  Sir  Thomas,  (great  London  mer¬ 
chant),  chief  incorporator  of  city  of 
Raleigh,  note,  61 1;  in  company  of  Lon¬ 
don  merchants,  616;  business  manager 
of  London  company,  630;  portrait,  fac¬ 
ing  630;  treasurer  of  New  Virginia 
company,  656;  Argali  a  relative,  657; 
opposed  by  Rich,  677 ;  favors  monoply, 
687 ;  loses  ground,  688 ;  royal  candidate 
for  treasurer,  689 ;  advocates  variety 
of  crops,  697 ;  consulted  about  govern¬ 
ment  of  Virginia,  710. 

Smith,  Thomas,  governor  of  Carolina^, 
1789;  advises  abandonment  of  “grancj 
frame,”  1789;  introduces  culture  of  rice, 
1790;  advises  against  governing  by 
deputy,  1791. 

Smith,  Gen.  William  F.,  at  Cold  Harbor, 
5241- 

Smith,  Gen.  W.  Sooy,  ordered  to  pursue 
Forrest,  5254;  raid  of,  5254;  plan  of 
Sherman  to  meet,  5255 ;  defeated  by 
Forrest,  5255 ;  retreats  to  Memphis, 
5255- 

Smith,  William  E.,  in  the  Miranda  expedi¬ 
tion,  3818. 

Smith,  William  S.,  chief  justice,  estates 
confiscated,  3139;  on  American  com¬ 
merce,  3491,  3494;  attempts  to  bribe, 
3567;  appointed  brigadier-general,  3637. 

Smith  &  Buchanan,  Baltimore  firm,  great 
failure  of,  4119. 

Smithfield,  N.  C.,  Confederates  retreat  to¬ 
ward,  5313,  5314. 

Smith’s  Hundred,  Va.,  entitled  to  represen¬ 
tation  in  house  of  burgesses,  680. 

Smith’s  Island,  N.  C.,  blockade  running  at, 

4855. 

Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge: 
Squier  and  Davis’  “Ancient  Monuments 
of  the  Mississippi  Valley”  is  vol.  1  of 
this  series,  133;  Morgan’s  treatise  on 
Indian  social  system  is  vol.  17  of  the 
series,  178,  179. 

Smuggling  in  Rhode  Island,  1350;  thrives 


in  colonies,  1691 ;  increases  during  seven 
years’  war,  2357 ;  on  the  frontier  in  1808, 
3876. 

Smyth,  Gen.  Alexander,  American  officer 
at  Buffalo  in  1812,  3995,  399  7 ;  at 
Queenstown  Heights,  3999;  career, 
4000;  campaign  of,  4000;  in  attack  on 
Black  Rock,  4000,  4001 ;  demoralization 
of  the  army  under,  4001 ;  dismissed  from 
thearmy,  4001. 

Smyth,  Henry,  Massachusetts  commission¬ 
er  for  Connecticut,  967. 

Smyth,  John,  separatist  pastor,  753;  re¬ 
moved  to  Amsterdam,  754;  dissents 
from  others,  756. 

Snake  river,  Lewis  and  Clark  at  the,  3758. 

Snead,  Col.  Thomas  L.,  his  comment  on 
battle  of  Boonville,  4712. 

Snorrason,  Thorbrand,  Norseman  killed  by 
Indians,  226,  237. 

Snow  Island,  rendezvous  of  Marion  at, 
2995 ;  Doyle  captures,  3040. 

Snowland,  name  of  Iceland,  203. 

Social  Democratic  party  in  1900,  5765 ; 
candidates  and  platform,  5765-5767. 

Socialism,  Robert  Owen’s  views,  4208- 
4210 ;  Frances  Wright’s  experiment  at 
Nashoba,  4210,  4211;  workingman’s 

party  at  New  York,  4211;  American 
labor  union,  5889. 

Socialist  Labor  party,  national  convention 
in  1892,  5648;  nominee  for  president, 
5648;  national  convention  in  1896,  5690; 
platform,  5690,  5691 ;  nominees,  5691 ; 
national  convention  of  1900,  5769;  nom¬ 
inees,  5769;  vote  in  1900,  5772. 

Society  for  the  propagation  of  Christian 
knowledge  helps  Moravians,  1866. 

Society  for  propagation  of  the  gospel, 
patron  of  Indian  education,  1017;  sup¬ 
plies  ministers  for  South  Carolina,  1795 , 
1801 ;  protests  against  persecution  of 
dissenters  in  Carolinas,  1800;  appealed 
to  for  better  missionaries  in  Carolinas, 
1832;  in  northern  colonies,  3111. 

“Society  of  Our  Lady  of  Montreal”  formed 
for  missionary  work  among  Indians, 
1967;  found  Montreal  as  religious  in¬ 
stitution,  1968. 

Society  of  the  Cincinnati,  5911. 

Society  of  the  colonial  dames  of  America, 

59 1 8-  ^  . 

Society  of  the  daughters  of  the  American 

revolution,  5919. 

Society  of  the  daughters  of  the  revolution, 

5919- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


237 


Society  of  the  Mayflower  descendants, 
59!8- 

Society  of  the  united  Confederate  veterans, 
5920,  5921. 

Society  of  the  war  of  1812,  5911,  5912. 

Soderini,  Piero,  friend  of  Vespucci,  347; 
Vespucci’s  correspondence  with,  364, 
365,  370. 

Solar  motor,  5945. 

Soldier’s  Rest,  Morgan’s  home  at,  2771. 

Solebay,  British  frigate,  2867. 

Soley,  Prof.,  U.  S.  N.,  on  lack  of  harmony 
in  Confederate  government,  4899,  4900. 

Solis,  Juan  Dias  de,  expedition  to*  Hon¬ 
duras,  note,  358,  374;  compared  to  Ves¬ 
pucci,  369;  chief  pilot  of  Spain  and  dis¬ 
coverer  of  the  La  Plata,  375,  439. 

Solomon,  king  of  Hungary,  perhaps  used 
cannon,  76. 

Somers,  Earl  of,  patentee  of  Plymouth 
council,  744. 

Somers,  Sir  George,  grantee  in  London 
company,  629 ;  admiral  of  second  Vir¬ 
ginia  colony,  656;  wrecked  on  the  Ber¬ 
mudas,  657,  658;  arrived  at  Jamestown, 
662;  died  in  the  Bermudas,  665. 

Somers,  Lieut.  Richard,  disastrous  exploit 
at  Tripoli,  3772. 

Somers ,  U.  S.  schooner,  4028. 

Somers  Islands  (The  Bermudas),  699. 

Somerset,  Ky.,  Morgan  at,  5113. 

Somersetshire,  Eng.,  sent  recruits  to  Mas¬ 
sachusetts  Bay,  876,  879. 

Soncino,  Raimondo  de,  on  Cabot’s  voyage, 

425. 

“Sons  of  Liberty”  organized,  put  down  sale 
of  stamps,  2375 ;  infuriated  by  British 
garrison,  2393,  2394;  society  of,  formed, 
5201,  5202;  Vallandigham  chosen  su¬ 
preme  grand  commander,  5202 ;  pur¬ 
pose  of  organization,  5202;  Thompson’s 
dealings  with,  5203 ;  general  rising 
planned,  5203;  arms  seized,  5204;  arrest¬ 
ed  and  tried  in  Indiana,  5205 ;  plot  to 
release  prisoners  at  Camp  Douglas,  5207, 
5208;  arrest  of  members  of,  5208. 

Sons  of  the  American  revolution,  5913, 
5914- 

Sons  of  the  revolution,  5913,  5915;  Massa¬ 
chusetts  society  of,  5915;  Pennsylvania 
society  of,  5915. 

Sons  of  veterans,  5915,  5916. 

Soo  canal,  5950,  5951. 

Sorie,  Capt.  Jacques  de,  dishonorably  killed 
prisoners,  493. 

Sothel,  Seth,  governor  of  North  Carolina, 
a  prisoner  in  Africa,  1761 ;  returned  to 


rule  disgracefully  and  be  deposed,  1762; 
punished  by  colonists,  1763 ;  usurps  gov¬ 
ernment  in  South  Carolina,  1783,  1784; 
forced  to  flee,  1785;  dies,  1785. 

Soto,  Hernando  de,  great  explorer,  400; 
life  and  travels,  464,  465 ;  portrait,  facing 
464;  his  expedition  to  America,  465; 
his  character,  466,  467;  in  Florida,  467; 
cruelty  to  Indians,  468-476;  disappointed 
at  not  finding  gold,  471,  472,  476;  found 
the  Mississippi,  475;  wintered  on  the 
Washita,  475 ;  buried  in  the  Mississippi, 
477;  his  expedition  a  failure,  478,  486. 

Soule,  Pierre,  favors  extension  of  slavery 
into  territories  acquired  from  Mexico, 
4468;  opposes  Clay’s  compromise,  4469- 
4473 ;  minister  to  Spain  under  Pierce, 
4520;  helps  draw  up  Ostend  manifesto, 
4549- 

South  Amboy,  N.  J.,  British  hold  in  rev¬ 
olution,  2549. 

South  America,  stone  works  in,  126;  Chi¬ 
nese  ships  drifted  to,  259,  260;  Caribs 
came  from,  323 ;  explorations,  discov¬ 
ered  by  Columbus,  329,  405 ;  Orinoco 
river,  330;  Vespucci  claimed  to  have 
coasted,  352,  359,  360,  370;  name  Amer¬ 
ica  suggested,  371 ;  Ojeda’s  voyages  to, 
372>  375-377;  Pinzon’s  expedition  to, 
373-375 ;  Solis  in,  374,  375 ;  Cabral  takes 
possession  of,  377,  378;  explored  by 
others,  381;  Magellan  coasts,  386,  396; 
rounds  southern  cape,  406,  415;  marvel¬ 
ous  Spanish  conquests  in,  464;  Mi¬ 
randa’s  expedition  against  Spanish  states 

of,  3817,  3818. 

South  American  republics,  sympathy  for, 
in  the  United  States,  4104,  4105,  4172, 
4173;  relations  of  United  States  with, 
4106,  4140;  Great  Britain  hesitates  to 
recognize  them,  4142 ;  British-American 
negotiations  concerning,  4143-4147;  par¬ 
cel  post  convention  with,  5752. 

South  Anna  river,  Va.,  Porter  destroys 
bridges  over,  4965,  49 66. 

South  Bay,  Lake  Champlain,  2095,  2200, 
2205. 

South  Berwick,  Me.,  early  factory  at,  846. 

South  Carolina,  Sioux  and  Iroquois  in, 
160;  first  French  colony  in,  480;  aban¬ 
doned,  482;  described  by  Amidas  and 
Barlowe,  605,  606;  included  in  Carolina 
company  in  grant  of  Charles  V.,  1722; 
always  separate  from  North  Carolina, 
1750;  religious  disputes  in,  1765-1767; 
debt  of,  1797,  1826;  general  assembly, 
1826-1833;  attempted  to  check  slave 


238 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


trade,  1838;  contests  rum  question  with 
Georgia,  1877-1879;  included  in  Ogle¬ 
thorpe’s  military  jurisdiction,  1887; 
Spaniards  stir  up  slave  insurrection  in, 
1891-1893;  votes  aid  to  Oglethorpe  in 
expedition  against  St.  Augustine,  1898; 
refuses  aid  to  Oglethorpe  in  Spanish 
invasion  of  Georgia,  1901 ;  part  of, 
claimed  by  Spain,  2002;  renews  treaty 
with  Indians,  2108;  Acadians  sent  to, 
2128,  2129;  attacked  by  Indians  from 
Florida  during  revolution,  2337;  obliged 
to  retain  slave  trade,  2363 ;  protests 
against  stamp  act,  2368;  sends  delegates 
to  stamp  act  congress,  2377;  government 
under  the  provincial  congress,  2439, 
2440,  2474,  2491,  2495,  2499,  2818;  slavery 
during  revolution,  2811;  Rutledge  gov¬ 
ernor  of,  2818;  militia,  2820;  on 
declaration  of  independence,  2823 ; 
Prevost’s  army  pillages,  2825,  2826; 

state  militia  law,  2831 ;  establishes  a 
fleet,  2863 ;  southern  campaign  of  the 
British  in,  2905 ;  Rutledge  made  dictator, 
2906;  British  outrages  in,  2914-2919, 
2932,  2933 ;  Clinton’s  policy  and  its 
results,  2919,  2920 ;  Cornwallis  in,  2920, 
2921 ;  civil  war  in,  during  revolution, 
2921,  2922;  famous  revolutionary  lead¬ 
ers,  2923-2926;  Scotch  in,  2927;  charac¬ 
ter  of  the  Tories,  2927,  2928;  map  show¬ 
ing  route  of  Greene  and  Cornwallis, 
facing  2938;  government  after  the  revo¬ 
lution,  3105;  slavery  in  1783-1787,  3106; 
disestablishment  of  the  church,  3110'; 
cedes  land  to  the  United  States,  3156; 
paper  money,  3246 ;  on  Philadelphia 
convention,  3259 ;  ratifies  the  U.  S.  con¬ 
stitution,  3311;  adopts  new  state  con¬ 
stitution  in  1790,  3408;  popplation  in 
1790,  3422;  reopens  slave  trade,  3769; 
protests  against  tariff,  4191 ;  manifesto 
prepared  by  Calhoun,  4192 ;  negro  sea¬ 
man  act,  4203-4206;  reply  of,  4204-4206; 
opposes  protective  tariff,  4242,  4243 ; 
calls  state  convention  and  adopts  ordi¬ 
nance  of  nullification,  4254,  4255 ;  ordi¬ 
nance  of  nullification  suspended  and  later 
rescinded,  4259,  4260;  appoints  commit¬ 
tee  of  safety  to  organize  South  against 
northern  aggression,  4478;  delegates  de¬ 
nounce  compromise  bill  in  Nashville 
convention,  4478,  4479;  appropriates  the 
Georgia  platform,  4480;  not  represented 
in  senate  in  second  session  of  36th 
congress,  4603 ;  first  steps  toward  seces¬ 
sion,  4607,-4610;  effect  of  Lincoln’s  elec¬ 


tion  in,  4609,  4610;  political  tenets  of, 
4611,  4612;  preparations  for  resistance 
of,  4615 ;  Pickens  elected  governor, 
4616;  secession  resolutions,  4617;  ordi¬ 
nance  of  secession  passed,  4618-4620; 
appeals  to  southern  states  to  form  con¬ 
federacy,  4621,  4622;  dealings  with  Gen¬ 
eral  Anderson,  4627;  letter  of  commis¬ 
sioners  to  Buchanan,  4630;  Buchanan’s 
reply  to,  4631,  4632;  prepares  for  war, 
4637;  blockades  Pensacola,  4854;  slaves 
declared  free,  5060 ;  desertions  in  regi¬ 
ments  from,  5228;  Sherman’s  march 
through,  5280;  Sherman’s  plans  con¬ 
cerning,  5310;  Hardee’s  movements  in, 
53 1 1 ;  Johnston  commands  Confederate 
forces  in,  5313;  proclamation  for  recon¬ 
struction  of,  5346;  constitutional  conven¬ 
tion,  5349;  ratifies  thirteenth  amend¬ 
ment,  5352 ;  military  control  provided 
for,  5383 ;  Sickles  assigned  as  military 
commander,  5388;  provisions  for  relief, 
5394,  5395;  Canby  reduces  taxes,  5397; 
convention  ratifies  constitution,  5399; 
ratifies  fourteenth  amendment,  5413; 
Grant  issues  proclamation  concerning 
Kuklux  Klan,  5421 ;  military  force  sent 
to,  5421 ;  Blaine  on  conditions  in,  dur¬ 
ing  reconstruction,  note,  5425,  5426 ; 
Democratic  protest  against  constitution 
of  1868,  5430,  5431 ;  against  negro  con¬ 
trol,  5430,  5431 ;  character  of  the  first 
legislature  in,  5431 ;  extravagance  of 
house  of  representatives  in,  5431,  5432; 
amount  of  debt  increased  under  negro 
rule,  5432 ;  career  of  Senator  Patterson, 
5433 ;  public  institutions,  5433 ;  Pike’s 
description  of  the  negro  legislature  in 
1873,  5433^  5434 ;  efforts  at  reform,  5435 ; 
D.  H.  Chamberlain  elected  governor, 
5435  legislature  of  1874, .  5435 ;  admin¬ 
istration  of  Chamberlain,  5436-5451 ; 
struggle  over  Whipper,  5437;  defeat  of 
Moses,  5438;  election  of  Shaw,  5438; 
colored  militia  forced  to  disband,  5439; 
Democrats  fear  Chamberlain,  5444;  Re¬ 
publican  state  convention  in  1876,  5444, 
5445 ;  strike  of  negroes  in  Colleton 
county,  5445,  5446;  election  frauds,  5447, 
5448;  Grant’s  instructions  to  Ruger, 
5448,  5449 ;  conflict  in  the  legislature 
over  Chamberlain  and  Hampton,  5448- 
5451;  Hayes  on  elections,  5451-5454; 
congress  acts  on  affairs  in,  5454;  Cham¬ 
berlain  resigns,  5454;  troops  withdrawn 
from,  5454,  5455 ;  Chamberlain  on  evils 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


239 


and  reforms  in,  5457,  5458;  carpet-bag 
administrations  in,  5457-5460. 

South  company  succeeds  the  Australia 
company,  577;  outgrown  by  New  Swe¬ 
den,  585. 

South  Dakota,  admission  into  the  Union, 
5622. 

South  Kingston,  R.  I.,  Narragansett  strong¬ 
hold  in,  1294;  held  by  whites,  1299. 

South  Mountain,  Md.,  battle  of,  5039-5041 ; 
losses  at,  5041. 

South  river,  early  name  of  Delaware  river, 
575- 

South  sea  found  by  Balboa,  383,  385 ;  chan¬ 
nel  to,  sought  by  De  Ayllon,  398;  Aus¬ 
tralian  company  organized  to  trade  in, 
576;  outlet  to,  desired,  631,  and  note; 
England  excited  about  route  to,  647 ; 
reported  route  via  Potomac,  648 ;  by 
the  St.  Lawrence,  649. 

Southampton,  Henry  Wriothesley,  Earl  of, 
financed  Gosnold’s  expedition,  618;  sent 
Weymouth’s  expedition  to  America, 
621;  did  not  object  to  Catholic  colony, 
622;  prominent  in  London  company, 
627;  connected  with  Wingfield,  630;  led 
the  auditor’s  party  in  London  company, 
688 ;  portrait,  facing  690 ;  in  committee 
on  answer  to  James  I.,  699;  his  manage¬ 
ment  contrasted  with  that  of  Sir 
Thomas  Smith,  699;  debarred  from 
London  company’s  meetings,  702 ;  kept 
the  records  of  the  company,  note,  709; 
died,  note,  709 ;  patentee  in  Plymouth 
council,  744;  headed  Virginia  company, 
746;  on  committee  of  plantations,  1417. 

Southampton,  Eng.,  Mayflower  fitted  out  at, 
764;  Puritans  sail  from,  765. 

Southampton,  L.  I.,  part  of  Connecticut 
colony,  957;  sends  settlers  to  Branford, 
993;  founded  by  English,  1125. 

Southard,  Samuel  L.,  appointed  secretary  of 
the  navy,  4141 ;  approves  Adams’  stand 
on  the  Monroe  doctrine,  4263 ;  reap¬ 
pointed  by  Adams,  4169. 

Southcote,  Thomas,  one  of  Massachusetts 
association,  864. 

Southerland,  Lieut.,  commands  Highland¬ 
ers  in  1742  at  Frederica,  1910,  1911. 

Southern  men  in  Mexican  war,  4378. 

Southern  states,  grievances  of,  4173; 
ground  for  complaint  on  tariff,  4182, 
4186,  4187;  sympathy  with  Mexican  war, 
4443,  4444;  pro-slavery  feelings  become 
more  pronounced,  4445 ;  Calhoun  de¬ 
clares  North  has  gained  ascendency 
over,  4458,  4459 ;  attempt  to  organize 


against  the  president’s  opposition  to 
extension  of  slavery,  4477,  4478;  does 
not  favor  fugitive  slave  law  as  passed, 
4483 ;  conservative  and  loyal  elements 
accept  compromise  of  1850,  4486; 

aroused  over  fate  of  Cuban  filibusters, 
4495,  4496;  condition  of,  in  i860,  4604; 
secession  of,  4604-4624,  4649-4654,  4657- 
4660;  incendiary  press  in  1861,  4651; 
Confederacy  organized,  4653-4655,  4660- 
4662;  conditions  in,  during  civil  war, 
4677,  4678;  illiteracy  Jn,  5985,  5986. 

Southertown,  R.  I.,  claimed  by  Massachu¬ 
setts  Bay,  1057. 

Southfield,  Union  gunboat,  sunk  by  the 
.Albemarle,  5174. 

Southgate,  James  H.,  candidate  for  vice- 
president,  5686. 

Southold,  L.  I.,  part  of  New  Haven  colony, 
958;  settled  by  company  from  Norfolk, 
Eng.,  992;  annexed  by  Connecticut  col¬ 
ony,  1421 ;  Dutch  and  English  commis¬ 
sioners  met  at,  1431. 

Southwest  Pass,  La.,  Mississippi  river  en¬ 
trance,  4862 ;  gulf  squadron  passes 
through  the,  4862,  4863 ;  the  federal  fleet 
at  entrance  of,  4884;  deposits  of  the  Mis¬ 
sissippi  river  at,  5955. 

Southwest  territory  organized  by  congress, 
3389. 

Southwick,  Cassandra,  charged  with  har¬ 
boring  Quakers  and  banished,  932,  936. 

Southwick,  Lawrence,  implicated  with 
Quakers,  932;  died,  936. 

Sovereign,  James  R.,  grand  master  of  the 
Knights  of  labor,  5672. 

Spaight,  Richard  Dobbs,  member  of  the 
Philadelphia  convention,  3270. 

Spain,  unification,  17,  18;  subject  to  Arabs, 
17,  46,  243;  map  of,  18;  relations 

with  Portugal,  18,  19;  union  of  church 
and  state,  20 ;  origin  of  inquisition,  20 ; 
jealous  of  France,  26;  junta  zealous  for 
church,  40;  injures  America,  41;  coasted 
by  Phoenicians,  98 ;  advantage  in  mari¬ 
time  affairs,  115;  dealings  with  Indians, 
152-154,  168,  169,  183;  gains  new  world, 
283 ;  gives  Columbus  his  first  commis¬ 
sion,  291-294;  Spain’s  treatment  of  Co¬ 
lumbus,  3J7-320,  329,  332-337,  340,  34U 
rivalry  with  Portugal,  321 ;  Pope’s  line 
of  demarcation  from  Portugal,  321,  322; 
Jews  expelled  from,  328;  trade  privileges 
in  new  world,  328;  Spanish  treatment 
of  Indians,  332,  468-470,  473,  475,  476; 
Spanish  successors  of  Columbus,  381- 
400;  threatens  war  on  English  colonies, 


240 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


1206;  claims  right  of  search  on  English 
vessels,  1489,  1894;  in  treaty  of  Ryswick, 
1552;  engaged  in  piratical  enterprises, 
1 773  i  claims  universal  sovereignty  in 
America,  1773;  allied  with  France  dur¬ 
ing  war  of  Spanish  succession,  1802; 
hostile  to  American  colonies,  1885,  1888; 
her  persistence  in  new  world  causes 
war  of  Austrian  succession,  1893,  1894; 
allied  with  France  against  English  in 
colonial  period,  2003 ;  partly  defeated  in 
seven  years’  war,  2003 ;  acquires  Loui¬ 
siana  in  1755,  2006;  joins  France  in 
“Family  Compact  against  England,”  de¬ 
clares  war  in  1762,  2330;  cedes  Florida 
to  England  in  1763,  2335 ;  exchanges 
Florida  for  Cuba  in  1763,  2336;  cedes 
Florida  to  United  States,  2337;  Genet 
and  Spanish  America,  3474-3477;  rela¬ 
tions  with  the  United  States,  3534-3536, 
3562,  3605-3607;  as  affected  by  Jay’s 
treaty,  3556;  Pinckney  negotiates  treaty 
of  T795»  3561-3563;  Spanish  intrigues  in 
the  West,  3602-3604;  American  filibus¬ 
tering  in  Louisiana,  3605-3607,  3639, 
3640;  opens  port  of  New  Orleans  to 
American  commerce  in  1795,  3724,  3725; 
Jefferson’s  letter  to  Claiborne  on  our 
relations  with  Spain,  3725 ;  transfers 
Louisiana  to  France,  3725,  3726,  3728- 
3730,  3735 ;  closes  Mississippi  river  to 
American  commerce,  3736,  3737 ;  re¬ 
stores  right  of  deposit,  3740;  receives 
news  of  sale  of  Louisiana  to  United 
States,  3745 ;  protest  of,  3746 ;  on  Loui¬ 
siana  boundaries,  3753 ;  her  claim  on 
the  Floridas,  37 54,  3765 ;  the  Mobile  act, 
3765,  3766;  the  Spanish  claims  conven¬ 
tion  of  1804,  3766;  negotiations  over 
West  Florida,  3804,  3805;  Wilkinson  in¬ 
trigues  with  Spanish  officials,  3831,  3832; 
neutral  ground  treaty,  3832;  United 
States  threatens  colonies  of,  3903 ;  Na¬ 
poleon  closes  ports  of,  3920;  American 
ships  seized  in,  3932 ;  revolt  in  Spanish- 
American  colonies,  3939,  3940;  feeling 
toward,  in  United  States,  4104;  respon¬ 
sible  for  piracy  on  American  coast,  4107; 
protests  against  Jackson’s  invasion  of 
Florida,  41 11;  United  States  answers, 
41 1 1,  4112;  cedes  Florida  to  the  United 
States,  4113;  finally  ratifies  the  Florida 
treaty,  4132 ;  threatened  with  loss  of 
Cuba  and  Porto  Rico,  4173;  negotiations 
of  Webster  with,  over  New  Orleans 
incident,  4495,  4496;  Cleveland  on  treaty 
with,  5594 ;  reciprocity  treaty  with,  5645 ; 


in  naval  display  at  New  York,  5657, 
5658;  congress  asks  for  local  govern¬ 
ment  in  Cuba,  5681,  5682;  the  insurrec¬ 
tion  in  Cuba,  5704,  5705 ;  McKinley’s 
message  on  Cuban  affairs,  5706;  media¬ 
tion  refused  by,  5706;  McKinley’s  nego¬ 
tiations  regarding  Cuba  with,  5709,  5710; 
joint  resolution  of  congress  demands 
the  relinquishment  of  Cuba,  5714;  war 
with  United  States,  5714,  5715;  peace 
treaty  with,  5749;  see  also  Spanish- 
American  war. 

Spanish  in  America,  see  Colonies  in  Amer¬ 
ica,  Spanish;  Discovery  and  exploration, 
for  Spain. 

Spanish-American  treaty  of  1899,  facsimile 
of  last  page,  facing  5738. 

Spanish-American  war,  5711-5745;  declared, 
5715;  preparations  for,  5715-5718;  coast 
defenses,  5716,  5717;  Dewey’s  victory  in 
the  Philippines,  5719-5724;  location  of 
Cervera’s  fleet,  5725 ;  Hobson’s  exploit 
of  sinking  the  Merrimac,  5725,  5726; 
active  land  operations  around  Santiago, 
5727-5732;  destruction  of  Cervera’s 
fleet,  5732,  5733 ;  number  of  deaths  and 
wounded  in,  5734;  number  of  Spaniards 
surrendering  in  the,  5735 ;  Spain  sues 
for  peace,  5735 ;  Spanish-American  war, 
joint  military  commission  appointed, 
5735 ;  work  of  the  commission,  5736; 
peace  commissioners,  5  737;  organiza¬ 
tions  to  cherish  memories  and  associa¬ 
tions  of,  5920. 

Spanish  succession,  war  of,  prevented  Eng¬ 
land  from  taking  over  Penn’s  provinces, 
1250;  starts  privateering  in  Rhode  Is¬ 
land,  1481 ;  burdens  Rhode  Island  with 
paper  money,  1483 ;  affects  C^tolinas, 
1801 ;  leaves  Acadia  a  permanent  pos¬ 
session  of  England,  1958. 

Spanish  Fort,  Ala.,  attacked  by  Canby,  5283. 

Spartanburg  county,  S.  C.,  Ferguson  in, 
2934- 

Spears,  Gen.  G.  G.,  sent  to  Pine  Mountain, 

5 1 1 1 ;  withdraws,  5111. 

Specht  commanded  the  Hessians  at  battle 
of  Saratoga,  2653. 

Specie  circular,  4299 ;  one  cause  of  panic  of 
i837,  4303. 

Specie  payments,  suspension  of,  in  1861- 
62,  4945 ;  congress  on,  5524,  5525. 

Speculation  in  the  United  States,  4116. 

Speed,  James,  views  on  negro  suffrage, 
5348;  resigns,  5371 ;  denounces  Johnson’s 
reconstruction  work,  5377. 

Speedwell ,  Pring’s  ship,  620. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


241 


Spelman,  Sir  Henry,  sold  to  the  Indians 
by  John  Smith,  note,  660;  defended  ad¬ 
ventures  against  Pierce,  797;  adviser  of 
Gorges,  849,  860. 

Spencer,  John  C,  secretary  of  war  under 
Tyler,  4348. 

Spencer,  Joseph,  colonel  of  Connecticut 
troops,  2435 ;  appointed  brigadier-gen¬ 
eral,  2453;  expedition  to  recapture  New¬ 
port,  R.  I.,  2753. 

Spiring,  Peter,  commissioner  to  interest 
Holland  in  South  company,  578 ;  con¬ 
tributed  towards  it,  579. 

Spitalfields,  Eng.,  riots  at,  in  1765,  2360. 

Spitzbergen  Islands  in  the  Arctic  ocean 
touched  by  Hudson,  543. 

Spoils  system  under  Jackson,  4218,  4219; 
evils  of,  5567-5570;  Republican  clash 
over,  5570;  contest  of  Conkling  and 
Blaine  over,  5570. 

Spotswood,  Alexander,  explores  the  Alle- 
ghanies,  1623,  1657;  encourages  educa¬ 
tion  in  Virginia,  1653,  1656 ;  royal  gov¬ 
ernor  of  Virginia,  1654-1661 ;  instituted 
writ  of  habeas  corpus,  1654;  refused 
supplies  for  French  war  of  assembly, 
1655 ;  quarrels  about  church  living, 
1658;  makes  treaty  with  Six  Nations, 
1658 ;  postmaster-general,  1659  ;  appoints 
B.  Franklin  postmaster  of  Philadelphia, 
1659;  introduced  culture  of  vine  into 
Virginia,  1659;  appointed  to  command 
troops  against  Cartagena,  1659 ;  endeav¬ 
ors  to  pacify  disputing  parties  in  North 
Carolina,  1809,  1810;  intercedes  with 
Tuscaroras  for  whites,  1813;  sends  May¬ 
nard  to  attack  Blackbeard,  1825 ;  crosses 
the  Blue  Ridge,  3145. 

Spottsylvania,  Va.,  occupied  by  Longstreet, 
5235;  position  of  Union  army  at,  5236; 

battle  of,  5236-5239. 

Sprigg,  U.  S.  representative,  opposes  war 
with  France,  3620,  3621,  3623. 

Springett,  Sir  William,  father-in-law  of 
William  Penn,  1191. 

Springfield,  Ill.,  Fincoln  buried  at,  5302. 

Springfield,  Mass.,  founded  by  William 
Pynchon,  867;  objected  to  tax  on  the 
river,  995 ;  manufacture  of  arms  estab¬ 
lished  at,  2536;  convention  to  regulate 
prices  at,  2687 ;  Clinton  burns,  2967 ; 
mob  at,  3239;  Shay’s  rebellion,  3241. 

Springfield,  Mo.,  battle  of  Wilson  creek 
fought  near,  4713;  Maj.  Zagonyi  at, 
4723 ;  Curtis  reaches,  4732 ;  Price  evac¬ 
uates,  4732. 


Spurgeon,  Rev.  C.  H.,  prayer  for  success 
of  emancipation  .proclamation,  5064. 

Squanto,  Indian  interpreter,  helpful  to  Pil¬ 
grims,  775,  777,  781,  782;  rescued  by 
Standish,  776. 

Squier,  E.  G.,  joint  author  of  “Ancient 
Monuments  of  Mississippi  Valley,”  132. 

Squires,  Capt.,  attempted  to  burn  Hampton 
Roads,  2486. 

Squirrel,  De  Vries’  yacht,  574;  one  of 
Gilbert’s  ships,  601,  603. 

Stadaconna,  Indian  town  where  Quebec 
now  stands,  512. 

Staempfli,  Jacob,  on  Geneva  tribunal  of 
arbitration,  5507. 

Stafford  Heights,  Va.,  occupied  by  Sumner, 

5071. 

Stage  coach,  first  line  of,  between  Balti¬ 
more  and  Philadelphia,  1711;  first  in 
English  colonies,  2348;  travel  by,  3137, 
3138;  illus.  of,  facing  3138. 

Stagg,  commissioner  for  Maryland  in  17th 
century,  1092 ;  lost  at  sea,  1094. 

Stamford,  Conn.,  part  of  New  Haven  col¬ 
ony,  958,  993;  founded  by  Wethersfield, 
992;  near  dividing-line  between  Dutch 
and  English  territories,  1014;  Underhill 
defeats  Indians  at,  1139;  annexed  by 
Connecticut  colony,  1421. 

Stamp  act  opposed  by  Gov.  John  Penn, 
1273;  becomes  a  law,  2370,  2371,  2374; 
details  of,  2371 ;  actively  resisted  in  the 
colonies,  2374-2376,  2384,  2392,  2393;  re¬ 
pealed,  2379,  2382. 

Stamp  act  congress  meets  in  1765,  2376; 
instructions  to  delegates,  2376,  2377; 
colonies  represented  in,  2376,  2377; 

frames  declaration  of  rights  and  peti¬ 
tions,  2377,  2378. 

Stanberry,  Henry,  succeeds  Speed  as  at¬ 
torney-general,  5371 ;  opinion  on  recon¬ 
struction  acts,  5392,  5393 ;  notified  of 
Thomas’  arrest,  5405 ;  member  of  John¬ 
son’s  counsel  in  impeachment  trial,  5407. 

Standard  oil  company,  investigation  of,  by 
department  of  commerce  and  labor, 
5973- 

“Standing  Laws  of  Carolina,”  by  seceding 
parliament  of  South  Carolina,  1780. 

Standish,  Miles,  Puritan  leader,  in  Holland, 
757 ;  brief  account  of,  762 ;  in  Massa¬ 
chusetts  in  1620,  773 ;  protects  settlers 
from  Indians,  776;  balks  Indian  leagues, 
782;  puts  down  Wituwamat,  786;  res¬ 
cues  Weston’s  men,  787 ;  opposed  by  Ly- 
ford,  807;  attacked  by  Oldham,  808; 


242 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


ready  to  defend  claim  on  Cape  Ann,  812; 
conducts  negotiations  in  London,  815, 
816;  one  of  eight  guarantors  of  Plym¬ 
outh  colony  debt,  note,  818;  suppresses 
Morton  at  Merry-Mount,  824;  checked 
in  expedition  against  French,  833;  defied 
by  Billington,  834;  autograph,  facing 
838;  dies,  839. 

Stanford,  Leland,  governor  of  California,  in 
the  Central  Pacific  Ry.  Co.,  5491 ;  at 
ceremonies  attending  the  completion  of 
the  Pacific  railroad,  5493,  5494- 

Stanley,  Lord,  English  minister,  5503;  pol¬ 
icy  of,  5504. 

Stanley,  Gen.  David  S.,  at  New  Madrid, 
4830;  enters  Murfreesboro,  5153,  5154. 

Stansbury,  L.  S.  officer,  in  battle  of 
Bladensburg  in  1814,  4073. 

Stanton,  Edwin  M.,  adds  strength  to  Bu¬ 
chanans  cabinet,  4633,  4634;  position  on 
Kansas,  4681 ;  attitude  to  Lincoln,  4681 ; 
on  McClellan,  4789 ;  as  secretary  of  war, 
telegram  to  the  state  governors,  4964; 
receives  dispatch  from  McClellan,  5006; 
overrules  Pope’s  objections  to  succeed 
McClellan,  5007 ;  opposes  McClellan’s  re¬ 
instatement,  5029;  Burnside’s  opposi¬ 
tion  to,  5075 ;  reports  Lincoln’s  instruc¬ 
tions  to  Grant,  5228 ;  suggests  bodyguard 
for  Lincoln,  5299;  wires  news  of  Lin¬ 
coln’s  assassination  to  Sherman,  5316 ; 
criticises  Sherman,  5319;  actions  against 
Sherman,  5320;  receives  message  from 
Sherman,  5320;  Sherman’s  attitude  to¬ 
ward,  5321,  5322;  characteristics  of,  5322; 
Lincoln’s  opinion  of,  5323;  views  on 
negro  suffrage,  5347,  5348;  hostility  to 
Johnson,  5371 ;  makes  no  reply  to  Baird’s 
telegram,  5373 ;  relations  with  Johnson 
strained,  5401 ;  suspended  by  Johnson, 
5402 ;  congress  reinstates,  5403  ;  dismissed 
by  Johnson,  5404;  refuses  to  obey  order, 
5404;  receives  copy  of  senate  resolution, 
5405 ;  procures  Thomas’  arrest,  5405 ; 
refuses  to  give  up  office  to  Thomas, 
5406;  case  against  Thomas  dropped, 
5406;  dismissal  a  charge  in  Johnson’s 
impeachment,  5407;  Johnson’s  answer 
to  charge,  5408,  5409;  resigns,  5413; 
death,  5538. 

Stanton,  Elizabeth  Cady,  leader  of  women’s 
rights’  convention,  5927 ;  president  of 
national  woman’s  suffrage  society,  5929; 
speaks  before  congressional  committee, 
5929. 

Stanton,  Frederick  P.,  governor  of  Kansas, 
4S7i. 


Stanwix,  Brig.-Gen.  John,  builds  Ft.  Stan- 
wix  in  1758,  2210;  sends  troops  against 
Frontenac,  2211 ;  at  Oneida  in  1759,  2216. 

Stanwix  Fort,  N.  Y.,  treaties  with  the  Ind¬ 
ians  made  at,  1259,  1268;  scene  of 

treaty  about  boundary  of  Virginia,  2328; 
plan  of,  facing  2586;  description  of, 
2587;  invested  by  St.  Leger,  2587,  2588, 
2595,  2596;  first  American  flag  hoisted 
over,  2594;  siege  raised,  2596;  Indian 
treaty  signed  at,  in  1784,  3379. 

Star  chamber,  court  of,  injury  to  New 
England  colonies,  958. 

Star  of  the  West,  U.  S.  steamer,  expedition 
to  Ft.  Sumter,  4649. 

Star  route  fraud,  exposure  of,  5585,  5586. 

“Star-spangled  Banner,  The,”  circumstances 
which  led  to  composition  of,  4077. 

Stark,  John,  repulses  Montcalm  at  Ft. 
William  Henry,  2145 ;  in  conference 
with  Gen.  George  Howe,  about  Ticon- 
deroga,  2188,  2189;  officer  in  Rogers’ 
rangers,  2192,  2277;  at  Cambridge,  2433; 
appointed  colonel,  2436;  at  Bunker  Hill, 
2458;  at  Trenton,  2540;  pledged  his  pri¬ 
vate  fortune  as  war  fund,  2544;  resigna¬ 
tion,  2565 ;  his  ability,  2600 ;  portrait, 
facing  2602;  Baum  barred  by,  2602; 
tactics  of,  2603;  famous  saying  “Molly 
Stark  sleeps  a  widow,”  note,  2603 ;  Baum 
charged  by,  2604;  made  brigadier-gen¬ 
eral,  2607;  unappreciated  services  of, 
2667. 

Stark,  Gen.  W.  E.,  brigade  at  battle  of  An- 
tietam,  5044;  killed  at  Antietam,  5047. 

Starr,  Col.  Owen,  in  the  Fenian  invasion 
of  Canada,  5483 ;  portrait,  facing  5502. 

“Starving-time”  in  Virginia,  661,  note,  661. 

State,  department  of,  organized  by  con¬ 
gress,  3335,  3336;  progress  in  1905,  5962, 
5963- 

State  constitutions,  adoption  of  new,  in 
South,  5399. 

Staten  Island,  lands  on,  allotted  to  Wal¬ 
loons,  557;  brewery  built  on,  by  Kieft, 
1123;  war  on,  between  Indians  and 
Dutch,  1130;  peace  easily  secured  on, 
1142;  Howe  at,  2492,  2493;  Howe’s  base 
at,  2511;  Howe  returns  to,  2610. 

States  rights,  commercial  treaties  pre¬ 
vented  by,  3228;  action  of  the  states’ 
right  party,  3237;  discussion  on,  3647, 
3654;  effect  of  the  Louisiana  purchase 
on  state  sovereignty,  3754 ;  expression  of, 
in  1814,  4090;  South  Carolina  on,  in 
i860,  4621 ;  southern  congressmen  act  in 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


243 


interest  of,  4768;  Johnson  a  supporter 
of,  5342. 

Statue  of  liberty  in  New  York  harbor,  un¬ 
veiling  of,  5615. 

Staunton,  Va.,  settled,  1666;  Jackson  de¬ 
feated  Milroy  and  Schenk  at,  4798; 
Hunter  advances  towards,  5247 ;  Early 
at,  5249;  Forbert  sent  to,  5250;  Sheridan 
at,  5285. 

Steam  engine,  first  in  America  at  Ft.  Pitt, 
2316. 

Steamboats,  early  patents,  3120,  3121,  3695; 
Oliver  Evans,  3120;  Henry’s,  3120;  John 
Fitch’s,  3120,  3695;  illus.  of  Fitch’s  boat, 
facing  3120;  James  Rumsey’s,  3121,  3695; 
the  Clermont's  first  trip,  3695. 

Steamboat  inspection  service  established, 
45°°- . 

Steamship  lines,  proposition  to  create  new 
lines,  5859,  5860. 

Stearns,  Frederick  P.,  on  Panama  canal 
commission  of  engineers,  5829. 

Stedman,  Fort,  Va.,  taken  by  Confederates, 
5286;  retaken  by  Gen.  Hartranft,  5286. 

Steedman,  Gen.  J.  B.,'  reinforces  Thomas, 
5267;  in  battle  of  Nashville,  5267. 

Steel,  tariff  on,  3346. 

Steele,  Gen.,  in  Arkansas,  5256;  occupies 
Little  Rock,  5256 ;  march  toward  Shreve¬ 
port,  5256;  demonstrations  of  Price 
against,  5257 ;  retreat  to  Little  Rock, 
5257. 

Steele,  John,  Massachusetts  commissioner 
for  Connecticut,  967. 

Steele,  Richard,  friend  of  Bishop  Berkeley, 
i486. 

Steenstrup,  Prof.,  on  Zeno  story,  256. 

Stegge,  Thomas,  Cromwell’s  commissioner 
to  Virginia,  722. 

Stephen,  Capt.  Adam,  in  battle  of  German¬ 
town,  2041 ;  in  command  at  Will’s 
Creek,  2052;  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  2529; 
at  Trenton,  2540;  appointed  major-gen¬ 
eral,  2564;  on  the  Brandywine,  2615, 
2617,  2618;  at  Germantown,  2628,  2631; 
court-martial  and  dismissal,  2631,  2632. 

Stephens,  Alexander  H.,  member  of  28th 
congress,  4360;  declares  aggression  suf¬ 
ficient  cause  for  dissolution  of  Union, 
4449;  draws  up  manifesto  urging  adher¬ 
ence  to  compromise  of  1850,  4497 ;  op¬ 
poses  secession,  4622,  4623 ;  effect  of 
speech,  4623;  Lincoln’s  letter  to,  4624; 
elected  vice-president  of  the  Confeder¬ 
acy,  4654;  portrait,  facing  4656;  effort 
to  prevent  secession,  4658,  4659;  on  con¬ 
stitution  of  Southern  Confederacy,  4662; 


his  faith  in  Confederate  success,  4662, 
4663 ;  member  of  Hampton  Roads  con¬ 
ference,  5226;  suggested  as  candidate  for 
senate,  5353;  Johnson’s  criticism  of  can¬ 
didacy  of,  5353 ;  statement  concerning 
legal  rights  of  negroes,  5355,  5356;  de¬ 
nied  seat  in  congress,  5362. 

Stephens,  James,  on  fraudulent  neutrality, 
3809,  3810. 

Stephens,  Col.  W.  H.,  brigade  in  battle  of 
Pittsburg  Landing,  5103. 

Stephens,  William,  president  of  Georgia 
trustees,  1924;  trouble  with  the  Bosom- 
worths,  1927,  1929-1931. 

Stephenson,  Fort,  on  the  Sandusky,  4025. 

Steuben,  Baron  von,  portrait,  facing  2704; 
inspector-general  of  American  army, 
2705,  2706;  life  sketch,  2705;  at  battle 
of  Monmouth,  2739,  2740;  on  board  to 
try  Andre,  2986;  sent  to  help  Greene, 
3013,  3026,  3027;  with  Lafayette  in  Vir¬ 
ginia,  3069. 

Stevens,  E.  A.,  chief  engineer  of  Panama 
canal,  favors  a  lock-canal,  5829. 

Stevens,  Edward,  at  Brandywine,  2620;  in 
Carolina  campaign,  2940,  2942,  2946 ; 
urges  battle  at  Camden,  2951,  2952,  2954. 

Stevens,  Gen.  I.,  in  battle  of  Chantilly, 
5025 ;  leads  charge,  5025 ;  killed,  5025. 

Stevens,  John,  urges  superiority  of  railways, 
4197  ■ 

Stevens,  John  L.,  minister  to  Hawaii,  rec¬ 
ognizes  the  provincial  government,  5632 ; 
report  on  conditions  in  Hawaii,  5632, 
5633 ;  establishes  protectorate  over  Ha¬ 
waii,  5634;  Bount  succeeds,  5655. 

Stevens,  Samuel,  governor  of  Albemarle, 
1726;  dies,  1752. 

Stevens,  Thaddeus,  presents  reconstruction 
resolution,  5361 ;  opens  debate  upon  ad¬ 
mission  of  states,  5362 ;  presents  recon¬ 
struction  bill  to  house,  5383 ;  member  of 
house  committee  to  draw  up  articles  of 
impeachment  against  Johnson,  5406; 
manager  of  conduct  of  prosecution,  5407. 

Stevenson,  Adlai  E.,  becomes  vice-presi¬ 
dent,  5647,  5648,.  5768,  5770. 

Stevenson,  Ala.,  Sigel  ordered  to  seize, 
5109;  battle  at,  5110. 

Stevenson,  Andrew,  chosen  speaker  of  the 
house,  4184;  reelected  speaker  of  the 
house,  4223  ;  chosen  speaker  of  the  house, 
4267,  4268;  presides  at  Democratic  con¬ 
vention  in  1848,  4426. 

Stevenson,  Marmaduke,  Quaker,  defied 
Massachusetts  authorities,  936;  hanged, 
937,  938. 


244 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Stewart,  Lieut.-Col.,  British  officer  at  battle 
of  Guilford,  3033;  death,  3034. 

Stewart,  Gen.  A.  P.,  commands  brigade  at 
Pittsburg  Landing,  5103. 

Stewart,  A.  T.,  selected  by  Johnson  as 
secretary  of  the  treasury,  5418;  declines, 
5419;  in  Grant’s  cabinet,  5521. 

Stewart,  Charles,  in  U.  S.  navy,  3624;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  4088. 

Stewart,  Walter,  at  Brandywine,  2620. 

Stiles,  Rev.  Ezra,  president  of  Yale  college, 
1451. 

Stillman,  Dr.  Samuel,  Baptist  clergyman, 
3116. 

Stillwater,  N.  Y.,  Americans  at,  2608; 
Schuyler  arrives  at,  2678. 

Stimers,  A.  C.,  chief  engineer  of  the  Mon¬ 
itor,  4912. 

Stires,  Rev.  Ernest,  conducts  Gen.  Wheel¬ 
er’s  funeral  services,  5867. 

Stirling,-  Earl  of,  see  Alexander,  Sir  Will¬ 
iam. 

Stirling,  Lord,  see  Alexander,  Gen.  Will¬ 
iam. 

Stith,  William,  owned  records  of  London 
company,  note,  709. 

Stobo,  colonial  officer,  held  as  hostage  after 
surrender  of  Ft.  Necessity,  2051. 

Stockholm  visited  by  Usselinx,  576;  ar¬ 
rangements  made  at,  for  Swedish  col¬ 
ony,  579;  treaty  of,  silent  as  to  conflict¬ 
ing  claims  in  America,  1127. 

Stockton,  Richard,  portrait,  facing  2500. 

Stockton,  Robert  F.,  successor  of  Sloat, 

4383. 

Stoddard,  Benjamin,  secretary  of  the  navy, 
3623. 

Stodder,  acting-master  on  the  Monitor, 
4912. 

Stone,  English  trader,  murder  of,  913,  969, 
970. 

Stone,  Gen.  Chas.  P.,  charges  against,  note, 
4779,  4780 ;  arrested,  4780 ;  McClellan 
supports,  note,  4780;  later  career  of, 
note,  4780. 

Stone,  Lucy,  vice-president  of  American 
woman’s  suffrage  society,  5929. 

Stone,  Rev.  Samuel,  comes  to  Massachu¬ 
setts  with  Hooker  and  Cotton,  893,  894; 
of  great  ability,  965;  in  Pequot  war,  974. 

Stone,  Thomas,  in  continental  congress, 
1110;  portrait,  facing  2500;  member  of 
commercial  convention,  3249. 

Stone,  William,  governor  of  Maryland, 
1086;  draws  some  Puritans  to  colony, 
1088,  1089;  loyal  to  Lord  Baltimore, 
1095;  opposes  commissioners,  1099;  re¬ 


signs,  1100;  reproached  by  Lord  Balti¬ 
more,  1103;  turns  against  Puritans,  1104; 
worsted  in  conflict  with  them,  1105,  mo. 

Stoneman,  Gen.  George,  at  Williamsburg, 
4796;  in  Maryland,  5054;  ordered  to  cut 
off  Lee’s  supplies,  5079;  Hooker  dis¬ 
satisfied  with,  5084;  succeeded  by  Pleas¬ 
anton,  5084;  sent  to  destroy  railroads, 
5263 ;  captured  by  Confederates,  5263 ; 
raids  in  Virginia,  5270;  raid  in 
West  Virginia  and  North  Carolina, 
5270;  captures  Salisbury,  5270;  defeats 
Gardner  and  Pemberton,  5270;  impor¬ 
tant  captures,  5270. 

Stonewall  Jackson,  Confederate  ship,  fight 
with  the  Varuna,  4889. 

Stone’s  river,  Tenn.,  battle  at,  5113,  5114; 
description  of,  5151. 

Stonington,  Conn.,  petitions  for  admission 
to  Connecticut,  1463. 

Stone  Ferry,  S.  C,  battle  of,  2825. 

Stony  creek,  O.,  Senecas  at,  1519. 

Stony  Point,  N.  Y.,  stormed  by  Wayne, 
2807,  2833-28 37;  Clinton  reoccupies  and 
abandons,  2837,  2838;  Andre  and  Arnold 
meet  near,  2981. 

Stormont,  Lord,  British  ambassador,  de¬ 
mands  vessels  captured  by  French  and 
Americans  during  revolution,  2555,  2556, 
2870,  2872. 

Storms  in  the  year  1893,  5663. 

Storms,  Cape  of,  early  name  of  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  403. 

Storrs,  member  of  congress,  proposes  an 
amendment  to  the  Missouri  bill,  4125. 

Story,  deputy  register,  1765;  house  attacked 
by  Boston  mob,  2374. 

Stoughton,  Israel,  at  Greenfield  Hill,  979. 

Stoughton,  William,  chief  judge  of  witch¬ 
craft  cases,  1335;  unrepentant,  1338; 
portrait,  facing  1338;  deputy-governor  of 
Massachusetts,  1347,  1348;  dies,  1351. 

Stowe,  Mrs.  Harriet  Beecher,  effect  of 
“Uncle  Tom’s  Cabin,”  4514,  4515. 

Stowell,  Lord,  on  contraband  traffic,  4851. 

Strabo  calculated  size  of  earth,  96;  his 
idea  of  width  of  ocean,  103;  his  re¬ 
markable  prophecy,  280. 

Strachey,  Henry,  secretary  of  British  peace 
commission,  2726,  3094. 

Strachey,  William,  narrative  of  wreck  sug¬ 
gested  “The  Tempest”  to  Shakespeare, 
note,  658;  in  council  under  Delaware, 
665,  note,  728,  note,  730,  note,  731. 

Strafford,  Thomas  Wentworth,  Earl  of,  op¬ 
posed  to  London  company,  709 ;  com- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


245 


pared  to  Berkeley,  717,  723;  his  trial, 
867. 

Strahl,  Gen.  0.  F.,  killed  at  Franklin,  5 267. 

Strasburg,  Va.,  Shields  at,  4797. 

Stratford,  Conn.,  offshoot  of  Hartford,  957. 

Strawberry  Bank,  N.  H.,  (now  Ports¬ 
mouth),  factories  built  at,  846;  govern¬ 
ment  organized,  946;  absorbed  by  Mas¬ 
sachusetts,  948. 

Strawbridge,  S.  W.,  last  tie  on  Pacific 
railroad  placed  by,  5493. 

Stream  Island,  Norse  land  on,  221. 

Street,  Rev.  Nicholas,  joins  Davenport  in 
defense  of  New  Haven,  1425. 

Strikes,  causes  of,  in  1885,  5599 ;  in  the 
southwest,  5599 ;  at  east  St.  Louis,  5599 ; 
at  Chicago,  5600,  5601 ;  the  Pullman, 
5668-5671;  railroads  in  1894,  5669-5672; 
the  great  anthracite  coal  miners’,  5809- 
5815;  Chicago  teamsters’  (1905),  5827; 
Chicago  lumber  drivers’,  5828;  anthra¬ 
cite  coal  miners’,  5828. 

Stringham,  Silas,  commands  Atlantic 
blockading  squadron  in  1861,  4853;  com¬ 
mands  naval  forces  at  Fortress  Monroe, 
487I- 

Strong,  Justice,  on  the  electoral  commis¬ 
sion,  5547. 

Strong,  Caleb,  governor  of  Massachusetts, 
member  of  the  Philadelphia  convention, 
3265;  on  senate  judiciary  committee, 
3338;  in  Massachusetts  politics,  3677; 
convenes  legislature  to  initiate  Hartford 
convention  movement,  4090. 

Strong,  Gen.  G.  C.,  in  second  attack  on 
Ft.  Wagner,  5168;  mortally  wounded  in 
the  attack,  5169. 

Strother,  Fort,  on  the  Coosa  river,  estab¬ 
lishment  of,  4038;  Jackson  retreats  to, 
4°57. 

Stuart,  Col.,  British  officer,  in  South  Caro¬ 
lina  during  revolution,  3073,  3074,  3078, 

3083. 

Stuart,  representative  from  Nevada,  dis¬ 
ability  resolution  of,  5749. 

Stuart,  A.  H.,  secretary  of  the  interior, 
4477- 

Stuart,  Alexander,  commander  of  Ft.  Will¬ 
iam  in  1742,  1905. 

Stuart,  Arabella,  plot  to  enthrone,  617. 

Stuart,  David,  on  the  assumption  of  state 
debts,  3372. 

Stuart,  Gen.  David,  position  of  brigade  at 
Pittsburg  Landing,  5101. 

Stuart,  Gen.  James  E.  B.,  commands  fed¬ 
eral  troops  at  Harper’s  Ferry,  1859, 
4584;  serves  as  colonel  under  Johnston, 


4745 ;  pursues  federals  at  Bull  Run, 
4760;  map  of  his  raid,  facing  4974;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  4974;  brilliant  qualities  of, 
4974;  the  raid  around  Richmond  of, 
4974,  4975;  in  battle  of  Antietam,  5044; 
raid  into  Pennsylvania,  5052-5054;  es¬ 
capes  from  Pleasanton,  5054;  in  battle 
of  Chancellorsville,  5080,  5082;  captured 
by  Hancock  at  Spottsylvania,  5237;  posi¬ 
tion  of  cavalry  of,  5240;  battle  with 
Sheridan,  5240;  killed,  5240. 

Stuart,  James  Francis  Edward,  the.  old 
,  pretender,  causes  the  English  revolution, 
1695. 

Stuart,  John,  British  Indian  agent,  2505. 

Stuart,  John,  makes  treaty  of  Ft.  Stanwix 
between  England  and  Cherokees,  2328. 

Stuart,  Col.  Walter,  on  claims  of  continen¬ 
tal  army,  3211. 

Studley,  Daniel,  in  Brownist  colony,  616. 

Studley,  Thomas,  treasurer  of  Jamestown 
colony,  639. 

Stump,  Herman,  on  immigration,  5879, 
5980. 

Sturgis,  Gen.  S.  D.,  at  Antietam,  5048; 
pursues  Forrest,  5246. 

Stuyvesant,  Peter,  governor  of  New  Neth- 
erland,  1013,  1014,  1141;  previous  career, 
1141,  1144;  portrait,  facing  1142;  char¬ 
acter,  1145,  1146,  1167,  1176;  inaugurated, 
1146;  official  acts,  1146;  makes  treaty 
about  disputed  English  settlements, 
1147,  1148,  1150;  denies  intentions  to 
massacre  English,  1149;  fortified  New 
Amstel,  1150,  1151;  rules  Swedish  set¬ 
tlements,  1152,  1160;  lenient  towards 
Capt.  Underhill,  1153;  difficulty  with 
English  on  Long  Island,  1156;  difficulty 
in  collecting  war  tax,  1156,  1157;  takes 
part  against  regicides,  1162;  fails  to 
make  alliance  with  Massachusetts  and 
Connecticut,  1165,  1166;  obliged  to  sur¬ 
render  New  Netherland,  1166,  1x73-1177, 
1182;  persecuted  Quakers  and  Luther¬ 
ans,  1167-1172;  later  life  in  New  York, 
1494,  1495;  policy  toward  Indians,  1496, 
I497- 

Subig  Bay,  P.  I.,  Spanish  fleet  leaves,  5721 ; 
Lawton  and  McArthur  march  to,  5743. 

Submarine  boat,  David  Bushnell,  inventor, 
2878;  construction,  2878,  2879,  3119. 

Sub-treasury  act,  special  session  of  congress 
to  repeal,  4335;  repealed,  4341. 

Sudbury,  Mass.,  attacked  by  Indians,  1299. 

Sudley  Spring,  Va.,  movements  about,  5018; 
Sigel  at,  5020. 


246 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Sudley’s  Ford,  ill  p>lan  °I  battle  of  Bull 
Run,  4751. 

Suffolk  county,  Eng.,  Puritan  colonists 
from,  876. 

Suffolk  county,  Va.,  Matthews  burns  every 
house  in,  2832. 

Suffrage  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  991-994; 
after  the  revolution,  3105;  disfranchise¬ 
ment  of  free  negroes  and  of  Indians  in 
Virginia,  1650. 

Sugar,  immense  quantities  imported,  5857, 

5858. 

Sugar  act  of  1733  protested  against  by 
Rhode  Island,  2354. 

Sugar  Creek,  Ark.,  fight  at,  4732. 

Sugar  Loaf  Hill,  N.  Y.,  key  to  northern 
forts,  2569,  2570;  named  Mt.  Defiance, 
2572. 

Sullivan,  Gen.  J.  C.,  ordered  to  pursue 
Confederates  after  battle  of  Corinth, 
5136. 

Sullivan,  J.  V.,  founder  of  Young  Men’s 
Christian  Association,  5924,  5925. 

Sullivan,  James,  of  Massachusetts,  on  the 
embargo,  3879,  3880. 

Sullivan,  Gen.  John,  made  brigadier-general, 
2453;  at  Brooklyn  Heights,  2513;  in 
battle  of  Long  Island,  2515;  sent  to 
Philadelphia  by  Llowe,  2517;  exchanged, 
2519;  commands  Lee’s  troops,  2533;  at 
Trenton,  2540;  opposes  the  appointment 
of  foreign  officers,  2554;  at  Morristown, 
N.  J.,  2611;  raids  Staten  Island,  2611; 
at  Brandywine,  2615-2617;  at  German¬ 
town,  2628-2632;  his  relations  with 
Washington,  2695-2701,  2754;  at  New¬ 
port,  2755 ;  at  Butt’s  Hill,  2758 ;  collects 
troops  in  Wyoming  Valley,  2839;  rav¬ 
ages  Iroquois  lands,  2840,  2842. 

Sullivan  Fort,  location,  2505 ;  Lee’s  com¬ 
ments  on,  2506;  plan  of,  illus.,  facing 
2506;  Clinton’s  intended  assault  of, 
2507;  losses  at,  2508. 

Sullivan  Island,  Charleston,  S.  C.,  signal 
fires  on,  in  war  of  Spanish  succession, 
1802 ;  location  of,  2505 ;  Ft.  Sullivan  on, 
2505 ;  American  troops  at,  2506 ;  plan  of, 
illus.,  facing  2506;  position  of  British 
fleet  at,  illus.,  facing  2506;  Clinton’s 
assault  of,  2507,  2508;  blockade  running 
at,  4857;  in  defense  of  Charleston,  5165, 
5168. 

Sulpitians,  at  Montreal,  1977;  forced  to 
submit  to  Laval,  1983,  1984;  try  to  con¬ 
vert  Indians,  1990,  1991. 

Sukian,  one  of  the  Philippine  islands  visited 
by  Magellan,  414. 


Sumner,  Charles,  senator  from  Massachu¬ 
setts,  4499 ;  appeal  to  people  for  Missouri 
compromise,  4534,  4539;  assaulted  by 
Preston  Brooks,  4554;  letter  to,  from 
John  Bright  in  the  Trent  affair,  4933; 
on  the  legal  tender  act,  4945 ;  opposes 
Lincoln’s  plan  of  reconstruction,  5335, 
5336;  differences  of  opinion  between 
Lincoln  and,  5336;  cause  of  action 
urged  upon  Johnson  by,  5349;  opposes 
treaty  for  purchase  of  St.  Thomas,  5482 ; 
on  the  purchase  of  Alaska,  5489;  opposes 
Grant's  Santo  Domingo  policy,  5496; 
Grant  attacked  in  the  senate  by,  5496; 
deposed  from  chairmanship  of  com¬ 
mittee,  5497;  Wilson  supports,  5497; 
later  career  in  the  senate,  5497;  death, 
5525,  5526,  5539;  eulogies  in  congress 
on,  5526. 

Sumner,  Gen.  Edwin  V.,  orders  Free-soil 
legislature  disbanded,  4556;  appointed 
corps  commander,  4784;  in  peninsular 
campaign,  4962,  4968,  4983;  at  battle  of 
Fair  Oaks,  4968;  in  Maryland  campaign, 
5031,  5032;  in  battle  of  Antietam,  5044, 
5045 ;  commands  postponement  of  oper¬ 
ation  at  Antietam,  5048;  losses  in  corps 
of,  5049,  5052;  reaches  Falmouth,  5071; 
occupies  Stafford  Heights,  5071 ;  in  bat¬ 
tle  of  Fredericksburg,  50 72,  5074;  storms 
Marye’s  Heights,  5073 ;  removal  de¬ 
manded  by  Burnside,  5076;  relieved  of 
command,  5076. 

Sumner,  Jethro,  retreats  before  Cornwallis, 
2996;  at  Providence,  3009. 

Sumter,  Gen.  Thomas,  suspected  of  Tory¬ 
ism,  note,  2923 ;  Cornwallis  esteems, 
2924;  life  sketch  of,  2924,  2925;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  2924;  Henry  Lee’s  com¬ 
ment  on,  2925 ;  U.  S.  senator,  2925 ; 
minister  to  Brazil,  2925 ;  his  at¬ 
tack  on  Rocky  Mount,  2933;  at  Cher¬ 
okee  Ford,  2934;  urges  Gates  to  ad¬ 
vance,  2941,  2942,  2947 ;  seizes  Wateree 
passes,  2947;  convoy  captured  by,  2948; 
Davie  warns,  note,  2959;  at  Fishing 
creek,  2959,  2960;  at  Fishdam  Ford, 
3009;  Wemyss  attacks,  3009,  3010;  fight 
at  Blackstock,  3010;  assails  Ft.  Granby, 
3039;  assails  Ft.  Watson,  3039;  assails 
Orangeburg,  3047;  Rawdon’s  march 
harassed  by,  3048. 

Sumter,  Fort,  Charleston,  S.  C.,  Buchanan 
urged  to  strengthen,  4613;  view  of,  fac¬ 
ing  4614;  Jefferson  Davis  on,  4656;  Lin¬ 
coln  decides  to  strengthen,  4674;  Scott’s 
opinion  on,  4674;  Captain  Fox’s  plan  to 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


247 


reinforce,  4674;  Davis’  cabinet  in,  4675; 
surrender  demanded  by  Confederates, 
4675;  Anderson  refuses  to  surrender, 
4675,  4676;  bombardment  of,  4676;  gar¬ 
rison  at,  4676,  4677 ;  surrender,  4677 ; 
Charleston  celebrates  its  fall,  4677 ; 
effect  of  its  fall  in  the  South,  4678; 
effect  in  the  North  of  its  bombard¬ 
ment,  4681 ;  Everett’s  characterization 
of  the  attack  on,  4684;  attack  upon, 
5166;  returns  fire,  5168;  national  flag 
hoisted  over,  5312;  view  of  interior,  fac¬ 
ing  5312. 

Sumter,  Confederate  ram,  in  naval  duel, 
4840;  at  New  Orleans,  4899;  description 
of,  4903 ;  Raphael  Semmes  commands 
the,  4903 ;  career  of,  4904,  4906. 

Sunbury,  Ga.,  provost  sends  party  to  seize, 
2813,  2816;  Lachlan  McIntosh  com¬ 

mander  at,  2813. 

Sunday  traveling  forbidden  in  New  York, 
1496;  forbidden  in  Virginia,  1644. 

Sunset  Islands,  early  Spanish  name  for 
Philippines,  415. 

Superior,  Lake,  outlet  of,  reached  by  Father 
Joques,  1959;  well  known  (1665)  to 
Frenchmen,  1986;  copper  mines  on, 
famous  among  Indians,  1991. 

Supply,  U.  S.  storeship,  4843. 

Supreme  court  established,  3338,  333 9;  pow¬ 
ers  of,  3340 ;  second  session,  3341 ; 
charges  in,  3685,  3720;  relations  to 
political  parties  in  1803,  3774;  Jeffer¬ 
son’s  relations  to,  3775 ;  decision  in  Dred 
Scott  case,  4566,  4567;  congress  in¬ 
creases  salary  of  chief  justice,  5510; 
decisions  on  railway  rates  in  1886  and 
1897,  5848,  5849;  portrait  group  (1906), 
facing  5850. 

Surene,  France,  Dieskau  dies  at,  2103. 

Surgery,  modern  miracles  in,  5946. 

Surprise,  U.  S.  cutter,  possibly  known  also 
as  the  Dolphin,  note,  2871 ;  commanded 
by  G.  Connyngham,  2872. 

Surratt,  Mrs.  M.  E.,  in  conspiracy  to  as¬ 
sassinate  Lincoln,  5300;  hung,  5302. 

Susquehanna  company  of  Connecticut, 
how  formed,  1270 ;  first  settlement,  1271 ; 
builds  Forty  Fort,  1272. 

Susquehanna  river,  Susquehannock  Ind¬ 
ians  on,  160;  Connecticut  settlements 
near,  1272;  Andastes  attacked  on,  1973; 
Franklin’s  military  service  on,  2083 ; 
Paxton  settlement  on,  2325;  Sullivan’s 
expedition  on,  2839,  2840;  James  Clin¬ 
ton’s  expedition  down  the,  2840;  site  on 


suggested  as  a  location  for  the  capital, 
3356,  3357- 

Susquehannas,  Indian  tribe,  good  will  of, 
secured  by  Penn,  1247. 

Susquehannocks,  Indian  tribe,  the,  de¬ 
stroyed,  159;  sold  land  to  Claiborne, 
1096,  1097 ;  wrongly  attacked  by  whites 
in  Virginia,  1613. 

Sussex  county  included  in  patent  of  Godyn 
and  Blommaert,  565. 

Sutter,  John,  4446. 

Swaanendael,  manor  of  De  Vries  on  Dela¬ 
ware  Bay,  566;  destroyed  by  Indians, 
57L  572.  . 

Swaine,  William,  one  of  Massachusetts 
commissioners  for  Connecticut,  967. 

Swallow,  Silas  P.,  nominated  for  president, 

5767. 

Swallow,  one  of  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert’s 
ships,  601,  602. 

Swallow,  Bristol  ship,  brought  Quaker 
evangelists  to  Massachusetts,  927 ;  de¬ 
ported  them,  928,  929. 

Swan,  ship,  brought  Weston’s  men  to 
Plymouth,  783. 

Swannikins,  Indian  name  for  Dutch,  1135. 

Swanzey,  Mass.,  King  Philip’s  war  begins 
at,  1286. 

Swartwout,  Samuel,  Burr’s  messenger  to 
Wilkinson,  3826,  3831 ;  arrested,  3833; 
granted  writ  of  habeas  corpus,  3836; 
Wilkinson  challenged,  3841. 

Sweden  invaded  by  barbarians,  202 ;  por¬ 
trait  of  Gustavus  Adolphus,  king  of, 
facing  574;  colonization  of  America  by, 
5 75>  586;  silent  as  to  American  colonies 
in  treaty  of  Stockholm,  1127;  in  alliance 
with  Charles  II.  by  peace  of  Breda, 
1500;  Napoleon  destroys  liberty  in, 
3933 ;  protects  neutral  commerce,  3955 ; 
opposes  Napoleon,  3955. 

Swedes  Ford,  Lafayette  evades  the  British 
near,  2729. 

Swedes  in  America,  see  colonies  in  Amer¬ 
ica,  Swedish. 

Sweeny,  Gen.  Thomas  W.,  cuts  off  McCul¬ 
loch’s  reinforcements,  4711;  at  Pittsburg 
Landing,  5098. 

Sweet,  Gen.  B.  J.,  commands  Camp  Doug¬ 
las  at  Chicago,  5208;  captures  leaders  of 
plot  to  liberate  rebel  prisoners,  5208. 

Swift,  Benjamin,  agrees  to  Calhoun’s  pro¬ 
posal  to  postpone  consideration  of  Ver¬ 
mont  resolutions,  4316. 

Swift,  Jonathan,  friend  of  Bishop  Berkeley, 
i486;  friend  of  Gen.  Hunter,  governor 


248 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


of  New  York,  1561;  is  proposed  as 
bishop  of  America,  2363. 

Swift  Run  Gap,  Jackson  at,  4797. 

Swiss  settled  in  New  Berne,  N.  C.,  1805. 

Sycamore  Shoals  on  the  Wautauga,  Camp¬ 
bell  and  McDowell  camp  at,  2998. 

Sykes,  Gen.  George,  at  Bull  Run,  4753;  at 
beginning  of  the  seven  days’  battle, 
4977;  at  Gaines’  Mill,  4979;  at  Malvern 
Hill,  4987;  in  second  battle  of  Bull  Run, 
5023 ;  driven  back  across  the  Potomac, 

5052. 

Sylvania,  name  proposed  for  Penn’s  do¬ 
main,  1193;  proposed  state  of,  3162. 

Symmes,  John  Cleves,  comments  on  St. 
Clair’s  troops,  3414. 

Symonds,  American  revolutionary  officer, 
reinforced  Stark  at  Bennington,  2603. 

Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  rescue  of  Jerry,  a  negro 
slave,  4492. 

Syren,  U.  S.  ship,  3772,  3989. 


T. 

Tabasco,  Mex.,  Cortes  lands  at,  449,  451- 

Tabby,  artificial  stone  used  by  colonists, 
note,  1883. 

Tacubayu  congress,  proposed,  but  not  held, 
4174,  4175. 

Tadoussac,  Quebec,  Champlain  at,  521,  522. 

Taft,  Alphonso,  attorney-general,  5522. 

Taft,  William  H.,  on  the  Chinese  question 
in  the  Philippines,  5795 ;  sent  to  Panama, 
5799;  appointed  secretary  of  war,  5821; 
recommends  lock  canal  at  Panama, 
5829. 

Tahan,  a  mythical  place  in  the  Fusang 
story,  257,  259. 

Tahgahjute,  Logan’s  Indian  name,  2770. 

Taignoagny,  an  Indian  taken  to  France  by 
Cartier,  511,  513. 

Tailer,  lieutenant-governor  of  Massachu¬ 
setts  Bay  colony,  1358. 

Tailer,  Col.,  Penn  and  Lord  Baltimore 
meet  at  house  of,  1209. 

Taku,  China,  U.  S.  troops  land  at,  5774. 

Talavera,  Fernando  de,  his  relations  with 
Columbus,  285,  290. 

Talcott,  Maj.,  defeats  Indians  at  North 
Kingston,  1299,  1300;  defeats  Indians 
near  Housatonic  river,  1468. 

Talcott,  Joseph,  governor  of  Connecticut, 
1002. 

Taliaferro,  Gen.  W.  B.,  in  battle  of  Cen- 
treville,  5018;  wounded,  5018;  in  battle 
of  Antietam,  5043. 


Talishatchee,  Indian  town,  destruction  of, 
4038. 

Tallahatchee  river,  Miss.,  Confederate 
forces  retreat  behind,  5142. 

Talleyrand-Perigord,  Charles  Maurice  de, 
plot  of,  3611-3616,  3655;  portrait,  facing 
3612;  his  passport  to  Vans  Murray, 
facsimile,  facing  3658;  his  relations  with 
John  Adams,  3659;  denied  transfer  of 
Louisiana,  3726,  3728,  3729,  3734,  3735; 
and  Livingston,  3735,  3736,  3742;  3743, 
3752 ;  on  Louisiana  boundary,  3766, 
3767;  on  West  Florida,  3768,  3805;  on 
San  Domingo  trade,  3807. 

Tallmadge,  Capt.,  goes  to  relieve  Albany 
in  1689,  1539;  escaped  from  massacre 
of  Schenectady,  1541. 

Tallmadge,  Maj.  Benjamin,  detains  Andre 
2983;  escorts  him  to  Tappan,  note, 
2987. 

Tallmadge,  James,  proposes  the  prohibition 
of  slavery  in  Missouri,  4114. 

Talon,  Jean  Baptiste,  intendant  of  Canada, 
1985;  plans  exploration  of  the  West, 
1986;  portrait,  facing  1986;  Canada  in¬ 
debted  to,  1987;  critical  in  selecting 
wives  for  Canadian  colonists,  1987, 
1988;  makes  formal  claim  to  Northwest, 
1989;  gives  permission  to  La  Salle  to 
visit  Seneca,  1990;  recalled  to  France, 
1992. 

Tamanend,  Indian  sachem,  portrait,  facing 
1210;  treaty  of,  1211. 

Tamasese,  Germany  proclaims,  king  of 
Samoa,  5637. 

Tammany,  sons  of  St.,  entertain  Creek 
Indians,  3391,  3392. 

Tampa,  Fla.,  Gen.  Wheeler  in  command  of 
military  camp  at,  5727. 

Tampico,  Mex.,  Vespucci  near,  352,  353. 

Tanacharison,  Indian  chief,  called  Half- 
King,  acts  as  guide  to  Washington, 
2032,  2033. 

Taney,  Roger  B.,  chief  justice,  appointed 
attorney-general,  4239;  appointed  secre¬ 
tary  of  treasury,  4265 ;  appointment  re¬ 
jected  by  senate,  4267;  opinion  in  Dred 
Scott  case,  4566-4568;  administers  the 
oath  to  Lincoln,  4669. 

Taneytown,  Md.,  Meade’s  headquarters, 
5086. 

Tapp,  Edmund,  magistrate  in  New  Haven 
jurisdiction,  994. 

Tappan,  N.  Y.,  Andre  tried  and  executed 
at,  2986,  2987. 

Tappan  Zee,  Hudson  River,  De  Vries’ 
settlement  on,  1132. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


249 


Tar  used  for  paying  taxes  in  New  Hamp¬ 
shire,  1360;  staple  in  North  Carolina  be¬ 
fore  revolution,  2349. 

Tar  river,  N.  C.,  Indians  on,  160. 

Tariff  for  colonies  under  restoration,  1280; 
why  objected  to  by  England,  1281; 
duties  levied  on  the  English  colonies  in 
1767,  2384;  on  tea,  2384;  recommenda¬ 
tion  of  congress  of,  1778,  3204;  question 
of  impost  in  1783-86,  3216,  3217;  action 
of  states  on  protective  duties,  3229; 
congressional  debates  on,  3343,  3354; 
Madison  on  the,  3343,  3354;  results  of 
the  first  act,  3424;  Hamilton  advocates 
protection,  3425-3427;  discussions  re¬ 
garding  the  tariff,  3426-3428 ;  protection 
established,  4096;  Clay’s  “American 
System”  adopted  in  1824,  4156-4158; 
views  of,  4181-4187;  growth  of  free 
trade,  4183 ;  “tariff  of  abominations”  of 
1828,  4185 ;  relation  to  party  lines,  4187, 
4188;  policy  under  Jackson’s  administra¬ 
tion,  4224,  4241-4244;  protective  tariff 
opposed  by  South  Carolina,  4242,  4243 ; 
McDuffie’s  bill  equalizing  duties  not  con¬ 
sidered  by  house,  4243 ;  Clay’s  resolution 
favoring  reduction  of  duties  passed, 
4243 ;  higher  tariff  law  passed  in  1832, 
4244;  Clay’s  compromise  bill,  4258,  4259; 
Verplanck  tariff  bill,  4259;  Tyler’s  opin¬ 
ion  in  message  to  special  session  of  con¬ 
gress,  4341 ;  provisional  revenue  bill 
vetoed  by  Tyler  in  1842,  4351 ;  act  passed 
in  1842,  4352 ;  discussion  in  29th  congress, 
4408,  4409;  bill  passed  withdrawing  pro¬ 
tection,  4409 ;  leading  issue  in  Arthur’s 
campaign,  5573,  5574,  5577-5582;  free 
trade  vs.  protection,  5574-5579;  theory 
of  extreme  protectionists,  5579-5581 ; 
impost  duties  in  1882,  5584;  congress 
on  (1885),  5591;  Cleveland  on,  5594; 
reforms  in  the,  5611,  5612;  political  par¬ 
ties  on,  in  1888-89,  5624 ;  Democratic 
platform  on  the,  5647 ;  congress  modifies 
the,  5653 ;  Roosevelt  on,  5793,  5837 ;  on 
imports  from  Philippine  Islands,  5857. 

Tarleton,  Gen.  Bannastre,  defeated  by  Dan¬ 
iel  Morgan,  2057;  portrait,  facing  2910; 
outrages  at  Charleston,  2911;  Lenud’s 
Ferry,  2913 ;  Buford’s  command  mas¬ 
sacred  by,  2915,  2916;  at  Camden,  S.  C., 
2921;  Americans  rout  Legion  of,  2934; 
outrages  of,  2937;  at  Camden,  2951, 
2954-2957;  fight  at  Fishing  Creek,  2959, 
2960 ;  stricken  with  malaria,  2992 ;  ex¬ 
pected  at  King’s  Mountain,  3007;  move¬ 
ment  against  Marion,  3008,  3009;  sent 


against  Sumter,  3009,  3010;  fight  at 
Blackstocks,  3010;  retreats  to  Winns- 
borough,  3010;  sent  against  Morgan, 
3017-3019;  at  the  Cowpens,  3019-3025; 
his  comments  on  battle  of  the  Cowpens, 
note,  3020 ;  criticisms  on,  note,  3025 ; 
Virginia  raid  of,  3070. 

“Tarleton’s  Quarter,”  2911,  2916. 

Tarratines,  Indian  tribe,  make  raid  into 
Massachusets,  887. 

Tarrytown,  N.  Y.,  Clinton  at,  2655;  Andre 
halted  near,  2983. 

Tartar,  sloop-of-war,  joined  Louisbourg 
expedition,  1490. 

Tartary  sought  by  Columbus,  307. 

Tastaluza,  Indian  town  in  Alabama,  found 
by  De  Soto,  472. 

Tate,  William,  filibustering  expedition  of, 

3476. 

Tatnall,  Com.  Josiah,  commands  Confed¬ 
erate  fleet  at  Port  Royal,  4874;  orders 
the  Virginian  burnt,  4919,  4920. 

Taunton,  Mass.,  early  settled  by  Plymouth 
men,  829;  devastated  in  King  Philip’s 
war,  1287. 

Taverns  in  1800,  3696,  3697. 

Tawasentha  valley,  New  Netherlands, 
Dutch  settle  in,  556. 

Taxation  in  France  under  Charles  VII., 
note,  9;  creates  representation,  892;  in 
Penn’s  charter,  1196,  1197;  without  rep¬ 
resentation,  becomes  a  watchword,  1282; 
by  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  in  New  Eng¬ 
land,  1313;  caused  discord  in  Rhode 
Island,  1469;  without  representation, 
opposed  in  New  York,  1509,  1510,  1563; 
heavy  in  New  England  during  seven 
years’  war,  2217,  2218;  for  seven  years’ 
war,  repugnant  to  colonies,  2338 ;  not  the 
only  reason  for  revolution,  2339 ;  in  Eng¬ 
land  in  1759,  2341 ;  of  colonies  dropped 
by  Pitt,  2356;  as  viewed  in  England  in 
1760-1766,  2364-2367;  parliamentary,  op¬ 
posed  by  colonies,  2367 ;  Patrick  Plenry 
on,  2373 ;  stamp  act  congress  on  rights 
of,  2377;  of  colonies  discussed  in  par¬ 
liament,  2380-2382 ;  for  revenue  of  col¬ 
onies,  a  failure  in  1769,  2392;  congress 
on,  3565,  3566;  during  war  of  1812, 
4010,  4014;  congressional  act  on  internal 
(1862),  4948,  4949;  duties  levied,  5573, 
5574,  5584;  congress  passes  direct  taxi 
bill,  5607;  income  tax  declared  unco™ 
stitutional,  5612;  of  public  franchi^B 
in  New  York,  5697;  passage  of 
Dingley  bill,  5748.  M 

Taylor,  George,  portrait,  facing  25 


250 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Taylor,  John,  on  alien  and  sedition  laws, 
3646. 

Taylor,  John  W.,  proposed  restriction  of 
slavery  north  of  36°  30',  4115;  proposes 
an  amendment  to  the  Missouri  bill, 
4125;  succeeds  Clay  as  speaker,  4130; 
loses  speakership,  4137;  chosen  speaker 
of  the  house,  4171. 

Taylor,  Peter,  servant  of  Blennerhassett, 
3829,  3830. 

Taylor,  Gen.  Richard,  at  Shreveport,  5258; 
battle  of  Pleasant  Hill,  5258;  at  Selma, 
5284;  surrenders  to  Canby,  5323. 

Taylor,  William  S.,  contest  over  his  election 
as  governor  of  Kentucky,  5754,  _  5755- 

Taylor,  Zachary,  defeats  Indians  in  Black 
Hawk  war,  4253,  4254;  defeats  Sem- 
inoles,  4313;  sent  to  Texas,  4373;  ad¬ 
vances  to  Rio  Grande,  4374;  Point  Isa¬ 
bel,  4377;  at  Palo  Alto,  4379;  Resaca  de 
la  Palma,  4380 ;  takes  Matamoras,  4381 ; 
characteristics,  4383 ;  siege  of  Monterey, 
4385,  4386;  Scott  takes  command  in 
Mexico,  4387;  Buena  Vista,  4389;  con¬ 
centrates  forces  at  Camargo,  4409;  be¬ 
comes  popular  hero  as  result  of  battle  of 
Buena  Vista,  4415;  correspondence  with 
Scott  called  for  by  the  house,  4419; 
nominated  for  president  by  native  Amer¬ 
icans,  4425 ;  nominated  for  president  by 
Whigs,  4428,  4429;  elected,  4431;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  4438 ;  inaugurated,  4439 ;  in¬ 
fluenced  by  Fillmore  and  Seward,  4442; 
opposed  to  Wilmot  proviso,  and  advises 
moderation,  4451;  opposes  disunion, 
4475 ;  illness  and  death,  4476. 

Taylor  family,  patriotic  family  of  the  Caro- 
linas,  2925. 

Tea  taxed  by  Lord  North,  2402,  2403;  its 
importation  a  test  point  between  colo¬ 
nies  and  home  government,  2403 ;  the 
Boston  “tea  party,”  2404,  2405 ;  results 
of  the  “tea  party,”  2405-2409. 

Teamsters’  strike  in  Chicago,  5827. 

Teaser,  Confederate  steamer,  4916. 

Tecumseh,  Indian  chief,  see  Tecumthe. 

Tecumseh,  Union  ironclad,  in  battle  of  Mo¬ 
bile  Bay,  5171 ;  sunk  by  a  torpedo,  5171. 

Tecumthe,  Indian  chief,  his  genius,  170;  be¬ 
longed  to  Yemassees,  1821 ;  portrait, 
facing  3956 ;  sketch  of,  3956,  3957 ;  forms 
Indian  confederacy,  3958,  3959;  treaty 

i  of  Ft.  Wayne  increases  following  of, 

^  3959,  3960 ;  Harrison  meets,  at  Vincennes, 

^^959-396i  ;  power  unbroken  by  battle  of 
Bfippecanoe,  3962 ;  at  Maguaga,  3984 ; 
Stacks  Detroit,  3985;  death  of,  4032; 


his  influence  on  the  Indians  of  the  South, 
4034,  4035. 

Tehuantepec,  proposed  canal  of,  5759. 

Telegraphone,  5943-5945* 

Telephone,  introduction  of  the,  5530,  5531 ; 
inventors  of,  5531 ;  controversy  of,  5531 ; 
controversy  over  invention  of,  5531, 
5940-5943. 

Telfair,  Edward,  his  electoral  vote  for 
vice-president,  3326. 

Teller,  Henry  M.,  senator  from  Colorado, 
5687. 

Temperance  in  early  Georgia,  1849. 

Temple,  Sir  John,  on  American  commerce, 
3234. 

Temple,  Sir  Thomas,  his  joke  on  the  pine- 
tree  coinage,  1305 ;  receives  grant  of 
Acadia  from  Cromwell,  1957,  1958. 

Temple,  Sir  William,  royal  commissioner 
of  territory  of  Kennebec,  1429,  1430. 

Teneriffe,  one  of  the  Canary  Islands,  Co¬ 
lumbus  near,  299. 

Tennant,  Gilbert,  revivalist  preacher,  1449. 

Tennant,  William,  founded  the  Neshaminy 
church,  3129. 

Tennessee,  Indians  in,  156,  160;  Soto  in, 
472;  founded  by  fugutives  from  North 
Carolina,  2391;  early  history,  3167-3171; 
territory  established,  3531 ;  admitted  to 
the  Union,  3534;  population  in  1800, 
3694;  troops  of,  in  Indian  campaign  of 
1813,  4038;  militia  in  Indian  campaign, 
4057;  favors  colonization  of  negroes, 
4287;  supports  Bell  in  i860,  4602;  se¬ 
cedes,  4684;  map  of  northern  part,  facing 
4804;  Union  recruits  from,  4805;  Lin¬ 
coln  appoints  Andrew  Johnson  military 
governor  of,  4826;  in  Union  hands, 
4828;  campaign  in,  organized,  5096;  Hal- 
leck’s  plan  for  driving  Confederates  out 
of,  5109;  Mitchell’s  expedition  against 
Chattanooga,  5111;  John  H.  Morgan  in, 
5112;  included  in  department  of  the 
Ohio,  5116;  under  federal  control,  5117; 
Confederate  plans  to  recover,  5117; 
Buell  sent  to,  5117;  Confederate  forces 
in,  5118,  5119;  Morgan  escapes  to,  5121; 
Bragg  retreats  into,  5124;  Halleck’s  plan 
of  campaign  for  Buell,  5126;  Buell’s 
services  in,  5127;  Confedeates  driven 
out  of  middle  and  western  part  of,  5139; 
sufferings  of  Union  army  in,  5158;  Rose- 
crans  takes  possession  of  middle  part 
of,  5160;  Schofield  ordered  to  drive 
Longstreet  from,  5253 ;  Forrest’s  raid 
through,  5255 ;  Hood’s  campaign  in, 
5266-5269;  Stoneman  in,  5270;  president 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


251 


proclaims  war  at  an  end  in,  5328;  elec¬ 
tions  in,  5338;  congress  refuses  to  count 
electoral  votes  of,  5338;  constitutional 
convention,  5338;  new  constitution,  5339; 
clauses  of  new  constitution,  5339;  gov¬ 
ernor  and  legislature  elected,  5339 ;  mil¬ 
itary  regime  in,  ended,  5340;  Johnson 
as  military  governor  in,  ended,  5340; 
legislature  ratifies  thirteenth  amendment, 
5341 ;  Johnson’s  life  in,  5341 ;  ratifies 
fourteenth  amendment,  5368 ;  centennial 
and  international  exposition  in,  5697. 

Tennessee,  Confederate  ironclad,  4842, 
4900,  4901,  5171,  5173- 

Tennessee  river,  pigmy  skeletons  near,  123; 
mounds  on,  132;  Col.  Evan  Shelby’s 
expedition  on,  2790;  proposed  canal 
from  Tombigbee  to,  3930;  Union  forces 
meet  at,  5096;  Adams  retreats  across, 
5110;  Halleck  fortifies  position  on,  5133; 
Sherman  crosses,  5155;  view  of  Mocca¬ 
sin  Bend,  facing  5158;  Bragg  erects  de¬ 
fenses  on,  near  Chattanooga,  5»i6o,  5161 ; 
Bragg  holds  possession  of,  5164;  Hoo4 
retreats  across,  5269. 

Tenochtitlan,  Mex.,  Aztec  capital,  446;  map, 
facing  446;  founded,  447;  description 
of,  448,  451,  452;  Cortes  takes  possession 
of,  450-456;  is  driven  from,  456-458; 
its  final  overthrow,  459;  becomes  City 
of  Mexico,  459. 

Tensan,  settlements  near  Mobile,  James 
Willing  at,  2789. 

Tensas,  Indian  tribe,  account  of,  1862. 

Tenskwatawa,  Indian  chief,  portrait,  facing 

3956. 

Tenterden,  Lord,  England’s  agent  before 
the  Geneva  tribunal  of  arbitration,  5507. 

Tenure  of  office  act  submitted  to  con¬ 
gress,  5384;  passed  by  congress,  5385; 
provisions  of,  5402;  vetoed  by  Johnson, 
538s,  5386;  veto  overridden,  5386;  John¬ 
son  charged  with  violating,  5407;  John¬ 
son’s  reply  to  charge,  5408 ;  strong  point 
in  Johnson’s  trial,  5412;  Johnson  urges 
repeal  of,  5415;  Grant’s  objections  to, 
5418;  repealed,  5419,  5420. 

Terceira,  one  of  Azores,  Cortereal  governor 
of,  381. 

Tercentennial  commission,  5822. 

Ternant,  Jean  de,  French  ambassador,  3446. 

Ternay,  Chevalier  de,  arrives  in  America, 
2969,  2970. 

Terrapin  war  and  embargo,  facsimile  of 
cartoon  of,  facing  3878. 

Terrarossa,  Italy,  home  of  Columbus  at,  267. 


Terrill,  Gen.  W.  R.,  at  Perry ville,  5123; 
mortally  wounded,  5123. 

Territories,  see  names  of  territories. 

Terry,  Gen.  Alfred  H.,  commands  troops 
on  Tybee  Island,  4880;  in  attack  on 
James  Island,  5166;  commands  second 
Ft.  Fisher  expedition,  5281,  5282;  cap¬ 
ture  of  Ft.  Fisher,  5282;  made  military 
commander  of  Georgia,  5422;  removes 
members  of  state  legislature,  5422;  sent 
against  the  Sioux,  5515. 

Texas,  Indians  in,  163,  164;  note,  353; 
rivers  of,  353,  359;  Narvaez’s  survivors 
captives  in,  463 ;  La  Salle  shipwrecked 
on  coast  of,  1996,  1997 ;  negotiations 
for  purchase  of,  3804,  3805 ;  Wilkinson 
proposes  seizure  of,  3830;  surrendered 
to  Spain  by  treaty  in  1819,  4113,  4114; 
filibustering  expedition  against,  4121; 
settlement  of,  4274;  sets  up  state  gov¬ 
ernment,  4275 ;  immigration  encouraged 
by  Mexican  federal  republic,  4276;  map 
of,  before  secession  from  Mexico,  facing 
4276 ;  immigration  restricted,  4276,  4277 ; 
United  States  unsuccessful  in  attempts 
to  purchase,  4277;  refuses  to  emancipate 
slaves,  4277;  committee  of  safety  at  San 
Felipe  begins  movement  toward  separa¬ 
tion  from  Mexico,  4277,  4278;  perma¬ 
nent  government  organized,  4278;  dec¬ 
larations  of  independence  published  at 
Goliad,  4278;  land  speculation  in,  4279, 
4280;  hostilities  with  Mexico  begin,  4279, 
4280;  defeat  of  Texans  at  the  Alamo, 
4280,  4281 ;  defeat  of  Col.  Fannin  at 
the  Coleta  river,  4282 ;  wins  independ¬ 
ence,  4282,  4283;  Texas  convention, 

4283,  4284;  frames  constitution,  4284; 
provisional  recognition  of  independence 
by  the  United  States,  4284;  United 
States  investigates  situation,  4284,  4285 ; 
slavery  plays  important  part  in  Texas 
question,  4285;  revolution  justified,  4285, 
4286;  opposition  to  annexation  of,  4318; 
admission  opposed  by  Webster,  4357: 
revival  of  movement  to  annex,  4358*. 
annexation  treaty,  4361 ;  “Texas  coming 
in,”  a  political  cartoon,  facing  43(34 ; 
annexed,  4365 ;  papers  offering  annexa¬ 
tion  sent,  4371 ;  seeks  recognition  of  in¬ 
dependence  from  England  and  France, 
4372;  proposed  treaty  with  Mexico,  4372, 
accepts  offer  of  annexation  from  United 
States,  4372 ;  admitted  as  a  state,  4376 ; 
southern  sympathy  for  Texan  independ¬ 
ence,  4443-4445 ;  delegates  denounce 


252 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


compromise  bill  in  Nashville  convention, 
4478,  4479;  bill  passed  offering  Texas 
$10,000,000  for  land  claim  from  New 
Mexico,  4480;  delegates  of,  withdraw 
from  Charleston  convention,  4593 ;  vote 
in,  for  secession,  4609,  4660;  slaves  de¬ 
clared  free,  5060;  thirteenth  corps  sent 
to,  5150;  source  of  Confederate  sup¬ 
plies,  5253 ;  last  battle  of  war,  5323 ; 
peace  proclaimed  in,  5328;  constitution¬ 
al  convention,  5352;  measures  passed 
by  convention,  5352;  '  Johnson  pro¬ 
claims  insurrection  ended  except  in, 
53791  military  control  provided  for, 
5383 ;  Sheridan  assigned  military  com¬ 
mand  of,  5388;  political  conditions  in, 
5400;  refuses  to  ratify  fourteenth  amend¬ 
ment,  5413 ;  denied  recognition  by  con¬ 
gress,  5417;  restored  to  federal  relations, 
5418;  negro  rule  in,  5424;  readmission 
of,  5498;  storms  in,  5664. 

Texas ,  U.  S.  warship,  in  battle  of  Santiago, 
5732,  5733- 

Texel,  island  in  the  North  sea,  Hudson 
sails  from,  544;  Swedish  colonists  em¬ 
bark  for  America  at,  582. 

Tezcatlipoca,  chief  evil  spirit  of  Aztecs,  448. 

Tezcuco,  Aztec  pueblo,  446;  chief  of,  ar¬ 
rested  by  Cortes,  454;  allied  with  Cortes, 
458. 

Tezcuco,  Lake  of,  Mex.,  448. 

Thacher,  George,  champions  right  of  peti¬ 
tion  in  congress,  3671. 

Thacher,  Oxenbridge,  on  writs  of  assist¬ 
ance,  2361. 

Thales  teaches  that  earth  is  round,  94. 

Thames,  Can.,  decisive  victory  by  Ameri¬ 
cans  at  (1813),  4031-4033. 

Thames  river,  Conn.,  Pequots  near,  158; 
a  centre  of  colonization,  957;  King 
Philip  escaped  to,  1286;  Arnold  ravages 
the  country  near,  3080,  3081. 

Thanksgiving,  day  of,  instituted,  778. 

Thatch,  Edward,  pirate,  his  career  and 
downfall,  1822-1826;  portrait,  facing 
1822. 

Tha-yen-dan-e-gea,  Mohawk  leader,  1516. 

Thayer,  Eli,  organizer  of  emigrant  aid  com¬ 
pany,  4550. 

Theatre,  first  in  Baltimore,  1711. 

Theocracy  destroyed  in  Massachusetts  Bay 
colony  by  William  III.’s  charter,  1324. 

Theodora,  Confederate  steamer,  4926. 

Thicketty  creek,  S.  C.,  Morgan’s  move¬ 
ments  around,  3016,  3019. 

Thicketty  Fort,  S.  C.,  capture  of,  2934. 

Thirty  years’  war,  Sweden  in,  576,  577; 


hampered  colonization,  577,  708,  825 ; 
effect  on  colonies,  895 ;  causes  resent¬ 
ment  against  Catholics,  1082 ;  Moravians 
persecuted  during,  1865. 

Thlinkeets,  Indian  tribe,  in  British  North 
America,  165. 

Thoburn,  Col.  Joseph,  killed  at  Cedar 
creek,  5252. 

Thomas,  Dr.,  murdered  by  Indians,  5514. 

Thomas,  Sir  George,  governor  of  Pennsyl¬ 
vania,  1266,  1267. 

Thomas,  Gen.  George  H.,  commands  Camp 
Dick  Robinson,  4807 ;  sketch  of,  note, 
4807;  death,  note,  4807,  5539;  attacked 
by  Zollicoffer,  4809,  4810;  at  Logan’s 
Cross  roads,  4809;  at  Mill  Springs,  4810, 
4811;  ordered  to  Nashville,  4812;  trans¬ 
ferred  from  Buell  to  Grant,  5106;  in 
army  of  the  Ohio,  5116;  in  army  of  the 
West,  5133;  in  battle  of  Murfreesboro, 
5153;  takes  possession  of  Murfreesboro, 
5153,  5154;  portrait,  facing  5154;  suc¬ 
ceeds  Rosecrans,  5155;  instructed  to  hold 

.  Chattanooga,  5155;  at  Chattanooga, 
5155;  ordered  against  Johnston,  5253; 
Sherman’s  confidence  in  the  ability  of, 
5264;  reinforced  at  Nashville  by  Steed- 
man  and  A.  J.  Smith,  5267;  ordered 
to  attack  Hood,  5267;  battle  of  Nash¬ 
ville,  5267,  5268;  portrait,  facing  5268; 
Stanton’s  orders  to,  5320. 

Thomas,  Jesse  B.,  proposes  important 
amendments  to  the  Missouri  bill,  4124, 
4I25- 

Thomas,  John,  at  Cambridge,  2433;  appoint¬ 
ed  brigadier-general,  2452;  death  of, 
2478 ;  at  Dorchester  Heights,  2481,  2482. 

Thomas,  Gen.  Lorenzo,  report  of  investi¬ 
gation  of  charges  against  Fremont, 
4728;  pursues  Hood,  5269;  appointed 
by  Johnson  in  place  of  Stanton,  5404; 
ordered  to  take  charge  of  war  office, 
5405 ;  receives  copy  of  resolution  from 
senate,  5405 ;  arrested,  5405 ;  interview 
with  Johnson,  5405;  demands  office  from 
Stanton,  5406;  case  dropped  by  Stanton, 
5406;  appointment  mentioned  in  im¬ 
peachment  of  Johnson,  5407,  5408;  John¬ 
son’s  answer  to  charge,  5409. 

Thomas,  Philip  F.,  resigned  from  head  of 
treasury  department,  4633. 

Thomas,  Theodore,  at  opening  exercises  of 
the  Columbian  exposition,  5660. 

Thompson,  Alexander  Ramsay,  murdered 
by  Indians  at  Ft.  King,  4312. 

Thompson,  Mrs.  David,  annoyed  by  Merry- 
Mount,  note,  823. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


253 


Thompson,  George,  result  of  his  abolition 
speeches,  4292. 

Thompson,  Jacob,  secretary  of  the  interior, 
4564;  secretary  of  the  interior,  4648; 
sent  as  Confederate  commissioner  to 
Canada,  5203 ;  dealings  with  Sons  of 
Liberty,  5203 ;  furnishes  money  for  peace 
meetings,  5204;  orders  to  seize  vessels, 
5205;  character  of  schemes  of,  5208, 
5209;  bill  to  restore  political  rights  to, 
5557* 

Thompson,  Gen.  Jeff.  M.,  number  of  troops 
under,  note,  4729;  at  New  Madrid,  4831 ; 
Confederate  secretary  of  the  treasury, 
5425. 

Thompson,  Richard  W.,  secretary  of  the 
navy,  5551- 

Thompson,  Smith,  appointed  to  supreme 
bench,  4141. 

Thompson,  Capt.  Thomas,  commands  U.  S. 
ship  Raleigh,  2873. 

Thompson,  Fort,  location,  4829;  federals 
take,  4832,  4876. 

Thompson’s  Island,  Boston,  in  Massachu¬ 
setts  Bay  colony,  823,  879. 

Thomson,  Charles,  announced  to  Washing¬ 
ton  his  election  to  the  presidency,  3328, 
3329. 

Thomson,  David,  founds  first  settlement  in 
New  Hampshire,  791,  794,  797,  813; 
abandoned  it,  846. 

Thor,  Norse  superstition  concerning  his 
effigy,  203;  Thorhal’s  prayer  to,  222. 

Thordharson,  Jon,  wrote  “Flateyar  Book,” 
237. 

Thorfinnson,  Snorri,  first  of  Aryan  race 
born  in  America,  225;  his  descendants, 
note,  225,  237. 

Thorgibson,  Ari,  Iceland  historian,  236. 

Thori,  Norse  explorer,  with  Leif  Ericsson, 
215,  216. 

Thornton,  his  outline  of  the  capitol  and 
protests  against  its  alteration,  facsimile, 
facing  3684. 

Thornton,  Maj.,  in  attack  on  New  Orleans, 
4084,  4085;  routs  Morgan’s  troops,  4086; 
attack  by  Mexicans,  4378. 

Thornton,  Sir  Edward,  proposed  joint  high 
commission,  5505,  5506;  umpire  in  dis¬ 
pute  between  Mexico  and  United  States, 

5805. 

Thornton,  Matthew,  portrait,  facing  2500. 

Thornton  Station,  Mass.,  Winthrop  Elm  at, 
note,  921. 

Thoroughfare  Gap,  Va.,  view  of  battlefield 
near,  facing  5014;  Jackson  ordered  to 
pass  through,  5015;  Jackson’s  march 
through,  5016;  Union  forces  at,  5019. 


Thorpe,  George,  proposed  rector  of  possi¬ 
ble  college  in  Virginia,  686;  killed,  686, 
694;  kind  to  Indians,  693. 

Thorstein  the  Swarthy,  Norse  explorer,  219, 
220. 

Thorwaldsen,  Albert  Bertel,  descendant  of 
Snorri  Thorfinnson,  225. 

Three  islands  in  the  Ohio  near  Maysville, 
G.  R.  Clark  at,  2780. 

Three  Rivers,  Can.,  threatened  by  Iroquois, 
1977. 

Thule,  tradition  of,  115,  204,  277. 

Thurkill,  Lancelot,  connected  with  J.  Ca¬ 
bot’s  second  voyage,  435. 

Thurlow,  Edward,  lord  chancellor  of  Great 
Britain,  3089. 

Thurman,  Allen  G.,  on  electoral  commis¬ 
sion,  5547;  nominated  for  vice-president, 
5622. 

Thurston,  English  clergyman,  3108. 

Thurston,  Buckner,  senator  from  Kentucky, 
3926. 

Thurston,  Thomas,  Quaker  in  collision  with 
Maryland  government,  1116,  1683. 

Tiburones,  Islas  de  Los,  seen  by  Magellan, 

.  4I3- 

Ticonderoga,  N.  Y.,  expedition  against, 
2442-2444;  captured  by  Ethan  Allen, 
2446;  Carleton  proposes  to  recover, 
2475;  St.  Clair  at,  2568,  2569;  Burgoyne 
invests,  2571,  2572;  Americans  evacuate, 
2572,  2573;  Trumbull’s  plans  of,  facing 
2572;  Brown  besieges,  2638;  Gates  as¬ 
sists  in  losing,  2667 ;  his  expedition  to, 
2672;  British  abandon,  2672. 

Ticonderoga,  Fort,  held  by  French  in  1756, 
2106;  strengthened  by  French,  2107; 
Montcalm  inspects,  2132,  2138;  Loudon 
loses  chance  to  take,  2138,  2139;  ren¬ 
dezvous  of  Montcalm,  2144,  2146;  Lou¬ 
don  threatened,  2148;  Montcalm  with¬ 
draws  to,  2158,  2159;  approaches  to,  de¬ 
scribed  by  Stark,  2188,  2189;  meaning 
of,  2190;  French  and  English  skirmish 
near,  2193 ;  Putnam  delivered  to  Mont¬ 
calm  at,  2205;  capture  of,  assigned  to 
Gen.  Amherst  in  1759,  2215;  Gen.  Geo. 
Plowe  killed  at,  2235 ;  abandoned  by 
French  in  1759,  2248. 

Ticonderoga,  U.  S.  ship,'  4067. 

Tidal  waves  in  Lake  Michigan,  5664;  at 
mouth  of  Mississippi  river,  5665 ;  on  At¬ 
lantic  coast,  5665. 

Tien-Tsin,  China,  battle  of,  5774- 

Tiffin,  Edward,  first  governor  of  Ohio,  3721. 

Tiger,  Adriaen  Block’s  ship,  550. 


254 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Tigress,  U.  S.  schooner,  4028. 

Tilden,  Samuel  J.,  at  National  Union  con¬ 
vention,  5376;  nominated  for  president, 
5544,  5545 ;  sketch  of,  5545 ;  death,  5621. 

Tilghman,  Geo.  Lloyd,  at  Ft.  Henry,  4814, 

4815.  . 

Tilgham,  William,  chief  justice  of  Penn¬ 
sylvania,  3817. 

Tilley,  John,  overseer  of  fisheries  for  Glou¬ 
cester  adventurers,  862. 

Tillotson,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  be¬ 
friends  Penn,  1224. 

Tilton,  Theodore,  leader  of  Liberal  Re¬ 
publicans,  5518. 

Timber  creek,  Swedes  challenged  at,  580. 

Time,  difference  in,  between  Hong  Kong 
and  Manila,  415;  old-style  manner  of 
reckoning,  note,  627 ;  new  standard, 
adoption  of,  5588,  5589.  _ 

Timuquanan,  Indian  tribe,  in  Florida,  161. 

Tinicum  Island,  fort  in  New  Sweden,  581. 

Tioga  valley,  Sullivan  ravages  the,  2842. 

Tionontates,  Indian  tribe,  destroyed  by  Six 
Nations,  159. 

Tippecanoe,  battle  of,  3962;  illus.  of  battle¬ 
field,  facing  3962. 

Tippecanoe  creek,  Prophet  removes  to,  3957- 

Tipton,  Col.  John,  senator  of  North  Caro¬ 
lina,  3175. 

Tiptonville,  Tenn.,  Union  troops  at,  4830; 
Confederates  retreat  to,  4837. 

Tisquantum,  Indian,  carried  to  Spain,  735; 
persuades  Dernier  to  go  to  New  Eng¬ 
land,  740;  returned  to  his  tribe,  741. 

Title  deed,  first  in  New  England,  781. 

Titles  of  nobility  under  Locke’s  “Grand 
Model,”  1731. 

Tituba,  slave  of  Samuel  Parris,  1331,  I332- 

Tiverton,  R.  I.,  Wampanoags  at,  1285;  Phil¬ 
ip  flees  from,  1286. 

Tlacopan,  Aztec  pueblo,  446. 

Tlascala,  Aztec  pueblo,  aids  Cortes,  451,  458. 

Tlatocan,  Aztec  council,  forced  to  support 
Cortes,  447,  454;  convened  by  Monte¬ 
zuma’s  brother,  456. 

Tobacco  discovered  by  Columbus,  31 1; 
brought  from  Virginia  to  England,  610, 
61 1 ;  vast  profits  from,  670,  684;  Yeard- 
ley  promotes  culture  of,  677;  subject  for 
quarrels  in  company,  677,  687 ;  legal 
tender,  681,  716;  fee  for  wives,  683; 
monopoly  of  Charles  I.  in,  71 1,  7x4;  part 
of  crop  burned  to  raise  the  price,  716, 
717;  the  leading  staple  of  Maryland, 
1076;  fines  paid  in,  1 1 15 ;  exported  from 
Pennsylvania  province,  1260;  of  New 
York  in  1678,  1504;  in  Virginia  at  res¬ 


toration,  1607,  1608;  result  of  lowered 
price  of,  1608,  1609;  disastrous  glut  of, 
in  Virginia,  1628,  1629;  value  of,  in 
Virginia  in  18th  century,  1639;  medium 
of  exchange  in  Maryland,  1672,  1677; 
legislation  about,  in  that  province,  1676, 
1677;  recommended  as  circulating  me¬ 
dium  by  proprietaries  of  Carolinas,  1748; 
tax  on,  aroused  insurrection  in  North 
Carolina,  1755;  tribute  to  church  of 
England  in  Maryland  paid  in,  1704; 
flourishes  in  Maryland  in  18th  century, 
1707;  medium  of  exchange,  1708;  raised 
in  Georgia  before  revolution,  1920; 
grows  near  Detroit  river,  2283 ;  a  staple 
in  Virginia  in  18th  century,  2349;  pro¬ 
duction  of,  2832. 

Tobacco  nation,  mission  established  among, 
by  Jesuits,  1966;  exterminated  by  Iro¬ 
quois,  1972. 

Todd,  Brig.-Gen.,  at  Fallen  Timbers,  3527. 

Todd,  Reverend,  offers  prayer  at  Pacific 
railroad  ceremonies,  5493. 

Todd,  David,  offered  position  of  secretary 
of  treasury,  5196;  declines,  5196. 

Todd,  Col.  John,  in  command  of  Kentucky 
troops,  2794;  relieves  Bryant’s  Station, 
2800;  Indians  ambush,  2801. 

Todd,  Levi,  noted  Indian  fighter,  2800. 

Toledo  exposition,  5750. 

Toledo  war,  4294-4296. 

Toleration,  religious,  first  enforced  by  law 
by  Lord  Cecilius  Baltimore,  1680,  1682 ; 
disapproved  of  by  all  parties  in  colonial 
Maryland,  1685-1687,  1704-1706;  act  of 
the  Baltimores,  1687;  arguments  for, 
1687,  1688. 

Toleration  law  in  Maryland,  1086,  1087. 

Tolson,  Lieut.,  coward,  in  Spanish  invasion 
in  1742,  1905,  1906. 

“Tom  the  Tinker,”  pseudonym  adopted  by 
malcontents  in  whiskey  riots,  3506. 

Tomo-chichi,  Indian  chief  of  Yamacraws, 
1854;  speech  to  Oglethorpe,  1854,  1855; 
portrait,  facing  1854;  speech  at  treaty, 
1858;  taken  to  England  by  Oglethorpe, 
1868;  speech  to  George  II.,  1869;  rejects 
Christianity,  1871 ;  advises  Oglethorpe 
to  go  to  Indian  council,  1888. 

Tompkins,  Daniel  D.,  governer  of  New 
York,  3995;  elected  vice  president  in 
1816,  4098;  reelected  vice  president,  4129, 
4J31* 

Tonica  Bluffs,  Indians  at,  162. 

Tonnage  duties,  3347,  3348. 

Tonty,  Henri  de,  companion  of  La  Salle, 
1994;  left  at  Crevecoeur,  1995;  mu- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


255 


tiny  of  his  men,  1995 ;  at  Michilimacinac, 
1996;  in  command  of  Ft.  St.  Louis  on 
Illinois  river,  1996;  rescued  remnants  of 
La  Salle’s  party,  1997;  tries  to  succor 
Ft.  St.  Louis,  1998. 

Tooanakowki,  son  of  Indian  chief,  taken 
to  England,  1868. 

Toombs,  Robert,  views  on  slavery  restric¬ 
tion  quoted,  4449 ;  on  popular  sove¬ 
reignty,  4539;  portrait  facing  4660;  Con¬ 
federate  secretary  of  state,  4660 ;  op¬ 
posed  attack  on  Ft.  Sumter,  4675 ;  in 
battle  of  Antietam,  5044;  member  of 
Confederate  provisional  congress,  5217; 
bill  to  restore  political  rights  to,  5557- 

Topeka,  Kan.,  founded,  4550. 

Toral,  Gen.,  Spanish  commander  of  San¬ 
tiago,  refuses  to  surrender,  5729,  5730; 
surrenders  Santiago,  5730,  5731. 

Torbert,  Gen.,  R.  T.  A.,  in  Shenandoah 
campaign,  5250. 

Tories  in  Virginia,  1661 ;  in  England  sup¬ 
port  George  III.,  2341 ;  in  America 
threatened  by  patriots,  2392 ;  form  coun¬ 
ter  associations  to  resist  revolution, 
2417;  in  New  York,  2436,  2437,  2485, 
2517;  in  Carolinas,  2440,  2816,  2904,  2918 
2922,  2926,  2927,  2930,  2991-2993,  3054; 
in  Boston,  2455,  2482,  2483 ;  their 

property  confiscated,  2483,  2520,  2550, 
2689,  2972,  2973,  3139;  in  Rhode  Island, 
2485 ;  Scotch  enrolled  in  southern  col¬ 
onies,  2487,  2490 ;  at  battle  of  Long 
Island,  2513;  terrorized  into  submission, 
2520;  their  treatment  of  American  pris¬ 
oners,  2520;  name  “cowboys”  given  to 
2538;  at  Trenton,  2540,  2541;  Wash¬ 
ington’s  treatment  of  2550;  in  Southern 
colonies,  2557,  2810-2812,  2816;  do'  not 
support  Burgoyne,  2571 ;  in  Mohawk 
valley,  2588,  2592;  British  attitude  to¬ 
ward,  2624,  2625 ;  total  number  enrolled 
in  British  army,  2724,  2962;  in  Phil¬ 
adelphia,  2729,  2730;  congress  arrests, 
but  pardons,  2730,  2731 ;  outrages  in 
Cherry  valley  and  Wyoming  valley,  2748, 
2749,  2762;  in  Florida,  2811,  2812; 
Arnold  influenced  by,  2973,  2975 ;  at 
King’s  Mountain,  3003;  their  claims  in 
treaty  of  1782,  3096;  their  condition  at 
close  of  revolution,  3138,  3139. 

Tornadoes  in  1893,  5663. 

Toronto,  St.  Albans’  raiders  tried  at,  5207. 

Torres,  Alonso,  sent  slaves  to  Spain,  333. 

Tortugas,  West  Indies,  discovered  by  Co¬ 
lumbus,  313;  by  Ponce  de  Leon,  389. 


Toscanelli,  Paola,  astronomer,  274;  bis 
probable  chart,  illus.,  facing  274;  makes 
sailing  chart  of  route  to  India,  275 ; 
his  correspondence  with  Columbus,  275, 
276;  portrait,  facing  278;  computes 
earth’s  circumference,  279 ;  map  follow¬ 
ed  by  Columbus,  31 1,  325;  lived  in 
Florence,  344 ;  inspirer  of  navigators,  421. 

Totten,  Gen.  Joseph  G.,  at  Queenstown 
Heights,  3998;  on  situation  of  Ft.  Pu¬ 
laski,  4880. 

Toucey,  Isaac,  attorney-general,  4421 ;  sec¬ 
retary  of  the  navy,  4564. 

Town  Brook,  Plymouth,  770;  illus.,  fac¬ 
ing  770. 

Town  Creek,  N.  C.,  settlement  by  New 
Englanders,  1718,  1719. 

Town  meeting  introduced  in  New  England, 
777;  extended  to  representation  sys¬ 
tem,  836;  in  Providence  and  in  Ports¬ 
mouth  for  organization  of  Rhode  Island, 
1030. 

Towns,  organization  of,  their  government 
in  Connecticut  981,  982,  1004;  early 
form  of,  in  Rhode  Island,  1021. 

Townshend,  Charles,  president  of  board 
of  trade,  2356;  proposes  harsh  measures 
towards  colonies,  2356,  2357;  urges  op¬ 
pression  of  American  colonies,  2383, 
2384;  taxes  articles  of  commerce,  2384, 
2385;  dies,  2385. 

Townshend,  Gen.  George,  under  Wolfe  at 
Quebec,  2234;  succeeds  him,  2234;  dis¬ 
loyal  to  Wolfe,  2234;  member  of  George 
III.’s  cabinet,  2235 ;  vindictive  towards 
Americans  and  Irish,  2235;  disapproves 
storming  Beauport,  2248;  suggests  at¬ 
tack  above  Quebec,  2249;  moves  to 
Point  Levi,  2251;  sent  to  check  Mont¬ 
calm  on  Heights  of  Abraham,  2262 ; 
leaves  Murray  at  Quebec  and  returns  to 
England,  2272. 

Townshend,  Thomas,  home  secretary  of 
Great  Britian  under  Shelburne,  3093. 

Townshend  act  offends  Rhode  Island,  2398, 
2399- 

Tracy,  Marquis  de,  sent  as  viceroy  of  New 
France,  1985 ;  successful  against  Iro¬ 
quois,  1986;  partly  subdues  Iroquois,  1994. 

Tracy,  senator  from  Connecticut,  on  Loui¬ 
siana  purchase,  3750. 

Tracy,  Benjamin  F.,  secretary  of  the  navy, 
5624. 

Tracy,  Uriah,  U.  S.  senator,  graduate  of 
Yale,  3129. 

Trade,  see  Commerce,  U.  S. 


256 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Trade  guilds,  fifty-six  of  London  enrolled 
in  new  company  for  Virginia,  655,  656, 
689 ;  each  had  a  vote,  656. 

Trade-mark,  bill  to  regulate  use,  5822-5824. 

Trade  unions,  see  Labor  unions. 

“Tragical  Relation,  The,”  by  assembly  of 
Virginia,  706. 

Trans-Mississippi  exposition  at  Omaha, 
5697-5703. 

Transylvania,  early  name  of  Kentucky,  2778. 

Transylvania  company,  the  present  state  of 
Kentucky  bought  by,  2778,  277 9. 

Travel  in  colonial  days,  3137,  3138;  in  1800, 

3696. 

Treason,  the  doctrine  of  constructive,  3845; 
congress  on,  4947. 

Treasury,  U.  S.,  financial  system  during 
revolutionary  war,  2682,  2683 ;  weak¬ 
ness  of  system  of  revenue  under  ar¬ 
ticles  of  confederation,  3201,  32 02,  3204, 
3205;  continental  congress  on,  3216, 
3217;  congress  organizes,  3337,  3338; 
congress  on,  3343,  3354,  3396,  3397 ;  Ham¬ 
ilton’s  report  on  the  national  finances, 
3361,  3364,  3395;  Hamilton’s  plan  of 
liquidation  of  the  national  debt,  3500;  con¬ 
dition  in  1809,  3922 ;  condition  during  war 
of  1812,  4004,  4005,  4009,  4010,  4013,  4014; 
financial  straits  in  1814,  4048;  its  de¬ 
plorable  condition,  4094;  condition  in 
1817,  4103;  condition  in  1821,  4132;  im¬ 
proved  condition  of,  4140;  Samuel  D. 
Ingham,  secretary  of  treasury,  4216; 
Louis  McLane,  secretary  of  treasury, 
4239, 4264 ;  William  J.  Duane,  secretary  of 
treasury,  4264,  4265;  Roger  B.  Taney  ap¬ 
pointed  secretary  of  treasury,  4265;  bill 
passed  providing  for  distribution  of  sur¬ 
plus,  4298;  deposit  act  attacked  by  Jack- 
son,  4298,  4299 ;  sub-treasury  bill  advoca¬ 
ted  by  Van  Buren  defeated  in  congress, 
43°5  43065  payment  of  fourth  install¬ 
ment  of  surplus  postponed,  4306;  legis¬ 
lation  in  special  session  of  25th  con¬ 
gress,  4306;  independent  treasury  bill, 
4308;  independent  treasury  bill  becomes 
a  law,  4320,  4321 ;  issues  note  to  relieve 
government  distress  in  1859,  4582;  in 
1861-62,  4943-4949;  condition  in  i860, 
4944;  gold  at  a  premium,  5190;  issue 
of  government  scrip,  5190 ;  national  bank¬ 
ing  system  advocated,  5190;  balance  in 
January,  1863,  5192;  national  currency 
provided,  5192;  amount  of  national  debt 
July,  1864,  5192;  pays  expenses  incurred 
by  military,  commanders,  5396;  Demo¬ 
cratic  party  splits  on  “greenback”  move¬ 


ment,  5414;  gold  reserve  in  1893,  5649; 
condition  in  1905,  5976. 

Treat,  Maj.,  reinforces  Mosely  at  Bloody 
Brook  1293. 

Treat,  Robert,  governor  of  Connecticut,  ad¬ 
dressed  by  Andros  about  Connecticut 
charter,  1439 ;  in  encounter  between  Gov. 
Flether  and  Capt.  Wadsworth,  1551. 

Treaties,  colonial:  Between  New  England 
and  Dutch  (Hartford  in  1650),  1013; 
with  Indians:  by  Dutch  in  1617,  553; 
by  Virginia  colony,  638,  719;  Massa- 
soit  with  New  Plymouth  in  1621,  776, 
1284;  at  Ft.  Stanwix  in  1768,  1259,  2327, 
2328;  at  Casco  in  1678,  1302;  at  Ports¬ 
mouth  in  1685,  1303;  by  Massachusetts 
in  1725,  1377;  by  Dongan  in  1684,  1518; 
by  Oglethorpe  in  1733,  1859. 

Treaties,  U.  S. :  Congress  seeks  for  Euro¬ 
pean  treaties  during  revolution,  2555 ; 
with  Chili :  commercial  treaty,  4273 ; 
with  China :  in  1844,  4366 ;  renewed, 
4591 ;  Burlingame  treaty  in  1868,  5582, 
5583;  restricting  immigration  in  1893, 
5652,  5653,  5901-5908;  with  Colombia:  on 
Isthmian  canal,  5797-5799;  with  Cuba: 
on  commercial  relations  in  1892,  5805, 
5806 ;  with  Denmark :  on  purchase  of 
West  Indian  islands,  5477-5482;  with 
France:  cession  of  Louisiana  at  Mor- 
fontaine  in  1800,  3683,  3684,  3744-3752; 
on  French  spoliation  claims  in  1831, 
4272 ;  with  Germany :  on  Samoan  ques¬ 
tion  in  1900,  5638,  5639,  5753;  on  reci¬ 
procity,  5645 ;  parcel  post  convention, 
5752 ;  with  Great  Britain  at  Paris  in 

1783,  2337,  3095-3099;  Jay’s  treaty  in 

1795,  3537-3547,  3553-3558,  357L  3572, 
3575;  in  in  1806,  3849,  3850;  at  Ghent 
in  1814,  4087-4089,  4094;  Ashburton 

treaty,  4403,  4404;  Oregon  treaty,  4405- 
4408;  Clayton-Bulwer  treaty  discussed 
in  congress,  4514;  on  fisheries,  4548; 
on  slave  trade  in  1862,  4947;  at 
Washington  on  arbitration  in  1871,  5506; 
on  arbitration  in  1895,  5675,  5676;  Hay- 
Pauncefote  treaty,  5759-5761 ;  interpre¬ 
tation  of  the  fisheries  treaty  of  1818, 
5962,  5963 ;  with  Guatemala :  on  reci¬ 
procity,  5645 ;  with  Hawaii :  5634,  5635 ; 
with  the  Indians:  of  Ft.  Stanwix  in 

1784,  3379  5  of  Ft.  McIntosh  in  1785, 
3379;  of  Ft.  Harmar  in  1789,  3379  5  of 
Grenville  in  1795,  3529,  3530;  of  No¬ 
gales  in  1790,  3531;  in  1806,  3803;  in 
1805  and  1807,  3958;  at  Ft.  Wayne  in 
1809-1810,  3959,  4178,  4180;  Payne’s 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


257 


Landing  in  1832,  4312;  Ft.  Gibson  in 
1833,  4312;  with  Japan:  gaining  trading 
privileges,  4548;  with  Mexico:  4401; 
treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  4421 ; 
Gadsden  treaty,  4548 ;  with  Morocco : 
commercial  treaty,  4273;  with  Russia: 
on  Oregon,  4165,  4405 ;  commercial 

treaty,  4273 ;  on  Oregon,  4405 ;  with  Sal¬ 
vador,  C.  A. :  on  reciprocity,  5645 ;  with 
Samoa,  5636;  with  San  Domingo,  reci¬ 
procity  treaty  in  1891,  5645;  in  1905, 
5824,  5825;  with  Spain:  in  1795,  3562, 
3563 ;  the  neutral  ground  treaty  of  1806, 
3832;  Florida  treaty  in  1819,  4113,  4114, 
4126,  4127,  4132 ;  commercial  treaty, 
4273 ;  on  reciprocity,  5645 ;  peace  treaty 
of  1898,  5735-5737;  with  Turkey:  com¬ 
mercial  treaty,  4273;  with  Venezuela: 
commercial  treaty,  4273. 

Treaties  between  European  nations:  Be¬ 
tween  Spain  and  Portugal  in  1494,  378; 
between  Magellan  and  king  of  Cebu, 
416 ;  between  Spain  and  Holland  about 
1606,  542 ;  between  England  and  Spain 
in  1605,  625,  626;  between  Great  Britain 
and  France  (St.  Germain  in  1632),  833, 
1935 1  between  Sweden  and  Holland 
(Stockholm  in  1650),  1127;  between 

Great  Britain  and  France  (Ryswick  in 
1697),  1349,  1552,  1958,  2011;  between 
Great  Britain,  Holland,  etc.,  and  France 
(Utrecht  in  1713),  1356,  1381,  note, 
2011,  2110,  2111;  between  Great  Britain 
and  France  (Aix-la-Chapelle  in  1748), 
1403,  1409,  2011;  between  Great  Britain 
and  France  (Dover  in  1670),,  1500;  be¬ 
tween  Great  Britain  and  France  (“Neu¬ 
trality  treaty  for  America”  in  1686), 
1528;  between  Great  Britain  and  Spain 
(Madrid  in  1667),  1845;  between  Great 
Britain  and  Holland,  France  and  Den¬ 
mark  (at  Breda  in  1667),  1957;  between 
Great  Britain  and  France  (treaty  of 
Paris  in  1763),  2332-2336,  2364;  between 
Great  Britain  and  France,  etc.  (at 
Amiens  in  1802),  3732,  3791. 

Treaty  elm,  Penn’s,  1210,  1211;  illus.  of, 
facing  1212. 

Treaty-making  power  of  congress,  Ran¬ 
dolph  and  Jefferson  on,  3568. 

Trees,  native  of  Ohio,  as  found  by  Gist, 
2022. 

Trent,  Capt,  organizes  Virginia  company 
for  Ohio  campaign  in  1754,  2039,  2040. 

Trent,  British  mail  steamer,  detained  by 
the  San  Jacinto,  4925-4934. 

Trenton,  N.  J.,  palaeolithic  implements 
found  in,  141,  142 ;  provincial  congress 


meets  at,  2437 ;  map  of  campaign  around, 
facing  2528;  Washington  to  cross  Dela¬ 
ware  above,  2539;  plan  of  surprise  on, 
2539;  battle  of,  2541,  2542;  second  battle 
of,  2545;  public  honors  to  Washington 
by,  3329,  3330 ;  capital  proposed  at,  3355 ; 
Lincoln  at,  4666. 

Trenton,  U.  S.  warship,  wrecked  at  Apia, 

5639- 

Trenton  Falls,  N.  Y.,  boundary  of  Swedes’ 
land,  582. 

Trevett  vs.  Weedon,  test  case  on  Rhode 
Island  paper  money,  3244-3246. 

Triana,  Roderigo  de,  first  saw  land  in  Co¬ 
lumbus’  expedition,  302. 

Trigg,  Col.  Stephen,  Bryan’s  Station  re¬ 
lieved  by,  2800. 

Trimble,  Gen.  I.  R.,  in  battle  of  Antietam, 
5044;  losses  at  Antietam,  5046. 

Trimountain  (Boston,  Mass.),  origin  of 
name,  note,  879. 

Trinidad,  West  Indies,  discovered  by  Co¬ 
lumbus,  329,  330;  passed  by  Pinzon,  374; 
Miranda  expedition  dissolved  at,  3818. 

Trinidad,  one  of  Magellan’s  ships,  417, 
418. 

Trinitie,  ship,  adventures  on  voyage  to 
America,  588. 

Trinity,  denial  of,  punished  by  death  in 
Maryland,  1682;  blaspheming  against, 
punished  by  North  Carolina,  1806. 

Trinity  river,  Tex.,  La  Salle  murdered 
near,  1996. 

Tripoli,  Africa,  hostilities  with,  3711;  U.  S. 
expedition  against,  3771-3774. 

Trist,  Nicholas  P.,  confidential  agent  to 
Mexico,  4394;  peace  negotiations  broken 
off,  4398;  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo, 
4401 ;  signs  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo, 
4421- 

Tromp,  Martin  van,  Dutch  admiral,  1016; 
sails  through  English  channel,  1144; 
portrait,  facing  1144. 

Trott,  chief  justice  of  South  Carolina, 
1826,  1827. 

Troup,  G.  McL,  governor  of  Georgia,  in 
difficulty  with  Creek  Indians,  4178-4180; 
on  slavery,  4204,  4205. 

Trowbridge,  John,  on  wireless  telegraphy, 
5940. 

Troy,  N.  Y.,  site  of,  passed  by  Hudson, 
546;  draft  riots  in,  5183. 

Truman,  Maj.  Thomas,  commands  provin¬ 
cial  force  in  Indian  rising  in  1675,  1613, 
1614. 

Trumbull,  candidate  for  president,  5519. 

Trumbull,  Col.  John,  at  Ticonderoga,  2569, 
2570,  2572;  portrait,  facing  3452. 


258 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Trumbull,  Jonathan,  governor  of  Connecti¬ 
cut,  2435;  the  original  “Brother  Jona¬ 
than,”  2435;  on  Howe’s  commission, 
2510. 

Trumbull,  Jonathan,  Jr.,  governor  of  Con¬ 
necticut,  3887,  38 88. 

Trumbull,  Joseph,  commissary  department 
under,  2681,  2682;  member  of  board  of 
war,  2699. 

Trumbull,  Lyman,  introduces  resolution 
concerning  political  prisoners,  in  sen¬ 
ate,  5185;  reports  joint  resolution  rec¬ 
ognizing  Louisiana  state  government, 
5335 ;  votes  against  impeachment  of 
Johnson,  5412,  5413. 

Trumbull,  U.  S.  ship,  Capt.  James  Nichol¬ 
son  commands,  2897,  2898. 

Trusts  in  French  fur  trade  in  1612,  533; 
congress  attacks  the,  5642,  5653,  5654; 
Roosevelt  on,  5792;  cause  and  growth 
of,  5897-5899- 

Truxton,  Burr  and,  3825,  3828. 

Truxton  medal,  facing  3662. 

Tryon,  William,  governor  of  North  Caro¬ 
lina,  puts  down  “regulators,”  2391 ; 
made  governor  of  New  York,  2465; 
character,  2465 ;  Tories  encouraged  by, 
2485;  savage  actions,  2498;  Loyalists 
commanded  by,  2517;  Danbury  de¬ 
stroyed  by,  2566;  rout  of,  2567;  Arnold 
pursues,  2566 ;  losses  of  his  expedition, 
256 7;  with  Vaughn-Wallace  raid,  2657; 
Washington  receives  copy  of  peace  pro¬ 
posals  from,  note,  2744;  ravages  Con¬ 
necticut  coast,  2834. 

Tsai  Lien,  Prince,  deprived  of  rank,  5782. 

Tsay  Ying,  deprived  of  rank,  5782. 

Tuan,  Prince,  deprived  of  rank  and  offices, 
5782. 

Tuckebachee,  compact  made  here  by  Creek 
Indians,  4178. 

Tucker,  Capt.  Samuel,  of  Massachusetts, 
commanded  U.  S.  ship  Boston,  2881. 

Tucker,  Samuel,  of  New  Jersey,  took  oath 
of  allegiance  to  Great  Britain,  2528. 

Tudor,  house  of,  in  war  of  the  roses,  14; 
first  voyage  under,  15;  first  Henry 
Tudor,  22,  23. 

Tullahoma,  Tenn.,  Bragg  retreats  to, 
5160. 

Tunis/Africa,  Columbus  at,  269. 

Tupelo,  Miss.,  Bragg’s  retreat  to,  5117, 
5118;  Price  with  army  of  the  West  at, 
5119;  Hood  relieved  of  his  command  at, 
5269. 

Tupper,  Gen.  Benjamin,  colonizing  schemes 
of,  3193. 


Turchin,  Gen.  J.  B.,  enters  Huntsville,  5109; 
ordered  to  take  Decatur  and  Tuscumbia, 
5109. 

Turgot,  Baron,  on  French-American  alli¬ 
ance,  2845. 

Turkey  in  middle  ages,  45,  49;  its  pirates 
infest  the  seas,  269,  814,  815;  Mary 
Fisher  tries  to  convert,  927;  joins  armed 
neutrality,  3066. 

Turnbull,  British  revolutionary  officer,  in 
southern  campaign,  2921,  2929,  2944, 
2959- 

Turner,  Capt.,  leads  force  against  Indians 
at  Deerfield,  1297;  killed,  1297,  1298. 

Turner,  Nat.,  his  insurrection,  4289,  4290. 

Turner,  Capt.  Nathaniel,  bought  land  on 
Delaware  Bay  for  Plymouth  colony, 
583;  one  of  first  magistrates  of  New 
Haven,  992. 

Turner’s  Falls,  Mass.,  scene  of  victory  over 
Indians,  1297. 

Turner’s  Pass,  Md.,  location  of,  5036;  battle 
of,  5°40,  5041 ;  guarded  by  Hill  and 
Longstreet,  5040;  Stuart  passes  through, 
5053-. 

Turpentine,  staple  in  North  Carolina  be¬ 
fore  revolution,  2349. 

Turreau,  French  minister  to  the  United 
States,  3902,  3917. 

Turtle,  first  submarine  boat,  2879. 

Turtle’s  Heart,  Delaware  chief,  tries  to 
delude  Ft.  Pitt,  2319. 

Tuscaloosa,  Confederate  ram,  sunk  by 
Maury,  5284. 

Tuscarora,  U.  S.  ship,  4905. 

Tuscarora,  John,  nickname  for  Col.  John 
Barnwell,  1814. 

Tuscaroras,  Indian  tribe,  in  North  Caro¬ 
lina,  157,  161 ;  absorbed  by  Five  Nations, 
159;  capture  Rev.  Morgan  Jones,  247; 
declare  for  Americans  in  revolution, 
1516,  2585;  adopted  remnant  of  Onon- 
dagas,  1517;  join  Five  Nations,  1567; 
organize  conspiracy  against  whites,  1811- 
1816. 

Tuscumbia,  Ala.,  Turchin  ordered  to  take 
possession  of,  5109;  Rosecrans’  move¬ 
ments  near,  5131,  5132. 

Tuskegee  Institute,  5959,  5960. 

Tutelos,  Indian  tribe,  division  of  Sioux, 
163. 

Tutuila,  Samoan  island,  becomes  property 
of  the  United  States,  5753. 

Tuyle,  Baron,  his  position  in  regard  to 
Russian  claims  on  American  territory, 
4148-4151,  4153- 

Twiggs,  Gen  .David,  note,  4629. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


259 


Twightwees,  Indian  tribe,  retaliate  on 
French  for  seizure  of  English  traders, 
2029. 

Twiller,  Wouter  Van,  governor  of  New 
Netherland,  arrived  in  America,  1119; 
Irving's  sketch  not  true  to  life,  1119; 
active  in  office,  1119,  1120 ;  buys  Gover¬ 
nor’s  and  Blackwell’s  Islands,  1119, 
1120;  names  New  Amsterdam,  1120; 
tries  to  extend  Dutch  power,  1120; 
makes  treaty  with  Raritans,  1120;  drives 
off  Virginians,  1120,  1121;  recalled, 

II2X. 

Twine,  John,  clerk  of  the  first  Virginia 
assembly,  681. 

Two  Friends,  U.  S.  ship,  note  3811. 

Tybee  Island,  Ga.,  lighthouse  on,  begun 
by  OgUthcrpe,  1863;  federals  establish 
post  at,  4877,  4880,  4881. 

Tyler,  Comfort,  flight  of,  3835 ;  indicted 
for  treason,  3841. 

Tyler,  Gen.  Daniel,  commands  first  division 
of  the  army  of  Potomac,  4747 ;  at  Bull 
Run,  4751,  4752,  4755;  at  Malvern  Hill, 
4988. 

Tyler,  John,  graduate  of  William  and  Mary 
college,  3128;  nominated  for  vice-presi¬ 
dent  by  Whigs,  4324,  4325 ;  succeeds 
Harrison,  4335 ;  public  service,  4336; 
portrait,  facing  4 336;  inaugural  address, 
43371  low  estimate  of,  by  Whig  party, 
4339;  J-  Q-  Adams’  opinion  of,  4339; 
policy  opposed  to  Whig  program,  4340; 
quarrel  with  Clay,  4340;  message  to 
special  session  of  congress,  4340;  ap¬ 
proves  Ewing’s  report  on  national  bank, 
4342 ;  vetoes  bill  to  recharter  bank,  4343  ; 
vetoes  second  bill  to  recharter  bank, 
4345,  4347  5  part  °f  cabinet  resigns, 
4346;  appoints  new  members  of  cabinet, 
4347;  repudiated  by  Whig  party,  4348; 
Maine  boundary,  4349 ;  urges  partial 
repeal  of  compromise  act  of  1833,  4351 ; 
vetoes  provisional  revenue  bill  (1842), 
4351;  at  Bunker  Hill  monument  dedica¬ 
tion,  4358;  plans  for  second  term,  4358; 
Princeton  disaster,  4360;  Texas  treaty, 
4361 ;  heads  Virginia  delegates,  4657. 

Tyler,  U.  S.  gunboat,  4814,  4846;  in  battle 
of  Pittsburg  Landing,  5104. 

Tynes,  Col.,  British  revolutionary  officer, 
Marion  disperses  his  command,  2995. 

Tynte,  governor  of  South  Carolina,  1809. 

Tyre,  one  of  Mediterranean  states,  105 ; 
leaves  few  records,  109. 

Tyrker,  the  German,  discovers  the  vine  in 
Norse  legend,  213-215. 


u. 

Ullibahali,  Indian  town  found  by  Soto, 
472. 

Ulysses,  legendary  king  of  Ithaca,  324. 

Uncas,  Mohegan  chief,  seeks  English  alli¬ 
ance,  954;  profits  by  Pequot  war,  978; 
fights  at  Greenfield  Hill,  979;  captives 
given  to,  980;  in  conflict  with  Mianto- 
nomo,  1009,  1010;  signature  of,  illus., 
facing  1010;  promise  of  Narragansetts 
to,  ion. 

Underground  railroad,  4489,  4490,  4545. 

Underhill,  John,  military  commander  in 
Massachusets  Bay  colony,  882 ;  sent  to 
arrest  R.  Williams,  904;  takes  Burdett’s 
place  at  Northam,  947;  reinforces  Say- 
brook,  973,  974;  at  taking  of  Pequot  fort, 
976;  organizes  army  for  New  Nether¬ 
lands,  1138;  victory  at  Stamford,  1139. 

Union  Pacific  railroad  built,  5491. 

Union  party  prevails  in  the  South,  4479, 
4480. 

Union  reform  party,  nominees  in  1900, 

5767. 

Union  Springs,  Ala.,  negro  riots  in,  5465. 

Union  veteran  legion,  5915. 

Uniontown,  Pa.,  grave  of  Braddock  near, 
2080. 

United  Christian  party,  convention  and 
platform  of  1900,  5 767;  vote  in  1900, 
5772. 

United  Confederate  veterans,  society  of 
the,  5920,  5921. 

United  daughters  of  the  Confederacy, 
S921- 

United  mine  workers  of  America,  strike  in 
1902  of  the,  5809-5815 ;  character  of, 
5889. 

United  States,  U.  S.  frigate,  3624,  3988, 
3992,  3993,  4040,  4696. 

United  States  Gazette  on  the  Kentucky 
resolutions,  3652. 

Universal  Asylum,  American  magazine, 
3453-.  . 

Universities,  see  Colleges  and  universities. 

Unmasking  of  Virginia  by  Capt.  Nathaniel 
Butler,  700. 

Unrest,  Adriaen  Block’s  ship,  550. 

Upland,  Pa.,  renamed  Chester,  1208;  Penn’s 
first  choice  of  capital,  1213. 

Upper  Hundred,  Va.,  laid  off  by  Dale, 
672. 

Uppsi,  Eric,  bishop  of  Greenland,  235. 

Upshur,  Abel  P.,  adviser  of  Tyler,  4338; 
succeeds  Webster  in  Tyler’s  cabinet, 
4359;  killed  in  Princeton  disaster,  4360. 


260 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Uraba,  Gulf  of,  Spanish  settlement  on, 
376. 

Urbana,  O.,  Hull’s  forces  at,  3981. 

Ursuline  sisters,  Burr  greeted  by,  3821. 

Ury,  John,  schoolmaster  in  New  York, 
hanged  for  being  in  “Popish  plot,”  1580, 
1581. 

Usher,  J.  P.,  views  on  negro  suffrage, 
5348. 

Usselinx,  William,  founder  of  Delaware, 
urges  a  Dutch  West  India  company, 
541;  his  idea  adopted,  542;  induced 
Gustavus  Adolphus  to  favor  Australia 
company,  576;  was  made  its  president, 
577;  minister  at  The  Hague,  578;  asks 
Plolland  to  join  Sweden  in  the  company, 
578;  portrait,  facing  578. 

Utah,  Indians  in,  163,  164;  settlement  of 
Mormons  in,  4435,  4436;  Soule’s  amend¬ 
ment  concerning  slavery  in,  4473 ;  bill 
passed  providing  for  establishment  of 
territorial  government  without  the  inter¬ 
diction  of  slavery,  4480;  settled  by  the 
Mormons,  4575 ;  seeks  admission  as  a 
state,  5617;  constitution  of,  5617;  entire 
enfranchisement  given  women,  5929. 

Utes,  Indian  tribe,  in  western  United 
States,  163. 

Utica,  N.  Y.,  seceders  from  Democratic 
party  hold  convention  and  nominate 
Van  Buren,  4430. 

Utrecht,  treaty  of,  cedes  Acadia  to  England, 
1356,  1362,  2110,  2111;  authority  for 
Oglethorpe’s  southern  boundary,  1884; 
French  claim  in,  to  New  France,  2011. 

Uzita,  Indian  chief  in  Florida,  467;  his 
daughter  rescued  Ortiz,  468. 


v. 

Vaccination  unknown  until  1792,  1357. 

Valcour  Island,  2524. 

Valencia,  Mexican  general  at  Contreras, 
4396. 

Valladolid,  Spain,  Columbus  died  in,  266, 
340. 

Vallandigham,  Clement  L.,  candidate  for 
governor  of  Ohio,  5186;  speech  at 
Mount  Vernon,  5186;  arrested,  and 
sentenced  to  confinement  in  military 
prison  at  Cincinnati,  5X86;  banished, 
5187;  in  Canada,  5187;  not  welcomed  at 
the  South,  5187;  chosen  supreme  grand 
commander  of  “Sons  of  Liberty,”  5202  *> 
portrait,  facing  5202;  refuses  Thomp¬ 
son’s  aid,  5203;  resolutions  of,  adopted 


by  Democratic  convention,  5209 ;  at 
National  Union  convention,  5376. 

Valldea,  U.  S.  warship,  wrecked  at  Apia, 
5639- 

Valley  Forge,  Pa.,  Washington  winters  at, 
2674;  suffering  of  troops  at,  2674,  2679, 
2680;  army  arrives  at,  2700;  Von  Steu¬ 
ben  at,  2705;  force  at,  2727;  effect  of 
discipline  at,  2738. 

Valparaiso,  Spain,  King  John  II.  at,  316. 

Vanbraam,  Capt.  Jacob,  interpreter  for 
Washington  on  Ohio  expedition,  2031 ; 
retained  as  hostage  after  surrender  of 
Ft.  Necessity,  2051;  accused  of  treach¬ 
ery,  2052,  2053. 

Van  Brunt,  Capt.,  commander  of  the  Min¬ 
nesota,  4917,  4918. 

Van  Buren,  John,  associated  with  his 
father  in  New  York  politics,  4329. 

Van  Buren,  Martin,  in  presidential  cam¬ 
paign  of  1824,  4161 ;  his  plans  defeated 
by  Clinton,  4170;  in  collision  with  Pres¬ 
ident  Adams,  4174;  advocates  “Tariff 
of  Abominations”  in  1828,  4185 ;  appoint¬ 
ed  secretary  of  state,  4216,  4217;  re¬ 
signs,  4238;  appointed  minister  to  Great 
Britain,  4241 ;  instructions  to  McLane, 
4241;  nomination  rejected  by  senate, 
4241 ;  nominated  for  vice-president, 
4249 ;  elected,  4250 ;  revolt  against,  in 
New  York,  4293';  nominated  for  pres¬ 
ident,  and  elected,  4302.;  inaugurated, 
4302 ;  portrait,  facing  4302 ;  appoints 
Joel  Poinsett,  secretary  of  war,  4303; 
appoints  Lewis  Cass,  minister  to  France, 
4303 ;  calls  special  session  of  congress 
to  deal  with  panic,  4305 ;  message  to 
25th  congress,  4305-4319;  insists  on  in¬ 
dependent  treasury  in  message  to  25th 
congress,  4307;  signs  independent  treas¬ 
ury  bill,  4321 ;  message  to  26th  congress, 
4322 ;  renominated  by  Democratic  party, 
4325 ;  his  campaign  and  defeat,  4326, 
4327 ;  farewell  message  to  congress, 
4327,  4328;  retires  to  Kinderhook,  4328; 
purchases  Lindenwald,  4329 ;  defeated 
for  presidential  nomination  in  1844, 
4329 ;  manages  Barnburner  faction  of 
New  York  Democracy,  4329;  estima¬ 
tion  of,  4329;  position  on  Texas  an¬ 
nexation,  4362 ;  loses  nomination,  4363 ; 
leads  opposition  to  administration  in 
1847,  4416;  nominated  for  president  by 
New  Yorkers  who  seceded  from  Balti¬ 
more  convention,  4430;  nominated  for 
president  by  Free-soil  party  in  1848, 
4430,  443U  defeated,  4431. 

Vandalia,  colony  of,  3148. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


261 


Vanderdussen,  Col.,  commands  regiment  in 
expedition  against  St.  Augustine,  1898, 
1899. 

Van  Dorn,  Earl,  Confederate  general, 
sketch  of,  4734;  at  battle  of  Pea  Ridge, 
4735-4737 ;  retreats  to  Corinth,  4737 ; 
summoned  to  Corinth  from  Arkansas, 
5095;  reinforces  Beauregard  at  Corinth, 
5106;  attends  Beauregard’s  council, 
5107;  ordered  to  defend  Vicksburg, 
5118;  proposes  campaign  in  Tennessee 
and  Kentucky,  5129;  Grant’s  plans 
against,  5130.;  at  Chewalla,  5134;  moves 
toward  Corinth,  5134;  battle  of  Corinth, 
5134-5136;  retreats  from  Corinth,  5136; 
battle  at  Davis’  Mills,  5136;  pushes 
through  Ripley  to  Holly  Springs,  5137; 
succeeded  by  Pemberton,  5138;  asks  for 
court  of  inquiry,  5138;  exonerated  from 
charge  of  neglect  of  duty,  5138;  com¬ 
mands  division  under  Pemberton,  5138 ; 
commands  division  under  Bragg,  5138; 
death  of,  5138;  near  Holly  Springs, 
5142;  strength  of  forces  of,  5142;  cap¬ 
tures  Holly  Springs,  5143. 

Vane,  famous  pirate  in  Carolinas,  1823. 

Van  Ness,  Judge,  carries  message  from 
Burr  to  Hamilton,  3785. 

Van  Ness,  Cornelius  P.,  minister  to  Spain, 
4220. 

Van  Ness,  P.,  sells  Lindenwald  to  Van 
Buren,  4329. 

Van  Rensselaer,  Col.,  American  officer  at 
Ticonderoga,  2573. 

Van  Rensselaer,  Kiliaen,  powerful  patroon 
of  New  Netherland,  566-568;  connected 
with  Van  Twiller,  572;  patroon,  1119. 

Van  Rensselaer,  Col.  Solomon,  at  battle  of 
Queenstown  Heights,  3998;  wounded, 
3998. 

Van  Rensselaer,  Gen.  Stephen,  descendant 
of  Kiliaen  Van  Rensselaer,  568;  com¬ 
mands  forces  at  Niagara,  3995;  quarrels 
with  Smyth,  3997 ;  at  Queenstown 
Heights,  3999;  portrait  of,  facing  4052. 

Van  Schaick,  Gozen,  destroyed  the  Onon¬ 
daga  villages,  2839. 

Van  Tienhoven,  abettor  of  Pavonia  mas¬ 
sacre,  1132;  held  office  in  New  Nether¬ 
land,  1158. 

Van  Tromp,  see  Tromp. 

Van  Twiller,  Wouter,  governor  of  New 
Netherland,  561;  objectionable  to  De 
Vries,  561,  572,  574;  on  the  Dutch  claim 
to  New  Amsterdam,  955. 

Van  Werckhoven  in  Stuyvesant’s  council, 
H57- 

Van  Winkle,  P.  G.,  votes  against  impeach¬ 
ment  of  Johnson,  5412. 


Vane,  Sir  Henry,  in  Massachusetts,  904, 
905,  908;  portrait,  facing  904;  in  Long 
Parliament,  917;  applied  to  for  patent 
for  Newport,  1037;  reproved  Narragan- 
sett  colonies,  1049,  1050. 

Varnhagen,  Baron  F.  de,  concerning  Ves¬ 
pucci,  note,  346,  note,  369. 

Varnum,  James  M.,  judge  of  northwest 
territory,  3197. 

Vanina,  U.  S.  ship,  4889,  4890. 

Vasquez  de  Ayllon,  Lucas,  engaged  in 
slave  trade,  396,  397 ;  discovered  St. 
John’s  river,  397;  explores  Chesapeake 
Bay,  398;  settle  San  Miguel,  398;  dies, 
398;  bequeaths  rights  to  Ramirez,  399. 

Vassall,  Samuel,  member  of  Massachusetts 
Bay  company,  867,  874. 

Vassall,  William,  member  of  Massachusetts 
Bay  company,  867,  874. 

Vaudreuil,  Marquis  de,  governor-general 
of  the  French  colonies,  1362;  in  em¬ 
barrassing  position  from  correspondence 
with  Rasle,  1369,  1376,  1377;  jealous 
of  Montcalm  and  refuses  prompt  aid, 
2261 ;  at  fall  of  Quebec,  2270. 

Vaughan,  Gen.,  ravages  along  the  Hud¬ 
son  valley,  2657;  captures  St.  Eustatius, 
3065,  3066. 

Vaughn,  Robert,  commander  of  Kent  Is¬ 
land,  1084. 

Vaughn,  Col.,  William,  his  daring  exploit 
at  capture  of  Louisbourg,  1396,  1397. 

Vaughn,  Sir  William,  sells  land  to  Lord 
Baltimore,  1061. 

Vealtown,  N.  J.,  Lee  reaches,  2533. 

Velasco,  Luis  de,  fails  to  settle  Pensacola, 
487,  488. 

Velasquez,  Diego,  governor  of  Cuba,  392, 
395;  sends  expedition  to  Mexico,  395, 
449,  454,  458. 

Velocity,  U.  S.  sailing  vessel,  4867. 

Venable  in  Hamilton-Reynolds  affair,  3601, 
3602. 

Venables,  Gen.,  leads  English  army  against 
West  Indies,  1186. 

Venango,  Fort,  in  chain  of  French  de¬ 
fenses,  2006;  Washington  and  Gist  re¬ 
ceived  at,  with  treachery,  2034,  2036, 
2037;  surrenders  to  Rogers’  rangers  in 
1760,  2279;  taken  by  Pontiac,  2308,  2314, 
2315. 

Venezuela  named  by  Ojeda,  363;  revolt 
in  1810,  3939;  dispute  with  Great  Bri¬ 
tain  over  boundary,  5677-5679 ;  dispute 
settled  by  arbitration,  5678-5680;  Hay 
urges  submission  of  claims  against,  to 
Hague  tribunal,  5832. 


262 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Vengeance ,  U.  S.  ship  in  Paul  Jones’  fleet, 
2883. 

Venice,  one  of  Mediterranean  states,  105; 
sea-power,  112;  Zeno  sails  from,  248- 
250 ;  war  with  Genoa,  269,  270 ;  solicited 
by  Columbus,  284;  law  of  naturaliza¬ 
tion  in,  421,  424,  425;  archives  testify 
of  John  Cabot,  423,  424;  flag  of,  raised 
in  new  world,  433 ;  Sebastian  Cabot 
secretly  negotiates  with,  440. 

Venn,  Col.  John,  member  of  Massachu¬ 
setts  Bay  colony,  867. 

Vera  Cruz,  Mex.,  founded  by  Cortes,  449, 
450 ;  conflict  between  Spaniards  and 
Mexicans,  453;  Narvaez .  overwhelmed 
at,  455 ;  De  Luna’s  expedition  sails 
from,  487;  Villafane’s  fleet  from,  488; 
battle  of,  4391,  4392. 

Veragua,  Duke  of,  special  envoy  from 
Spain  at  naval  display  in  New  York, 

5658,  5659- 

Varagua,  Colombia,  Columbus  at,  339. 

Vergara,  Juan  de,  sails  with  Ojeda,  376. 

Vergennes,  Charles  G.,  Count  de,  Amer¬ 
ica  assisted  by,  2553,  3067;  reply  to 
British  ambassador,  2555,  2556;  Von 
Steuben  titled  by,  2705 ;  D’Estaing’s 
manifesto  not  approved  by,  2759;  ad¬ 
vised  of  condition  of  American  revolu¬ 
tion,  2969;  portrait,  facing  3088;  dis¬ 
cusses  peace,  3091 ;  Greenville  and,  3092 ; 
U.  S.  debt  to  Vergennes,  3095;  effort 
to  limit  the  United  States,  3094;  map 
of  North  America,  showing  boundaries 
as  proposed  by,  facing  3094;  policy  of, 
3150. 

Vergor,  de,  commander  at  Beau  Sejour, 
2118;  surprised  and  defeated  by  Eng¬ 
lish,  2119. 

Verhult,  William,  governor  of  New  Neth¬ 
er land,  557. 

Verin,  Joshua,  on  liberty  of  conscience, 
1021. 

Vermont,  Indians  in,  158;  first  settlement 
in,  established  by  Dummer,  1361 ;  con¬ 
troversy  over,  note,  2562 ;  early  history, 
2562,  2763,  2764 ;  council  of  safety,  2599 ; 
admission  into  the  Union  asked  by, 
2599;  Langdon  finances  defense  of,  2600; 
foundations  laid  for,  2763;  struggle  for, 
2764;  proposed  annexation  to  Canada 
of,  3067;  disturbance's  in,  3243 ;  national 
constitution  ratified  by,  3407 ;  becomes  a 
state,  3407;  population  in  1790,  3422; 
reply  to  Kentucky  resolutions,  3650; 
the  embargo  in,  3878,  3879;  represented 
in  Hartford  convention,  4092 ;  protest 
against  annexation  of  Texas  and  slavery 


in  District  of  Columbia,  4315-4317;  raid 
of  Confederate  soldiers  at  St.  Albans, 
5206. 

Vermont  Gazette,  3675. 

Vernier,  Maj.,  Pulaski  legion  commanded 
by,  2911. 

Vernon,  Edward,  English  admiral,  expedi¬ 
tion  to  West  Indies,  1489;  commands 
fleet  against  Cartagena  in  1740,  1663, 
1664,  1902-1904;  Mt.  Vernon  named  for, 
1665;  in  West  Indies  in  war  of  Austrian 
succession,  1895,  1896,  1902,  1903. 

Verplanck’s  Point,  N.  Y.,  Ft.  Fayette  at, 
2833 ;  view  of,  facing  2836 ;  Gen.  Howe’s 
attack  on,  2837. 

Verrazano,  Giovanni  da,  sails  for  East 
Indies,  154;  born  in  Florence,  344,  502; 
leader  of  first  French  expedition  to 
America,  502-504 ;  portrait,  facing  502 ; 
called  Juan  Florin,  503;  his  account  of 
voyage,  504;  discussion  of  his  authen¬ 
ticity,  note,  504,  506,  note,  524;  coasts 
New  England  and  Newfoundland,  505, 
506,  549;  undertook  a  second  voyage, 
506;  discrepancy  between  French  and 
Spanish  accounts  of  his  end,  507;  basis 
of  French  claim,  621. 

Verrazano,  Hieronimo,  made  map  of 
Giovanni’s  voyage,  504. 

Vespucci,  Amerigo,  discussion  of  his 
claims,  343 ;  birthplace,  344 ;  portrait, 
facing  344 ;  early  life,  345 ;  his  account 
of  voyages/  346-348;  reasons  for  dis¬ 
crediting  it,  348-351 ;  real  first  voyage, 
352,  363;  alleged  course,  352-356,  357, 
note,  358,  394;  with  Ojeda,  352,  363, 
364;  fabrications  or  blunders,  356,  357, 
and  note,  363-365,  367 ;  does  not  discov¬ 
er  Florida,  359,  387 ;  his  book  “Four 
Voyages,”  362,  note,  504;  name  not  in 
archives,  364;  alleged  third  voyage,  364- 
366,  368;  erroneously  credited  with  dis¬ 
covery  ■  of  South  America,  367 ;  secures 
letters  from  Columbus,  368;  in  favor 
at  Spanish  court,  368,  369;  chief  pilot, 
369 ;  death,  370,  371 ;  how  his  name  was 
given  to  new  continent,  371 ;  succeeded 
by  De  Solis,  375 ;  great  pretender  of  age 
of  discovery,  421,  438,  441,  444. 

Vespucci,  Giovanni,  nephew  of  Amerigo, 
345; 

Vesuvius,  299. 

Veto  power  of  William  III.  in  Massachu¬ 
setts,  1323. 

Vicente,  Capt.,  rises  against  Menendez,  495, 
496. 

Vice-president,  congress  increases  salarv, 
55io. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


263 


Vicksburg,  Miss.,  plan  to  capture,  4883 ; 
Farragut  at,  4895-4897;  Van  Dorn  or¬ 
dered  to  defend,  5118;  Grant’s  plan  to 
capture,  5141 ;  Pemberton  in  command 
at,  5142;  strength  of  Confederate  forces 
at,  5142;  map  of  fortifications,  facing- 
5142;  advance  upon,  5143;  plan  of  at¬ 
tack,  5143;  Sherman  attacks,  5144;  re¬ 
treats  after  defeat,  5144;  new  plans  for 
attack,  5144;  siege  of,  5146-5149;  run¬ 
ning  the  batteries  at,  illus.,  facing  5146; 
Confederates  driven  into,  5146;  sur¬ 
rounded  by  Union  forces,  5146;  sur¬ 
render  of,  5149;  Sherman  leaves,  5255; 
returns  to,  5255 ;  care  of  rebel  families 
in,  by  Union  troops,  5265. 

Vicksburg  Daily  Citizen,  facsimile  of  issue 
of  July  2,  1863,  facing  5150. 

Victor,  Gen.,  instructions  as  to  occupation 
of  Florida,  3753. 

Victoria,  queen  of  England,  friend  of  the 
United  States  during  civil  war,  4925 ; 
proclamation  of  neutrality,  4933,  49341 
sends  first  message  over  Atlantic  cable, 

.  5485- 

Victoria,  Spanish  ship,  417-420. 

Vienna,  Austro-Hungary,  yields  to  Napo¬ 
leon,  3918;  McKinley  memorial  services 
in,  5791. 

Vigilant,  French  warship,  captured  at 
Louisbourg,  1398. 

Vignau,  Nicholas  de,  tells  of  open  route 
to  Indies,  533,  534. 

Vikings,  illus.  of  exhumed  galleys,  fac¬ 
ing  112;  ships  exhumed,  113;  exploits 
in  Vinland,  225,  226;  character,  232, 
241,  242. 

Vilas,  William  F.,  postmaster-general,  5590. 

Villafane  explored  Florida  for  Spain,  488. 

Villejo,  de,  pitied  Columbus,  335. 

Villere,  Maj.,  captured  by  the  British,  4081; 
his  subsequent  escape,  4081. 

Villiers,  de,  brother  of  De  Jumonyille,  in 
command  of  attack  on  Ft.  Necessity, 
2050,  2051. 

Vincennes,  Ind.,  French  stockade  at,  2005 ; 
Clark  investigates,  2780,  2782,  2785  3189; 
Hamilton  at,  2785 ;  Shawnees  resist  set¬ 
tlers  at,  3189;  Indian  treaty  at,  3522; 
capital  of  Indiana,  3674 ;  Burr  at,  3823 ; 
Harrison  and  Tecumthe  meet  at,  3959, 

.  396o. 

Vincennes,  U.  S.  ship,  4862-4864. 

Vincent,  Gen.,  retreats  from  Ft.  George, 
4050. 

Vincent,  of  Beauvais,  speculated  on  route 
to  India,  278. 

Vincent,  Rev.  J.  R.,  organizer  of  Chau- 
tuaqua  society,  5923. 


Vine  culture  introduced  to  Virginia  by 
Spotswood,  1659;  culture  encouraged 
in  Carolinas,  1744,  1748. 

Vines,  Richard,  on  the  Saco,  739;  founded 
Biddeford,  739,  791,  847;  in  Maine,  948. 

.  950-952. 

Vining,  senator  from  Delaware,  on  loca¬ 
tion  of  the  capital,  3356.  t 

Vinland  settled  by  Leif  Ericsson,  215,  219, 
220,  223,  228;  later  history,  233,  234; 
historical  proofs,  234,  238,  241,  note,  41 1 ; 
facsimile  of  references  about,  facing 
234;  perhaps  heard  of  by  Columbus, 
note,  278. 

Virgil  thought  the  earth  to  be  round,  95. 

Virginia,  Indians  in,  155,  160,  642-719,  823; 
Morgan  Jones  chaplain  in,  247;  ex¬ 
change  of  interpreters  tried  in,  note, 
534;  English  colonize,  544;  boundary 
of  Dutch  claim,  551 ;  Walloons  asked  to 
go  to,  556;  Argali  in,  557,  657,  676; 
does  not  wish  Swedes  to  settle  in,  580 ; 
Drake  rescues  Roanoke  colony,  596 ; 
first  charter,  627,  655,  656;  royal  council 
of,  628;  threatened  by  Spaniards,  657; 
wrangling  and  disasters  in,  658;  aban¬ 
donment  of,  ordered,  662;  rescued  by 
Lord  Delaware,  663-665 ;  Dale  in,  669, 
676,  801 ;  population  in  early  years,  681, 
682 ;  first  negro  slaves,  682 ;  education 
in,  686 ;  dreadful  death-rate  in,  698 ; 
Butler’s  “Unmasking  of,”  699,  700;  un¬ 
harmed  by  revocation  of  charter,  709 ; 
North  compared  with  South  Virginia, 
725,  note,  728;  Weston  in,  787;  Francis 
West  governor,  795;  grows  slowly,  875; 
dislikes  civil  war  in  England,  916; 
Quakers  in,  925,  926,  930;  Sir  George 
Calvert  asks  for  patent  in,  1061 ;  does 
not  approve  of  Calvert  settlement,  1066- 
1068;  assists  Calvert  with  supplies,  1070, 
1071;  contests  with  Calverts  the  pos¬ 
session  of  Kent  Island,  1070-1074;  sup¬ 
ports  Claiborne’s  counter-claim  to  Ma¬ 
ryland  soil,  1074,  1080;  full  of  relig¬ 
ious  intolerance  in  17th  century,  1088; 
denounced  as  rebellious  by  parliament, 
in  1650,  1092 ;  petitions  parliament  for 
Kent  Island,  1095 ;  dispute  with  Lord 
Baltimore,  1096,  1115;  Quakers  in,  at 
time  of  Fox’s  visit,  1185;  contributes 
to  expedition  against  Canada  in  1746, 
1405;  Dutch  New  Yorkers  settled  in, 
1500;  involved  in  Iroquois  hostilities, 
1523 ;  spurns  proposal  of  consolidating 
American  colonies,  1530;  sends  troops 
against  French-Indian  invasion  in  1690, 
1542;  Gen.  Robert  Hunter  appointed 


264 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


governor,  1562;  hastens  to  placate 
Charles  II.,  after  restoration,  1601- 
1603;  gained  inhabitants  during  pro¬ 
tectorate,  1604;  population  at  restora¬ 
tion,  1604,  1607;  natural  beauty  of,  1605; 
under  Berkeley,  1607,  1610-1612,  1617; 
given  away  by  Charles  II.,  1609,  1610; 
declares  war  against  Indians,  1612; 
Nathaniel  Bacon  in,  1616,  1617;  educa¬ 
tion  in  colonial  times,  note,  1622,  note, 
1633 ;  government  changed  to  proprie¬ 
tary,  1626;  becomes  royal  colony  a 
second  time,  1630 ;  oppressed  by  royal 
governors,  1630,  1631 ;  commerce  in 

1700,  1636;  population  in  1700,  1636; 
militia  in  1700,  1636,  1637;  small  colo¬ 
nial  navy,  1637,  1638;  government  in 
early  18th  century,  1638;  how  divided 
in  early  18th  century,  1639;  care  of 
poor  in,  1639,  1640;  laws  against  Quak¬ 
ers  and  dissenters,  1640,  1641 ;  laws  con¬ 
cerning  slaves  in  early  18th  century, 
1646;  Englishmen  sent  as  slaves  to, 
1647;  sets  them  free,  1648;  slaves  in, 
from  Monmouth’s  rebellion,  1648;  in¬ 
dented  servants  in,  1649 ;  has  no  inns 
in  colonial  days,  1651 ;  has  no  printing- 
press  until  1735,  1653;  no  booksellers 
in,  1653 ;  as  it  appears  to  Gov.  Spots- 
wood  in  1710,  1656;  increase  of  popu¬ 
lation  during  18th  century,  1660;  prog¬ 
ress  during  18th  century,  1666;  re-peo¬ 
pled  by  fugitives  from  Puritans,  1713; 
dealings  with  Carolinas,  1717,  1758, 

1759,  1813;  aid  Oglethorpe  in  expe¬ 
dition  against  St.  Augustine,  1898; 
D’Aunay’s  grant  extends  to,  1955 1  pop¬ 
ulation  in  1755,  2009;  directed  to  grant 
land  to  John  Hanbury,  2009;  jealous 
of  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania,  2015; 
plans  a  treaty  with  Miamis,  2024;  ap¬ 
plied  to  by  Braddock  for  transporta¬ 
tion,  2060,  2061 ;  riflemen  save  remnant 
of  Braddock’s  force,  2078,  2079;  sends 
recruits  for  Loudon’s  army,  2147;  Vir¬ 
ginia  alarmed  by  Indian  atrocities  in 
1763,  2316,  2317;  population  in  1760, 
2344;  occupations  in,  before  revolution, 
2345 ;  staples  of,  before  revolution, 
2349 ;  protests  against  slave  trade  in 
1761,  2363;  protests  against  stamp  act, 
2368 ;  leads  in  resisting  stamp  act,  2373 ; 
does  not  send  delegates  to  stamp  act 
congress,  2377;  responds  favorably  to 
Massachusetts  in  1768,  2389;  joins  non¬ 
importation  agreement,  2391,  2392;  at 
beginning  of  revolutionary  war,  2438, 
2439;  effect  of  the  battle  of  Lexington, 


24.38;  new  government  formed  by,  2474; 
independence  declared,  2492,  2495 ; 

spread  of  colonial  population  in,  2764; 
Dunmore’s  actions  regarding  land 
claims  in,  2766;  Transylvania  company 
and,  2779;  Kentucky  organized  by,  2794; 
condition  of,  during  revolutionary  war, 
2832 ;  Mathews’  raid  in,  2832,  2833 1 
fleet  equipped  by,  2863 1  map  of,  Corn¬ 
wallis’  and  Greene’s  route  in  part  of, 
facing  2938;  paper  money  in,  2954,  3246; 
forbade  slavery,  3106,  3290,  3359;  relig¬ 
ious  liberalizing  in,  3108;  opposition  of 
establishment  of  state  church  in,  3108, 
3109;  land  claims,  3153,  3154,  3156,  3164; 
Washington  county  wishes  separation 
from,  3173;  county  of  Illinois  consti¬ 
tuted  by,  3188;  jurisdiction  over  the 
Potomac  river  claimed  by,  3248;  Phila¬ 
delphia  convention  approved  by,  3257, 
3278,  3280 ;  U.  S.  constitution  ratified 
by,  3312-3316;  electors  selected  by, 
3324;  first  senator  sent  by,  3327;  on 
assumption  of  state  debts,  3376,  3377; 
population  in  1790,  3422;  coast  raided 
in  war  of  1812,  4039;  position  of  her 
legislature  in  1798,  compared  to  that  of 
Hartford  convention,  4093 ;  requests 
that  South  Carolina  rescind  nullifica¬ 
tion  ordinance,  4259,  4260;  state  legis¬ 
lature  protests  against  Wilmot  proviso 
and  abolition  of  slave  trade  in  District 
of  Columbia,  4445 ;  suggests  calling  con¬ 
ventions  if  Wilmot  proviso  should  pass, 
4477,  4478;  supports  Bell  in  i860,  4602; 
peace  convention  in,  4656,  4657 ;  refuses 
to  comply  with  Lincoln’s  proclamation, 
4684;  sends  assistance  to  Baltimore, 
4689 ;  secedes,  4692,  4693 ;  Confederate 
forces  in  1861  in,  4695,  4696;  federals 
invade,  4740;  map  of,  facing  5052;  army 
of  the  Potomac  crosses  into,  5055 ;  slaves 
declared  free,  5060 ;  senators  vote  for 
bill  to  employ  slaves  as  soldiers,  5225 ; 
fortifications  in,  5234;  Early  retreats  to, 
5248;  destruction  of  Confederate  line 
of  supplies,  5252 ;  raids  of  Stoneman, 
5270;  Booth  captured  in,  5301,  5302; 
Sherman’s  plans  to  keep  Lee  in,  5314; 
loyal  state  government  recognized  by 
Lincoln,  5347;  negro  refugees  in,  5357; 
military  control  provided  for,  5383 ; 
Schofield  assigned  as  military  com¬ 
mander  of,  5387;  measures  of  Schofield, 
5391;  efforts  to  relieve  distress,  5396; 
political  conditions,  5400;  refuse  to  rati¬ 
fy  fourteenth  amendment,  5413;  denied 
recognition  by  congress,  5417;  Grant’s 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


265 


proclamation  commanding  state  consti¬ 
tution  to  be  submitted  to  popular  vote, 
5417;  constitution  ratified,  5417;  sena¬ 
tors  and  representatives  present  them¬ 
selves  for  admission  to  congress,  5417, 
5418;  restored  to  federal  relations,  5418; 
negro  rule  in,  5424. 

Virginia,  English  ship,  first  one  built  in 
North  America,  729,  733. 

Virginia  central  railroad  destroyed  by 
Sheridan,  5252. 

Virginia  company,  name  used,  743;  con¬ 
nected  with  Plymouth  Council,  744; 
Carver  and  Cushman  asked  for  patent, 
758-760;  issued  patent  to  Peirce  for 
Puritans,  762 ;  question  of  control  of 
Hudson  river,  note,  798,  800;  headed 
by  Warwick,  843,  844;  used  as  pretext 
by  Gorges,  855;  abolished  by  James  I., 
1197;  see  also  London  company. 

“Virginia  dynasty,”  4102. 

Virginias,  U.  S.  ship,  5703;  building  where 
the  massacre  of  crew  took  place,  illus., 
facing  5704. 

Vitalis,  Ordericus,  wrote  an  “Ecclesiastical 
History,”  236. 

Vives,  Gen.,  Spanish  commissioner  for 
Florida  treaty,  4127. 

Vixen,  U.  S.  brig,  3989. 

Vizcaya,  Spanish  warship,  5732,  5733. 

Vliet,  Cornelis  van,  treacherous  captain  of 
the  Kalmar  Key,  582. 

Volney,  Constantin  F.  C.  B.,  Count  de, 
Jefferson’s  letter  to,  3801. 

Volusia  county,  Fla.,  indigo  and  sugar¬ 
cane  introduced  in,  23 37. 

Von  Heister,  Hessians  commanded  by, 
2473;  at  battle  of  Long  Island,  2513, 
25T4- 

Vosges,  St.  Die  in,  370. 

Vries,  Capt.  David  Petersen  de,  in  New 
Amsterdam,  561 ;  disapproves  Van  Twil- 
ler,  561,  573,  574,  1 12 1 ; '  connected  with 
first  settlement  in  Delaware,  566 ;  his 
plantation  destroyed  by  Indians,  571 ; 
dispossessed  by  Lord  Baltimore,  5 72> 
defies  laws  of  Manhattan,  573,  574; 
Raritans  destroy  settlement  of,  1130; 
portrait,  1132;  his  account  of  Pavonia 
massacre,  1132-1135;  tries  to  pacify  Ind¬ 
ians,  1135. 

Vulture,  sloop-of-war,  2981,  2982;  Arnold 
escapes  to  the,  2985. 


w. 

Wabash,  U.  S.  frigate,  4843,  4854,  4872. 


Wabash  Indians,  efforts  to  secure  peace 
with,  3380,  3381 ;  expedition  against  the, 
3382,  3411-3413;  treaty  with,  3522,  3523. 

Wabash  river  valley  protected  by  French 
forts,  2005 ;  headwaters  regarded  as 
limit  of  Canada  in  1760,  2276. 

Wabasha,  Indian  chief,  2791. 

Wachusett,  U.  S.  steamer,  4909. 

Wachusetts,  Indian  tribe,  join  Indian 
league,  1296;  attack  Lancaster,  Mass., 
1296. 

Wade,  Benjamin  F.,  senator  from  Ohio, 
4499 ;  on  McClellan’s  inaction,  4782 ; 
on  war  committee,  4783 ;  portrait,  fac¬ 
ing  5 332;  issues  protest  against  Lincoln’s 
proclamation,  5333 ;  attitude  toward 
Johnson,  5343;  on  Santo  Domingo  com¬ 
mission,  5496. 

Wade,  Edward,  appeal  to  people  for  Mis¬ 
souri  compromise,  4534,  4539. 

Wade,  Maj.-Gen.  James  F.,  on  Cuban  mil¬ 
itary  commission,  5736. 

Wadsworth,  Capt.,  killed  in  Indian  am¬ 
buscade,  1299 ;  hid  Connecticut  charter 
in  charter  oak,  1440;  opposes  Fletcher 
in  command  of  militia,  1443. 

Wadsworth,  Gen.  J.  S.,  killed  in  battle  of 
the  wilderness,  5233. 

Wadsworth,  Jeremiah,  commissary-gener¬ 
al,  2708. 

Wagner,  Jacob,  editor  of  the  Federal  Re¬ 
publican,  3976;  mob  assaults,  39 77. 

Wagner,  Fort,  S.  C.,  second  assault  on, 
5167-5169;  assault  fails,  5168;  fall  of, 
5169. 

Wahquimicut,  Indian  chief,  seeks  English 
alliance,  954. 

Wahub,  Capt.,  British  commander,  2996. 

Wahunsenacawh,  supreme  chief  of  Pow¬ 
hatan  tribe,  635. 

Wainwright,  Capt.  Richard,  wounded,  4866. 

Waite,  Morrison  R.,  U.  S.  counsel  in  the 
Geneva  tribunal  of  arbitration,  5507; 
chief  justice,  5621. 

“Wakarusa  War”  in  Kansas,  4553,  4554- 

Wakefield,  Ala.,  Burr  captured  near,  3836. 

Waldeck,  Germany,  sells  soldiers  to  Eng¬ 
land,  2472. 

Waldegrave,  Lord,  cited  as  to  character 
of  George  III.,  2342. 

Waldo,  Capt.  Richard,  councillor  in  James¬ 
town,  649. 

Waldseemuller,  Martin,  suggested  naming 
new  continent  America,  370. 

Wales,  story  of  Madoc,  245,  246. 

Walford,  Thomas,  blacksmith  at  Charles¬ 
town,  797,  866;  banished,  note,  880,  888. 

Walke,  Henry,  rear-admiral,  commands 


266 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


gunboats  in  Columbus  expedition,  4720; 
at  Ft.  Donelson,  4818;  runs  the  batter¬ 
ies  at  Island  No.  10,  4836. 

Walker,  Gen.  J.  G.,  sent  to  capture  Har¬ 
per’s  Ferry,  5035 ;  crosses  Potomac, 
5037;  occupies  London  Heights,  5038; 
in  battle  of  Antietam,  5044. 

Walker,  John,  found  silver  near  the  Nor- 
umbega,  600. 

Walker,  LeRoy  Pope,  Confederate  secre¬ 
tary  of  war,  4660;  portrait,  facing  4660. 

Walker,  Robert  J.,  secretary  of  treasury 
under  Polk,  4369;  secretary  of  treas¬ 
ury,  discusses  tariff,  4408;  succeeds 
Geary  as  governor  of  Kansas,  4570; 
loses  favor  in  Washington,  4571 ;  re¬ 
signs,  4571 ;  instructions  from  Buchanan, 
4573- 

Walker,  William,  expedition  against  lower 
California,  4548;  becomes  president  of 
Nicaragua,  4549;  deposed,  4549. 

Walker,  Fort,  defends  Port  Royal  harbor, 

4873- 

“Walking  Purchase”  trick  on  Pennsylvania 
Indians,  1259;  arouses  the  Delawares 
to  resist  whites,  2020. 

Wallabout  Bay  named  from  Walloon  set¬ 
tlers,  556. 

Wallace,  Sir  James,  ravages  Hudson  val¬ 
ley,  2657. 

Wallace,  Gen.  Lew,  left  in  charge  of  Ft. 
Henry,  4817;  at  Ft.  Donelson,  4818, 
4821,  4822;  appointed  major-general, 

4826;  at  Crump’s  Landing,  5098;  re¬ 
ports  number  of  Confederate  troops, 
5099;  misunderstands  orders,  5101;  in 
battle  of  Pittsburg  Landing,  5102,  5104; 
portrait,  facing  5104;  moves  toward 
Frederick,  5248;  attacked  by  Early, 
5248;  retreats  to  Baltimore,  5248. 

Wallace,  Gen.  William  H.  L.,  in  battle  of 
Pittsburg  Landing,  5098,  5101 ;  killed  in 
battle  of  Pittsburg  Landing,  5101. 

Wallingford,  Lieut.,  with  Paul  Jones,  2875, 
2876. 

Walloomsac  river,  Stark’s  troops  encamped 
on,  2602. 

Walloons,  name  for  Dutch  emigrants,  555; 
settlements  in  America,  556,  557. 

Walpole,  Horace,  mistaken  about  Ogle¬ 
thorpe,  1846. 

Walpole,  Sir  Robert,  favors  peace,  1887; 
temporizes  with  Spain,  1894,  1895. 

Walpole,  Thomas,  member  of  Ohio  colony 
company,  3147. 

Walsingham,  Sir  Francis,  sends  expedition 
to  the  Norumbega,  600. 

Walvis,  Dutch  ship,  566. 


Wampanoags,  Indian  tribe,  in  Massachu¬ 
setts,  158;  nearest  large  tribe  to  Plym¬ 
outh,  775 ;  make  treaty  with  English, 
776;  less  powerful  than  Narragansetts, 
781 ;  make  treaty  with  Plymouth  men, 
1284;  become  hostile,  1285;  besieged  at 
Tiverton,  1286. 

Wampum,  how  used,  918;  discarded  as  cur¬ 
rency  in  Massachusetts,  1303. 

Wanamaker,  John,  postmaster-general, 
5624. 

Wanton,  Joseph,  governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  2435. 

Wanton,  William,  governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  1488. 

War  department,  congress  organizes,  3338; 
Gen.  Knox  appointed  secretary,  3338 ; 
report  for  1905,  5963;  see  also  Army, 
U.  S. 

“War  in  Disguise,”  written  by  James 
Stephen,  3809. 

War  of  1812,  causes  leading  to,  3529,  3540, 
3807-3810,  3974,  3975;  West  and  South 
welcome,  3972;  North  opposes,  39 72; 
Madison  recommends,  3972 ;  congress 
declares,  3973 ;  Baltimore  riots,  3976- 
3878;  strength  of  army,  3978,  3979,  3996; 
defenses  in  the  northwest,  3979;  Cana¬ 
dian  defenses,  3979,  3984;  speeches  on, 
in  house  of  representatives,  4006,  4007 ; 
Russia  offers  to  mediate  between  com¬ 
batants,  4011,  4012  ;  condition  and  move¬ 
ments  of  the  western  army  in  winter 
of  1812-1813,  4015;  Winchester’s  defeat, 
4016-4019;  Ft.  Meigs  besieged,  4020; 
change  in  character  of,  4024;  Croghan’s 
defense  of  Ft.  Stephenson,  4026;  Perry’s 
Victory  on  Lake  Erie,  4028-4030;  Brit¬ 
ish  retreat,  4031 ;  decisive  American  vic¬ 
tory  at  Thames,  Can.,  4032 ;  territory 
gained  by,  4034;  raids  along  the  Vir¬ 
ginia  coast,  4039;  a  strict  blockade  es¬ 
tablished,  4040;  high  prices  of  food 
stuffs  under  British  blockade,  4042; 
increase  of  manufactures,  4043 ;  smug¬ 
gling,  4043 ;  Great  Britain  offers  peace 
negotiations,  4044;  peace  commissioners 
nominated,  4045 ;  plans  to  take  York 
and  Niagara,  4049;  York  captured,  4049, 
4050;  Niagara  frontier  falls  into  Amer¬ 
ican  hands,  4050;  unsuccessful  advance 
of  Americans  on  Montreal,  4053-4055 ; 
Niagara  frontier  recaptured  by  the  Brit¬ 
ish,  4056;  Scott  wins  battle  of  the  Chip¬ 
pewa,  and  of  Lundy’s  Lane,  4062,  4063 ; 
Drummond  defeated  at  Black  Rock  and 
Ft.  Erie,  4064;  Izard  ordered  to  fortify 
Lake  Champlain,  4065 ;  American  sue- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


267 


cess  at  Plattsburg,  4065-4068;  blockade 
of  Atlantic  coast,  4069;  erection  of 
coast  defenses,  4070;  battle  of  Bladens- 
burg,  4073 ;  capture  and  burning  of 
Washington,  4075;  work  of  peace  com¬ 
mission,  4087;  terms  of  treaty  of  peace, 
4088,  4089;  reception  of  treaty  of  peace, 
4089;  U.  S.  claim  for  damages,  5503- 
55o6,  5508;  society  o f  the,  5911,  5912. 

Waraskoyack,  Indian  village,  666. 

Ward,  Ensign,  overwhelmed  at  Ohio  Fork 
by  French  force,  2041. 

Ward,  Andrew,  Massachusetts  commis¬ 
sioner  for  Connecticut,  967. 

Ward,  Gen.  Artemas,  2418,  2434,  2452> 
2453 1  at  Cambridge,  2433 ;  resigned, 
2532;  enters  house  of  representatives, 
3423- 

Ward,  Elijah,  member  of  house  commit¬ 
tee  to  draw  up  articles  of  Johnson’s 
impeachment,  5406. 

Ward,  James  H.,  commands  Potomac  flo¬ 
tilla,  4854,  4855;  death,  4855. 

Ward,  John  E.,  presides  over  Democratic 
convention  of  1856,  4560. 

Ward,  Rev.  Nathaniel,  makes  constitution 
for  Massachusetts  Bay  colony,  910,  91 1. 

Ward,  W.  T.,  recruits  a  brigade,  4805. 

Ward’s  plantation  entitled  to  representa¬ 
tion  in  house  of  burgesses,  680. 

Wardwell,  Samuel,  hanged  for  witchcraft, 
1339- 

Warham,  Rev.,  minister  of  Massachusetts 
Bay  colony,  879. 

Warmouth,  Henry  C.,  governor  of  Loui¬ 
siana,  5461,  5462. 

Warner,  commissioner  of  pensions,  report 
of  bureau  for  1905,  5974. 

Warner,  Seth,  at  Ticonderoga,  2443,  2447, 
25 73 ;  at  Crown  Point,  2447 ;  at  battle 
of  Hubbardton,  2574;  Stark  joined  by, 
2602;  at  Bennington,  2606. 

“Warraghiaghy,”  Indian  name  of  Sir  Will¬ 
iam  Johnson,  1591. 

Warren,  Commodore,  in  West  Indies,  1388; 
joins  expedition  against  Louisbourg, 
1391,  1395 ;  captures  the  Vigilant,  1398; 
promoted  admiral,  1400;  defeated 
French  fleet  off  Cape  Finisterre,  1409, 
1490. 

Warren,  Gen.  Gouverneur  K.,  at  Hanover 
Court-House,  4965,  4966;  in  second  bat¬ 
tle  of  Bull  Run,  5023 ;  commands  corps 
under  Grant,  5232 ;  in  battle  of  the 
wilderness,  5233;  commander  of  forces 
at  Spottsylvania,  5235 ;  in  battle  of 
Spottsylvania,  5236;  near  Petersburg, 

.  5245 ;  destroys  Weldon  railroad,  5245, 
5246. 


Warren,  Adm.  Sir  John  Borlase,  commands 
a  British  fleet  in  war  of  1812,  4039, 
4041. 

Warren,  Joseph,  portrait,  facing  2416;  pres¬ 
ident  of  provincial  congress,  2417;  noti¬ 
fied  of  Gage’s  plan,  2422;  at  Concord, 
2429,  2434;  writes  letter  to  Montreal, 
2442;  at  Bunker  Hill,  2458;  appointed 
major-general,  2458;  death,  2462. 

Warren,  Sir  Peter,  offered  American  estate 
to  William  Johnson,  1590;  founded 
Warrensburgh,  1591. 

Warren,  Fort,  Mason  and  Slidell  confined 
in,  4925,  4928. 

Warren,  U.  S.  ship,  2881,  2882. 

Warren’s  Tavern,  Pa.,  Howe  and  Wash¬ 
ington  at,  2622,  2623. 

Warrensburg,  N.  Y.,  settlement  of  Sir  Pe¬ 
ter  Warren,  1591. 

Warships,  types  of,  in  1861,  illus.,  facing 
4846. 

Warville,  de,  see  Brissot,  J.  P.,  surnamed 
De  Warville. 

Warwick,  Robert  Rich,  Earl  of,  gives  pat¬ 
ent  to  Connecticut,  677,  844,  849 ;  in 
league  with  Argali,  679,  702;  credits 
John  Smith  with  naming  New  England, 
note,  736;  patentee  in  Plymouth  coun¬ 
cil,  744;  signs  patent  for  Plymouth  col¬ 
ony,  749;  clashes  with  Gorges,  note, 
827,  843,  844,  850,  855;  president  of 
council  for  New  England,  842,  848, 
note,  859,  860 ;  portrait,  facing  842 ;  fa¬ 
vors  Puritans,  843 ;  gives  Massachusetts 
Bay  patent,  844;  also  “Plough  patent,” 
847;  asks  for  grant  for  Massachusetts 
association,  864,  note,  865,  866. 

Warwick,  Pa.,  Washington  at,  2623. 

Warwick,  R.  I.,  founded,  1027 ;  named  for 
earl,  1045;  Gorton  at,  1046;  in  Rhode 
Island  union,  1047 ;  opposed  Codding- 
ton,  1049,  1050;  proportion  of,  in  gen¬ 
eral  assembly,  1457 ;  illus.  of  old  house 
at,  facing  1462 ;  its  “impertinent  file” 
of  letters,  note,  1463;  objects  to  paying 
share  of  Clark’s  expenses,  1463;  burned 
during  King  Philip’s  war,  1467,  1468; 
disputed  jurisdiction  with  Providence, 

I46?- 

Warwick,  British  ship,  846. 

Warwick  Neck,  land  on,  sold  by  Indian, 
Pomham,  1460. 

Warwick  river,  4794. 

Washburn,  Cadwalader,  opinion  of  politi¬ 
cal  situation  in  Illinois,  5197. 

Washburne,  Elihu  B.,  reports  on  charges 
against  Fremont,  4728,  4729;  selected 
as  secretary  of  state,  5418;  resigns, 
5419;  succeeded  by  Fish,  5419;  on  the 


268 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


appropriations  for  the  Pacific  railroad, 
5491 ;  secretary  of  state,  5521 ;  minister 
to  France,  5521. 

Washington,  Augustine,  interested  in  Ohio 
company,  2010. 

Washington,  Booker  T.,  founder  of  Tus- 
lcegee  institute,  5960. 

Washington,  Eliza,  marries  Alex.  Spots- 
wood,  1657. 

Washington,  George,  inaugurated  on  anni¬ 
versary  of  Columbus’  commission,  note, 
294;  great-grandson  of  Col.  John  Wash¬ 
ington,  1614;  educated  in  Virginia,  1653; 
niece  marries  Gov.  Spotswood,  1657; 
disgusted  by  Dinwiddie,  1667,  1668;  sug¬ 
gests  that  Tuscarora  chiefs  be  com¬ 
missioned  as  continental  officers,  1816; 
his  brothers  interested  in  Ohio  com¬ 
pany,  2010;  makes  expedition  with  Gist 
to  Ft.  LeBoeuf,  2027;  account  of  his 
Ohio  expedition,  2030-2039 ;  his  youth, 
2030;  adjutant-general  of  Virginia, 
2030 ;  rare  mind  of,  2030 ;  earliest  por¬ 
trait  of,  facing  2030;  a  man  of  the  peo¬ 
ple,  2031;  recommends  fort  at  junction 
of  Allegheny  and  Monongahela  rivers, 
2032,  2036,  2039;  his  journal  cited,  2034; 
hardships  on  return  journey  with  Gist, 
2036-2038;  nearly  drowned  in  Alle¬ 
gheny,  2037;  on  Washington  Island, 
2038;  commands  Virginia  battalion  for 
Ohio  campaign,  2039,  2040;  at  Will’s 
creek,  2041 ;  goes  to  relief  of  Half- 
King,  2043;  attacks  Jumonville’s  am¬ 
buscade,  2045-2047;  unjustly  denounced 
by  French,  2047,  2048 ;  captures  first 
prisoners  in  seven  years’  war,  2047, 
2051;  succeeds  Fry  in  command,  2048; 
excuses  De  Villiers  for  Indian  outrage 
at  Will’s  creek,  2051;  does  not  speak 
French,  2052;  misrepresented  as  to  Ft. 
Necessity  agreement,  2052;  appreciated 
by  Braddock,  2055,  2065 ;  resigns  from 
colonial  service,  but  accepts  Braddock’s 
offer,  2057,  2058;  cited  on  Braddock, 
2064,  2066 ;  sincerely  interested  in  mili¬ 
tary  life,  2065 ;  urges  caution  on  Brad¬ 
dock,  2066,  2075 ;  ill  at  Great  Meadows, 
2067;  commands  regiment  in  second  at¬ 
tack  on  Ft.  Duquesne,  2167;  believed  to 
have  a  charmed  life,  2076-2078;  his  own 
account  of  preservation  at  Braddock’s 
defeat,  2077;  meets  old  Indian  foe,  2077; 
helps  rescue  Braddock  from  Indians, 
2079;  read  burial  service  over  Braddock, 
2080;  asks  to  march  against  Ft.  Du¬ 
quesne,  2173;  take  possession  of  it, 
2174,  2178;  in  first  continental  congress, 


2410;  member  of  continental  congress, 
2448;  sketch  of,  2451;  commander-in¬ 
chief,  2451,  2452;  Patrick  Henry’s  state¬ 
ment  of,  2451;  Adams’  eulogy  on,  2452; 
headquarters  at  Cambridge,  2466;  num¬ 
ber  of  troops  under,  2466,  2468,  2510, 
2531;  problems  of,  2470;  requests  con¬ 
gress  to  increase  army,  2470 ;  consents 
to  Arnold’s  expedition,  2476;  skillful 
strategy  of,  2479,  2481,  2482;  enters  Bos¬ 
ton,  2483 ;  reads  Paine’s  “Common 
Sense”  to  army,  2494;  scheme  to  kidnap, 
2498;  orders  declaration  of  independence 
read  to  army,  2500;  at  Brooklyn 
Heights,  2513;  retreat  after  battle  of 
Long  Island,  2515,  2516;  forces  Howe 
from  New  York,  2517;  sends  Nathan 
Hale  to  spy  on  British,  2517;  panic  of 
troops  at  Manhattan  commanded  by, 
2518;  at  King’s  Bridge,  2519;  threatened 
with  dissolution  of  army,  2519,  2520; 
withdraws  Manhattan  troops,  2520,  2521 ; 
at  battle  of  White  Plains,  2521,  2527; 
Schuyler  reinforces,  2525;  guards  New 
Jersey,  2526,  2528,  2529;  New  Jersey 
retreat  of,  2529,  2530;  crosses  the  Dela¬ 
ware,  2529;  congress  gives  dictatorial 
power  to,  2530,  2531 ;  hindrances  to, 
2531 ;  Lee’s  disloyalty  toward,  2532, 
25 33;  increases  pay  of  artillery,  2534; 
Philadelphia  militia  joins,  2534;  halts 
Heath’s  brigade,  2534;  generosity  to 
Gen.  Lee,  note,  2534;  forces  under,  2535- 
2537;  proposes  new  army  system,  2536; 
congress  extends  dictatorship  of,  2537; 
plan  for  breaking  British  lines,  2538; 
plans  Trenton  surprise,  2539;  returns 
to  Trenton,  2543;  pledges  private  for¬ 
tune,  2544;  appeals  to  Robert  Morris 
for  aid,  2544;  second  battle  of  Trenton, 
2546;  outgenerals  Cornwallis,  2547;  bat¬ 
tle  of  Princeton,  2547,  2548;  march  to 
Brunswick,  2548,  2549;  Morristown 

headquarters  of,  2549;  Jerseys  roused 
by,  2550;  military  genius  of,  2551; 
American  honors,  2552 ;  Europe’s  opin¬ 
ion  of,  2552 ;  “The  American  Fabius,” 
2552;  Lafayette  offers  sword  to,  2554, 
2555;  Gates’  action  toward,  2562,  2563; 
letter  to  congress,  2567 ;  esteem  for 
Arnold,  2568;  estimate  of  Ticonder- 
oga,  2568;  on  the  fall  of  Ticouder- 
oga,  note,  2575;  asked  to  choose  Schuy¬ 
ler’s  successor,  2578;  reinforces  Schuy¬ 
ler,  2579;  leaves  Morristown,  2609; 
Howe’s  feint  against,  2609;  returns  to 
Morristown,  2610;  idea  of  Howe’s 
plans,  2610;  regains  Middlebrook,  2610; 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


269 


starts  for  the  Delaware,  2611;  advance 
to  Germantown,  2611;  plans  against 
Clinton,  2612;  marches  through  Phila¬ 
delphia,  2613 ;  at  Wilmington,  2613 ;  at 
battle  of  Brandywine,  2614,  2616,  2617, 
2619,  262 1 ;  at  Germantown,  2622,  2625, 
2628-2630,  2633;  at  Warren’s  tavern, 
2622,  2623 ;  at  Warwick,  2623 ;  at  Paoli, 
2623 ;  John  Adams  criticises,  2625 ;  pro¬ 
tested  against  congress’  treatment  of 
Burgoyne,  2666;  generosity  toward 
Gates,  2667 ;  at  Whitemarsh,  2667 ; 
movements  around  Philadelphia,  2668; 
map  of  operations  in  lower  Delaware 
river,  facing  2670;  Gates  and  congress 
hamper,  2672 ;  at  Valley  Forge,  2674, 
2679,  2680 ;  criticises  Thomas  Mifflin, 
2681 ;  uses  his  power  of  impressment, 
2682 ;  theory  on  fiat  money,  2684 ;  forces 
patriots  to  accept  paper  money,  2685 ; 
John  Adams  prejudiced  against,  2693; 
Samuel  Adams  against,  2693  5  James 
Lovell  against,  2693 ;  Pennsylvania  lead¬ 
ers  against,  2694;  opposition  to,  2694, 
2695 ;  “Conway  Cabal,”  2696-2698,  2703, 
2704;  board  of  war  against,  2696,  2699, 
2700;  Stirling  warns,  2697;  Gates  con¬ 
trasted  to,  2700;  Pennsylvania  assem¬ 
bly  protest  to,  2700;  reply,  2701;  New 
Jersey  Gazette  assails,  2701 ;  “Father  of 
his  Country,”  2703,  2704;  reorganization 
of.  army  under,  2707,  2708;  facsimile 
of  letter  to  Howe,  facing  2710;  orders 
Lafayette  to  Barren  Hill,  2728;  Clinton 
threatened  by,  2731,  2732;  holds  counsel 
of  war,  2732,  2733 ;  at  battle  of  Mon¬ 
mouth,  2733,  2737-2740;  gives  Lafayette 
command  at  Monmouth,  2733 ;  and  Lee, 
2733-2735,  2738,  note,  2741,  2742,  note, 
2743,  2744;  Tryon  sends  copies  of  peace 
proposals  to,  note,  2744 ;  comment  on 
peace  proposal,  2745 ;  plans  to  recover 
Rhode  Island,  2752-2754;  at  White 
Plains,  2752,  2753 ;  Beaumarchais’  sup¬ 
plies  for  army,  2762 ;  Hamilton’s  release 
ordered  by,  2786;  South  Carolina  cam¬ 
paign,  2822,  2823 ;  at  Stony  Point,  2835, 
2837 ;  ordered  by  congress  to  punish 
the  Iroquois,  2839;  fleet  fitted  out  by, 
2862;  Clinton’s  force  contrasted  with, 
2905,  2907,  2939 ;  condition  of  army  in 
1780,  2961,  2962,  2965,  2967,  2968;  French 
arrive  to  assist,  2969;  Rochambeau  sub¬ 
ordinate  to,  2970;  court-martial  for 
Arnold  appointed  by,  2977;  foils  Ar¬ 
nold’s  plot,  2984;  comments  on  Greene, 
3013;  mutiny  of  troops  ended  by,  3057; 
French  help,  3068-3070;  at  Yorktown, 


3073,  3081-3083;  visit  at  Mt.  Vernon, 
3081 ;  Cornwallis  surrenders  to,  3082 ; 
on  land  grants,  3159;  Nicola  suggests 
kingship  for,  3209;  Newburg  address 
counteracted  by,  3213,  3214;  on  the  union 
of  the  states,  3222,  3223;  farewell  ad¬ 
dress  to  army,  3223 ;  farewell  dinner  to, 
3223,  3224;  resigns  commission,  3224, 
3225 ;  ovations  to,  3224 ;  public  thanks 
to,  3225;  arrives  at  Mt.  Vernon,  3225; 
delegates  to  Alexandria  convention  vis¬ 
it,  3249;  president  of  the  Philadelphia 
convention,  3260,  3261 ;  on  the  govern¬ 
ment,  3272;  on  the  work  of  the  Philadel¬ 
phia  convention,  3276,  3277 ;  letter  to 
Massachusetts,  3308;  portrait,  facing 
3324 ;  elected  first  president,  3324,  3325 ; 
officially  notified  of  his  election,  3328; 
journey  to  New  York,  3329;  public  hon¬ 
ors  at  Trenton,  3329;  New  York  hon¬ 
ors,  333o;  inauguration  of,  3331,  3332; 
discussion  over  official  title,  3332,  3333 ; 
on  official  etiquette,  3333,  3334;  descrip¬ 
tion  of  presidential  levee  of,  3334,  333 5 ; 
salary,  3342 ;  presidential  tour,  3358, 
3359;  Hancock  and,  3359;  second  mes¬ 
sage  of,  3359 ;  appoints  commissioner  to 
the  Creeks,  3391 ;  message  of,  3393,  3394; 
on  national  bank,  3402;  anger  at  St. 
Clair,  3418 ;  vetoes  reapportionment  bill, 
3429;  desires  to  retire,  3447;  second 
term  of,  3447,  34491  Freneau’s  paper  at¬ 
tacks,  3454;  French  revolution  and, 
3460,  3461 ;  proclamation  of  neutrality, 
3462;  Genet  and,  3473,  34741,  views  of, 
to  cabinets,  3480;  Democratic  assaults 
on  administration  of,  3481 ;  appoints  Jay 
envoy  to  England,  3497;  second  admin¬ 
istration  of,  3451,  3502;  actions  in  whis¬ 
key  rebellion,  3512,  3517-3519;  Wayne 
instructed  by,  3526;  on  Jay’s  treaty, 
35571  cabinet  members  of,  3561 ;  message 
to  fourth  congress,  3565;  refuses  Jay 
treaty  to  house,  3570,  3571 ;  third  term 
refused  by,  3584;  farewell  address,  3584; 
last  message  of,  3588;  close  of  last  ad¬ 
ministration  of,  3589;  retires  to  Mt. 
Vernon,  3590;  appointed  lieutenant-gen¬ 
eral,  3635;  command  of  U,  S.  army  oc¬ 
cupied  by,  3636;  insists  upon  appoint¬ 
ment  of  Hamilton,  3638;  letter  to  Pat¬ 
rick  Henry,  3664;  illus.  of  birthplace, 
facing  3668;  illus.  of  tomb,  facing  3668; 
death,  3669;  Napoleon’s  tribute  to,  3670; 
British  tribute  to,  3670;  advocates 
American  isolation  from  European  pol¬ 
itics,  4155;  wisdom  in  making  appoint¬ 
ments,  5486,  5487 ;  monument  to,  at 


270 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Washington,  D.  C.,  facing  5586 ;  cen¬ 
tennial  celebration  of  his  inauguration, 
5626-5628;  celebration  at  New  York  in 
centennial  of  his  inauguration,  illus., 
facing  5628;  first  president  of  Potomac 
canal  company,  5948. 

Washington,  Col.  John,  joint  commander 
of  provincial  army  against  Indians, 
1613 ;  denounced  by  Gov.  Berkeley, 
1614. 

Washington,  Lawrence,  in  Cartagena  ex¬ 
pedition,  1665;  named  Mt.  Vernon,  1665; 
interested  in  Ohio  company,  2010. 

Washington,  Col.  Lewis,  held  as  hostage 
by  John  Brown,  4584. 

Washington,  Gen.  William  A.,  Woodford 
joined  by,  2907,  2911;  portrait,  fac¬ 
ing,  2942 ;  under  Gates,  2944 ;  cavalry 
disbanded,  3011;  at  Cowpens,  3017;  at 
Hobkirk’s  Hill,  3043-3045 ;  wounded  and 
captured,  3077;  appointed  general,  3637. 

Washington,  D.  C.,  latitude  near,  that 
of  Tokio  and  Athens,  note,  280; 
early  view,  frontispiece ;  built,  3684, 
3685;  its  unprotected  condition  during 
war  of  1812,  4039;  threatened  and 

captured  by  British,  4070,  4071 ;  map 
of  the  country  about,  facing  4072 ;  de¬ 
struction  of,  by  British,  4093 ;  rebuild¬ 
ing  of  capitol,  4099 ;  attempt  to  capture, 
note,  4635 ;  at  beginning  of  the  civil 
war,  4651-4653;  peace  convention  at, 
4656,  4657;  panic  in,  4688,  4964;  Con¬ 
federates  surround,  4739,  4747,  note, 
4765 ;  Jackson  ordered  to  sever  Pope’s 
communications  with,  5015,  5016;  Mc¬ 
Clellan’s  command  of  defenses  of,  5030; 
Banks  commands  defenses  of,  5031 ; 
Confederate  plans  against,  5117;  pro¬ 
tected  by  Grant,  5231 ;  threatened  by 
Early,  5248;  Early  arrives  at  outer  for¬ 
tifications  of,  5248;  view  of  Ford’s 
theatre,  facing  5300;  confusion  in,  after 
Lincoln’s  assassination,  5319;  great  re¬ 
view  in,  5323,  5324;  review  of  troops  in 
1865,  illus.,  facing  5324;  troops  mustered 
out  at,  5327;  condition  in  1871,  5532; 
a  mecca  for  office-seekers,  5569;  Gar¬ 
field  shot  in,  5571 ;  McKinley’s  funeral 
ceremonies  in,  5788,  5789;  society  of  the 
daughters  of  the  American  revolution 
organized  in,  5919. 

Washington  (state),  admission  into  the 
Union,  5622. 

Washington,  Fort,  N.  Y.,  Lee  erects,  2511; 
Washington’s  lines  extend  to,  2519; 
Putnam  commands,  2519;  Howe  threat¬ 
ens,  2526,  2527;  description  of,  2527. 


Washington,  Fort,  0.,  St.  Clair  at,  3381, 
3414,  3417;  view  of,  facing  3382;  Har- 
mar  retreats  to,  3384,  3385,  3413 ;  Wayne 
at,  3524. 

Washington,  treaty  of,  5506. 

Washington  county,  Va.,  desires  separa¬ 
tion  from  Virginia,  3173,  3174. 

Washington  Island,  Washington  and  Gist 
pass  dreadful  night  on,  2038. 

Washington  monument,  Washington,  D.  C., 
completed  and  dedicated,  5586. 

Washington  National  Intelligencer  on 
Erskine,  3910;  British  destroy  presses 
of,  4075 ;  publishes  Clay’s  defense,  4163. 

Washita  river,  Soto  wintered  near,  475. 

Wasp,  U.  S.  ship,  work  during  revolu¬ 
tion,  2866 ;  U.  S.  warship,  3989 ;  fight 
with  the  Frolic,  3992;  illus.  of,  facing 
3992. 

Watauga,  treaty  of,  3148. 

Water  Witch,  U.  S.  steamer,  in  the  block¬ 
ade  at  New  Orleans,  4862;  armament 
of,  4863. 

Wateree,  proposed  state  of,  3162. 

Wateree  river,  N.  C.,  2914,  2946-2948,  3038, 

3047,  3162. 

Waterford,  N.  Y.,  end  of  Hudson’s  ex¬ 
ploration  of  Hudson  river,  546. 

Waterloo,  Can.,  Fenians  at,  5483. 

Watertown,  Conn.,  first  name  of  Wethers¬ 
field,  967. 

Watertown,  Mass.,  John  Oldham  at,.  812; 
included  in  Massachusetts  Bay  colony, 
879 ;  named,  882 ;  protest  against  oli¬ 
garchy,  891,  892,  896;  emigrants  from, 
959,  960,  993 ;  religious  dissensions,  962. 

Watkin’s  Point,  on  boundary  of  Maryland, 
1063. 

Watson,  British  officer,  3039-3041,  3046. 

Watson,  George,  portrait,  facing  2500. 

Watson,  P.  H.,  assistant  secretary  of  war, 
4793- 

Watson,  Fort,  S.  C.,  British  post  at,  3038; 
Sumter  assails,  3039;  surrender  of,  3041. 

Watson’s  Landing,  Carondelet  attacks  bat¬ 
teries  at,  4837. 

Watt,  English  ship,  2897. 

Watts,  Maj.  Stephen,  St.  Leger  accom¬ 
panied  by,  2586;  at  battle  of  Oriskany, 
2590 ;  wounded,  2590. 

Waugh,  Dorothy,  Quakeress,  1168. 

Waxhaws,  S.  C.,  2915,  2921,  2929,  2996, 
3039- 

Wayne,  Gen.  Anthony,  at  battle  of  Ger¬ 
mantown,  2041 ;  at  the  Brandywine, 
2614,  2619,  2620;  at  Warren’s  tavern, 
2622;  at  Paoli,  2623,  2624;  at  German¬ 
town,  2628,  2629,  2632,  2633  i  Washing- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


271 


ton  criticised  by,  2694,  2695;  at  Mon¬ 
mouth,  2733,  2735,  2736,  2739;  storms 
Stony  Point,  2835-2837;  portrait,  facing 
2836;  mutiny  of  troops,  3056;  in  Vir¬ 
ginia,  3069 ;  at  Green  Springs  farm, 
3071 ;  St.  Clair  succeeded  by,  3420 ;  en¬ 
ters  house  of  representatives,  3423 ;  com¬ 
mand  in  the  West,  3 522;  Washington’s 
estimate  of,  3 522;  at  Ft.  Washington, 
3524;  force  under,  3524-3526;  battle  of 
Fallen  Timbers,  3525,  3529;  Washing¬ 
ton’s  instructions  to,  3526;  Indian  towns 
destroyed  by,  3529. 

Wayne,  James  M.,  opinion  in  Dred  Scott 
case,  4566. 

Waynesboro,  Va.,  Torbert  sent  to,  5250; 
Early  meets  Sheridan  at,  5252. 

Wear,  Col.  William,  drives  Pike  and 
Cooper  out  of  Indian  Territory,  note, 
4733- 

Weas,  Indian  tribe,  meets  Gist  in  Miami 
council,  2023-2026;  Harrison  meets  the, 
3959- 

Weather  Bureau  report  (1904),  5987,  5988. 

Weaver,  Gen.  James  B.,  nominee  for  pres¬ 
ident,  5566,  5647. 

Webb,  Gen.,  heads  relief  force  for  Ft.  Os¬ 
wego  in  1756,  2135;  flees  to  Albany, 
2137,  2139,  2140;  evil  influence  of,  note, 
2142;  causes  loss  of  Ft.  William  Henry, 
2146,  2150-2159;  compared  with  Gen. 
Amherst,  2223. 

Webb,  Gen.  Alexander  S.,  on  inaction  of 
the  army  of  the  Potomac,  note,  4781. 

Webb,  James  Watson,  criticised  by  Cilley, 
4320. 

Webber,  acting  master  on  the  Monitor , 
4912. 

Webster,  Daniel,  in  congress  in  1813,  4014; 
advocates  repeal  of  embargo  of  1814, 
4047;  opposes  Clay’s  “American  sys¬ 
tem,”  4158;  voted  for  the  protective 
tariff  bill  of  1828,  4185 ;  portraits,  facing 
4228,  4510;  reply  to  Hayne,  4228-4231; 
opposes  Van  Buren’s  appointment  as 
minister  to  Great  Britain,  4241 ;  attitude 
in  panic  of  1837,  4304,  4305 ;  contends 
with  Clay  for  leadership  of  Whig  party, 
4308;  takes  active  part  in  1840  cam¬ 
paign,  4326;  secretary  of  state  under 
Harrison,  4333;  reasons  for  keeping  in 
Tyler’s  cabinet,  4349 ;  Maine  bound¬ 
ary,  4349;  attitude  in  Creole  case,  4354; 
retires  from  cabinet,  4359;  attitude  on 
Oregon  boundary  question,  4407;  un¬ 
successful  candidate  for  Whig  nomina¬ 
tion  in  1848,  4429;  unwilling  to  accept 
Free-soil  nomination  in  1848,  4431 ;  sup¬ 


ports  Taylor  in  1848  campaign,  4431 ; 
debate  with  Calhoun  over  extension  of 
constitution  to  territories,  4432,  4433 ; 
speech  in  senate,  March  7,  1848,  4462- 
4466;  member  of  the  “Grand  Com¬ 
mittee,”  4474 ;  advocates  fugitive  slave 
law,  4482;  uses  his  influence  to  make 
compromise  of  1850  popular  in  North, 
4485,  4486 ;  controversy  with  Hiilse- 
mann,  4492-4494;  negotiations  with 
Spain  over  New  Orleans  incident,  4495, 
4496;  unsuccessful  candidate  for  Whig 
nomination  in  1852,  4505-4507 ;  refuses 
to  support  Scott,  4509 ;  efforts  to  put 
him  in  field  on  independent  ticket,  4510; 
reception  in  Boston,  4510;  death,  4511; 
eulogized  by  Fillmore  in  message  to 
congress,  4513. 

Webster,  Gen.  J.  D.,  in  battle  of  Pittsburg 
Landing,  5103,  5104. 

Webster,  Lieut.-Col.  James,  at  siege  of 
Charleston,  note,  2911 ;  at  battle  of  Cam¬ 
den,  2951-2956;  at  Guilford,  3032,  3033; 
death,  3033. 

Webster,  John,  magistrate  of  Connecticut, 
1001. 

Webster,  Noah,  graduate  of  Yale,  3129. 

Webster,  Gen.  S.  H.,  killed  at  Gettysburg, 
5023. 

Weed,  Thurlow,  leader  of  New  York 
Whigs,  4324;  active  in  Whig  campaign 
of  1848,  4431;  portrait,  facing  4638; 
compromise  scheme  of,  4639 ;  supports 
Cameron,  4670;  supports  the  Union 
cause,  4681. 

Weeden,  U.  S.  army  officer,  at  Malvern 
Hill,  4988. 

Weeden,  George,  at  Brandywine,  2619, 
2620;  opposes  Leslie,  3013;  at  York- 
town,  3082. 

Weehawken,  N.  J.,  Burr  and  Hamilton 
duel  at,  3786. 

Weehawken,  U.  S.  ironclad,  fight  with  the 
Atlanta,  4860,  4901. 

Weinman,  Sir  Ferdinand,  member  of  Vir¬ 
ginia  council,  665. 

Weissenburg,  Catherine,  wife  of  Sir  Wm. 
Johnson,  1592. 

Weitzel,  Gen.  Godfrey,  in  attack  on  Ft. 
Fisher,  5281 ;  commands  Union  works 
north  of  James  river,  5305;  occupies 
Richmond,  5306. 

Welcome,  ship,  brought  Penn  to  America, 
1207. 

Welde,  Thomas,  translates  Hebrew  Psalms, 
9i3. 

Weldon  railroad,  capture  of,  5245,  5246. 

Welles,  Gideon,  secretary  of  navy,  4669; 


272 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


approves  Porter’s  plan  to  capture  New 
Orleans,  4883;  describes  discussion  of 
Lincoln  and  cabinet  on  the  emancipa¬ 
tion  proclamation,  4957. 

Welles,  T.  M.,  accompanies  Johnson  on 
electioneering  tour,  5378. 

Wellesley,  Lord,  minister  of  foreign  af¬ 
fairs,  3935 ;  Pinkney’s  negotiations  with, 
3936,  3937 ;  asks  to  recall  orders  in  coun¬ 
cil,  3937,  3938. 

Wellington,  Duke  of,  his  opinion  of  British 
recruits,  note,  2177. 

Wells,  Col.,  commands  American  reinforce¬ 
ments  at  Frenchtown,  4017. 

Wells,  excise  collector  in  Pennsylvania, 
3506- 

Wells,  governor  of  Louisiana,  removed  by 
Sheridan,  5391,  5392. 

Wells,  C.  H.,  views  on  negro  suffrage, 
5348- 

Wells,  David  A.,  report  concerning  whis¬ 
key  tax,  5194. 

Wells,  Thomas,  magistrate  of  Connecticut, 
1001. 

Welsh  language  among  Indians,  247. 

Wemyss,  Maj.  James,  raid  in  South  Caro¬ 
lina,  2935,  2995 ;  Sumter  attacks,  3009. 

Wentworth,  John,  governor  of  New  Hamp¬ 
shire,  2435. 

Werowocomoco,  place  of  Powhatan,  636; 
John  Smith  trades  at,  647;  English  re¬ 
taliate  on  Indians  at,  695. 

Wesley,  Charles,  goes  to  America,  1871. 

Wesley,  John,  firmly  believed  in  witch¬ 
craft,  1327;  comes  to  Georgia,  1871; 
portrait,  facing  1872;  impressed  by  Mo¬ 
ravian  unselfishness,  1872 ;  preached 
with  varying  results,  1872-1874;  influ¬ 
enced  by  woman  emigrant,  1873 ;  did 
not  favor  independence  of  colonies, 
3112;  Thomas  Coke  ordained  by,  3313. 

Wesleyan  movement,  contemporary  with 
“Great  Awakening,”  1449. 

Wessagusset,  Mass,  (later  Weymouth),  set¬ 
tled,  784,  785 ;  defended  by  Standish, 
786,  822;  given  up  by  Weston  men,  787, 
880;  Morrell  in,  796,  948;  annoyed  by 
Merry-Mount,  note,  823. 

West,  A.  M.,  nominated  for  vice-presi¬ 
dent,  5590- . 

West,  Benjamin,  owed  much  to  Smibert, 
1487- 

West,  Francis,  councillor  at  Jamestown, 
649,  658;  heads  a  new  settlement,  659, 
660;  in  council  for  New  England,  793; 
made  admiral  of  New  England,  794; 
governor  of  Virginia,  795. 

West,  Capt.  John,  governor  of  Virginia, 


71 1,  715;  orders  election  of  burgesses, 
712;  dealings  with  Claiborne,  1073. 

West,  Joseph,  governor  of  Carolinas,  in¬ 
duces  prosperity,  1739-1741 ;  manages 
affairs  wisely,  1765,  1766;  character  of, 
1767;  urges  reforms,  1769,  1770;  popu¬ 
lar  for  disobeying  orders  about  slave 
trade,  1769,  1770,  1772;  deposed,  1770. 

West,  Richard,  London  lawyer,  cited  011 
disfranchisement  of  negroes,  1650. 

West,  Thomas,  see  Delaware,  Lord. 

West  Bygd,  scene  of  Eskimo  massacre,  239. 

West  Chester,  Pa.,  Washington  at,  2622. 

West  Florida,  see  Florida. 

West  Indies  discovered  by  Columbus,  5, 
39,  307;  effect  of  discovery  on  religious 
propagandism,  39,  41 ;  language  and 
manners  in,  309,  323,  357;  resources, 
313;  Spanish  government  of,  319;  re¬ 
volt  of  natives,  327;  slaves  returned  to, 
333  5  Columbus’  chart  of,  372;  expedi¬ 
tions  from,  396,  467;  Del  Cano  sails 
to,  420 ;  English  try  to  control,  442 ; 
fauna  of,  according  to  Champlain,  facing 
522;  included  in  early  transatlantic 
routes,  618,  631 ;  royalist  in  sympathy 
in  1649,  1085;  denounced  as  rebellious 
by  parliament,  1092;  trades  with  Brit¬ 
ish  colonies,  1260,  1304,  1483;  English 
fleet  in,  provisioned  by  Massachusetts 
Bay  colony,  1280;  Indians  enslaved  in, 
1302 ;  starting-point  for  Louisbourg  ex¬ 
pedition,  1388,  1391,  1395;  French  re¬ 
inforcement  from,  for  attack  on  New 
England  in  1746,  1406,  1408;  trade  with 
Rhode  Island,  1483 ;  Rhode  Island  con¬ 
tributes  to  Admiral  Vernon’s  expedi¬ 
tion  to,  1489 ;  trade  with  Rip  Van  Dam, 
1568;  pirates  established  in,  1772; 
Thomas  Cary  goes  to,  1810;  begin  to 
trade  with  Georgia  before  revolution, 
1920 ;  subdued  in  part  by  England  in 
1762,  2331,  2332;  given  back  to  France 
and  Spain,  2332,  2334,  2335;  given  up 
by  England  in  1763,  2332;  colonies  in, 
jealous  of  each  other’s  trade,  2354; 
stamp  act  in,  2376;  commerce  with,  im¬ 
portant  to  colonies,  2378;  New  England 
trade  in,  2723 ;  D’Estaing  sails  for,  2760, 
2831;  Clinton  sends  troops  to,  2760; 
American  vessels  damage  trade  of,  2865 ; 
destruction  of  England’s  trade  in,  2874; 
Jay’s  treaty  on,  3546,  3554;  American 
commercial  relations  with  British  West' 
Indies,  3863,  4176,  4237;  parcel  post 
convention  with  the  United  States,  5752. 

West  Indies  company  controls  French  Can¬ 
ada,  1985. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


07*4 

u  i  O 


West  Point,  N.  Y.,  Hudson  sails  past,  546; 
Heath  at,  2526,  30 73 ;  Kosciuszko’s  sug¬ 
gestions  on,  2707;  congress  orders 
works  constructed  at,  2833 ;  Washing¬ 
ton  guards,  2834;  Arnold  attempts  to 
betray,  2984 ;  Andre  taken  to,  2986 ; 
Greene  commands,.  3012 ;  military  acad¬ 
emy  established,  3971. 

West  River,  Md.,  meeting-place  of  William 
Penn  and  Lord  Baltimore,  1209. 

West  Virginia,  Iroquois  in,  160;  almost 
a  wilderness  previous  to  1749,  2009.; 
opposes  secession,  4693 ;  secedes  from 
Virginia,  4694,  4695 ;  becomes  a  state, 
4694,  4695 ;  F.  H.  Pierpont  first  gover¬ 
nor  of,  4695 ;  McClellan  in,  4741 ;  rati¬ 
fies  thirteenth  amendment,  5213;  Crook 
in,  5247 ;  Stoneman  raids,  5270. 

Westbrook,  Col.  Thomas,  leads  party  to 
capture  Rasle,  1369;  commands  Penob¬ 
scot  expedition,  1370 ;  destroys  Old 
Town,  1370,  1371. 

Westerly,  R.  I.,  cause  of  contention  be¬ 
tween  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island, 
1480. 

Western  Islands,  Spanish  name  for  Philip¬ 
pines,  415. 

Western  Reserve,  compensation  to  Connec¬ 
ticut  for  Wyoming,  1273 ;  history  of, 
3156,  3157,  3674. 

Western  states,  colonial  colonization,  2764, 
2765. 

West  Union  Telegraph  Company,  5940, 

5941. 

Western  World,  newspaper,  Daviess  found¬ 
ed,  3829;  exposes  Burr  and  associates, 

3829. 

Westfield,  Mass.,  outlying  settlement,  1287. 

Westfield,  U.  S.  ship,  in  battle  at  Galveston, 
4866. 

Westminster  Abbey,  Wolfe’s  monument  in, 
2271. 

Westmoreland,  name  given  to  Wyoming, 
Pa.,  1272. 

Westoes,  Indian  tribe,  nearly  destroyed  the 
Serenas  in  Carolinas,  1743. 

Weston,  Francis,  caused  riot  in  Providence, 
1025. 

Weston,  Thomas,  London  merchant,  pro¬ 
posed  joint  stock  company  to  Puritans, 
761-763,  765,  779 ;  secured  patent  through 
Peirce,  762;  hires  the  Mayflower,  764; 
procures  patent  for  Plymouth  colony, 
780;  sells  out,  783;  returns  to  England, 
789,  note,  805. 

Westover,  Va.,  country-seat  of  Col.  Byrd, 
2167. 


“Westward  the  Course  of  Empire  Takes 
its  Way,”  by  Berkeley,  1487. 

Westwood,  William,  Massachusetts  com¬ 
missioner  for  Connecticut,  967. 

Wethersfield,  Conn.,  one  of  earliest  settle¬ 
ments  in  Connecticut,  957 ;  named,  967 ; 
Indian  troubles,  972 ;  emigrants  from, 
992,  993 ;  adopted  Connecticut  constitu¬ 
tion,  999 ;  connection  with  Hadley 
church,  1419;  Washington  at,  3070. 

Weyler,  Don  V.,  portrait,  facing  5706. 

Weymouth,  Lord,  in  the  France-Spain  ne¬ 
gotiations,  2850,  2851. 

Weymouth,  George,  heads  expedition  to 
Maine,  621 ;  sets  up  claim  on  Kennebec 
river,  622;  his  reports  of  America  arouse 
enthusiasm,  626. 

Whalley,  Col.  Edward,  regicide,  protected 
in  New  England,  1276,  1277;  flees  to 
New  Flaven,  1418. 

Whatley,  Grenville’s  private  secretary, 
Hutchinson’s  letters  to,  published,  2401. 

Wheeler,  Capt.,  killed  in  ambuscade  at 
Brookfield,  1288. 

Wheeler,  Gen.  Joseph,  raid  in  West  Ten¬ 
nessee,  5119,  5126;  raids  in  Kentucky 
and  Tennessee,  5154;  in  Mississippi, 
5313;  assists  in  drawing  up  terms  for 
the  surrender  of  Santiago,  5731 ;  death 
and  burial  of,  5866,  5867. 

Wheeler,  William  A.,  nominated  for  vice- 
president,  5544. 

Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  secession  convention 
meets  at,  4694;  repudiates  Virginia  con¬ 
vention,  4694;  government  formed  at, 
4695- 

Wheeling  creek,  W.  Va.,  McCullough’s 
leap  into,  2797. 

Wheelock,  Rev.  Eleazar,  founded  Dart¬ 
mouth  college,  3132. 

Wheelwright,  Rev.  John,  brother-in-law  of 
Anne  Hutchinson,  905 ;  career  of,  as  a 
Hutchinsonian,  906,  908,  914;  founds 
Exeter,  947 ;  goes  to  Maine,  948. 

Whig  party  angered  by  Van  Buren’s  prop¬ 
osition  for  an  independent  treasury, 
4306;  Clay  and  Webster  contend  for 
leadership,  4308;  holds  convention  at 
Harrisburg,  4323-4325 ;  victorious  in 
1840  election,  4327;  factions  in,  4334; 
low  estimate  of  Tyler,  4339;  Tyler’s 
plans  opposed  to  party,  4340;  repeals 
sub-treasury  act,  4341 ;  plan  for  nation¬ 
al  bank,  4342 ;  difficulties  with  Tyler 
over  bank,  4343-4345 ;  repudiates  Tyler, 
4348;  opposes  Tyler’s  veto  of  provision¬ 
al  revenue  bill,  4352;  nominates  Clay, 


274 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


4353,  4362;  convention  in  Baltimore, 
4363;  reaps  fruit  of  Democratic  policy, 
4412;  additional  victories  (1847),  4416; 
controls  house  in  30th  congress,  4418; 
attacks  Polk’s  administration,  4419;  at¬ 
titude  towards  Mexican  war,  4419,  4420; 
Philadelphia  convention  in  1848,  4429, 
4430;  victorious  in  1848  campaign,  4431; 
loses  ground  in  1851,  4499;  convention 
in  Baltimore  in  1852,  4505-4507;  weak¬ 
ened  by  Clay’s  death  and  Webster’s  de¬ 
fection,  4509;  demoralization  of,  caused 
by  compromise  of  1850,  4512. 

Whigs,  British,  divided  in  1760,  2341;  the¬ 
ory  of,  in  1774,  2412;  favor  independence 
of  the  colonies,  2716,  2717. 

Whipper,  W.  J.,  tries  to  obtain  an  office  in 
South  Carolina,  5437,  5441,  5442. 

Whipple,  Capt.  Abraham,  commander  of 
the  Columbus,  2866;  congress  sends  frig¬ 
ate  to  Charleston  under,  2909. 

Whipple,  William,  portrait,  facing  2500. 

Whiskey  made  in  Virginia  in  1620,  684,  685. 

Whiskey  rebellion  of  Pennsylvania,  causes 
and  results,  3503,  3504,  3520;  cabinet 
discusses,  3512;  Fauchet  on,  3559. 

Whiskey  tax,  increase  of,  5193,  5194;  con¬ 
test  in  congress,  5193;  results  of  in¬ 
creased  tax,  5194. 

Whitby,  Capt.  Henry,  arrest  of,  3814. 

Whitcomb,  Simon,  one  of  Massachusetts 
association,  864. 

White,  assemblyman  in  Penn’s  time,  im¬ 
prisoned,  1229. 

White,  Father,  in  Lord  Baltimore’s  expe¬ 
dition,  note,  1069;  cited  on  Lord  Balti¬ 
more,  1680. 

White,  Andrew  D.,  on  Santo  Domingo 
commission,  5496. 

White,  Anthony,  Woodford  joined  by, 
2907;  Gates’  treatment  of  cavalry  under, 
2944;  at  battle  of  Camden,  2955;  ap¬ 
pointed  brigadier-general,  3637. 

White,  Hugh  L.,  opposes  Van  Buren  for 
president,  4301. 

White,  Rev.  John,  defends  Lyford  and 
Oldham,  810;  “Patriarch  of  Dorchester,” 
861 ;  promotes  Dorchester  adventurers, 
861-863;  his  efforts  lead  to  Massachu¬ 
setts  association,  864,  867;  writes  parting 
address  for  emigrants,  877;  takes  part 
in  farewell  to  second  party,  879. 

White,  John,  in  Raleigh’s  first  colony,  610; 
governor  of  city  of  Raleigh,  61 1;  goes 
home  for  reinforcements,  612;  returns 
to  find  Roanoke  abandoned,  613 ;  baffled 
in  search,  614;  dies  brokenhearted,  614. 


White,  John,  Puritan  lawyer,  872. 

White,  Gen.  Julius,  at  Martinsburg,  5035; 
retreats  to  Harper’s  Ferry,  5037;  suc¬ 
ceeds  Miles,  5038;  surrenders,  5038. 

White,  Peregrine,  born  on  Mayflower,  766; 
illus.  of  apple-tree  planted  by,  facing 
838. 

White,  William,  bishop,  3108,  3112;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  3110. 

White  Bird,  Indian  chief,  escape  of,  5541. 

White  Brotherhood,  secret  society,  5474. 

White  Camelia,  facsimile  of  pages  from 
constitution  and  ritual  of,  facing  5462. 

White  Eyes,  Delaware  chief,  friend  of  the 
whites,  2798.  • 

White  Haven,  Eng.,  Paul  Jones’  exploits 
at,  2875,  2876. 

White  House,  Union  base  at,  4961,  4962. 

White  League,  secret  society,  5474. 

White  Marsh,  Pa.,  Washington  at,  2667. 

White  Mountains,  condition  of  the  forests 
in,  5816. 

White  oak  swamp,  4961,  4982;  Jackson  re¬ 
pulsed  at,  4983. 

White  Plains,  Md.,  Jackson  passes  through, 
5016;  strength  of  Lee’s  and  Jackson’s 
forces  at,  5017. 

White  Plains,  N.  Y.,  battle  of,  2521 ;  Wash¬ 
ington  moves  army  to,  2752,  2753. 

White  Thunder,  Indian  chief,  joins  Wash¬ 
ington  and  Gist,  2033. 

Whitefield,  Rev.  Geo.,  gives  motto  to  Sir 
William  Pepperrell,  1393;  comes  to  New 
England,  1450;  welcomed  in  Virginia, 
denounced  by  George  Gooch,  1661,  1662; 
established  Methodist  church  in  southern 
states,  1874;  founds  orphan  asylum  at 
Savannah,  1874;  portrait,  facing  1874; 
becomes  converted  to  slavery,  1880,  1881. 

Whitehall,  Lake  Champlain,  Dieskau  halts 
at,  ^  2095. 

White’s  Ford,  Lee  crosses  Potomac  at,  50 27. 

Whitfield,  Rev.  Henry,  first  pastor  of  Guil¬ 
ford,  Conn.,  989. 

Whitgift,  archbishop  of  England,  at  Hamp¬ 
ton  Court  conference,  983. 

Whiting,  Col.,  of  Connecticut,  at  battle  of 
Lake  George,  2099. 

Whiting,  Gen.  W.  H.  C.,  surrenders  Ft. 
Fisher,  5282. 

Whitney,  Anne,  sculptor,  note,  213. 

Whitney,  Eli,  portrait,  facing  3124;  invents 
cottton-gin,  3695. 

Whitney,  William  C.,  secretary  of  the  navy, 
5590. 

Whitson,  mayor  of  Bristol,  Eng.,  620. 

Whitworth,  Lord,  Napoleon  and,  3741. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


275 


Wichitas,  Indian  tribe,  in  South,  162. 

VVickendam,  Anabaptist  preacher,  1168. 

Wickes,  John,  signer  of  Pocasset  compact, 
.1035- 

Wickes,  Capt.  Lambert,  commander  of  U. 
S.  brig  Reprisal,  2870,  2871. 

Wickford  petitions  for  admission  to  Con¬ 
necticut  colony,  1464. 

Wickham,  John,  assists  in  Burr  trial,  3839. 

Wickliffe,  Charles  A.,  postmaster-general 
under  Tyler,  4348. 

Wicocoa,  Indian  name  of  Philadelphia,  1214. 

Wicomico,  Md.,  John  Smith  reached,  648. 

Wigfall,  Louis  T.,  senator,  4649;  member 
of  Confederate  provisional  congress, 
5217- 

Wiggin,  Thomas,  agent  at  Dover  for  Lords 
Say  and  Sele  and  Brook,  947. 

Wight,  Isle  of,  note,  1069;  Joseph  Dudley 
deputy-governor  of,  1351. 

Wilcox,  Gen.  Orlando  B.,  brigade  com¬ 
mander,  4748;  at  Bull  Run,  4755,  4758. 

Wilderness,  Va.,  battle  of,  5232-5234. 

Wilford,  Thomas,  hanged  in  Bacon’s  re¬ 
bellion,  1621. 

Wilkes,  Capt.  Charles,  commands  the  San 
Jacinto,  4926;  account  of  the  Trent  af¬ 
fair,  4026-4934. 

Wilkes,  John,  favored  by  George  III.,  2343; 
editor  of  North  Briton,  character  and 
career,  2359,  2360. 

Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  founded  by  Connecticut, 
1271. 

Wilkins,  William,  made  secretary  of  war 
under  Tyler,  4360. 

Wilkinson,  Capt.  commands  the  blockade 
runner,  R.  E.  Lee,  4868. 

Wilkinson,  Capt.  Henry,  governor  ad  in¬ 
terim  of  North  Carolina,  1762. 

Wilkinson,  Gen.  James,  aide  of  Gen.  Gates, 
2654;  statement  on  Gates-Conway  let¬ 
ter,  2697;  resignation,  2700;  denounces 
Gates,  2700;  reveals  Conway  cabal  plot, 
2703;  in  Louisville,  3167;  efforts  to  se¬ 
cure  navigation  of  Mississippi,  3183;  ne¬ 
gotiations  with  Spain,  3184,  3185;  and 
O’Fallon,  3388;  Indian  expedition  of, 
3412,  3414,  3418;  with  Wayne’s  expedi¬ 
tion,  3522;  at  Fallen  Timbers,  3527; 
Carondelet  negotiates  with,  3536 ;  in 
Spanish  plots,  3603,  3604;  governor  of 
Louisiana,  3752,  3763 ;  in  Burr  conspir¬ 
acy,  3820, .  3823,  3826,  3828,  3830-3832, 
3839;  Daviess  denounces,  3828;  negotia¬ 
tions  with  Spain,  3832 ;  declares  martial 
law,  3833;  Jefferson  relies  on,  3836, 
3837,  3841 ;  under  suspicion,  3841 ; 


Yrujo’s  opinion  of,  3844;  selected  to 
command  in  war  of  1812,  3980;  seizes 
west  Florida,  and  receives  the  surrender 
of  Ft.  Charlotte,  4034;  portrait,  facing 
4052;  sent  to  Niagara  frontier,  4052; 
his  quarrel  with  Hampton,  4052,  4053 ; 
unable  to  command  his  troops,  4054;  his 
failure  at  La  Colle  and  his  subsequent 
career,  4060. 

“Will  and  Doom”  written  by  Gershom  Bul- 
keley,  1447. 

Willard,  Francis  E.,  suffrage  petition  re¬ 
fused  by  Illinois  legislature,  5930,  5931. 

Willard,  John,  executed  for  witchcraft,  1339. 

Willard,  Rev.  Samuel,  opposes  witchcraft 
delusion,  1337. 

Willard,  Maj.  Simon,  relieves  frontier 
towns,  1289. 

Willett,  Col.  Marinus,  at  Ft.  Stanwix,  2587; 
at  Oriskany,  2591,  2592 ;  messenger  to 
Schuyler,  2595 ;  negotiations  with  the 
Creeks,  3391. 

Willett,  Thomas,  arbitrator  for  Dutch  in 
treaty  of  Hartford,  1013. 

William  III.,  king  of  England  (prince  of 
Orange),  deprives  Penn  of  rights,  1223, 
1224,  1232,  1238;  effect  of  his  death  on 
Penn’s  charter,  1250;  his  accession  to 
the  throne,  1318,  1319;  recommends  con¬ 
solidation  to  the  American  colonies, 
1530;  charged  Bellomont  to  suppress 
piracy,  1553;  promoted  pirate-quelling 
company,  1557;  death  of,  1559;  commis¬ 
sions  Lord  Cornbury  as  governor  of 
New  York,  1559;  god-father  of  Gov. 
Burnet  of  New  York,  1564;  at  head  of 
Protestant  league,  1633;  reign  of,  marks 
new  era,  1635 ;  well  served  by  the  Earl 
of  Orkney,  1653  1  his  colonial  appoint¬ 
ments  compared  with  those  of  James  II., 
1694;  recognizes  fidelity  of  Andros, 
1701 ;  argues  with  James  II.  as  to  con¬ 
solidation  of  colonies,  1779;  allows  pro¬ 
vincial  courts  to  issue  writs  of  assist¬ 
ance,  2361. 

William,  British  ship,  572,  573. 

William,  prize  ship,  taken  by  the  United 
States,  3470. 

William  and  Mary  college,  Williamsburg, 
Va.,  founded,  named,  note,  1633;  first 
,  class  graduated  from,  1635 ;  Indian  boys 
partially  educated  in,  1652;  exists  in 
colonial  times,  2347;  early  history, 
3127;  famous  graduates,  3128. 

William  Henry,  Fort,  built  by  Johnson, 
2105;  exposed  to  capture,  2106;  Wins¬ 
low’s  provincial  army  at,  2138-2140; 


276 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


left  exposed  by  Loudon,  2144;  attacked 
by  Montcalm,  2144,  2145;  preserved  by 
Lieut.  Stark,  2145;  captured  by  Mont¬ 
calm,  2146,  2150-2157;  lost  by  Webb’s 
timidity,  2150-2157;  no  traces  left,  2159, 
2160;  effect  of  massacre  on  colonies, 
2165. 

Williams,  Commodore,  U.  S.  navy,  de¬ 
nounces  the  arrest  of  Mason  and  Sli¬ 
dell,  4928. 

Williams,  Gen.  A.  S.,  commands  at  Baton 
Rouge,  4898. 

Williams,  Abigail,  niece  of  Samuel  Parris, 
1331 ;  starts  witchcraft  excitement  in 
Salem,  1332,  1333.  _ 

Williams,  Col.  Ephraim,  commands  recon- 
noitering  party  against  Dieskau  at  Lake 
George,  2096;  bequeaths  endowment  for 
free  school  at  Williamstown,  2096; 
killed,  2096-2099. 

Williams,  Francis,  governor  of  Laconia, 
946- 

Williams,  George  H.,  manager  of  conduct 
of  prosecution  of  Johnson,  5407;  on 
joint  high  commission,  5506;  attorney- 
general,  5522. 

Williams,  J.  M.  S.,  organizer  of  emigrant 
aid  company,  4550. 

Williams,  Col.  J.  S.,  in  Kentucky,  4807. 

Williams,  James,  South  Carolina  patriot, 
2926;  at  battle  of  Musgrove’s  Mill, 
2991. 

Williams,  John  F.,  cruiser  Hazard  com¬ 
manded  by,  2882;  Protector  commanded 
by,  2992. 

Williams,  Col.  Otho  H.,  remonstrates  with 
Gates,  2942 ;  portrait,  2942 ;  information 
given  Gates  by,  2948,  2949,  also  note, 
2949 ;  at  King’s  Mountain,  3003-3005 ; 
at  Eutaw  Springs,  3075,  3076. 

Williams,  Roger,  character,  899,  1019;  in 
Massachusetts,  899,  904;  in  Rhode 

Island,  909,  1020,  1023 ;  negotiates  treaty 
between  English  and  Narragansetts, 
1008;  ordained,  1022;  gains  patent  for 
Providence,  1028;  meets  Milton,  1049; 
also  Vane,  1049;  letter  to  town  of  Provi¬ 
dence,  1051 ;  quarrels  with  William 
Harris,  1052,  1053 ;  case  of,  compared 
with  .Pennsylvania  Quakers,  1237;  men¬ 
tioned  in  Rhode  Island  charter,  1456; 
ready  for  debate  with  Fox,  1465 ;  death, 
summary  of  his  life,  1472. 

Williams,  William,  portrait,  facing  2500. 

Williams,  Fort,  Ga.,  defended  against  Span¬ 
iards  in  1742,  1905,  1906. 


Williams,  Fort,  Miss.,  in  defense  of  Cor¬ 
inth,  5135. 

Williams,  Fort,  S.  C.,  3039. 

Williamsburg  made  the  capital  of  Virginia, 
1632 clergy  carouse  at,  1644;  White- 
field  invited  to  preach  at,  1662;  Wash¬ 
ington  at,  2031,  2038,  2052,  2065;  George 
Rogers  Clark  sent  to,  2779;  Henry 
Hamilton  sent  to,  2786;  congress  sends 
Virginia  continentals  to,  2907;  Lafayette 
occupies,  3080;  Confederates  retreat  to, 
4797;  battle  at,  4797;  McClellan  at, 
.5o°3- 

Williamsburg  Gazette,  first  newspaper  in 
Virginia,  1665. 

Williamsport,  W.  Va.,  Jackson  at,  5037; 
White  retreats  from,  5037. 

Williamson  cited  by  Parkman  on  the  La 
Tours,  note,  1938. 

Williamson,  Hugh,  member  of  Philadelphia 
convention,  3270. 

Williamson’s  plantation,  S.  C.,  battle  at, 
2929. 

Willing,  Capt.  James,  in  west  Florida,  2787 ; 
expedition  of,  2787,  2789,  3151;  sketch 
of,  2788;  arrangement  with  Galvez, 
2788;  descends  on  Natchez,  2788;  raids 
of,  2789;  captured,  2789. 

Willis,  Albert  S.,  minister  to  Hawaii,  5655. 

Willis,  Kan.,  nearly  destroyed  by  a  tornado, 
5664. 

Willoughby,  Eng.,  birthplace  of  John 
Smith,  note,  632. 

Will’s  creek,  Md.,  Washington  and  his 
force  conducted  to,  2051,  2052;  Brad- 
dock  detained  at,  2059,  2060,  2064,  2065 ; 
meeting-place  of  Dunbar  and  colonial 
envoys,  2082;  Washington  at,  in  second 
expedition  against  Ft.  Duquesne,  2167, 
2168. 

Wilmington,  Del.,  on  site  of  Ft.  Christina, 
580;  site  of,  included  in  original  grant 
to  Maryland,  1063 ;  Howe’s  raid  on, 
2622;  Armand’s  Legion  joins  Kalb  at, 
2940;  Cornwallis  retreats  to,  3036,  3037; 
society  of  colonial  dames  of  America, 
organized  in,  5918. 

Wilmington,  N.  C.,  blockade  running  at, 
4853,  4855,  4856;  Sherman’s  plans  to 
attack,  5280;  evacuated,  5282. 

Wilmington,  U.  S.  warship,  in  bombard¬ 
ment  of  Cardenas,  5727. 

Wilmot,  David,  introduces  Wilmot  proviso, 
4410;  member  of  31st  congress,  444S; 
member  of  Republican  convention  at 
Chicago  (i860),  4597. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


277 


Wilmot  proviso  introduced  in  house,  4410; 
again  introduced  and  defeated,  4412 ; 
opposed  by  Calhoun,  4413-4415;  intro¬ 
duced  and  passed  in  connection  with 
territorial  organization  of  Oregon,  4423 ; 
shatters  hopes  of  pro-slavery  sympa¬ 
thizers,  4444;  southern  states  protest 
against,  4445;  opposed  by  Taylor,  4451; 
declared  unnecessary  by  Clay,  4455 ; 
opposed  by  Webster,  4464;  discussed  by 
Seward,  4466,  4467;  Douglas’  connec¬ 
tion  with,  4527. 

Wilson,  Henry,  criticism  of  Webster’s  7th 
of  March  speech,  4466;  presides  over 
Free-soil  convention  in  1852,  4507;  on 
Crittenden  compromise,  note,  4641 ;  pro¬ 
tests  against  action  of  senate  in  deposing 
Sumner,  5497;  nomination  and  election 
as  vice-president,  5520,  5521 ;  death, 
.5538. 

Wilson,  J.  F.,  member  of  house  committee 
drawing  up  impeachment  of  Johnson, 
5406 ;  manager  of  conduct  of  prosecution, 
5407. 

Wilson,  Gen.  J.  H.,  pursues  Hood,  5268; 
commands  cavalry  expedition,  5270 ; 
commands  cavalry  expedition  in  Ala¬ 
bama,  5284;  captures  Selma,  5284;  march 
upon  Montgomery,  5284;  captures  Co¬ 
lumbus,  Ga.,  5284;  success  of  raid,  5284; 
Stanton’s  dispatch  to,  5320. 

Wilson,  James,  “the  signer,”  commands 
Pennsylvania  regiment,  2438;  portrait, 
facing  2500 ;  Quakers  defended  by,  2856 ; 
mobbed  at  Philadelphia,  2856;  member 
of  Philadelphia  convention,  32 66;  sketch 
of,  3266;  justice  of  the  supreme  court, 
3339- 

Wilson,  James,  secretary  of  agriculture, 
.5695,  5772,  5821. 

Wilson,  Rev.  John,  pastor  at  Mishawum, 
Mass.,  878;  pulpit  supplied  by  John 
Eliot,  893 ;  Anne  Hutchinson  in  church 
of,  905-907;  opposed  Hutchinsonians, 
908,  910 ;  opposed  Baptists,  922;  stern, 
927 ;  against  Quakers,  934,  937,  939 ; 
portrait,  facing  938. 

Wilson  bill,  5611,  5653. 

Whlson’s  creek,  battle  of,  4713;  Mus.,  facing 
4716;  Price  at,  4724. 

Wiltse,  Capt.  C.,  commands  the  Boston, 
5631 ;  in  Hawaii,  5632,  5634. 

Winchell,  N.  H.,  finds  palaeolithic  relics  in 
Minnesota,  144. 

Winchester,  Gen.  James,  selected  to  com¬ 
mand  in  war  of  1812,  3980;  temporarily 
replaces  Harrison  in  war  of  1812,  4002 ; 


advances  to  Maumee  Rapids,  4015 ;  his 
defeat  at  Frenchtown,  4016-4019. 

Winchester,  Va.,  early  history  of,  1666; 
sends  company  for  Ohio  expedition  in 
1754,  2039;  Washington  joins  Braddock 
at,  2065;  Burgoyne’s  army  moved  Ho, 
2666;  Johnston’s  army  at,  4747;  Jackson 
foils  Rosecrans  at,  4797 ;  Banks  drives 
Jackson  from,  4797;  Milroy  attacked  at, 
5085;  Sheridan  and  Early  at,  5212;  Sher¬ 
idan’s  march  to,  5250;  Union  troops 
flee  from  Cedar  creek  to,  5251 ;  Sheridan 
at,  5251. 

Wincob,  John,  chaplain  to  the  Puritan 
countess  of  Lincoln,  760,  800,  864. 

Winder,  Gen.  C.  S.,  moves  from  Mechan- 
icsville,  5012;  killed  at  Cedar  Mountain, 
.5  0I3- 

Winder,  Gen.  J.  H.,  in  battle  of  Antietam, 
5043- 

Winder,  Gen.  William  H.,  his  unsuccessful 
attempt  to  harass  the  British  retreat, 
4050;  commands  military  district  of  Po¬ 
tomac,  4070;  his  ineffectual  defense  of 
Washington,  4072-4076. 

Windom,  William,  secretary  of  the  treasury, 
5567,  5624;  retires  from  the  cabinet,  5572. 

Windsor,  Conn.,  earliest  English  trading- 
post  in  Connecticut,  956,  957;  settlers 
at,  960 ;  named,  968 ;  sends  men  to 
Pequot  war,  972;  adopts  Connecticut 
constitution,  999;  settled  by  English, 
1120. 

Windsor,  Vt.,  O’Neil  in  prison  at,  5502. 

Windward  Islands,  American  vessels  de¬ 
tained  at,  3540. 

Wine  making  in  the  Carolinas,  1744,  1748, 
3122;  made  from  American  grapes,  1851, 
1852. 

Wingate  on  senate  judiciary  committee, 
.3338. 

Wingfield,  Capt.  Edward-Maria,  charter 
member  of  London  company,  629;  mem¬ 
ber  of  local  council,  632 ;  elected  presi¬ 
dent  of  council,  634;  escapes  death,  637; 
deposed,  641,  658;  his  “Discourse  of 
Virginia,”  note,  643;  goes  to  England, 

647- 

Winichahanat,  now  Dover,  N.  H.,  791. 

Winnebago,  Union  monitor,  in  battle  of 
Mobile  Bay,  5171. 

Winnebago  Island  reached  by  Joliet  and 
Marquette,  1992. 

Winnebagos,  Indian  tribe,  division  of  Sioux, 
163;  hold  a  feast  for  Jean  Nicolet,  1938. 

Winnisimmet  (now  Chelsea,  Mass.)  an¬ 
noyed  by  Merry-Mount,  note,  823 ;  in- 


278 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


eluded  in  Massachusetts  Bay  colon}', 
879 ;  ferry  from,  885. 

YVinnsborough,  S.  C.,  Cornwallis  retreats 
to,  3008;  Tarleton  retreats  to,  3010; 
Greene  retreats  to,  3053. 

Winooski  river,  Vt.,  Baker  at,  2447. 

Winslow,  Edward,  Puritan  leader  in  Hol¬ 
land,  757;  description  of,  762;  restores 
Massasoit  to  health,  785 ;  agent  in 
purchase  of  Cape  Ann  region,  795 ;  goes 
to  England  for  supplies,  803 ;  proves 
villainy  of  Lyford,  810;  portrait,  facing 
810;  traded  with  Indians,  813;  one  of 
guarantors  of  public  debt,  note,  818; 
advocated  removal  of  colony  to  Connec¬ 
ticut,  829,  953 ;  governor  of  Plymouth, 
836;  dies,  839;  visits  Connecticut  valley, 
954;  represents  Massachusetts  Bay  col¬ 
ony  in  Gorton  affair,  1045. 

Winslow,  Gen.  John,  commands  New  Eng¬ 
land  troops  in  expedition  against  Nova 
Scotia,  2110,  2119;  lenient  toward  de¬ 
feated  Acadians,  2120;  delivered  Law¬ 
rence’s  order  to  the  Acadians,  2126, 
2127;  speech  to  Acadians,  2126,  2127; 
prevented  by  Loudon  from  taking  Can¬ 
ada,  2138,  2139. 

Winslow,  Capt.  John  A.,  commands  the 
Kearsarge ,  4907;  fight  with  the  Alabama, 
4907-4909. 

Winslow,  Josiah,  governor  of  Plymouth, 
commander  in  King  Philip’s  war,  1287; 
commands  army  in  Narragansett  battle, 
1294,  1296;  leads  expedition  against 

Crown  Point,  note,  1402. 

Winslow,  U.  S.  warship,  5727. 

Winston,  Maj.  Joseph,  portrait,  facing 
2996;  major  at  King’s  Mountain,  3004. 

Winthrop,  Fitz  John,  commanded  Connec¬ 
ticut  troops  at  Albany,  1442 ;  portrait, 
facing  1442 ;  governor  of  Connecticut, 
1443 ;  commands  expedition  against  Can¬ 
ada  in  1690,  1544;  blamed  by  Leisler, 
thanked  by  Connecticut,  1545. 

Winthrop,  John,  Jr.,  governor  of  Connec¬ 
ticut,  959;  leader  of  political  party,  997; 
Hooker’s  reply  to,  998;  friend  of  Roger 
Williams,  1020 ;  account  of  disturbance 
in  Rhode  Island,  1034,  1035 ;  buys  land 
on  Narragansett  Bay,  1056;  long  term, 
1002 ;  takes  possession  at  Saybrook, 
1120;  governor  of  Connecticut,  1287; 
secured  Connecticut  charter  from 
Charles  II.,  1417,  1419;  character,  1419- 
1421;  promises  independence  to  New 
I-Iaven  colony,  1425;  dies,  1434;  lasting 
influence  of,  on  Connecticut,  1434,  1435; 


portrait,  facing  1434;  member  of  Ather¬ 
ton  company,  1454,  1455;  agrees  with 
Clark  on  Narragansett  lands,  1464; 
wards  off  Andros’  plan  against  Con¬ 
necticut,  1507. 

Winthrop,  John,  Sr.,  governor  of  Massa¬ 
chusetts  Bay  colony,  585,  873;  sends 
ministers  to  Virginia,  718;  advises 
Plymouth  as  to  capital  punishment,  834; 
decides  to  remove  company  to  America, 
873,  877;  portrait,  facing  874;  writes 
“Model  of  Christian  Charity,”  877 ;  helps 
to  form  church,  878;  explores  Mystic 
river,  879;  disagrees  with  Dudley,  881, 
962;  entertains  Miantonomo,  886;  deal¬ 
ings  with  Indians,  887 ;  with  Gardiner, 
888 ;  re-elected,  890,  892 ;  deals  with 
Watertown,  892;  his  map  of  Massachu¬ 
setts,  facing  896;  his  generosity  to  col¬ 
ony,  898;  Endicott  independent  of,  900; 
opposed  Anne  Hutchinson,  906,  910; 
signs  petition  for  Wheelwright,  907; 
friendly  to  other  settlements,  91 1;  dies, 
921,  926;  his  elm,  921;  succeeded  by 
Endicott,  922;  writes  “Plistory  of  New 
England,”  921 ;  attempt  to  remove,  by 
introduction  of  the  ballot,  1202;  bears 
news  of  English  revolution  to  Boston, 
1319;  governor  of  Massachusetts,  1946; 
refuses  official  aid  to  La  Tour,  but  al¬ 
lows  private  assistance,  1946,  1947;  cen¬ 
sured  for  aiding  La  Tours,  1948;  “Isp- 
wich  letter”  to,  1948;  supported  by 
magistrates  and  clergy,  1948;  his  oppo¬ 
nents  justified  by  attack  on  Port  Royal, 
1949;  settled  treaty  with  D’Aunay  by 
gift,  1955. 

Winthrop,  Robert  C.,  speaker  of  the  house, 
4418;  unsuccessful  candidate  for  speaker 
in  1849,  4448;  at  National  Union  con¬ 
vention,  5376;  address  at  dedication  of 
Washington  monument,  5586. 

Winthrop,  Theodore,  account  of  the  march 
to  Washington,  4691 ;  death,  4747. 

Winthrop,  Wait,  justice  in  special  court 
for  witchcraft  cases,  1335. 

Wireless  telegraphy,  5939,  5940. 

Wirt,  William,  counsel  for  Callender,  3676; 
assists  in  Burr  trial,  3838,  3842 ;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  3840;  appointed  attorney- 
general,  4102;  approves  Adams’  stand  on 
the  Monroe  doctrine,  4153;  reappointed 
by  Adams,  4169;  opinion  on  negro  sea¬ 
man  act,  4204;  nominated  for  president, 
4240. 

Wisconsin,  symbolical  mounds  in,  137,  138 ; 
admitted  into  the  Union,  4423 ;  declares 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


279 


against  Lincoln’s  administration,  5061 ; 
prohibits  boycotts,  5896. 

Wisconsin  river  explored  by  Joliet  and 
Marquette,  1992. 

Wise,  Henry  A.,  leads  southern  delegation 
in  slavery  controversy  in  congress,  4316, 
4317;  offended  by  statements  of  Cilley, 
4320;  active  in  1840  campaign,  4326; 
adviser  of  Tyler,  4338;  outlines  plans 
of  Tyler’s  friends,  4339;  tribute  to  John 
Brown,  4586;  commands  Confederate 
defenses  at  Roanoke  Island,  4875 ;  at 
Malvern  Hill,  4985. 

Wise,  Rev.  John,  preaches  against  taxation 
without  representation,  1315;  imprisoned, 
I3I5- 

Wissahickon,  U.  S.  ship,  4891. 

Wissahickon  creek,  Pa.,  2627. 

Wiswall,  Rev.  Icabod,  of  Plymouth,  inter¬ 
ceded  for  Massachusetts  charter,  1322. 

Witchcraft  in  England  and  New  England, 
1005 ;  in  Massachusetts,  1283 ;  belief  in, 
widespread,  1326,  1327;  lasts  longer  in 
Great  Britain  than  in  America,  1327;  be¬ 
lieved  by  John  Wesley,  1327,  1331,  1338; 
summary  of  harm  done  in  Salem  by, 
1342. 

Witherhead,  Mary,  Quakeress,  1168,  1169. 

Withers,  Gen.  J.  M.,  in  battle  of  Pittsburg 
Landing,  5153;  at  Murfreesboro,  5153. 

Witherspoon,  John,  portrait,  facing  2500; 
president  of  Princeton  college,  3130. 

Witte,  Baron  de,  represents  Russia  at 
Portsmouth  peace  conference,  5834;  por¬ 
trait,  facing  5834. 

Wituwamat,  Indian  chief,  tries  to  form 
league  against  English,  782 ;  defeated  by 
Standish,  786. 

Wococken,  Island  of,  Amidas  and  Barlowe 
tried  to  establish  colony  on,  605 ;  de¬ 
scription  of,  606,  607;  revisited,  608. 

Wofford’s  iron  works,  S.  C.,  Dunlap  de¬ 
feated  at,  2935. 

Wolcott,  Henry,  of  Connecticut,  dies,  1018. 

Wolcott,  Oliver  portrait,  facing  2500;  grad¬ 
uate  of  Yale,  3129;  action  on  French 
mission,  3594;  opinion  of  John  Marshall 
by,  3668;  appointed  to  Federal  bench, 
3680;  portrait,  facing  3680;  criticism  of 
Adams,  3681 ;  describes  city  of  Washing¬ 
ton,  3684;  on  separation  of  New  Eng¬ 
land,  3780. 

Wolcott,  Roger,  lieutenant-governor-gen¬ 
eral  of  Connecticut,  second  in  command 
in  Louisbourg  expedition,  1391. 

Wolfe,  Gen.  James,  pedigree,  2176;  Euro¬ 
pean  service,  2176;  comes  to  America, 


2176;  suggests  Highlanders  for  America, 
2176,  2177;  showed  his  genius  in  Louis¬ 
bourg  siege  in  1758,  2178,  2182;  at 
Lighthouse  Point,  2183;  captures  Que¬ 
bec,  2184,  2186,  2199,  2214,  2248-2250; 
England’s  hero  after  capture  of  Louis¬ 
bourg,  2186;  Montcalm’s  equal  at  Que¬ 
bec,  2223,  2254-2257;  heroic  character, 
2232,  2233,  2256-2259,  2265,  2267,  2271; 
deeply  impressed  by  Pitt,  2333 ;  keeps 
strict  discipline,  2239 ;  remonstrates  with 
Montcalm  about  Canadian  atrocities, 
2241 ;  at  Montmorency  river,  2241,  2242, 
2244-2247;  examines  French  defenses, 
and  discovers  path  up  Heights  of  Abra¬ 
ham,  2242 ;  makes  various  efforts  at 
Quebec,  2243,  2244;  careless  of  his  own 
life,  2246;  praises  ‘‘Royal  Americans” 
at  Quebec,  2247 ;  alarms  Pitt  by  letter, 
2248;  immortal  by  Quebec,  2249;  de¬ 
cides  to  attack  French  above  Quebec, 
2249;  concentrates  at  Point  Levi,  2251, 
2252;  scales  the  Heights  of  Abraham, 
2255,  2256;  describes  St.  Lawrence  tide, 
2257;  on  Heights  of  Abraham,  2262, 
2263,  2265 ;  last  moments,  2267,  2268 ; 
lamented  by  England,  2271 ;  monuments 
to,  2271. 

Wolfe’s  Cove,  Can.,  landing-place  at  cap¬ 
ture  of  Quebec,  2254-2259;  Americans 
retire  to,  2478. 

Wollaston,  Capt.,  founds  Merry-Mount,  812, 
820;  sells  out  his  men,  821. 

Wolves  formidable  in  Maryland  in  1715, 
1708. 

Women  brought  over  to  Albemarle  district 
for  wives,  1734;  in  Canada,  raised  crops 
during  famine  in  1758,  2179;  employment 
and  opportunities,  4201,  4102 ;  illiteracy 
among,  5985. 

Women  emigrants  in  Soto’s  expedition,  466. 

Women’s  Christian  temperance  union,  5663, 
5922,  5923. 

Women’s  suffrage  conventions,  5927,  5928, 
5931;  state  legislation  on,  5929-5932;  na¬ 
tional  opposition,  5932. 

“Wonder  of  the  Invisible  World,”  by  Cot¬ 
ton  Mather,  1328. 

Wonderstrands,  name  of  Cape  Cod,  220. 

Wood,  Judge,  issues  injunction  against 
strikers,  5670. 

Wood,  Fernando,  offers  amendment  to  bill 
increasing  whiskey  tax,  5193 ;  at  Na¬ 
tional  Union  convention,  5376. 

Wood,  John,  editor  of  the  Western  World , 
3829. 

Wood,  Col.  John  Taylor,  commands  at  Ft. 


280 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Darling,  4920 ;  statement  regarding 
Rogers’  operations  of,  4920,  4921. 

Wood,  Gen.  Leonard,  governor-general  of 
Cuba,  5738;  report  on  progress  in  Cuba, 
5738,  5739- 

Wood,  Nathaniel,  joins  in  “Ipswich  letter” 
to  Gov.  Winthrop,  1948. 

Wood,  Gen.  S.  J.,  commands  division  of 
army  of  the  Ohio,  5116. 

Wood,  Gen.  T.  J.,  in  battle  of  Missionary 
Ridge,  5156,  5157;  losses  at  Missionary 
Ridge,  5157. 

Wood  creek,  N.  Y.,  Americans  at,  2573; 
obstructions  at,  2576. 

Woodbury,  one  of  Dorchester  adventurers, 
863,  865. 

Woodbury,  Levi,  correspondence  regarding 
Portsmouth  branch  of  bank  of  the 
United  States,  4221,  4222;  appointed  sec¬ 
retary  of  the  navy,  4239;  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  Democratic  nomination  in, 
1848,  4427. 

Woodford,  Stewart  L.,  made  military  gov¬ 
ernor  of  Charleston,  5312;  U.  S.  min¬ 
ister  to  Spain,  5715. 

Woodford,  Capt.  William,  rescues  Hamp¬ 
ton  Roads,  2486;  at  Norfolk,  2486-2488. 

Woodruff,  Timothy  L.,  candidate  for  vice- 
president,  3770. 

Woodsmen  in  Canada,  a  distinct  class,  1989 

Woodstock,  Va.,  Early  retreats  to,  5250. 

Wool,  Gen.  John  E.,  at  battle  of  Queens¬ 
town,  3998;  portrait,  facing  4382;  joins 
Taylor,  4388;  McClellan  wants  to  utilize 
forces  of,  4791;  succeeds  Butler,  4870; 
action  in  New  York  draft  riot,  5181 ; 
at  convention  of  administration  party, 
5377- 

Woolen  manufacture  encouraged  by  Lord 
Baltimore,  1690. 

Woolford,  Lieut.-Col.,  commands  North 
Carolina  militia,  2947. 

Woolley,  John  G.,  nominated  for  vice-pres¬ 
ident,  5767. 

Wooster,  David,  officer  of  Connecticut  reg¬ 
iment,  2435 ;  appointed  brigadier-general, 
2453;  Tryon  pursued  by,  2566;  mortally 
wounded,  2566. 

Worcester,  Mass.,  munitions  ordered  stored 
at,  2418;  mob  forces  court  to  adjourn 
at,  3238,  3239;  riots  in,  3240;  first  Na¬ 
tional  women’s  rights  convention  in, 
5928. 

Worden,  Adm.  J.  L.,  sinks  the  Nashville, 
4906,  4907;  commands  the  Monitor,  4912, 
4921 ;  portrait,  facing  4916. 

Workingmen,  condition  of,  4200;  working¬ 


man’s  party  in  New  York  city,  4211; 
organize  in  New  York,  5886. 

World’s  fairs,  see  name  of  exposition  or 
cities  where  held. 

Worley,  pirate,  captured  by  Gov.  Johnson, 
1823. 

Worth,  William  Jenkins,  engaged  in  Sem¬ 
inole  war,  4313;  sent  to  open  negotia¬ 
tions  with  Mejia,  4377;  at  Monterey, 
4385,  4386;  in  command  of  Vera  Cruz, 
4392;  holds  Puebla,  4394;  at  Molino  del 
Rey,  4399 ;  City  of  Mexico,  4400 ;  quarrel 
with  Scott,  4400;  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  Democratic  nomination  in  1848,  4427. 

Worthington,  Thomas,  appointed  state 
agent  of  Ohio,  3721. 

Wren,  Sir  Christopher,  designs  buildings 
for  William  and  Mary  college,  note,  1633. 

Wright,  Carroll  D.,  commissioner  of  labor, 
5615;  Roosevelt  directs  to  investigate 
coal  miners’  strike,  5810;  message  sent 
to  Mitchell  by,  5813. 

Wright,  Frances,  founds  Nashoba,  4210, 
4211. 

Wright,  Prof.  George  F.,  on  palaeolithic  rel¬ 
ics,  142. 

Wright,  Gen.  H.  G.,  succeeds  Sedgwick  in 
command  of  sixth  corps,  5236;  in  battle 
of  Spottsylvania,  5236 ;  in  battle  of  Cold 
Harbor,  3241 ;  in  battle  of  Cedar  creek, 
5251;  ordered  by  Halleck  to  advance 
into  Sherman’s  department,  5320. 

Wright,  Sir  James,  governor  of  Georgia, 
2491 ;  reinstated  at  the  head  of  Georgia 
government,  2820. 

Wright,  Silas,  introduces  independent  treas¬ 
ury  bill,  4308;  leads  Barnburners,  4329, 
4426 ;  declines  nomination  for  vice-pres¬ 
ident,  4363. 

Wrights  Ferry  suggested  for  the  capital, 
3356. 

Wriothesley,  Henry,  see  Southampton, 
Earl  of. 

Writs  of  assistance,  effort  to  enforce  in 
Massachusetts,  arouses  opposition,  2361, 
2362. 

Wroth,  Ensign,  his  dealings  with  Acadians, 
2112. 

Wu  Ting  Fang,  Chinese  minister  to  United 
States,  5776,  5777;  portrait,  facing  5778. 

Wurtemberg,  Prince  of,  outwitted  by  Ogle¬ 
thorpe,  note,  1846. 

Wyandots,  Indian  tribe,  threatened  by 
Bienville,  2012 ;  met  by  Gist,  2017,  2023 ; 
driven  by  Sioux  to  French  protection, 
2018;  became  firm  allies  of  English, 
2018,  2025 ;  driven  into  Pontiac’s  con- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


281 


spiracy,  2297,  2298,  2302-2304;  “tobacco 
Indians,”  account  of  those  on  Detroit 
river,  2298,  2300,  2301;  Burgoyne  joined 
by,  2579;  unite  with  Tecumthe,  3959; 
confirm  treaty  with  United  States,  4059. 

Wyandotte,  Kan.,  Kansas  constitutional 
convention  meets  at,  4590. 

Wyatt,  Sir  Francis,  governor  of  Virginia, 
691 ;  assured  of  peace  by  Indians,  693 ; 
reappointed,  696,  699,  710,  716;  retains 
popular  government,  71 1. 

Wye  river,  Can.,  Sainte  M.arie  of  the 
Hurons’  mission,  1966. 

Wyllys,  George,  magistrate  on  first  Con¬ 
necticut  election,  1001. 

Wyllys,  Samuel,  in  Ticonderoga  expedition, 
2443- 

Wyllys  estate  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  “charter 
oak”  on,  1440. 

Wynne,  Capt.  Peter,  councillor  of  James¬ 
town,  649;  died,  651;  accused  of  treach¬ 
ery  by  Smith,  652 ;  commission  lost,  658. 

Wynne,  Robert  J.,  postmaster-general,  5821. 

Wyoming  (state),  Indians  in,  163;  entire 
enfranchisement  given  women,  5929, 
5930. 

Wyoming  valley,  Pa.,  contention  over,  1249, 
2748;  settled  by  Connecticut,  1268-1272; 
massacre  in,  in  1272,  2747,  2749-2752; 
Sullivan’s  expedition  in,  2838,  2839. 

Wythe,  George,  portrait,  facing  2500;  mem¬ 
ber  of  the  Philadelphia  convention,  3264; 
sketch  of,  3264;  employs  Clay  as  a  clerk, 

3964-.  ' 

Wytheville,  Va.,  lead  mine  at,  2678;  Averill 
destroys  works  near,  5247 ;  burning  of 
the  lead  works  at,  5270. 


x. 

Xacation,  Mex.,  sought  by  Moscoso,  477. 

Xochimilco,  lake  in  Mexico,  447. 

Xocotlan,  Mex.,  human  sacrifices  made  at, 
45i. 

Xuarez,  Father  Juan,  chief  priest  of  Nar¬ 
vaez’s  expedition,  460,  462. 

X.  Y.  Z.  plot,  3611,  3616;  dispatches  reach 
congress,  3621;  effect  of,  3622;  corre¬ 
spondence  of  published,  3624;  results, 
3654. 

Y. 

Yadkin  river,  Christopher  Gist  lived  on, 
2016;  migration  from,  to  middle  west, 


2027;  Boone  at,  2768;  Morgan  escapes 
across,  3028. 

Yale,  Gov.  Elihu,  makes  bequest  to  Yale 
college,  1451. 

Yale  university  founded,  1444;  removed  to 
New  Haven,  1451 ;  receives  bequest  from 
Elihu  Yale,  1451;  great  presidents  of, 
1451 ;  great  force  in  politics  and  reli¬ 
gion,  1451;  Samuel  Johnson  tutor  at, 
1487;  exists  in  colonial  times,  2347; 
early  history,  3128,  3129;  famous  grad¬ 
uates  of,  3129. 

Yamacraws,  Indian  tribe,  settled  by  -Gov. 
Moore  on  the  Savannah  river,  1845, 
1854;  make  friendly  visit  to  Oglethorpe, 
1854,  1855. 

Yancey,  William  L.,  offers  resolution  ad¬ 
vocating  non-interference  with  slavery, 
4428;  Confederate  commissioner  to 
Europe,  4658,  4661 ;  attacked  in  Con¬ 
federate  senate,  5218;  death  from  in¬ 
juries,  5218. 

Yarmouth,  Mass.,  829. 

Yarmouth,  British  ship,  2877. 

Yates,  Richard,  portrait,  facing  4686. 

Yates,  Robert,  delegate  to  the  Philadelphia 
convention,  3271 ;  sketch  of,  3271 ;  on 
the  constitution,  3272. 

Yazoo  claims,  Randolph  opposes,  3770,  3786; 
settled  in  1814,  4049. 

Yazoo  company,  land  grants  to,  3387-3389, 
3535-. 

Yazoo  river,  Miss.,  Soto  wintered  near,  474; 
Grant’s  plan  to  capture  boats  on,  5141 ; 
Sherman  lands  troops  near  mouth  of, 
5143;  Sherman  retreats  to  mouth  of, 
5H 4. 

Yeamans,  Sir  John,  governor  of  colony  in 
North  Carolina,  1721 ;  warned  not  to 
interfere  with  Carteret  colony,  1725 ; 
was  created  a  landgrave  in  South  Caro¬ 
lina,  1739;  made  governor,  1739,  1740; 
enriched  himself,  1740;  dies  in  B’arba- 
does,  1740;  blamed  for  financial  deficit 
of  Carolinas,  1747. 

Yeardley,  George,  deputy  governor  of  Vir¬ 
ginia,  676-678;  first  governor  under  rep¬ 
resentation  system,  679;  issued  writs  for 
first  U.  S.  election  by  ballot,  680;  his 
term  a  landmark,  681,  691 ;  puts  up  first 
American  windmill,  684 ;  remains  in  Vir¬ 
ginia,  691,  692,  699 ;  assistant  to  Wyatt, 
710 ;  governor  under  Charles  I.,  71 1; 
keeps  government  by  the  people,  71 1. 

Yellow  Creek  (Wellsville,  O.),  Indian  mas¬ 
sacre  at,  2769,  2770. 

Yellow  fever  attacks  English  at  Cartagena, 


282 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


1664;  first  appearance  in  Cuba,  2332; 
in  Philadelphia,  3477"3479>  3609;  in  San 
Domingo,  3734;  epidemic  in  South,  1853, 
4521 ;  epidemic  of  1878,  5553,  5554- 

Yellowstone  river,  Clark  explores,  3758- 

Yemassee,  Indian  tribe,  161 ;  declare  war 
against  South  Carolina,  1818;  defeated 
at  Saltcatchers,  1820;  allied  with  Creeks, 
1820;  with  Shawnees,  1821;  Tecumthe 
descended  from,  1821 ;  pacified  by  Gov. 
Nicholson,  1833. 

Yeo,  Sir  James,  transports  the  British 
troops  to  Sackett’s  Harbor,  4051 ;  attacks 
Oswego,  4061. 

Yih,  Prince,  degradation  of,  5782. 

Yonge,  Francis,  pleads  cause  of  South  Car¬ 
olina  in  England,  1826. 

York,  Duke  of,  see  James  II.,  king  of  Eng¬ 
land. 

York,  Pa.,  congress  adjourns  to,  2621;  Von 
Steuben  arrives  at,  2705 ;  capital  pro¬ 
posed  at,  3355;  raided  by  Early,  5085. 

York  (Toronto),  Americans  plan  to  attack, 
4049;  capture  of,  4049,  4050;  illus.  of, 
facing  4080. 

York  river,  boundary  between  Indians  and 
Virginians,  719;  boundary  of  James 
City,  1632;  blocked  by  De  Grasse,  3079. 

Yorke,  Sir  Joseph,  orders  Paul  Jones  to 
leave  Holland,  2895. 

Yorktown,  Va.,  Burgoyne’s  surrender  com¬ 
pared  with,  2667 ;  convention  of  the 
states  at,  2686 ;  Cornwallis  at,  3070,  3072 ; 
Washington’s  march  to,  3073 ;  map  of 
the  plan  of  operations  against,  facing 
3080;  surrender  of,  3080-3082;  facsimile 
of  letter  conveying  first  English  news 
of,  facing  3084;  McClellan  besieges,  4791, 
4792,  4794,  5002,  5003 ;  weakness  of  Con¬ 
federates  at,  4794,  4795- 

Yo Semite,  U.  S.  cruiser,  5783. 

Youghiogheny  river,  Gist  chooses  planta¬ 
tion  on,  2027;  French  at,  on  way  to  Ft. 
Necessity,  2043;  Washington’s  force  at, 
2049;  Braddock’s  defeat  near,  2067-2081. 

Young,  Lieut.  B.  H.,  raids  New  England 
towns  near  Canadian  border,  5206;  raids 
St.  Albans,  5206;  arrested  by  Canadian 
authorities,  5207. 

Young,  Brigham,  leader  of  Mormons,  4436; 
rebellion  of,  4573 ;  first  territorial  gov¬ 
ernor  of  Utah,  4575- 

Young,  Capt.  Janies,  U.  S.  ship  Saratoga 
commanded  by,  2897. 


Young,  John,  on  celebration  of  Chicago 
day  at  world’s  fair,  5661. 

Young,  Sir  John,  one  of  Massachusetts 
association,  864. 

Young  Men’s  Christian  Association  of  Bal¬ 
timore,  4688;  organization  of,  5924,  5925. 

“Young  Napoleon,”  name  given  McClellan, 
4773- 

Young’s  creek,  fight  at,  4754,  4756. 

Yrujo,.  Marquis  de  Casa,  in  plot  to  invade 
Louisiana,  3606,  3609;  portrait,  facing 
3606 ;  Cobbett  lampoons,  3608,  3609 ; 
Spanish  minister  to  the  United  States, 
on  sale  of  Louisiana,  3745 ;  and  Madison 
on  Mobile  act,  3760,  3766;  and  Burr, 
3823-3825,  3834,  3844,  3845.  ' 

Yrujo,  Mme.  de  (Sally  McKean),  portrait, 
facing  3606. 

Yucatan,  275;  errors  about,  353,  356,  357, 
359;  Pinzon  -and  De  Solis  go  to,  375; 
Grijalva  discovers,  396;  Soto  in,  464. 

Yule,  Sir  Henry,  “Book  of  Marco  Polo,” 

65-  . 

Yumas,  Indian  tribe,  in  Arizona  and  South 
California,  164. 

z. 

Zaballos,  chieftain  of  Santo  Domingo,  498. 

Zagonyi,  Maj.,  captures  Springfield,  4723. 

Zamal,  see  Samar. 

Zane,  Ebenezer,  at  Ft.  Henry,  2796. 

Zeisberger,  David,  Moravian  missionary, 
2805. 

Zenger,  John  Peter,  prints  Weekly  Journdl 
in  New  York,  1570;  famous  defense  of, 
by  Andrew  Hamilton,  1570-1572. 

Zeno,  Antonio,  joins  his  brother  in  “Fris- 
landa,”  249 ;  expeditions  under  King 
Zichmni,  250-254. 

Zeno,  Nicolo,  “the  Chevalier,”  expedition 
to  “Frislanda,”  248-250,  254. 

Zeno,  Nicolo,  the  younger,  publishes  his 
ancestors’  letters  and  maps,  254-256. 

Zichmni,  mythical  king  of  Portland,  248, 
250,  253 ;  explanation  of  name,  note,  256. 

Zinzendorf,  Count,  protects  Moravians, 
1865. 

Zollicofifer,  Gen.  Felix  K.,  inavdes  Ken¬ 
tucky,  4804,  4809;  at  Mill  Springs,  4809- 
4811;  death,  4811. 

Zouave,  U.  S.  tug,  4915. 

Zouch,  Baron,  patentee  in  Plymouth  coun¬ 
cil,  744. 


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